Against Praxeas - Tertullian
|
Advanced Information
In which he defends, in all essential points, the doctrine of the holy
trinity. [7746]
Translated by Dr. Holmes.
Text edited by Rev. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson and
first published by T&T Clark in Edinburgh in 1867. Additional
introductionary material and notes provided for the American
edition by A. Cleveland Coxe, 1886.
Chapter I. Satan's Wiles Against the Truth. How They Take the Form of the
Praxean Heresy. Account of the Publication of This Heresy.
In various ways has the devil rivalled and resisted the truth. Sometimes his
aim has been to destroy the truth by defending it. He maintains that there
is one only Lord, the Almighty Creator of the world, in order that out of
this doctrine of the unity he may fabricate a heresy. He says that the
Father Himself came down into the Virgin, was Himself born of her, Himself
suffered, indeed was Himself Jesus Christ. Here the old serpent has fallen
out with himself, since, when he tempted Christ after John's baptism, he
approached Him as "the Son of God; "surely intimating that God had a Son,
even on the testimony of the very Scriptures, out of which he was at the
moment forging his temptation: "If thou be the Son of God, command that
these stones be made bread." [7747] Again: "If thou be the Son of God, cast
thyself down from hence; [7748] for it is written, He shall give His angels
charge concerning thee"'referring no doubt, to the Father'"and in their
hands they shall bear thee up, that thou hurt not thy foot against a
stone." [7749] Or perhaps, after all, he was only reproaching the Gospels
with a lie, saying in fact: "Away with Matthew; away with Luke! Why heed
their words? In spite of them, I declare that it was God Himself that I
approached; it was the Almighty Himself that I tempted face to face; and it
was for no other purpose than to tempt Him that I approached Him. If, on the
contrary, it had been only the Son of God, most likely I should never have
condescended to deal with Him." However, he is himself a liar from the
beginning, [7750] and whatever man he instigates in his own way; as, for
instance, Praxeas. For he was the first to import into Rome from Asia this
kind of heretical pravity, a man in other respects of restless disposition,
and above all inflated with the pride of confessorship simply and solely
because he had to bear for a short time the annoyance of a prison; on which
occasion, even "if he had given his body to be burned, it would have
profiled him nothing," not having the love of God, [7751] whose very gifts
he has resisted and destroyed. For after the Bishop of Rome [7752] had
acknowledged the prophetic gifts of Montanus, Prisca, and Maximilla, and, in
consequence of the acknowledgment, had bestowed his peace [7753] on the
churches of Asia and Phrygia, he, by importunately urging false accusations
against the prophets themselves and their churches, and insisting on the
authority of the bishop's predecessors in the see, compelled him to recall
the pacific letter which he had issued, as well as to desist from his
purpose of acknowledging the said gifts. By this Praxeas did a twofold
service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy, and he brought in
heresy; he put to flight the Paraclete, and he crucified the Father.
Praxeas' tares had been moreover sown, and had produced their fruit here
also, [7754] while many were asleep in their simplicity of doctrine; but
these tares actually seemed to have been plucked up, having been discovered
and exposed by him whose agency God was pleased to employ. Indeed, Praxeas
had deliberately resumed his old (true) faith, teaching it after his
renunciation of error; and there is his own handwriting in evidence
remaining among the carnally-minded, [7755] in whose society the
transaction then took place; afterwards nothing was heard of him. We indeed,
on our part, subsequently withdrew from the carnally-minded on our
acknowledgment and maintenance of the Paraclete. [7756] But the tares of
Praxeas had then everywhere shaken out their seed, which having lain hid for
some while, with its vitality concealed under a mask, has now broken out
with fresh life. But again shall it be rooted up, if the Lord will, even
now; but if not now, in the day when all bundles of tares shall be gathered
together, and along with every other stumbling-block shall be burnt up with
unquenchable fire. [7757]
|
|
Chapter II. The Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity and Unity, Sometimes Called
the Divine Economy, or Dispensation of the Personal Relations of the
Godhead.
In the course of time, then, the Father forsooth was born, and the Father
suffered, God Himself, the Lord Almighty, whom in their preaching they
declare to be Jesus Christ. We, however, as we indeed always have done and
more especially since we have been better instructed by the Paraclete, who
leads men indeed into all truth), believe that there is one only God, but
under the following dispensation, or as it is called, that this
one only God has also a Son, His Word, who proceeded [7758] from Himself,
by whom all things were made, and without whom nothing was made. Him we
believe to have been sent by the Father into the Virgin, and to have been
born of her'being both Man and God, the Son of Man and the Son of God, and
to have been called by the name of Jesus Christ; we believe Him to have
suffered, died, and been buried, according to the Scriptures, and, after He
had been raised again by the Father and taken back to heaven, to be sitting
at the right hand of the Father, and that He will come to judge the quick
and the dead; who sent also from heaven from the Father, according to His
own promise, the Holy Ghost, the Paraclete, [7759] the sanctifier of the
faith of those who believe in the Father, and in the Son, and in the Holy
Ghost. That this rule of faith has come down to us from the beginning of the
gospel, even before any of the older heretics, much more before Praxeas, a
pretender of yesterday, will be apparent both from the lateness of date
[7760] which marks all heresies, and also from the absolutely novel
character of our new-fangled Praxeas. In this principle also we must
henceforth find a presumption of equal force against all heresies
whatsoever'that whatever is first is true, whereas that is spurious which is
later in date. [7761] But keeping this prescriptive rule inviolate, still
some opportunity must be given for reviewing (the statements of heretics),
with a view to the instruction and protection of divers persons; were it
only that it may not seem that each perversion of the truth is condemned
without examination, and simply prejudged; [7762] especially in the case
of this heresy, which supposes itself to possess the pure truth, in thinking
that one cannot believe in One Only God in any other way than by saying that
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are the very selfsame Person. As if
in this way also one were not All, in that All are of One, by unity (that
is) of substance; while the mystery of the dispensation [7763] is still
guarded, which distributes the Unity into a Trinity, placing in their
order [7764] the three Persons'the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost:
three, however, not in condition, [7765] but in degree; [7766] not in
substance, but in form; not in power, but in aspect; [7767] yet of one
substance, and of one condition, and of one power, inasmuch as He is one
God, from whom these degrees and forms and aspects are reckoned, under the
name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. [7768] How they
are susceptible of number without division, will be shown as our treatise
proceeds.
Chapter III. Sundry Popular Fears and Prejudices. The Doctrine of the
Trinity in Unity Rescued from These Misapprehensions.
The simple, indeed, (I will not call them unwise and unlearned, ) who always
constitute the majority of believers, are startled at the dispensation
[7769] (of the Three in One), on the ground that their very rule of faith
withdraws them from the world's plurality of gods to the one only true God;
not understanding that, although He is the one only God, He must yet be
believed in with His own . The numerical order and distribution of
the Trinity they assume to be a division of the Unity; whereas the Unity
which derives the Trinity out of its own self is so far from being
destroyed, that it is actually supported by it. They are constantly throwing
out against us that we are preachers of two gods and three gods, while they
take to themselves pre-eminently the credit of being worshippers of the One
God; just as if the Unity itself with irrational deductions did not produce
heresy, and the Trinity rationally considered constitute the truth. We, say
they, maintain the Monarchy (or, sole government of God). [7770] And so,
as far as the sound goes, do even Latins (and ignorant ones too) pronounce
the word in such a way that you would suppose their understanding of the
(or Monarchy) was as complete as their pronunciation of the term.
Well, then Latins take pains to pronounce the (or Monarchy),
while Greeks actually refuse to understand the , or Dispensation
(of the Three in One). As for myself, however, if I have gleaned any
knowledge of either language, I am sure that (or Monarchy) has no
other meaning than single and individual [7771] rule; but for all that,
this monarchy does not, because it is the government of one, preclude him
whose government it is, either from having a son, or from having made
himself actually a son to himself, [7772] or from ministering his own
monarchy by whatever agents he will. Nay more, I contend that no dominion so
belongs to one only, as his own, or is in such a sense singular, or is in
such a sense a monarchy, as not also to be administered through other
persons most closely connected with it, and whom it has itself provided as
officials to itself. If, moreover, there be a son belonging to him whose
monarchy it is, it does not forthwith become divided and cease to be a
monarchy, if the son also be taken as a sharer in it; but it is as to its
origin equally his, by whom it is communicated to the son; and being his, it
is quite as much a monarchy (or sole empire), since it is held together by
two who are so inseparable. [7773] Therefore, inasmuch as the Divine
Monarchy also is administered by so many legions and hosts of angels,
according as it is written, "Thousand thousands ministered unto Him, and ten
thousand times ten thousand stood before Him; " [7774] and since it has
not from this circumstance ceased to be the rule of one (so as no longer to
be a monarchy), because it is administered by so many thousands of powers;
how comes it to pass that God should be thought to suffer division and
severance in the Son and in the Holy Ghost, who have the second and the
third places assigned to them, and who are so closely joined with the Father
in His substance, when He suffers no such (division and severance) in the
multitude of so many angels? Do you really suppose that Those, who are
naturally members of the Father's own substance, pledges of His love,
[7775] instruments of His might, nay, His power itself and the entire system
of His monarchy, are the overthrow and destruction thereof? You are not
right in so thinking. I prefer your exercising yourself on the meaning of
the thing rather than on the sound of the word. Now you must understand the
overthrow of a monarchy to be this, when another dominion, which has a
framework and a state peculiar to itself (and is therefore a rival), is
brought in over and above it: when, e.g., some other god is introduced in
opposition to the Creator, as in the opinions of Marcion; or when many gods
are introduced, according to your Valentinuses and your Prodicuses. Then it
amounts to an overthrow of the Monarchy, since it involves the destruction
of the Creator. [7776]
Chapter IV. The Unity of the Godhead and the Supremacy and Sole Government
of the Divine Being. The Monarchy Not at All Impaired by the Catholic
Doctrine.
But as for me, who derive the Son from no other source but from the
substance of the Father, and (represent Him) as doing nothing without the
Father's will, and as having received all power from the Father, how can I
be possibly destroying the Monarchy from the faith, when I preserve it in
the Son just as it was committed to Him by the Father? The same remark (I
wish also to be formally) made by me with respect to the third degree in the
Godhead, because I believe the Spirit to proceed from no other source than
from the Father through the Son. [7777] Look to it then, that it be not
you rather who are destroying the Monarchy, when you overthrow the
arrangement and dispensation of it, which has been constituted in just as
many names as it has pleased God to employ. But it remains so firm and
stable in its own state, notwithstanding the introduction into it of the
Trinity, that the Son actually has to restore it entire to the Father; even
as the apostle says in his epistle, concerning the very end of all: "When He
shall have delivered up the kingdom to God, even the Father; for He must
reign till He hath put all enemies under His feet; " [7778] following of
course the words of the Psalm: "Sit Thou on my right hand, until I make
Thine enemies Thy footstool." [7779] "When, however, all things shall be
subdued to Him, (with the exception of Him who did put all things under Him,
) then shall the Son also Himself be subject unto Him who put all things
under Him, that God may be all in all." [7780] We thus see that the Son is
no obstacle to the Monarchy, although it is now administered by [7781] the
Son; because with the Son it is still in its own state, and with its own
state will be restored to the Father by the Son. No one, therefore, will
impair it, on account of admitting the Son (to it), since it is certain that
it has been committed to Him by the Father, and by and by has to be again
delivered up by Him to the Father. Now, from this one passage of the epistle
of the inspired apostle, we have been already able to show that the Father
and the Son are two separate Persons, not only by the mention of their
separate names as Father and the Son, but also by the fact that He who
delivered up the kingdom, and He to whom it is delivered up'and in like
manner, He who subjected (all things), and He to whom they were
subjected must necessarily be two different Beings.
Chapter V. The Evolution of the Son or Word of God from the Father by a
Divine Procession. Illustrated by the Operation of the Human Thought and
Consciousness.
But since they will have the Two to be but One, so that the Father shall be
deemed to be the same as the Son, it is only right that the whole question
respecting the Son should be examined, as to whether He exists, and who He
is and the mode of His existence. Thus shall the truth itself [7782]
secure its own sanction [7783] from the Scriptures, and the
interpretations which guard [7784] them. There are some who allege that
even Genesis opens thus in Hebrew: "In the beginning God made for Himself a
Son." [7785] As there is no ground for this, I am led to other arguments
derived from God's own dispensation, [7786] in which He existed before the
creation of the world, up to the generation of the Son. For before all
things God was alone'being in Himself and for Himself universe, and space,
and all things. Moreover, He was alone, because there was nothing external
to Him but Himself. Yet even not then was He alone; for He had with Him that
which He possessed in Himself, that is to say, His own Reason. For God is
rational, and Reason was first in Him; and so all things were from Himself.
This Reason is His own Thought (or Consciousness) [7787] which the Greeks
call , by which term we also designate Word or Discourse [7788] and
therefore it is now usual with our people, owing to the mere simple
interpretation of the term, to say that the Word [7789] was in the
beginning with God; although it would be more suitable to regard Reason as
the more ancient; because God had not Word [7790] from the beginning, but
He had Reason [7791] even before the beginning; because also Word itself
consists of Reason, which it thus proves to have been the prior existence as
being its own substance. [7792] Not that this distinction is of any
practical moment. For although God had not yet sent out His Word, [7793]
He still had Him within Himself, both in company with and included within
His very Reason, as He silently planned and arranged within Himself
everything which He was afterwards about to utter [7794] through His Word.
Now, whilst He was thus planning and arranging with His own Reason, He was
actually causing that to become Word which He was dealing with in the way of
Word or Discourse. [7795] And that you may the more readily understand
this, consider first of all, from your own self, who are made "in the image
and likeness of God," [7796] for what purpose it is that you also possess
reason in yourself, who are a rational creature, as being not only made by a
rational Artificer, but actually animated out of His substance. Observe,
then, that when you are silently conversing with yourself, this very process
is carried on within you by your reason, which meets you with a word at
every movement of your thought, at every impulse of your conception.
Whatever you think, there is a word; whatever you conceive, there is reason.
You must needs speak it in your mind; and while you are speaking, you admit
speech as an interlocutor with you, involved in which there is this very
reason, whereby, while in thought you are holding converse with your word,
you are (by reciprocal action) producing thought by means of that converse
with your word. Thus, in a certain sense, the word is a second person within
you, through which in thinking you utter speech, and through which also, (by
reciprocity of process, ) in uttering speech you generate thought. The word
is itself a different thing from yourself. Now how much more fully is all
this transacted in God, whose image and likeness even you are regarded as
being, inasmuch as He has reason within Himself even while He is silent, and
involved in that Reason His Word! I may therefore without rashness first lay
this down (as a fixed principle) that even then before the creation of the
universe God was not alone, since He had within Himself both Reason, and,
inherent in Reason, His Word, which He made second to Himself by agitating
it within Himself.
Chapter VI. The Word of God is Also the Wisdom of God. The Going Forth of
Wisdom to Create the Universe, According to the Divine Plan.
This power and disposition [7797] of the Divine Intelligence [7798] is
set forth also in the Scriptures under the name of , Wisdom; for what
can be better entitled to the name of Wisdom [7799] than the Reason or the
Word of God? Listen therefore to Wisdom herself, constituted in the
character of a Second Person: "At the first the Lord created me as the
beginning of His ways, with a view to His own works, before He made the
earth, before the mountains were settled; moreover, before all the hills did
He beget me; " [7800] that is to say, He created and generated me in His
own intelligence. Then, again, observe the distinction between them implied
in the companionship of Wisdom with the Lord. "When He prepared the
heaven," says Wisdom, "I was present with Him; and when He made His strong
places upon the winds, which are the clouds above; and when He secured the
fountains, (and all things) which are beneath the sky, I was by, arranging
all things with Him; I was by, in whom He delighted; and daily, too, did I
rejoice in His presence." [7801] Now, as soon as it pleased God to put
forth into their respective substances and forms the things which He had
planned and ordered within Himself, in conjunction with His Wisdom's Reason
and Word, He first put forth the Word Himself, having within Him His own
inseparable Reason and Wisdom, in order that all things might be made
through Him through whom they had been planned and disposed, yea, and
already made, so far forth as (they were) in the mind and intelligence of
God. This, however, was still wanting to them, that they should also be
openly known, and kept permanently in their proper forms and substances
Chapter VII. The Son by Being Designated Word and Wisdom, (According to the
Imperfection of Human Thought and Language) Liable to Be Deemed a Mere
Attribute. He is Shown to Be a Personal Being.
Then, therefore, does the Word also Himself assume His own form and glorious
garb, [7802] His own sound and vocal utterance, when God says, "Let there
be light." [7803] This is the perfect nativity of the Word, when He
proceeds forth from God'formed [7804] by Him first to devise and think out
all things under the name of Wisdom'"The Lord created or formed [7805] me
as the beginning of His ways; " [7806] then afterward begotten, to carry
all into effect'"When He prepared the heaven, I was present with Him."
[7807] Thus does He make Him equal to Him: for by proceeding from Himself He
became His first-begotten Son, because begotten before all things; [7808]
and His only-begotten also, because alone begotten of God, in a way peculiar
to Himself, from the womb of His own heart'even as the Father Himself
testifies: "My heart," says He, "hath emitted my most excellent Word."
[7809] The father took pleasure evermore in Him, who equally rejoiced with a
reciprocal gladness in the Father's presence: "Thou art my Son, to-day have
I begotten Thee; " [7810] even before the morning star did I beget Thee.
The Son likewise acknowledges the Father, speaking in His own person, under
the name of Wisdom: "The Lord formed Me as the beginning of His ways, with a
view to His own works; before all the hills did He beget Me." [7811] For
if indeed Wisdom in this passage seems to say that She was created by the
Lord with a view to His works, and to accomplish His ways, yet proof is
given in another Scripture that "all things were made by the Word, and
without Him was there nothing made; " [7812] as, again, in another place
(it is said), "By His word were the heavens established, and all the powers
thereof by His Spirit" [7813] 'that is to say, by the Spirit (or Divine
Nature) which was in the Word: thus is it evident that it is one and the
same power which is in one place described under the name of Wisdom, and in
another passage under the appellation of the Word, which was initiated for
the works of God [7814] which "strengthened the heavens; " [7815] "by
which all things were made," [7816] "and without which nothing was
made." [7817] Nor need we dwell any longer on this point, as if it were
not the very Word Himself, who is spoken of under the name both of Wisdom
and of Reason, and of the entire Divine Soul and Spirit. He became also the
Son of God, and was begotten when He proceeded forth from Him. Do you then,
(you ask, ) grant that the Word is a certain substance, constructed by the
Spirit and the communication of Wisdom? Certainly I do. But you will not
allow Him to be really a substantive being, by having a substance of His
own; in such a way that He may be regarded as an objective thing and a
person, and so be able (as being constituted second to God the Father, ) to
make two, the Father and the Son, God and the Word. For you will say, what
is a word, but a voice and sound of the mouth, and (as the grammarians
teach) air when struck against, [7818] intelligible to the ear, but for
the rest a sort of void, empty, and incorporeal thing. I, on the contrary,
contend that nothing empty and void could have come forth from God, seeing
that it is not put forth from that which is empty and void; nor could that
possibly be devoid of substance which has proceeded from so great a
substance, and has produced such mighty substances: for all things which
were made through Him, He Himself (personally) made. How could it be, that
He Himself is nothing, without whom nothing was made? How could He who is
empty have made things which are solid, and He who is void have made things
which are full, and He who is incorporeal have made things which have body?
For although a thing may sometimes be made different from him by whom it is
made, yet nothing can be made by that which is a void and empty thing. Is
that Word of God, then, a void and empty thing, which is called the Son, who
Himself is designated God? "The Word was with God, and the Word was God."
[7819] It is written, "Thou shalt not take God's name in vain." [7820]
This for certain is He "who, being in the form of God, thought it not
robbery to be equal with God." [7821] In what form of God? Of course he
means in some form, not in none. For who will deny that God is a body,
although "God is a Spirit? " [7822] For Spirit has a bodily substance of
its own kind, in its own form. [7823] Now, even if invisible things,
whatsoever they be, have both their substance and their form in God, whereby
they are visible to God alone, how much more shall that which has been sent
forth from His substance not be without substance! Whatever, therefore, was
the substance of the Word that I designate a Person, I claim for it the name
of Son; and while I recognize the Son, I assert His distinction as second to
the Father. [7824]
Chapter VIII. Though the Son or Word of God Emanates from the Father, He is
Not, Like the Emanations of Valentinus, Separable from the Father. Nor is
the Holy Ghost Separable from Either. Illustrations from Nature.
If any man from this shall think that I am introducing some 'that is
to say, some prolation [7825] of one thing out of another, as Valentinus
does when he sets forth Æon from Æon, one after another'then this is my
first reply to you: Truth must not therefore refrain from the use of such a
term, and its reality and meaning, because heresy also employs it. The fact
is, heresy has rather taken it from Truth, in order to mould it into its own
counterfeit. Was the Word of God put forth or not? Here take your stand with
me, and flinch not. If He was put forth, then acknowledge that the true
doctrine has a prolation; [7826] and never mind heresy, when in any point
it mimics the truth. The question now is, in what sense each side uses a
given thing and the word which expresses it. Valentinus divides and
separates his prolations from their Author, and places them at so great a
distance from Him, that the Æon does not know the Father: he longs, indeed,
to know Him, but cannot; nay, he is almost swallowed up and dissolved into
the rest of matter. [7827] With us, however, the Son alone knows the
Father, [7828] and has Himself unfolded "the Father's bosom." [7829] He
has also heard and seen all things with the Father; and what He has been
commanded by the Father, that also does He speak. [7830] And it is not His
own will, but the Father's, which He has accomplished, [7831] which He had
known most intimately, even from the beginning. "For what man knoweth the
things which be in God, but the Spirit which is in Him? " [7832] But the
Word was formed by the Spirit, and (if I may so express myself) the Spirit
is the body of the Word. The Word, therefore, is both always in the Father,
as He says, "I am in the Father; " [7833] and is always with God,
according to what is written, "And the Word was with God; " [7834] and
never separate from the Father, or other than the Father, since "I and the
Father are one." [7835] This will be the prolation, taught by the truth,
[7836] the guardian of the Unity, wherein we declare that the Son is a
prolation from the Father, without being separated from Him. For God sent
forth the Word, as the Paraclete also declares, just as the root puts forth
the tree, and the fountain the river, and the sun the ray. [7837] For
these are , or emanations, of the substances from which they
proceed. I should not hesitate, indeed, to call the tree the son or
offspring of the root, and the river of the fountain, and the ray of the
sun; because every original source is a parent, and everything which issues
from the origin is an offspring. Much more is (this true of) the Word of
God, who has actually received as His own peculiar designation the name of
Son. But still the tree is not severed from the root, nor the river from the
fountain, nor the ray from the sun; nor, indeed, is the Word separated from
God. Following, therefore, the form of these analogies, I confess that I
call God and His Word'the Father and His Son'two. For the root and the tree
are distinctly two things, but correlatively joined; the fountain and the
river are also two forms, but indivisible; so likewise the sun and the ray
are two forms, but coherent ones. Everything which proceeds from something
else must needs be second to that from which it proceeds, without being on
that account separated: Where, however, there is a second, there must be
two; and where there is a third, there must be three. Now the Spirit indeed
is third from God and the Son; just as the fruit of the tree is third from
the root, or as the stream out of the river is third from the fountain, or
as the apex of the ray is third from the sun. Nothing, however, is alien
from that original source whence it derives its own properties. In like
manner the Trinity, flowing down from the Father through intertwined and
connected steps, does not at all disturb the Monarchy, [7838] whilst it at
the same time guards the state of the Economy. [7839]
Chapter IX. The Catholic Rule of Faith Expounded in Some of Its Points.
Especially in the Unconfused Distinction of the Several Persons of the
Blessed Trinity.
Bear always in mind that this is the rule of faith which I profess; by it I
testify that the Father, and the Son, and the Spirit are inseparable from
each other, and so will you know in what sense this is said. Now, observe,
my assertion is that the Father is one, and the Son one, and the Spirit one,
and that They are distinct from Each Other. This statement is taken in a
wrong sense by every uneducated as well as every perversely disposed person,
as if it predicated a diversity, in such a sense as to imply a separation
among the Father, and the Son, and the Spirit. I am, moreover, obliged to
say this, when (extolling the Monarchy at the expense of the Economy) they
contend for the identity of the Father and Son and Spirit, that it is not by
way of diversity that the Son differs from the Father, but by distribution:
it is not by division that He is different, but by distinction; because the
Father is not the same as the Son, since they differ one from the other in
the mode of their being. [7840] For the Father is the entire substance,
but the Son is a derivation and portion of the whole, [7841] as He Himself
acknowledges: "My Father is greater than I." [7842] In the Psalm His
inferiority is described as being "a little lower than the angels." [7843]
Thus the Father is distinct from the Son, being greater than the Son,
inasmuch as He who begets is one, and He who is begotten is another; He,
too, who sends is one, and He who is sent is another; and He, again, who
makes is one, and He through whom the thing is made is another. Happily the
Lord Himself employs this expression of the person of the Paraclete, so as
to signify not a division or severance, but a disposition (of mutual
relations in the Godhead); for He says, "I will pray the Father, and He
shall send you another Comforter even the Spirit of truth," [7844] thus
making the Paraclete distinct from Himself, even as we say that the Son is
also distinct from the Father; so that He showed a third degree in the
Paraclete, as we believe the second degree is in the Son, by reason of the
order observed in the Economy. Besides, does not the very fact that they
have the distinct names of Father and Son amount to a declaration that they
are distinct in personality? [7845] For, of course, all things will be
what their names represent them to be; and what they are and ever will be,
that will they be called; and the distinction indicated by the names does
not at all admit of any confusion, because there is none in the things which
they designate. "Yes is yes, and no is no; for what is more than these,
cometh of evil." [7846]
Chapter X. The Very Names of Father and Son Prove the Personal Distinction
of the Two. They Cannot Possibly Be Identical, Nor is Their Identity
Necessary to Preserve the Divine Monarchy.
So it is either the Father or the Son, and the day is not the same as the
night; nor is the Father the same as the Son, in such a way that Both of
them should be One, and One or the Other should be Both,'an opinion which
the most conceited "Monarchians" maintain. He Himself, they say, made
Himself a Son to Himself. [7847] Now a Father makes a Son, and a Son
makes a Father; [7848] and they who thus become reciprocally related out
of each other to each other cannot in any way by themselves simply become so
related to themselves, that the Father can make Himself a Son to Himself,
and the Son render Himself a Father to Himself. And the relations which God
establishes, them does He also guard. A father must needs have a son, in
order to be a father; so likewise a son, to be a son, must have a father. It
is, however, one thing to have, and another thing to be. For instance, in
order to be a husband, I must have a wife; I can never myself be my own
wife. In like manner, in order to be a father, I have a son, for I never can
be a son to myself; and in order to be a son, I have a father, it being
impossible for me ever to be my own father. And it is these relations which
make me (what I am), when I come to possess them: I shall then be a father,
when I have a son; and a son, when I have a father. Now, if I am to be to
myself any one of these relations, I no longer have what I am myself to be:
neither a father, because I am to be my own father; nor a son, because I
shall be my own son. Moreover, inasmuch as I ought to have one of these
relations in order to be the other; so, if I am to be both together, I shall
fail to be one while I possess not the other. For if I must be myself my
son, who am also a father, I now cease to have a son, since I am my own son.
But by reason of not having a son, since I am my own son, how can I be a
father? For I ought to have a son, in order to be a father. Therefore I am
not a son, because I have not a father, who makes a son. In like manner, if
I am myself my father, who am also a son, I no longer have a father, but am
myself my father. By not having a father, however, since I am my own father,
how can I be a son? For I ought to have a father, in order to be a son. I
cannot therefore be a father, because I have not a son, who makes a father.
Now all this must be the device of the devil'this excluding and severing one
from the other'since by including both together in one under pretence of the
Monarchy, he causes neither to be held and acknowledged, so that He is not
the Father, since indeed He has not the Son; neither is He the Son, since in
like manner He has not the Father: for while He is the Father, He will not
be the Son. In this way they hold the Monarchy, but they hold neither the
Father nor the Son. Well, but "with God nothing is impossible." [7849]
True enough; who can be ignorant of it? Who also can be unaware that "the
things which are impossible with men are possible with God? " [7850] The
foolish things also of the world hath God chosen to confound the things
which are wise." [7851] We have read it all. Therefore, they argue, it
was not difficult for God to make Himself both a Father and a Son, contrary
to the condition of things among men. For a barren woman to have a child
against nature was no difficulty with God; nor was it for a virgin to
conceive. Of course nothing is "too hard for the Lord." [7852] But if we
choose to apply this principle so extravagantly and harshly in our
capricious imaginations, we may then make out God to have done anything we
please, on the ground that it was not impossible for Him to do it. We must
not, however, because He is able to do all things suppose that He has
actually done what He has not done. But we must inquire whether He has
really done it. God could, if He had liked, have furnished man with wings to
fly with, just as He gave wings to kites. We must not, however, run to the
conclusion that He did this because He was able to do it. He might also have
extinguished Praxeas and all other heretics at once; it does not follow,
however, that He did, simply because He was able. For it was necessary that
there should be both kites and heretics; it was necessary also that the
Father should be crucified. [7853] In one sense there will be something
difficult even for God'namely, that which He has not done'-not because He
could not, but because He would not, do it. For with God, to be willing is
to be able, and to be unwilling is to be unable; all that He has willed,
however, He has both been able to accomplish, and has displayed His ability.
Since, therefore, if God had wished to make Himself a Son to Himself, He had
it in His power to do so; and since, if He had it in His power, He effected
His purpose, you will then make good your proof of His power and His will
(to do even this) when you shall have proved to us that He actually did it.
Chapter XI. The Identity of the Father and the Son, as Praxeas Held It,
Shown to Be Full of Perplexity and Absurdity. Many Scriptures Quoted in
Proof of the Distinction of the Divine Persons of the Trinity.
It will be your duty, however, to adduce your proofs out of the Scriptures
as plainly as we do, when we prove that He made His Word a Son to Himself.
For if He calls Him Son, and if the Son is none other than He who has
proceeded from the Father Himself, and if the Word has proceeded from the
Father Himself, He will then be the Son, and not Himself from whom He
proceeded. For the Father Himself did not proceed from Himself. Now, you who
say that the Father is the same as the Son, do really make the same Person
both to have sent forth from Himself (and at the same time to have gone out
from Himself as) that Being which is God. If it was possible for Him to have
done this, He at all events did not do it. You must bring forth the proof
which I require of you'one like my own; that is, (you must prove to me) that
the Scriptures show the Son and the Father to be the same, just as on our
side the Father and the Son are demonstrated to be distinct; I say distinct,
but not separate: [7854] for as on my part I produce the words of God
Himself, "My heart hath emitted my most excellent Word," [7855] so you in
like manner ought to adduce in opposition to me some text where God has
said, "My heart hath emitted Myself as my own most excellent Word," in such
a sense that He is Himself both the Emitter and the Emitted, both He who
sent forth and He who was sent forth, since He is both the Word and God. I
bid you also observe, [7856] that on my side I advance the passage where
the Father said to the Son, "Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten
Thee." [7857] If you want me to believe Him to be both the Father and the
Son, show me some other passage where it is declared, "The Lord said unto
Himself, I am my own Son, to-day have I begotten myself; "or again, "Before
the morning did I beget myself; " [7858] and likewise, "I the Lord
possessed Myself the beginning of my ways for my own works; before all the
hills, too, did I beget myself; " and whatever other passages are to the
same effect. Why, moreover, could God the Lord of all things, have hesitated
to speak thus of Himself, if the fact had been so? Was He afraid of not
being believed, if He had in so many words declared Himself to be both the
Father and the Son? Of one thing He was at any rate afraid'of lying. Of
Himself, too, and of His own truth, was He afraid. Believing Him, therefore,
to be the true God, I am sure that He declared nothing to exist in any other
way than according to His own dispensation and arrangement, and that He had
arranged nothing in any other way than according to His own declaration. On
your side, however, you must make Him out to be a liar, and an impostor, and
a tamperer with His word, if, when He was Himself a Son to Himself, He
assigned the part of His Son to be played by another, when all the
Scriptures attest the clear existence of, and distinction in (the Persons
of) the Trinity, and indeed furnish us with our Rule of faith, that He who
speaks; and He of whom He speaks, and to whom He speaks, cannot possibly
seem to be One and the Same. So absurd arid misleading a statement would be
unworthy of God, that, widen it was Himself to whom He was speaking, He
speaks rather to another, and not to His very self. Hear, then, other
utterances also of the Father concerning the Son by the mouth of Isaiah:
"Behold my Son, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom I am well pleased: I
will put my Spirit upon Him, and He shall bring forth judgment to the
Gentiles. " [7859] Hear also what He says to the Son: "Is it a great
thing for Thee, that Thou shouldest be called my Son to raise up the tribes
of Jacob, and to restore the dispersed of Isreal? I have given Thee for a
light to the Gentiles, that Thou mayest be their salvation to the end of the
earth. " [7860] Hear now also the Son's utterances respecting the Father:
"The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because He hath anointed me to preach
the gospel unto men." [7861] He speaks of Himself likewise to the Father
in the Psalm: "Forsake me not until I have declared the might of Thine arm
to all the generation that is to come. " [7862] Also to the same purport
in another Psalm: "O Lord, how are they increased that trouble me!"
[7863] But almost all the Psalms which prophesy of [7864] the person of
Christ, represent the Son as conversing with the Father'that is, represent
Christ (as speaking) to God. Observe also the Spirit speaking of the Father
and the Son, in the character of [7865] a third Person: "The Lord said
unto my Lord, Sit Thou on my right hand, until I make Thine enemies Thy
footstool. " [7866] Likewise in the words of Isaiah: "Thus saith the Lord
to the Lord [7867] mine Anointed. " [7868] Likewise, in the same
prophet, He says to the Father respecting the Son: "Lord, who hath believed
our report, and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? We brought a report
concerning Him, as if He were a little child, as if He were a root in a dry
ground, who had no form nor comeliness." [7869] These are a few
testimonies out of many; for we do not pretend to bring up all the passages
of Scripture, because we have a tolerably large accumulation of them in the
various heads of our subject, as we in our several Chapters call them in as
our witnesses in the fulness of their dignity and authority. [7870]
Still, in these few quotations the distinction of Persons in the Trinity is
clearly set forth. For there is the Spirit Himself who speaks, and the
Father to whom He speaks, and the Son of whom He speaks. [7871] In the
same manner, the other passages also establish each one of several Persons
in His special character'addressed as they in some cases are to the Father
or to the Son respecting the Son, in other cases to the Son or to the Father
concerning the Father, and again in other instances to the (Holy) Spirit.
Chapter XII. Other Quotations from Holy Scripture Adduced in Proof of the
Plurality of Persons in the Godhead.
If the number of the Trinity also offends you, as if it were not connected
in the simple Unity, I ask you how it is possible for a Being who is merely
and absolutely One and Singular, to speak in plural phrase, saying, "Let us
make man in our own image, and after our own likeness; " [7872] whereas
He ought to have said, "Let me make man in my own image, and after my own
likeness," as being a unique and singular Being? In the following passage,
however, "Behold the man is become as one of us," [7873] He is either
deceiving or amusing us in speaking plurally, if He is One only and
singular. Or was it to the angels that He spoke, as the Jews interpret the
passage, because these also acknowledge not the Son? Or was it because He
was at once the Father, the Son, and the Spirit, that He spoke to Himself in
plural terms, making Himself plural on that very account? Nay, it was
because He had already His Son close at His side, as a second Person, His
own Word, and a third Person also, the Spirit in the Word,that He purposely
adopted the plural phrase, "Let us make; "and, "in our image; "and, "become
as one of us." For with whom did He make man? and to whom did He make him
like? (The answer must be), the Son on the one hand, who was one day to put
on human nature; and the Spirit on the other, who was to sanctify man. With
these did He then speak, in the Unity of the Trinity, as with His ministers
and witnesses In the following text also He distinguishes among the Persons:
"So God created man in His own image; in the image of God created He
him." [7874] Why say "image of God? "Why not "His own image" merely, if
He was only one who was the Maker, and if there was not also One in whose
image He made man? But there was One in whose image God was making man, that
is to say, Christ's image, who, being one day about to become Man (more
surely and more truly so), had already caused the man to be called His
image, who was then going to be formed of clay'the image and similitude of
the true and perfect Man. But in respect of the previous works of the world
what says the Scripture? Its first statement indeed is made, when the Son
has not yet appeared: "And God said, Let there be light, and there was
light." [7875] Immediately there appears the Word, "that true light,
which lighteth man on his coming into the world," [7876] and through Him
also came light upon the world. [7877] From that moment God willed
creation to be effected in the Word, Christ being present and ministering
unto Him: and so God created. And God said, "Let there be a firmament, and
God made the firmament; " [7878] and God also said. "Let there be lights
(in the firmament); and so God made a greater and a lesser light." [7879]
But all the rest of the created things did He in like manner make, who made
the former ones'I mean the Word of God. "through whom all things were made,
and without whom nothing was made." [7880] Now if He too is God,
according to John, (who says.) "The Word was God," [7881] then you have
two Beings'One that commands that the thing be made. and the Other that
executes the order and creates. In what sense, however, you ought to
understand Him to be another. I have already explained, on the ground of
Personality, not of Substance'in the way of distinction, not of division.
[7882] But although I must everywhere hold one only substance in three
coherent and inseparable (Persons), yet I am bound to acknowledge, from the
necessity of the case, that He who issues a command is different from Him
who executes it. For, indeed, He would not be issuing a command if He were
all the while doing the work Himself, while ordering it to be done by the
second. [7883] But still He did issue the command, although He would not
have intended to command Himself if He were only one; or else He must have
worked without any command, because He would not have waited to command
Himself.
Chapter XIII. The Force of Sundry Passages of Scripture Illustrated in
Relation to the Plurality of Persons and Unity of Substance. There is No
Polytheism Here, Since the Unity is Insisted on as a Remedy Against
Polytheism.
Well then, you reply, if He was God who spoke, and He was also God who
created, at this rate, one God spoke and another created; (and thus) two
Gods are declared. If you are so venturesome and harsh, reflect a while; and
that you may think the better and more deliberately, listen to the psalm in
which Two are described as God: "Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever;
the sceptre of Thy kingdom is a sceptre of righteousness. Thou hast loved
righteousness, and hated iniquity: therefore God, even Thy God, hath
anointed Thee or made Thee His Christ." [7884] Now, since He here speaks
to God, and affirms that God is anointed by God, He must have affirmed that
Two are God, by reason of the sceptre's royal power. Accordingly, Isaiah
also says to the Person of Christ: "The Sabæans, men of stature, shall pass
over to Thee; and they shall follow after Thee, bound in fetters; and they
shall worship Thee, because God is in Thee: for Thou art our God, yet we
knew it not; Thou art the God of Isreal." [7885] For here too, by saying,
"God is in Thee, and "Thou art God," he sets forth Two who were God: (in the
former expression in Thee, he means) in Christ, and (in the other he means)
the Holy Ghost. That is a still grander statement which you will find
expressly made in the Gospel: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word
was with God, and the Word was God." [7886] There was One "who was," and
there was another "with whom" He was. But I find in Scripture the name Lord
also applied to them Both: "The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit Thou on my right
hand." [7887] And Isaiah says this: "Lord, who hath believed our report,
and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? " [7888] Now he would most
certainly have said Thine Arm, if he had not wished us to understand that
the Father is Lord, and the Son also is Lord. A much more ancient testimony
we have also in Genesis: "Then the Lord rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah
brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven." [7889] Now, either deny
that this is Scripture; or else (let me ask) what sort of man you are, that
you do not think words ought to be taken and understood in the sense in
which they are written, especially when they are not expressed in allegories
and parables, but in determinate and simple declarations? If, indeed, you
follow those who did not at the time endure the Lord when showing Himself to
be the Son of God, because they would not believe Him to be the Lord, then
(I ask you)call to mind along with them the passage where it is written, "I
have said, Ye are gods, and ye are children of the Most High; " [7890]
and again, "God standeth in the congregation of gods; " [7891] in order
that, if the Scripture has not been afraid to designate as gods human
beings, who have become sons of God by faith, you may be sure that the same
Scripture has with greater propriety conferred the name of the Lord on the
true and one-only Son of God. Very well! you say, I shall challenge you to
preach from this day forth (and that, too, on the authority of these same
Scriptures) two Gods and two Lords, consistently with your views. God
forbid, (is my reply.) For we, who by the grace of God possess an insight
into both the times and the occasions of the Sacred Writings, especially we
who are followers of the Paraclete, not of human teachers, do indeed
definitively declare that Two Beings are God, the Father and the Son, and,
with the addition of the Holy Spirit, even Three, according to the principle
of the divine economy, which introduces number, in order that the Father may
not, as you perversely infer, be Himself believed to have been born and to
have suffered, which it is not lawful to believe, forasmuch as it has not
been so handed down. That there are, however, two Gods or two Lords, is a
statement which at no time proceeds out of our mouth: not as if it were
untrue that the Father is God, and the Son is God, and the Holy Ghost is
God, and each is God; but because in earlier times Two were actually spoken
of as God, and two as Lord, that when Christ should come He might be both
acknowledged as God and designated as Lord, being the Son of Him who is both
God and Lord. Now, if there were found in the Scriptures but one Personality
of Him who is God and Lord, Christ would justly enough be inadmissible to
the title of God and Lord: for (in the Scriptures) there was declared to be
none other than One God and One Lord, and it must have followed that the
Father should Himself seem to have come down (to earth), inasmuch as only
One God and One Lord was ever read of (in the Scriptures), and His entire
Economy would be involved in obscurity, which has been planned and arranged
with so clear a foresight in His providential dispensation as matter for our
faith. As soon, however, as Christ came, and was recognised by us as the
very Being who had from the beginning [7892] caused plurality [7893]
(in the Divine Economy), being the second from the Father, and with the
Spirit the third, and Himself declaring and manifesting the Father more
fully (than He had ever been before), the title of Him who is God and Lord
was at once restored to the Unity (of the Divine Nature), even because the
Gentiles would have to pass from the multitude of their idols to the One
Only God, in order that a difference might be distinctly settled between the
worshippers of One God and the votaries of polytheism. For it was only right
that Christians should shine in the world as "children of light," adoring
and invoking Him who is the One God and Lord as "the light of the world."
Besides, if, from that perfect knowledge [7894] which assures us that the
title of God and Lord is suitable both to the Father, and to the Son, and to
the Holy Ghost, we were to invoke a plurality of gods and lords, we should
quench our torches, and we should become less courageous to endure the
martyr's sufferings, from which an easy escape would everywhere lie open to
us, as soon as we swore by a plurality of gods and lords, as sundry heretics
do, who hold more gods than One. I will therefore not speak of gods at all,
nor of lords, but I shall follow the apostle; so that if the Father and the
Son, are alike to be invoked, I shall call the Father "God," and invoke
Jesus Christ as "Lord." [7895] But when Christ alone (is mentioned), I
shall be able to call Him "God," as the same apostle says: "Of whom is
Christ, who is over all, God blessed for ever." [7896] For I should give
the name of" sun" even to a sunbeam, considered in itself; but if I were
mentioning the sun from which the ray emanates, I certainly should at once
withdraw the name of sun from the mere beam. For although I make not two
suns, still I shall reckon both the sun and its ray to be as much two things
and two forms [7897] of one undivided substance, as God and His Word, as
the Father and the Son.
Chapter XIV. The Natural Invisibility of the Father, and the Visibility of
the Son Witnessed in Many Passages of the Old Testament. Arguments of Their
Distinctness, Thus Supplied.
Moreover, there comes to our aid, when we insist upon the Father and the Son
as being Two, that regulating principle which has determined God to be
invisible. When Moses in Egypt desired to see the face of the Lord, saying,
"If therefore I have found grace in Thy sight, manifest Thyself unto me,
that I may see Thee and know Thee," [7898] God said, "Thou canst not see
my face; for there shall no man see me, and live: " [7899] in other
words, he who sees me shall die. Now we find that God has been seen by many
persons, and yet that no one who saw Him died (at the sight). The truth is,
they saw God according to the faculties of men, but not in accordance with
the full glory of the Godhead. For the patriarchs are said to have seen God
(as Abraham and Jacob), and the prophets (as, for instance Isaiah and
Ezekiel), and yet they did not die. Either, then, they ought to have died,
since they had seen Him'for (the sentence runs), "No man shall see God, and
live ; "or else if they saw God, and yet did not die, the Scripture is false
in stating that God said, "If a man see my face, he shall not live." Either
way, the Scripture misleads us, when it makes God invisible, and when it
produces Him to our sight. Now, then, He must be a different Being who was
seen, because of one who was seen it could not be predicated that He is
invisible. It will therefore follow, that by Him who is invisible we must
understand the Father in the fulness of His majesty, while we recognise the
Son as visible by reason of the dispensation of His derived existence;
[7900] even as it is not permitted us to contemplate, the sun, in the full
amount of his substance which is in the heavens, but we can only endure with
our eyes a ray, by reason of the tempered condition of this portion which is
projected from him to the earth. Here some one on the other side may be
disposed to contend that the Son is also invisible as being the Word, and as
being also the Spirit; [7901] and, while claiming one nature for the
Father and the Son, to affirm that the Father is rather One and the Same
Person with the Son. But the Scripture, as we have said, maintains their
difference by the distinction it makes between the Visible and the
Invisible. They then go on to argue to this effect, that if it was the Son
who then spake to Moses, He must mean it of Himself that His face was
visible to no one, because He was Himself indeed the invisible Father in the
name of the Son. And by this means they will have it that the Visible and
the Invisible are one and the same, just as the Father and the Son are the
same; (and this they maintain) because in a preceding passage, before He had
refused (the sight of) His face to Moses, the Scripture informs us that "the
Lord spake face to face with Moses, even as a man speaketh unto his friend;
" [7902] just as Jacob also says, "I have seen God face to face."
[7903] Therefore the Visible and the Invisible are one and the same; and
both being thus the same, it follows that He is invisible as the Father, and
visible as the Son. As if the Scripture, according to our exposition of it,
were inapplicable to the Son, when the Father is set aside in His own
invisibility. We declare, however, that the Son also, considered in Himself
(as the Son), is invisible, in that He is God, and the Word and Spirit of
God; but that He was visible before the days of His flesh, in the way that
He says to Aaron and Miriam, "And if there shall be a prophet amongst you, I
will make myself known to him in a vision, and will speak to him in a dream;
not as with Moses, with whom I shall speak mouth to mouth, even apparently,
that is to say, in truth, and not enigmatically" that is to say, in
image; [7904] as the apostle also expresses it, "Now we see through a
glass, darkly (or enigmatically), but then face to face." [7905] Since,
therefore, He reserves to some future time His presence and speech face to
face with Moses'a promise which was afterwards fulfilled in the retirement
of the mount (of transfiguration), when as we read in the Gospel," Moses
appeared talking with Jesus" [7906] 'it is evident that in early times it
was always in a glass, (as it were, )and an enigma, in vision and dream,
that God, I mean the Son of God, appeared'to the prophets and the
patriarchs, as also to Moses indeed himself. And even if the Lord did
possibly [7907] speak with him face to face, yet it was not as man that
he could behold His face, unless indeed it was in a glass, (as it were, )
and by enigma. Besides, if the Lord so spake with Moses, that Moses actually
discerned His face, eye to eye, [7908] how comes it to pass that
immediately afterwards, on the same occasion, he desires to see His face,
[7909] which he ought not to have desired, because he had already seen it?
And how, in like manner, does the Lord also Say that His face cannot be
seen, because He had shown it, if indeed He really had, (as our opponents
suppose.) Or what is that fade of God, the sight of which is refused, if
there was one which was visible to man? "I have seen God," says Jacob, "face
to face, and my life is preserved." [7910] There ought to be some other
face which kills if it be only seen. Well, then, was the Son visible?
(Certainly not, [7911] ) although He was the face of God, except only in
vision and dream, and in a glass and enigma, because the Word and Spirit (of
God) cannot be seen except in an imaginary form. But, (they say, ) He calls
the invisible Father His face. For who is the Father? Must He not be the
face of the Son, by reason of that authority which He obtains as the
begotten of the Father? For is there not a natural propriety in saying of
some personage greater (than yourself), That man is my face; he gives me his
countenance? "My Father,"says Christ, "is greater than I." [7912]
Therefore the Father must be the face of the Son. For what does the
Scripture say? "The Spirit of His person is Christ the Lord." [7913] As
therefore Christ is the Spirit of the Father's person, there is good reason
why, in virtue indeed of the unity, the Spirit of Him to whose person He
belonged'that is to say, the Father'pronounced Him to be His "face." Now
this, to be sure, is an astonishing thing, that the Father can be taken to
be the face of the Son, when He is His head; for "the head of Christ is
God." [7914]
Chapter XV. New Testament Passages Quoted. They Attest the Same Truth of the
Son's Visibility Contrasted with the Father's Invisibility.
If I fail in resolving this article (of our faith) by passages which may
admit of dispute [7915] out of the Old Testament, I will take out of the
New Testament a confirmation of our view, that you may not straightway
attribute to the Father every possible (relation and condition) which I
ascribe to the Son. Behold, then, I find both in the Gospels and in the
(writings of the) apostles a visible and an invisible God (revealed to us),
under a manifest and personal distinction in the condition of both. There is
a certain emphatic saying by John: "No man hath seen God at any time; "
[7916] meaning, of course, at any previous time But he has indeed taken away
all question of time, by saying that God had never been seen. The apostle
confirms this statement; for, speaking of God, he says, "Whom no man hath
seen, nor can see; " [7917] because the man indeed would die who should
see Him. [7918] But the very same apostles testify that they had both
seen and "handled" Christ. [7919] Now, if Christ is Himself both the
Father and the Son, how can He be both the Visible and the Invisible? In
order, however, to reconcile this diversity between the Visible and the
Invisible, will not some one on the other side argue that the two statements
are quite correct: that He was visible indeed in the flesh, but was
invisible before His appearance in the flesh; so that He who as the Father
was invisible before the flesh, is the same as the Son who was visible in
the flesh? If, however, He is the same who was invisible before the
incarnation, how comes it that He was actually seen in ancient times before
(coming in) the flesh? And by parity of reasoning, if He is the same who was
visible after (coming in) the flesh, how happens it that He is now declared
to be invisible by the apostles? How, I repeat, can all this be, unless it
be that He is one, who anciently was visible only in mystery and enigma, and
became more clearly visible by His incarnation, even the Word who was also
made flesh; whilst He is another whom no man has seen at any time, being
none else than the Father, even Him to whom the Word belongs? Let us, in
short, examine who it is whom the apostles saw. "That," says John, "which we
have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have
handled, of the Word of life." [7920] Now the Word of life became flesh,
and was heard, and was seen, and was handled, because He was flesh who,
before He came in the flesh, was the "Word in the beginning with God" the
Father, [7921] and not the Father with the Word. For although the Word
was God, yet was He with God, because He is God of God; and being joined to
the Father, is with the Father. [7922] "And we have seen His glory, the
glory as of the only begotten of the Father; " [7923] that is, of course,
(the glory) of the Son, even Him who was visible, and was glorified by the
invisible Father. And therefore, inasmuch as he had said that the Word of
God was God, in order that he might give no help to the presumption of the
adversary, (which pretended) that he had seen the Father Himself and in
order to draw a distinction between the invisible Father and the visible
Son, he makes the additional assertion, ex abundanti as it were: "No man
hath seen God at any time." [7924] What God does he mean? The Word? But
he has already said: "Him we have seen and heard, and our hands have handled
the Word of life." Well, (I must again ask, ) what God does he mean? It is
of course the Father, with whom was the Word, the only begotten Son, who is
in the bosom of the Father, and has Himself declared Him. [7925] He was
both heard and seen and, that He might not be supposed to be a phantom, was
actually handled. Him, too, did Paul behold; but yet he saw not the Father.
"Have I not," he says, "seen Jesus Christ our Lord? " [7926] Moreover, he
expressly called Christ God, saying: "Of whom are the fathers, and of whom
as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for
ever." [7927] He shows us also that the Son of God, which is the Word of
God, is visible, because He who became flesh was called Christ. Of the
Father, however, he says to Timothy: "Whom none among men hath seen, nor
indeed can see; "and he accumulates the description in still ampler terms:
"Who only hath immortality, and dwelleth in the light which no man can
approach unto." [7928] It was of Him, too, that he had said in a previous
passage: "Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, to the only God;
" [7929] so that we might apply even the contrary qualities to the Son
Himself'mortality, accessibility'of whom the apostle testifies that "He died
according to the Scriptures," [7930] and that "He was seen by himself
last of all," [7931] 'by means, of course, of the light which was
accessible, although it was not without imperilling his sight that he
experienced that light. [7932] A like danger to which also befell Peter,
and John, and James, (who confronted not the same light) without risking the
loss of their reason and mind; and if they, who were unable to endure the
glory of the Son, [7933] had only seen the Father, they must have died
then and there: "For no man shall see God, and live." [7934] This being
the case, it is evident that He was always seen from the beginning, who
became visible in the end; and that He, (on the contrary, ) was not seen in
the end who had never been visible from the beginning; and that accordingly
there are two'the Visible and the Invisible. It was the Son, therefore, who
was always seen, and the Son who always conversed with men, and the Son who
has always worked by the authority and will of the Father; because "the Son
can do nothing of Himself, but what He seeth the Father do" [7935]
'"do" that is, in His mind and thought. [7936] For the Father acts by
mind and thought; whilst the Son, who is in the Father's mind and
thought, [7937] gives effect and form to what He sees. Thus all things
were made by tile Son, and without Him was not anything made. [7938]
Chapter XVI. Early Manifestations of the Son of God, as Recorded in the Old
Testament; Rehearsals of His Subsequent Incarnation.
But you must not suppose that only the works which relate to the (creation
of the) world were made by the Son, but also whatsoever since that time has
been done by God. For "the Father who loveth the Son, and hath given all
things into His hand," [7939] loves Him indeed from the beginning, and
from the very first has handed all things over to Him. Whence it is written,
"From the beginning the Word was with God, and the Word was God; " [7940]
to whom "is given by the Father all power in heaven and on earth." [7941]
"The Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment to the Son"
[7942] 'from the very beginning even. For when He speaks of all power and
all judgment, and says that all things were made by Him, and all things have
been delivered into His hand, He allows no exception (in respect) of time,
because they would not be all things unless they were the things of all
time. It is the Son, therefore, who has been from the beginning
administering judgment, throwing down the haughty tower, and dividing the
tongues, punishing the whole world by the violence of waters, raining upon
Sodom and Gomorrah fire and brimstone, as the Lord from the Lord. For He it
was who at all times came down to hold converse with men, from Adam on to
the patriarchs and the prophets, in vision, in dream, in mirror, in dark
saying; ever from the beginning laying the foundation of the course of His
dispensations, which He meant to follow out to the very last. Thus was He
ever learning even as God to converse with men upon earth, being no other
than the Word which was to be made flesh. But He was thus learning (or
rehearsing), in order to level for us the way of faith, that we might the
more readily believe that the Son of God had come down into the world, if we
knew that in times past also something similar had been done. [7943] For
as it was on our account and for our learning that these events are
described in the Scriptures, so for our sakes also were they done'(even
ours, I say), "upon whom the ends of the world are come." [7944] In this
way it was that even then He knew full well what human feelings and
affections were, intending as He always did to take upon Him man's actual
component substances, body and soul, making inquiry of Adam (as if He were
ignorant), [7945] "Where art thou, Adam? " [7946] 'repenting that He
had made man, as if He had lacked foresight; [7947] tempting Abraham, as
if ignorant of what was in man; offended with persons, and then reconciled
to them; and whatever other (weaknesses and imperfections) the heretics lay
hold of (in their assumptions) as unworthy of God, in order to discredit the
Creator, not considering that these circumstances are suitable enough for
the Son, who was one day to experience even human sufferings'hunger and
thirst, and tears, and actual birth and real death, and in respect of such a
dispensation "made by the Father a little less than the angels." [7948]
But the heretics, you may be sure, will not allow that those things are
suitable even to the Son of God, which you are imputing to the very Father
Himself, when you pretend [7949] that He made Himself less (than the
angels) on our account; whereas the Scripture informs us that He who was
made less was so affected by another, and not Himself by Himself. What,
again, if He was One who was "crowned with glory and honour," and He Another
by whom He was so crowned, [7950] 'the Son, in fact, by the Father?
Moreover, how comes it to pass, that the Almighty Invisible God, "whom no
man hath seen nor can see; He who dwelleth in light unapproachable; "
[7951] "He who dwelleth not in temples made with hands; " [7952] "from
before whose sight the earth trembles, and the mountains melt like wax; "
[7953] who holdeth the whole world in His hand "like a nest; " [7954]
"whose throne is heaven, and earth His footstool; " [7955] in whom is
every place, but Himself is in no place; who is the utmost bound of the
universe;'how happens it, I say, that He (who, though) the Most High, should
yet have walked in paradise towards the cool of the evening, in quest of
Adam; and should have shut up the ark after Noah had entered it; and at
Abraham's tent should have refreshed Himself under an oak; and have called
to Moses out of the burning bush; and have appeared as "the fourth" in the
furnace of the Babylonian monarch (although He is there called the Son of
man),'unless all these events had happened as an image, as a mirror, as an
enigma (of the future incarnation)? Surely even these things could not have
been believed even of the Son of God, unless they had been given us in the
Scriptures; possibly also they could not have been believed of the Father,
even if they had been given in the Scriptures, since these men bring Him
down into Mary's womb, and set Him before Pilate's judgment-seat, and bury
Him in the sepulchre of Joseph. Hence, therefore, their error becomes
manifest; for, being ignorant that the entire order of the divine
administration has from the very first had its course through the agency of
the Son, they believe that the Father Himself was actually seen, and held
converse with men. and worked, and was athirst, and suffered hunger (in
spite of the prophet who says: "The everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator
of the ends of the earth, shall never thirst at all, nor be hungry; "
[7956] much more, shall neither die at any time, nor be buried!), and
therefore that it was uniformly one God, even the Father, who at all times
did Himself the things which were really done by Him through the agency of
the Son.
Chapter XVII. Sundry August Titles, Descriptive of Deity, Applied to the
Son, Not, as Praxeas Would Have It, Only to the Father.
They more readily supposed that the Father acted in the Son's name, than
that the Son acted in the Father's; although the Lord says Himself, "I am
come in my Father's name; " [7957] and even to the Father He declares,
"I have manifested Thy name unto these men; " [7958] whilst the Scripture
likewise says, "Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord,"
[7959] that is to say, the Son in the Father's name. And as for the
Father's names, God Almighty, the Most High, the Lord of hosts, the King of
Isreal, the "One that is," we say (for so much do the Scriptures teach us)
that they belonged suitably to the Son also, and that the Son came under
these designations, and has always acted in them, and has thus manifested
them in Himself to men. "All things," says He, "which the Father hath are
mine." [7960] Then why not His names also? When, therefore, you read of
Almighty God, and the Most High, and the God of hosts, and the King of
Isreal the "One that is," consider whether the Son also be not indicated by
these designations, who in His own right is God Almighty, in that He is the
Word of Almighty God, and has received power over all; is the Most High, in
that He is "exalted at the right hand of God," as Peter declares in the
Acts; [7961] is the Lord of hosts, because all things are by the Father
made subject to Him; is the King of Isreal because to Him has especially
been committed the destiny of that nation; and is likewise "the One that
is," because there are many who are called Sons, but are not. As to the
point maintained by them, that the name of Christ belongs also to the
Father, they shall hear (what I have to say) in the proper place. Meanwhile,
let this be my immediate answer to the argument which they adduce from the
Revelation of John: "I am the Lord which is, and which was, and which is to
come, the Almighty; " [7962] and from all other passages which in their
opinion make the designation of Almighty God unsuitable to the Son. As if,
indeed, He which is to come were not almighty; whereas even the Son of the
Almighty is as much almighty as the Son of God is God.
Chapter XVIII. The Designation of the One God in the Prophetic Scriptures.
Intended as a Protest Against Heathen Idolatry, It Does Not Preclude the
Correlative Idea of the Son of God. The Son is in the Father.
But what hinders them from readily perceiving this community of the
Father's titles in the Son, is the statement of Scripture, whenever it
determines God to be but One; as if the selfsame Scripture had not also set
forth Two both as God and Lord, as we have shown above. [7963] Their
argument is: Since we find Two and One, therefore Both are One and the Same,
both Father and Son. Now the Scripture is not in danger of requiring the aid
of any one's argument, lest it should seem to be self-contradictory. It has
a method of its own, both when it sets forth one only God, and also when it
shows that there are Two, Father and Son; and is consistent with itself. It
is clear that the Son is mentioned by it. For, without any detriment to the
Son, it is quite possible for it to have rightly determined that God is only
One, to whom the Son belongs; since He who has a Son ceases not on that
account to exist,'Himself being One only, that is, on His own account,
whenever He is named without the Son. And He is named without the Son
whensoever He is defined as the principle (of Deity)in the character of "its
first Person," which had to be mentioned before the name of the Son; because
it is the Father who is acknowledged in the first place, and after the
Father the Son is named. Therefore "there is one God," the Father, "and
without Him there is none else." [7964] And when He Himself makes this
declaration, He denies not the Son, but says that there is no other God; and
the Son is not different from the Father. Indeed, if you only look carefully
at the contexts which follow such statements as this, you will find that
they nearly always have distinct reference to the makers of idols and the
worshippers thereof, with a view to the multitude of false gods being
expelled by the unity of the Godhead, which nevertheless has a Son; and
inasmuch as this Son is undivided and inseparable from the Father, so is He
to be reckoned as being in the Father, even when He is not named. The fact
is, if He had named Him expressly, He would have separated Him, saying in so
many words: "Beside me there is none else, except my Son." In short He would
have made His Son actually another, after excepting Him from others. Suppose
the sun to say, "I am the Sun, and there is none other besides me, except my
ray," would you not have remarked how useless was such a statement, as if
the ray were not itself reckoned in the sun? He says, then, that there is no
God' besides Himself in respect of the idolatry both of the Gentiles as well
as of Isreal; nay, even on account of our heretics also, who fabricate idols
with their words, just as the heathen do with their hands; that is to say,
they make another God and another Christ. When, therefore, He attested His
own unity, the Father took care of the Son's interests, that Christ should
not be supposed to have come from another God, but from Him who had already
said, "I am God and there is none other beside me," [7965] who shows us
that He is the only God, but in company with His Son, with whom "He
stretcheth out the heavens alone." [7966]
Chapter XIX. The Son in Union with the Father in the Creation of All Things.
This Union of the Two in Co-Operation is Not Opposed to the True Unity of
God. It is Opposed Only to Praxeas' Identification Theory.
But this very declaration of His they will hastily pervert into an argument
of His singleness. "I have," says He, "stretched out the heaven alone."
Undoubtedly alone as regards all other powers; and He thus gives a
premonitory evidence against the conjectures of the heretics, who maintain
that the world was constructed by various angels and powers, who also make
the Creator Himself to have been either an angel or some subordinate agent
sent to form external things, such as the constituent parts of the world,
but who was at the same time ignorant of the divine purpose. If, now, it is
in this sense that He stretches out the heavens alone, how is it that these
heretics assume their position so perversely, as to render inadmissible the
singleness of that Wisdom which says, "When He prepared the heaven, I was
present with Him? " [7967] 'even though the apostle asks, "Who hath known
the mind of the Lord, or who hath been His counsellor? " [7968] meaning,
of course, to except that wisdom which was present with Him. [7969] In
Him, at any rate, and with Him, did (Wisdom) construct the universe, He not
being ignorant of what she was making. "Except Wisdom," however, is a phrase
of the same sense exactly as "except the Son," who is Christ, "the Wisdom
and Power of God," [7970] according to the apostle, who only knows the
mind of the Father. "For who knoweth the things that be in God, except the
Spirit which is in Him? " [7971] Not, observe, without Him. There was
therefore One who caused God to be not alone, except "alone" from all other
gods. But (if we are to follow the heretics), the Gospel itself will have to
be rejected, because it tells us that all things were made by God through
the Word, without whom nothing was made. [7972] And if I am not mistaken,
there is also another passage in which it is written: "By the Word of the
Lord were the heavens made, and all the hosts of them by His Spirit."
[7973] Now this Word, the Power of God and the Wisdom of God, must be the
very Son of God. So that, if (He did) all things by the Son, He must have
stretched out the heavens by the Son, and so not have stretched them out
alone, except in the sense in which He is "alone" (and apart) from all other
gods. Accordingly He says, concerning the Son, immediately afterwards: "Who
else is it that frustrateth the tokens of the liars, and maketh diviners
mad, turning wise men backward, and making their knowledge foolish, and
confirming the words [7974] of His Son? " [7975] 'as, for instance,
when He said, "This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased; hear ye
Him." [7976] By thus attaching the Son to Himself, He becomes His own
interpreter in what sense He stretched out the heavens alone, meaning alone
with His Son, even as He is one with His Son. The utterance, therefore, will
be in like manner the Son's, "I have stretched out the heavens alone,"
[7977] because by the Word were the heavens established. [7978] Inasmuch,
then, as the heaven was prepared when Wisdom was present in the Word, and
since all things were made by the Word, it is quite correct to say that even
the Son stretched out the heaven alone, because He alone ministered to the
Father's work. It must also be He who says, "I am the First, and to all
futurity I AM." [7979] The Word, no doubt, was before all things. "In the
beginning was the Word; " [7980] and in that beginning He was sent
forth [7981] by the Father. The Father, however, has no beginning, as
proceeding from none; nor can He be seen, since He was not begotten. He who
has always been alone could never have had order or rank. Therefore, if they
have determined that the Father and the Son must be regarded as one and the
same, for the express purpose of vindicating the unity of God, that unity of
His is preserved intact; for He is one, and yet He has a Son, who is equally
with Himself comprehended in the same Scriptures. Since they are unwilling
to allow that the Son is a distinct Person, second from the Father, lest,
being thus second, He should cause two Gods to be spoken of, we have shown
above [7982] that Two are actually described in Scripture as God and
Lord. And to prevent their being offended at this fact, we give a reason why
they are not said to be two Gods and two Lords, but that they are two as
Father and Son; and this not by severance of their substance, but from the
dispensation wherein we declare the Son to be undivided and inseparable from
the Father,'distinct in degree, not in state. And although, when named
apart, He is called God, He does not thereby constitute two Gods, but one;
and that from the very circumstance that He is entitled to be called God,
from His union with the Father.
Chapter XX. The Scriptures Relied on by Praxeas to Support His Heresy But
Few. They are Mentioned by Tertullian.
But I must take some further pains to rebut their arguments, when they make
selections from the Scriptures in support of their opinion, and refuse to
consider the other points, which obviously maintain the rule of faith
without any infraction of the unity of the Godhead, and with the full
admission [7983] of the Monarchy. For as in the Old Testament Scriptures
they lay hold of nothing else than, "I am God, and beside me there is no God
; " [7984] so in the Gospel they simply keep in view the Lord's answer to
Philip, "I and my Father are one; " [7985] and, "He that hath seen me
hath seen the Father; and I am in the Father, and the Father in me."
[7986] They would have the entire revelation of both Testaments yield to
these three passages, whereas the only proper course is to understand the
few statements in the light of the many. But in their contention they only
act on the principle of all heretics. For, inasmuch as only a few
testimonies are to be found (making for them) in the general mass, they
pertinaciously set off the few against the many, and assume the later
against the earlier. The rule, however, which has been from the beginning
established for every case, gives its prescription against the later
assumptions, as indeed it also does against the fewer.
Chapter XXI. In This and the Four Following Chapters It is Shewn, by a
Minute Analysis of St. John's Gospel, that the Father and Son are Constantly
Spoken of as Distinct Persons.
Consider, therefore, how many passages present their prescriptive authority
to you in, this very Gospel before this inquiry of Philip, and previous to
any discussion on your part. And first of all there comes at once to hand
the preamble of John to his Gospel, which shows us what He previously was
who had to become flesh. "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was
with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God: all things
were made by Him, and without Him was nothing made." [7987] Now, since
these words may not be taken otherwise than as they are written, there is
without doubt shown to be One who was from the beginning, and also One with
whom He always was: one the Word of God, the other God although the Word is
also God, but God regarded as the Son of God, not as the Father); One
through whom were all things, Another by whom were all things. But in what
sense we call Him Another we have already often described. In that we called
Him Another, we must needs imply that He is not identical'not identical
indeed, yet not as if separate; Other by dispensation, not by division. He,
therefore, who became flesh was not the very same as He from whom the Word
came. "His glory was beheld'the glory as of the only-begotten of the
Father;" [7988] not, (observe, ) as of the Father. He "declared" (what
was in) "the bosom of the Father alone; " [7989] the Father did not
divulge the secrets of His own bosom. For this is preceded by another
statement: "No man hath seen God at any time." [7990] Then, again, when
He is designated by John (the Baptist) as "the Lamb of God," [7991] He is
not described as Himself the same with Him of whom He is the beloved Son. He
is, no doubt, ever the Son of God, but yet not He Himself of whom He is the
Son. This (divine relationship) Nathanæl at once recognised in Him,
[7992] even as Peter did on another occasion: "Thou art the Son of God."
[7993] And He affirmed Himself that they were quite right in their
convictions; for He answered Nathanæl: "Because I said, I saw thee under the
fig-tree, therefore dose thou believe?" [7994] And in the same manner He
pronounced Peter to be "blessed," inasmuch as "flesh and blood had not
revealed it to him"'that he had perceived the Father'"but the Father which
is in heaven." [7995] By asserting all this, He determined the
distinction which is between the two Persons: that is, the Son then on
earth, whom Peter had confessed to be the Son of God; and the Father in
heaven, who had revealed to Peter the discovery which he had made, that
Christ was the Son of God. When He entered the temple, He called it "His
Father's house," [7996] speaking as the Son. In His address to Nicodemus
He says: "So God loved the world, that He gave His only-begotten Son, that
whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life."
[7997] And again: "For God sent not His Son into the world to condemn the
world, but that the world through Him might be saved. He that believeth on
Him is not condemned; but he that believeth not is condemned already,
because he hath not believed in the name of the only-begotten Son of
God." [7998] Moreover, when John (the Baptist) was asked what he happened
to know of Jesus, he said: "The Father loveth the Son, and hath given all
things into His hand. He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life;
and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God
abideth on him." [7999] Whom, indeed, did He reveal to the woman of
Samaria? Was it not "the Messias which is called Christ? " [8000] And so
lie showed, of course, that He was not the Father, but the Son; and
elsewhere He is expressly called "the Christ, the Son of God," [8001] and
not the Father. He says, therefore," My meat is to do the will of Him that
sent me, and to finish His work; " [8002] whilst to the Jews He remarks
respecting the cure of the impotent man, "My Father worketh hitherto, and I
work." [8003] "My Father and I"'these are the Son's words. And it was on
this very account that "the Jews sought the more intently to kill Him, not
only because He broke the Sabbath, but also because He said that God was His
Father, thus making Himself equal with God. Then indeed did He answer and
say unto them, The Son can do nothing of Himself, but what He seeth the
Father do; for what things soever He doeth these also doeth the Son
likewise. For the Father loveth the Son, and showeth Him all things that He
Himself doeth; and He will also show Him greater works than these, that ye
may marvel. For as the Father raiseth up the dead and quickeneth them, even
so the Son also quickeneth whom He will. For the Father judgeth no man, but
hath committed all judgment unto the Son, that all men should honour the
Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son,
honoureth not the Father, who hath sent the Son. Verily, verily, I say unto
you, He that heareth my words, and believeth on Him that sent me, hath
everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation, but is passed from
death unto life. Verily I say unto you, that the hour is coming, when the
dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God; and when they have heard it,
they shall live. For as the Father hath eternal life in Himself, so also
hath He given to the Son to have eternal life in Himself; and He hath given
Him authority to execute judgment also, because He is the Son of man"
[8004] 'that is, according to the flesh, even as He is also the Son of God
through His Spirit. [8005] Afterwards He goes on to say: "But I have
greater witness than that of John; for the works which the Father hath given
me to finish'those very works bear witness of me that the Father hath sent
me. And the Father Himself, which hath sent me, hath also borne witness of
me." [8006] But He at once adds, "Ye have neither heard His voice at any
time, nor seen His shape; " [8007] thus affirming that in former times it
was not the Father, but the Son, who used to be seen and heard. Then He says
at last: "I am come in my Father's name, and ye have not received me."
[8008] It was therefore always the Son (of whom we read) under the
designation of the Almighty and Most High God, and King, and Lord. To those
also who inquired "what they should do to work the works of God," [8009]
He answered, "This is the work of God, that ye believe on Him whom He hath
sent." [8010] He also declares Himself to be "the bread which the Father
sent from heaven; " [8011] and adds, that "all that the Father gave Him
should come to Him, and that He Himself would not reject them, [8012]
because He had come down from heaven not to do His own will, but the will of
the Father; and that the will of the Father was that every one who saw the
Son, and believed on Him, should obtain the life (everlasting, ) and the
resurrection at the last day. No man indeed was able to come to Him, except
the Father attracted him; whereas every one who had heard and learnt of the
Father came to Him." [8013] He goes on then expressly to say, "Not that
any man hath seen the Father; " [8014] thus showing us that it was
through the Word of the Father that men were instructed and taught. Then,
when many departed from Him, [8015] and He turned to the apostles with
the inquiry whether "they also would go away," [8016] what was Simon
Peter's answer? "To whom shall we go? Thou hast the words of eternal life,
and we believe that Thou art the Christ." [8017] (Tell me now, did they
believe) Him to be the Father, or the Christ of the Father?
Chapter XXII. Sundry Passages of St. John Quoted, to Show the Distinction
Between the Father and the Son. Even Praxeas' Classic Text'I and My Father
are One'Shown to Be Against Him.
Again, whose doctrine does He announce, at which all were astonished?
[8018] Was it His own or the Father's? So, when they were in doubt among
themselves whether He were the Christ (not as being the Father, of course
but as the Son), He says to them "You are not ignorant whence I am; and I am
not come of myself, but He that sent me is true, whom ye know not; but I
know Him, because I am from Him." [8019] He did not say, Because I myself
am He; and, I have sent mine own self: but His words are, "He hath sent
me." When, likewise, the Pharisees sent men to apprehend Him, He says: "Yet
a little while am I with you, and (then) I go unto Him that sent me."
[8020] When, however, He declares that He is not alone, and uses these
words, "but I and the Father that sent me," [8021] does He not show that
there are Two'Two, and yet inseparable? Indeed, this was the sum: and
substance of what He was teaching them, that they were inseparably Two;
since, after citing the law when it affirms the truth of two men's
testimony, [8022] He adds at once: "I am one who am bearing witness of
myself; and the Father (is another, ) who hath sent me, and beareth witness
of me." [8023] Now, if He were one'being at once both the Son and the
Father'He certainly would not have quoted the sanction of the law, which
requires not the testimony of one, but of two. Likewise, when they asked Him
where His Father was, [8024] He answered them, that they had known
neither Himself nor the Father; and in this answer He plainly told them of
Two, whom they were ignorant of. Granted that "if they had known Him, they
would have known the Father also," [8025] this certainly does not imply
that He was Himself both Father and Son; but that, by reason of the
inseparability of the Two, it was impossible for one of them to be either
acknowledged or unknown without the other. "He that sent me," says He, "is
true; and I am telling the world those things which I have heard of Him."
[8026] And the Scripture narrative goes on to explain in an exoteric manner,
that "they understood not that He spake to them concerning the Father,"
[8027] although they ought certainly to have known that the Father's words
were uttered in the Son, because they read in Jeremiah, "And the Lord said
to me, Behold, I have put my words in thy mouth; " [8028] and again in
Isaiah, "The Lord hath given to me the tongue of learning that I should
understand when to speak a word in season." [8029] In accordance with
which, Christ Himself says: "Then shall ye know that I am He and that I am
saying nothing of my own self; but that, as my Father hath taught me, so I
speak, because He that sent me is with me." [8030] This also amounts to a
proof that they were Two, (although) undivided. Likewise, when upbraiding
the Jews in His discussion with them, because they wished to kill Him, He
said, "I speak that which I have seen with my Father, and ye do that which
ye have seen with your father; " [8031] "but now ye seek to kill me, a
man that hath told you the truth which I have heard of God; " [8032] and
again, "If God were your Father, ye would love me, for I proceeded forth and
came from God " [8033] (still they are not hereby separated, although He
declares that He proceeded forth from the Father. Some persons indeed seize
the opportunity afforded them in these words to propound their heresy of His
separation; but His coming out from God is like the ray's procession from
the sun, and the river's from the fountain, and the tree's from the seed);
"I have not a devil, but I honour my Father; " [8034] again, "If I honour
myself, my honour is nothing: it is my Father that honoureth me, of whom ye
say, that He is your God: yet ye have not known Him, but I know Him; and if
I should say, I know Him not, I shall be a liar like unto you; but I know
Him, and keep His saying." [8035] But when He goes on to say, "Your
father Abraham rejoiced to see my day; and he saw it, and was glad,"
[8036] He certainly proves that it was not the Father that appeared to
Abraham, but the Son. In like manner He declares, in the case of the man
born blind, "that He must do the works of the Father which had sent Him;
" [8037] and after He had given the man sight, He said to him, "Dost thou
believe in the Son of God? "Then, upon the man's inquiring who He was, He
proceeded to reveal Himself to him, as that Son of God whom He had announced
to him as the right object of his faith. [8038] In a later passage He
declares that He is known by the Father, and the Father by Him; [8039]
adding that He was so wholly loved by the Father, that He was laying down
His life, because He had received this commandment from the Father.
[8040] When He was asked by the Jews if He were the very Christ [8041]
(meaning, of course, the Christ of God; for to this day the Jews expect not
the Father Himself, but the Christ of God, it being nowhere said that the
Father will come as the Christ), He said to them, "I am telling you, and yet
ye do not believe: the works which I am doing, in my Father's name, they
actually bear witness of me." [8042] Witness of what? Of that very thing,
to be sure, of which they were making inquiry'whether He were the Christ of
God. Then, again, concerning His sheep, and (the assurance) that no man
should pluck them out of His hand, [8043] He says, "My Father, which gave
them to me, is greater than all; " [8044] adding immediately, "I am and
my Father are one." [8045] Here, then, they take their stand, too
infatuated, nay, too blind, to see in the first place that there is in this
passage an intimation of Two Beings'"I and my Father; "then that there is a
plural predicate, "are," inapplicable to one person only; and lastly, that
(the predicate terminates in an abstract, not a personal noun)'"we are one
thing" Unum, not "one person" Unus. For if He had said "one Person," He
might have rendered some assistance to their opinion. Unus, no doubt,
indicates the singular number; but (here we have a case where) "Two" are
still the subject in the masculine gender. He accordingly says Unum, a
neuter term, which does not imply singularity of number, but unity of
essence, likeness, conjunction, affection on the Father's part, who loves
the Son, and submission on the Son's, who obeys the Father's will. When He
says, "I and my Father are one" in essence'Unum'He shows that there are Two,
whom He puts on an equality and unites in one. He therefore adds to this
very statement, that He "had showed them many works from the Father," for
none of which did He deserve to be stoned. [8046] And to prevent their
thinking Him deserving of this fate, as if He had claimed to be considered
as God Himself, that is, the Father, by having said, "I and my Father are
One," representing Himself as the Father's divine Son, and not as God
Himself, He says, "If it is written in your law, I said, Ye are gods; and if
the Scripture cannot be broken, say ye of Him whom the Father hath
sanctified and sent into the world, that He blasphemeth, because He said, I
am the Son of God? If I do not the works of my Father, believe me not; but
if I do, even if ye will not believe me, still believe the works; and know
that I am in the Father, and the Father in me." [8047] It must therefore
be by the works that the Father is in the Son, and the Son in the Father;
and so it is by the works that we understand that the Father is one with the
Son. All along did He therefore strenuously aim at this conclusion, that
while they were of one power and essence, they should still be believed to
be Two; for otherwise, unless they were believed to be Two, the Son could
not possibly be believed to have any existence at all.
Chapter XXIII. More Passages from the Same Gospel in Proof of the Same
Portion of the Catholic Faith. Praxeas' Taunt of Worshipping Two Gods
Repudiated.
Again, when Martha in a later passage acknowledged Him to be the Son of
God, [8048] she no more made a mistake than Peter [8049] and
Nathanæl [8050] had; and yet, even if she had made a mistake, she would
at once have learnt the truth: for, behold, when about to raise her brother
from the dead, the Lord looked up to heaven, and, addressing the Father,
said'as the Son, of course: "Father, I thank Thee that Thou always hearest
me; it is because of these crowds that are standing by that I have spoken to
Thee, that they may believe that Thou hast sent me." [8051] But in the
trouble of His soul, (on a later occasion, ) He said: "What shall I say?
Father, save me from this hour: but for this cause is it that I am come to
this hour; only, O Father, do Thou glorify Thy name" [8052] 'in which He
spake as the Son. (At another time) He said: "I am come in my Father's
name." [8053] Accordingly, the Son's voice was indeed alone sufficient,
(when addressed) to the Father. But, behold, with an abundance (of
evidence) [8054] the Father from heaven replies, for the purpose of
testifying to the Son: "This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased;
hear ye Him." [8055] So, again, in that asseveration, "I have both
glorified, and will glorify again," [8056] how many Persons do you
discover, obstinate Praxeas? Are there not as many as there are voices? You
have the Son on earth, you have the Father in heaven. Now this is not a
separation; it is nothing but the divine dispensation. We know, however,
that God is in the bottomless depths, and exists everywhere; but then it is
by power and authority. We are also sure that the Son, being indivisible
from Him, is everywhere with Him. Nevertheless, in the Economy or
Dispensation itself, the Father willed that the Son should be regarded
[8057] as on earth, and Himself in heaven; whither the Son also Him. self
looked up, and prayed, and made supplication of the Father; whither also He
taught us to raise ourselves, and pray, "Our Father which art in heaven,"
etc., [8058] 'although, indeed, He is everywhere present. This heaven the
Father willed to be His own throne; while He made the Son to be "a little
lower than the angels," [8059] by sending Him down to the earth, but
meaning at the same time to "crown Him with glory and honour," [8060]
even by taking Him back to heaven. This He now made good to Him when He
said: "I have both glorified Thee, and will glorify Thee again." The Son
offers His request from earth, the Father gives His promise from heaven.
Why, then, do you make liars of both the Father and the Son? If either the
Father spake from heaven to the Son when He Himself was the Son on earth, or
the Son prayed to the Father when He was Himself the Son in heaven, how
happens it that the Son made a request of His own very self, by asking it of
the Father, since the Son was the Father? Or, on the other hand, how is it
that the Father made a promise to Himself, by making it to the Son, since
the Father was the Son? Were we even to maintain that they are two separate
gods, as you are so fond of throwing out against us, it would be a more
tolerable assertion than the maintenance of so versatile and changeful a God
as yours! Therefore it was that in the passage before us the Lord declared
to the people present: "Not on my own account has this voice addressed me,
but for your sakes," [8061] that these likewise may believe both in the
Father and in the Son, severally, in their own names and persons and
positions. "Then again, Jesus exclaims, and says, He that believeth on me,
believeth not on me, but on Him that sent me; " [8062] because it is
through the Son that men believe in the Father, while the Father also is the
authority whence springs belief in the Son. "And he that seeth me, seeth Him
that sent me." [8063] How so? Even because, (as He afterwards declares, )
"I have not spoken from myself, but the Father which sent me: He hath given
me a commandment what I should say, and what I should speak." [8064] For
"the Lord God hath given me the tongue of the learned, that I should know
when I ought to speak" [8065] the word which I actually speak. "Even as
the Father hath said unto me, so do I speak." [8066] Now, in what way
these things were said to Him, the evangelist and beloved disciple John knew
better than Praxeas; and therefore he adds concerning i his own meaning:
"Now before the feast of the passover, Jesus knew that the Father had given
all things into His hands, and that He had come from God, and was going to
God." [8067] Praxeas, however, would have it that it was the Father who
proceeded forth from Himself, and had returned to Himself; so that what the
devil put into the heart of Judas was the betrayal, not of the Son, but of
the Father Himself. But for the matter of that, things have not turned out
well either for the devil or the heretic; because, even in the Son's case,
the treason which the devil wrought against Him contributed nothing to his
advantage. It was, then, the Son of God, who was in the Son of man, that was
betrayed, as the Scripture says afterwards: "Now is the Son of man
glorified, and God is glorified in Him." [8068] Who is here meant by
"God? "Certainly not the Father, but the Word of the Father, who was in the
Son of man'that is in the flesh, in which Jesus had been already glorified
by the divine power and word. "And God," says He, "shall also glorify Him in
Himself; " [8069] that is to say, the Father shall glorify the Son,
because He has Him within Himself; and even though prostrated to the earth,
and put to death, He would soon glorify Him by His resurrection, and making
Him conqueror over death.
Chapter XXIV. On St. Philip's Conversation with Christ. He that Hath Seen
Me, Hath Seen the Father. This Text Explained in an Anti-Praxean Sense.
But there were some who even then did not understand. For Thomas, who was so
long incredulous, said: "Lord, we know not whither Thou goest; and how can
we know the way? Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the
life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me. If ye had known me, ye would
have known the Father also: but henceforth ye know Him, and have seen
Him." [8070] And now we come to Philip, who, roused with the expectation
of seeing the Father, and not understanding in what sense he was to take
"seeing the Father," says: "Show us the Father, and it sufficeth us."
[8071] Then the Lord answered him: "Have I been so long time with you, and
yet hast thou not known me, Philip? " [8072] Now whom does He say that
they ought to have known?'for this is the sole point of discussion. Was it
as the Father that they ought to have known Him, or as the Son? If it was as
the Father, Praxeas must tell us how Christ, who had been so long time with
them, could have possibly ever been (I will not say understood, but even)
supposed to have been the Father. He is clearly defined to us in all
Scriptures'in the Old Testament as the Christ of God, in the New Testament
as the Son of God. In this character was He anciently predicted, in this was
He also declared even by Christ Himself; nay, by the very Father also, who
openly confesses Him from heaven as His Son, and as His Son glorifies Him.
"This is my beloved Son;" "I have glorified Him, and I will glorify Him." In
this character, too, was He believed on by His disciples, and rejected by
the Jews. It was, moreover, in this character that He wished to be accepted
by them whenever He named the Father, and gave preference to the Father, and
honoured the Father. This, then, being the case, it was not the Father whom,
after His lengthened intercourse with them, they were ignorant of, but it
was the Son; and accordingly the Lord, while upbraiding Philip for not
knowing Himself who was the object of their ignorance, wished Himself to be
acknowledged indeed as that Being whom He had reproached them for being
ignorant of after so long a time'in a word, as the Son. And now it may be
seen in what sense it was said, "He that hath seen me hath seen the
Father," [8073] 'even in the same in which it was said in a previous
passage, "I and my Father are one." [8074] Wherefore? Because "I came
forth from the Father, and am come into the world" [8075] and, "I am the
way: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me; " [8076] and, "No man can
come to me, except the Father draw him; " [8077] and, "All things are
delivered unto me by the Father; " [8078] and, "As the Father quickeneth
(the dead), so also doth the Son; " [8079] and again, "If ye had known
me, ye would have known the Father also." [8080] For in all these
passages He had shown Himself to be the Father's Commissioner, [8081]
through whose agency even the Father could be seen in His works, and heard
in His words, and recognised in the Son's administration of the Father's
words and deeds. The Father indeed was invisible, as Philip had learnt in
the law, and ought at the moment to have remembered: "No man shall see God,
and live." [8082] So he is reproved for desiring to see the Father, as if
He were a visible Being, and is taught that He only becomes visible in the
Son from His mighty works, and not in the manifestation of His person. If,
indeed, He meant the Father to be understood as the same with the Son, by
saying, "He who seeth me seeth the Father," how is it that He adds
immediately afterwards, "Believest thou not that I am in the Father, and the
Father in me? " [8083] He ought rather to have said: "Believest thou not
that I am the Father? "With what view else did He so emphatically dwell on
this point, if it Were not to clear up that which He wished men to
understand'namely, that He was the Son? And then, again, by saying,
"Believest thou not that I am in the Father, and the Father in me,"
[8084] He laid the greater stress on His question on this very account, that
He should not, because He had said, "He that hath seen me, hath seen the
Father," be supposed to be the Father; because He had never wished Himself
to be so regarded, having always professed Himself to be the Son, and to
have come from the Father. And then He also set the conjunction of the two
Persons in the clearest light, in order that no wish might be entertained of
seeing the Father as if He were separately visible, and that the Son might
be regarded as the representative of the Father. And yet He omitted not to
explain how the Father was in the Son and the Son in the Father. "The
words," says He, "which I speak unto you, are not mine," [8085] because
indeed they were the Father's words; "but the Father that dwelleth in me, He
doeth the works." [8086] It is therefore by His mighty works, and by the
words of His doctrine, that the Father who dwells in the Son makes Himself
visible'even by those words and works whereby He abides in Him, and also by
Him in whom He abides; the special properties of Both the Persons being
apparent from this very circumstance, that He says, "I am in the Father, and
the Father is in me." [8087] Accordingly He adds: "Believe'" What? That I
am the Father? I do not find that it is so written, but rather, "that I am
in the Father, and the Father in me; or else believe me for my works' sake;
" [8088] meaning those works by which the Father manifested Himself to be
in the Son, not indeed to the sight of man, but to his intelligence.
Chapter XXV. The Paraclete, or Holy Ghost. He is Distinct from the Father
and the Son as to Their Personal Existence. One and Inseparable from Them as
to Their Divine Nature. Other Quotations Out of St. John's Gospel.
What follows Philip's question, and the Lord's whole treatment of it, to the
end of John's Gospel, continues to furnish us with statements of the same
kind, distinguishing the Father and the Son, with the properties of each.
Then there is the Paraclete or Comforter, also, which He promises to pray
for to the Father, and to send from heaven after He had ascended to the
Father. He is called "another Comforter," indeed; [8089] but in what way
He is another we have already shown, [8090] "He shall receive of mine,"
says Christ, [8091] just as Christ Himself received of the Father's. Thus
the connection of the Father in the Son, and of the Son in the Paraclete,
produces three coherent Persons, who are yet distinct One from Another.
These Three are, one [8092] essence, not one Person, [8093] as it is
said, "I and my Father are One," [8094] in respect of unity of substance
not singularity of number. Run through the whole Gospel, and you will find
that He whom you believe to be the Father (described as acting for the
Father, although you, for your part, forsooth, suppose that "the Father,
being the husbandman," [8095] must surely have been on earth) is once
more recognised by the Son as in heaven, when, "lifting up His eyes
thereto," [8096] He commended His disciples to the safe-keeping of the
Father. [8097] We have, moreover, in that other Gospel a clear
revelation, i.e. of the Son's distinction from the Father, "My God, why hast
Thou forsaken me? " [8098] and again, (in the third Gospel, ) "Father,
into Thy hands I commend my spirit." [8099] But even if (we had not these
passages, we meet with satisfactory evidence) after His resurrection and
glorious victory over death. Now that all the restraint of His humiliation
is taken away, He might, if possible, have shown Himself as the Father to so
faithful a woman (as Mary Magdalene) when she approached to touch Him, out
of love, not from curiosity, nor with Thomas' incredulity. But not so; Jesus
saith unto her, "Touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my Father; but
go to my brethren" (and even in this He proves Himself to be the Son; for if
He had been the Father, He would have called them His children, (instead of
His brethren), "and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father and your Father,
and to my God and your God." [8100] Now, does this mean, I ascend as the
Father to the Father, and as God to God? Or as the Son to the Father, and as
the Word to God? Wherefore also does this Gospel, at its very termination,
intimate that these things were ever written, if it be not, to use its own
words, "that ye might believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God? "
[8101] Whenever, therefore, you take any of the statements of this Gospel,
and apply them to demonstrate the identity of the Father and the Son,
supposing that they serve your views therein, you are contending against the
definite purpose of the Gospel. For these things certainly are not written
that you may believe that Jesus Christ is the Father, but the Son. [8102]
Chapter XXVI. A Brief Reference to the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke.
Their Agreement with St. John, in Respect to the Distinct Personality of the
Father and the Son.
In addition to Philip's conversation, and the Lord's reply to it, the reader
will observe that we have run through John's Gospel to show that many other
passages of a clear purport, both before and after that Chapter, are only in
strict accord with that single and prominent statement, which must be
interpreted agreeably to all other places, rather than in opposition to
them, and indeed to its own inherent and natural sense. I will not here
largely use the support of the other Gospels, which confirm our belief by
the Lord's nativity: it is sufficient to remark that He who had to be born
of a virgin is announced in express terms by the angel himself as the Son of
God: "The Spirit of God shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest
shall overshadow thee; therefore also the Holy Thing that shall be born of
thee shall be called the Son of God." [8103] On this passage even they
will wish to raise a cavil; but truth will prevail. Of course, they say, the
Son of God is God, and the power of the highest is the Most High. And they
do not hesitate to insinuate [8104] what, if it had been true, would have
been written. Whom was he [8105] so afraid of as not plainly to declare,
"God shall come upon thee, and the Highest shall overshadow thee? "Now, by
saying "the Spirit of God" (although the Spirit of God is God, ) and by not
directly naming God, he wished that portion [8106] of the whole Godhead
to be understood, which was about to retire into the designation of "the
Son." The Spirit of God in this passage must be the same as the Word. For
just as, when John says, "The Word was made flesh," [8107] we understand
the Spirit also in the mention of the Word: so here, too, we acknowledge the
Word likewise in the name of the Spirit. For both the Spirit is the
substance of the Word, and the Word is the operation of the Spirit, and the
Two are One (and the same). [8108] Now John must mean One when he speaks
of Him as "having been made flesh," and the angel Another when he announces
Him as "about to be born," if the Spirit is not the Word, and the Word the
Spirit. For just as the Word of God is not actually He whose Word He is, so
also the Spirit (although He is called God) is not actually He whose Spirit
He is said to be. Nothing which belongs to something else is actually the
very same thing as that to which it belongs. Clearly, when anything proceeds
from a personal subject, [8109] and so belongs to him, since it comes
from him, it may possibly be such in quality exactly as the personal subject
himself is from whom it proceeds, and to whom it belongs. And thus the
Spirit is God, and the Word is God, because proceeding from God, but yet is
not actually the very same as He from whom He proceeds. Now that which is
God of God, although He is an actually existing thing, [8110] yet He
cannot be God Himself [8111] (exclusively), but so far God as He is of
the same substance as God Himself, and as being an actually existing thing,
and as a portion of the Whole. Much more will "the power of the Highest" not
be the Highest Himself, because It is not an actually existing thing, as
being Spirit'in the same way as the wisdom (of God) and the providence (of
God) is not God: these attributes are not substances, but the accidents of
the particular substance. Power is incidental to the Spirit, but cannot
itself be the Spirit. These things, therefore, whatsoever they are'(I mean)
the Spirit of God, and the Word and the Power'having been conferred on the
Virgin, that which is born of her is the Son of God. This He Himself, in
those other Gospels also, testifies Himself to have been from His very
boyhood: "Wist ye not," says He, "that I must be about my Father's business?
" [8112] Satan likewise knew Him to be this in his temptations: "Since
Thou art the Son of God." [8113] This, accordingly, the devils also
acknowledge Him to be: "we know Thee, who Thou art, the Holy Son of God."
[8114] His "Father" He Himself adores. [8115] When acknowledged by Peter
as the "Christ (the Son) of God," [8116] He does not deny the relation.
He exults in spirit when He says to the Father, "I thank Thee, O Father,
because Thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent." [8117] He,
moreover, affirms also that to no man is the Father known, but to His
Son; [8118] and promises that, as the Son of the Father, He will confess
those who confess Him, and deny those who deny Him, before His Father.
[8119] He also introduces a parable of the mission to the vineyard of the
Son (not the Father), who was sent after so many servants, [8120] and
slain by the husbandmen, and avenged by the Father. He is also ignorant of
the last day and hour, which is known to the Father only. [8121] He
awards the kingdom to His disciples, as He says it had been appointed to
Himself by the Father. [8122] He has power to ask, if He will, legions of
angels from the Father for His help. [8123] He exclaims that God had
forsaken Him. [8124] He commends His spirit into the hands of the
Father. [8125] After His resurrection He promises in a pledge to His
disciples that He will send them the promise of His Father; [8126] and
lastly, He commands them to baptize into the Father and the Son and the Holy
Ghost, not into a unipersonal God. [8127] And indeed it is not once only,
but three times, that we are immersed into the Three Persons, at each
several mention of Their names.
Chapter XXVII. The Distinction of the Father and the Son, Thus Established,
He Now Proves the Distinction of the Two Natures, Which Were, Without
Confusion, United in the Person of the Son. The Subterfuges of Praxeas Thus
Exposed.
But why should I linger over matters which are so evident, when I ought to
be attacking points on which they seek to obscure the plainest proof? For,
confuted on all sides on the distinction between the Father and the Son,
which we maintain without destroying their inseparable union'as (by the
examples) of the sun and the ray, and the fountain and the river'yet, by
help of (their conceit)an indivisible number, (with issues)of two and three,
they endeavour to interpret this distinction in a way which shall
nevertheless tally with their own opinions: so that, all in one Person, they
distinguish two, Father and Son, understanding the Son to be flesh, that is
man, that is Jesus; and the Father to be spirit, that is God, that is
Christ. Thus they, while contending that the Father and the Son are one and
the same, do in fact begin by dividing them rather than uniting them. For if
Jesus is one, and Christ is another, then the Son will be different from the
Father, because the Son is Jesus, and the Father is Christ. Such a monarchy
as this they learnt, I suppose, in the school of Valentinus, making
two'Jesus and Christ. But this conception of theirs has been, in fact,
already confuted in what we have previously advanced, because the Word of
God or the Spirit of God is also called the power of the Highest, whom they
make the Father; whereas these relations [8128] are not themselves the
same as He whose relations they are said to be, but they proceed from Him
and appertain to Him. However, another refutation awaits them on this point
of their heresy. See, say they, it was announced by the angel: "Therefore
that Holy Thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of
God." [8129] Therefore, (they argue, ) as it was the flesh that was born,
it must be the flesh that is the Son of God. Nay, (I answer, ) this is
spoken concerning the Spirit of God. For it was certainly of the Holy Spirit
that the virgin conceived; and that which He conceived, she brought forth.
That, therefore, had to be born which was conceived and was to be brought
forth; that is to say, the Spirit, whose "name should be called Emmanuel
which, being interpreted, is, God with us." [8130] Besides, the flesh is
not God, so that it could not have been said concerning it, "That Holy Thing
shall be called the Son of God," but only that Divine Being who was born in
the flesh, of whom the psalm also says, "Since God became man in the midst
of it, and established it by the will of the Father." [8131] Now what
Divine Person was born in it? The Word, and the Spirit which became
incarnate with the Word by the will of the Father. The Word, therefore, is
incarnate; and this must be the point of our inquiry: How the Word became
flesh,'whether it was by having been transfigured, as it were, in the flesh,
or by having really clothed Himself in flesh. Certainly it was by a real
clothing of Himself in flesh. For the rest, we must needs believe God to be
unchangeable, and incapable of form, as being eternal. But transfiguration
is the destruction of that which previously existed. For whatsoever is
transfigured into some other thing ceases to be that which it had been, and
begins to be that which it previously was not. God, however, neither ceases
to be what He was, nor can He be any other thing than what He is. The Word
is God, and "the Word of the Lord remaineth for ever,"'even by holding on
unchangeably in His own proper form. Now, if He admits not of being
transfigured, it must follow that He be understood in this sense to have
become flesh, when He comes to be in the flesh, and is manifested, and is
seen, and is handled by means of the flesh; since all the other points
likewise require to be thus understood. For if the Word became flesh by a
transfiguration and change of substance, it follows at once that Jesus must
be a substance compounded of [8132] two substances'of flesh and
spirit,'a kind of mixture, like electrum, composed of gold and silver; and
it begins to be neither gold (that is to say, spirit) nor silver (that is to
say, flesh),'the one being changed by the other, and a third substance
produced. Jesus, therefore, cannot at this rate be God for He has ceased to
be the Word, which was made flesh; nor can He be Man incarnate for He is not
properly flesh, and it was flesh which the Word became. Being compounded,
therefore, of both, He actually is neither; He is rather some third
substance, very different from either. But the truth is, we find that He is
expressly set forth as both God and Man; the very psalm which we have quoted
intimating (of the flesh), that "God became Man in the midst of it, He
therefore established it by the will of the Father,"'certainly in all
respects as the Son of God and the Son of Man, being God and Man, differing
no doubt according to each substance in its own especial property, inasmuch
as the Word is nothing else but God, and the flesh nothing else but Man.
Thus does the apostle also teach respecting His two substances, saying, "who
was made of the seed of David; " [8133] in which words He will be Man and
Son of Man. "Who was declared to be the Son of God, according to the Spirit;
" [8134] in which words He will be God, and the Word'the Son of God. We
see plainly the twofold state, which is not confounded, but conjoined in One
Person'Jesus, God and Man. Concerning Christ, indeed, I defer what I have to
say. [8135] (I remark here), that the property of each nature is so
wholly preserved, that the Spirit [8136] on the one hand did all things
in Jesus suitable to Itself, such as miracles, and mighty deeds, and
wonders; and the Flesh, on the other hand, exhibited the affections which
belong to it. It was hungry under the devil's temptation, thirsty with the
Samaritan woman, wept over Lazarus, was troubled even unto death, and at
last actually died. If, however, it was only a tertium quid, some composite
essence formed out of the Two substances, like the electrum (which we have
mentioned), there would be no distinct proofs apparent of either nature. But
by a transfer of functions, the Spirit would have done things to be done by
the Flesh, and the Flesh such as are effected by the Spirit; or else such
things as are suited neither to the Flesh nor to the Spirit, but confusedly
of some third character. Nay more, on this supposition, either the Word
underwent death, or the flesh did not die, if so be the Word was converted
into flesh; because either the flesh was immortal, or the Word was modal.
Forasmuch, however, as the two substances acted distinctly, each in its own
character, there necessarily accrued to them severally their own operations,
and their own issues. Learn then, together with Nicodemus, that "that which
is born in the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is
Spirit." [8137] Neither the flesh becomes Spirit, nor the Spirit flesh.
In one Person they no doubt are well able to be co-existent. Of them Jesus
consists'Man. of the flesh; of the Spirit, God'and the angel designated Him
as "the Son of God," [8138] in respect of that nature, in which He was
Spirit, reserving for the flesh the appellation "Son of Man." In like
manner, again, the apostle calls Him "the Mediator between God and Men,"
[8139] and so affirmed His participation of both substances. Now, to end the
matter, will you, who interpret the Son of God to be flesh, be so good as as
to show us what the Son of Man is? Will He then, I want to know, be the
Spirit? But you insist upon it that the Father Himself is the Spirit, on the
ground that "God is a Spirit," just as if we did not read also that there is
"the Spirit of God; "in the same manner as we find that as "the Word was
God," so also there is "the Word of God."
Chapter XXVIII. Christ Not the Father, as Praxeas Said. The Inconsistency of
This Opinion, No Less Than Its Absurdity, Exposed. The True Doctrine of
Jesus Christ According to St. Paul, Who Agrees with Other Sacred Writers.
And so, most foolish heretic, you make Christ to be the Father, without once
considering the actual force of this name, if indeed Christ is a name, and
not rather a surname, or designation; for it signifies "Anointed." But
Anointed is no more a proper name than Clothed or Shod; it is only an
accessory to a name. Suppose now that by some means Jesus were also called
Vestitus (Clothed), as He is actually called Christ from the mystery of His
anointing, would you in like manner say that Jesus was the Son of God, and
at the same time suppose that Vestitus was the Father? Now then, concerning
Christ, if Christ is the Father, the Father is an Anointed One, and receives
the unction of course from another. Else if it is from Himself that He
receives it, then you must prove it to us. But we learn no such fact from
the Acts of the Apostles in that ejaculation of the Church to God, "Of a
truth, Lord, against Thy Holy Child Jesus, whom Thou hast anointed, both
Herod and Pontius Pilate with the Gentiles and the people of Isreal were
gathered together." [8140] These then testified both that Jesus was the
Son of God, and that being the Son, He was anointed by the Father. Christ
therefore must be the same as Jesus who was anointed by the Father, and not
the Father, who anointed the Son. To the same effect are the words of Peter:
"Let all the house of Isreal know assuredly that God hath made that same
Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and Christ," that is, Anointed.
[8141] John, moreover, brands that man as "a liar" who "denieth that Jesus
is the Christ; "whilst on the other hand he declares that "every one is born
of God who believeth that Jesus is the Christ." [8142] Wherefore he also
exhorts us to believe in the name of His (the Father's, ) Son Jesus Christ,
that "our fellowship may be with the Father, and with His Son Jesus
Christ." [8143] Paul, in like manner, everywhere speaks of "God the
Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ." When writing to the Romans, he gives
thanks to God through our Lord Jesus Christ. [8144] To the Galatians he
declares himself to be "an apostle not of men, neither by man, but through
Jesus Christ and God the Father." [8145] You possess indeed all his
writings, which testify plainly to the same effect, and set forth Two'God
the Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father. (They also
testify) that Jesus is Himself the Christ, and under one or the other
designation the Son of God. For precisely by the same right as both names
belong to the same Person, even the Son of God, does either name alone
without the other belong to the same Person. Consequently, whether it be the
name Jesus which occurs alone, Christ is also understood, because Jesus is
the Anointed One; or if the name Christ is the only one given, then Jesus is
identified with Him, because the Anointed One is Jesus. Now, of these two
names Jesus Christ, the former is the proper one, which was given to Him by
the angel; and the latter is only an adjunct, predicable of Him from His
anointing,'thussuggesting the proviso that Christ must be the Son, not the
Father. How blind, to be sure, is the man who fails to perceive that by the
name of Christ some other God is implied, if he ascribes to the Father this
name of Christ! For if Christ is God the Father, when He says, "I ascend
unto my Father and your Father, and to my God and your God," [8146] He of
course shows plainly enough that there is above Himself another Father and
another God. If, again, the Father is Christ, He must be some other Being
who "strengtheneth the thunder, and createth the wind, and declareth unto
men His Christ." [8147] And if "the kings of the earth stood up, and the
rulers were gathered together against the Lord and against His Christ,"
[8148] that Lord must be another Being, against whose Christ were gathered
together the kings and the rulers. And if, to quote another passage, "Thus
saith the Lord to my Lord Christ," [8149] the Lord who speaks to the
Father of Christ must be a distinct Being. Moreover, when the apostle in his
epistle prays, "That the God of our Lord Jesus Christ may give unto you the
spirit of wisdom and of knowledge," [8150] He must be other (than
Christ), who is the God of Jesus Christ, the bestower of spiritual gifts.
And once for all, that we may not wander through every passage, He "who
raised up Christ from the dead, and is also to raise up our mortal
bodies," [8151] must certainly be, as the quickener, different from the
dead Father, [8152] or even from the quickened Father, if Christ who died
is the Father.
Chapter XXIX. It Was Christ that Died, the Father is Incapable of Suffering
Either Solely or with Another. Blasphemous Conclusions Spring from
Praxeas' Premises,
Silence! Silence on such blasphemy. Let us be content with saving that
Christ died, the Son of the Father; and let this suffice, because the
Scriptures have told us so much. For even the apostle, to his
declaration'which he makes not without feeling the weight of it'that "Christ
died," immediately adds, "according to the Scriptures," [8153] in order
that he may alleviate the harshness of the statement by the authority of the
Scriptures, and so remove offence from the reader. Now, although when two
substances are alleged to be in Christ'namely, the divine and the human' it
plainly follows that the divine nature is immortal, and that which is human
is mortal, it is manifest in what sense he declares "Christ died"'even in
the sense in which He was flesh and Man and the Son of Man, not as being the
Spirit and the Word and the Son of God. In short, since he says that it was
Christ (that is, the Anointed One) that died, he shows us that that which
died was the nature which was anointed; in a word, the flesh. Very well, say
you; since we on our side affirm our doctrine in precisely the same terms
which you use on your side respecting the Son, we are not guilty of
blasphemy against the Lord God, for we do not maintain that He died after
the divine nature, but only after the human. Nay, but you do blaspheme;
because you allege not only that the Father died, but that He died the death
of the cross. For "cursed are they which are hanged on a tree," [8154]
'a curse which, after the law, is compatible to the Son (inasmuch as "Christ
has been made a curse for us," [8155] but certainly not the Father);
since, however, you convert Christ into the Father, you are chargeable with
blasphemy against the Father. But when we assert that Christ was crucified,
we do not malign Him with a curse; we only re-affirm [8156] the curse
pronounced by the law: [8157] nor indeed did the apostle utter blasphemy
when he said the same thing as we. [8158] Besides, as there is no
blasphemy in predicating of the subject that which is fairly applicable to
it; so, on the other hand, it is blasphemy when that is alleged concerning
the subject which is unsuitable to it. On this principle, too, the Father
was not associated in suffering with the Son. The heretics, indeed, fearing
to incur direct blasphemy against the Father, hope to diminish it by this
expedient: they grant us so far that the Father and the Son are Two; adding
that, since it iS the Son indeed who suffers, the Father is only His
fellow-sufferer. [8159] But how absurd are they even in this conceit! For
what is the meaning of "fellow-suffering," but the endurance of suffering
along with another? Now if the Father is incapable of suffering, He. is
incapable of suffering in company with another; otherwise, if He can suffer
with another, He is of course capable of suffering. You, in fact, yield Him
nothing by this subterfuge of your fears. You are afraid to say that He is
capable of suffering whom you make to be capable of fellow-suffering. Then,
again, the Father is as incapable of fellow-suffering as the Son even is of
suffering under the conditions of His existence as God. Well, but how could
the Son suffer, if the Father did not suffer with Him? My answer is, The
Father is separate from the Son, though not from Him as God. For even if a
river be soiled with mire and mud, although it flows from the fountain
identical in nature with it, and is not separated from the fountain, yet the
injury which affects the stream reaches not to the fountain; and although it
is the water of the fountain which suffers down the stream, still, since it
is not affected at the fountain, but only in the river, the fountain suffers
nothing, but only the river which issues from the fountain. So likewise the
Spirit of God, [8160] whatever suffering it might be capable of in the
Son, yet, inasmuch as it could not suffer in the Father, the fountain of the
Godhead, but only in the Son, it evidently could not have suffered,
[8161] as the Father. But it is enough for me that the Spirit of God
suffered nothing as the Spirit of God, [8162] since all that It suffered
It suffered in the Son. It was quite another matter for the Father to suffer
with the Son in the flesh. This likewise has been treated by us. Nor will
any one deny this, since even we are ourselves unable to suffer for God,
unless the Spirit of God be in us, who also utters by our instrumentality
[8163] whatever pertains to our own conduct and suffering; not, however,
that He Himself suffers in our suffering, only He bestows on us the power
and capacity of suffering.
Chapter XXX. How the Son Was Forsaken by the Father Upon the Cross. The True
Meaning Thereof Fatal to Praxeas. So Too, the Resurrection of Christ, His
Ascension, Session at the Father's Right Hand, and Mission of the Holy
Ghost.
However, if you persist in pushing your views further, I shall find means of
answering you with greater stringency, and of meeting you with the
exclamation of the Lord Himself, so as to challenge you with the question,
What is your inquiry and reasoning about that? You have Him exclaiming in
the midst of His passion: "My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me? "
[8164] Either, then, the Son suffered, being "forsaken" by the Father, and
the Father consequently suffered nothing, inasmuch as He forsook the Son; or
else, if it was the Father who suffered, then to what God was it that He
addressed His cry? But this was the voice of flesh and soul, that is to say,
of man'not of the Word and Spirit, that is to say, not of God; and it was
uttered so as to prove the impassibility of God, who "forsook" His Son, so
far as He handed over His human substance to the suffering of death. This
verity the apostle also perceived, when he writes to this effect: "If the
Father spa. red not His own Son." [8165] This did Isaiah before him
likewise perceive, when he declared: "And the Lord hath delivered Him up for
our offences." [8166] In this manner He "forsook" Him, in not sparing
Him; "forsook" Him, in delivering Him up. In all other respects the Father
did not forsake the Son, for it was into His Father's hands that the Son
commended His. spirit. [8167] Indeed, after so commending it, He
instantly died; and as the Spirit [8168] remained with the flesh, the
flesh cannot undergo the full extent of death, i.e., in corruption and
decay. For the Son, therefore, to die, amounted to His being forsaken by the
Father. The Son, then, both dies and rises again, according to the
Scriptures. [8169] It is the Son, too, who ascends to the heights of
heaven, [8170] and also descends to the inner parts of the earth.
[8171] "He sitteth at the Father's right hand " [8172] 'not the Father at
His own. He is seen by Stephen, at his martyrdom by stoning, still sitting
at the right hand of God [8173] where He will continue to sit, until the
Father shall make His enemies His footstool. [8174] He will come again on
the clouds of heaven, just as He appeared when He ascended into heaven.
[8175] Meanwhile He has received from the Father the promised gift, and has
shed it forth, even the Holy Spirit'the Third Name in the Godhead, and the
Third Degree of the Divine Majesty; the Declarer of the One Monarchy of God,
but at the same time the Interpreter of the Economy, to every one who hears
and receives the words of the new prophecy; [8176] and "the Leader into
all truth," [8177] such as is in the Father, and the Son, and the Holy
Ghost, according to the mystery of the doctrine of Christ.
Chapter XXXI. Retrograde Character of the Heresy of Praxeas. The Doctrine of
the Blessed Trinity Constitutes the Great Difference Between Judaism and
Christianity.
But, (this doctrine of yours bears a likeness) to the Jewish faith, of which
this is the substance'so to believe in One God as to refuse to reckon the
Son besides Him, and after the Son the Spirit. Now, what difference would
there be between us and them, if there were not this distinction which you
are for breaking down? What need would there be of the gospel, which is the
substance of the New Covenant, laying down (as it does) that the Law anti
the Prophets lasted until John the Baptist, if thenceforward the Father, the
Son, and the Spirit are not both believed in as Three, and as making One
Only God? God was pleased to renew His covenant with man in such a way as
that His Unity might be believed in, after a new manner, through the Son and
the Spirit, in order that God might now be known openly, [8178] in His
proper Names and Persons, who in ancient times was not plainly understood,
though declared through the Son and the Spirit. Away, then, with [8179]
those "Antichrists who deny the Father and the Son." For they deny the
Father, when they say that He is the same as the Son; and they deny the Son,
when they suppose Him to be the same as the Father, by assigning to Them
things which are not Theirs, and taking away from Them things which are
Theirs. But "whosoever shall confess that (Jesus) Christ is the Son of
God" (not the Father), "God dwelleth in him, and he in God. " [8180] We
believe not the testimony of God in which He testifies to us of His Son. "He
that hath not the Son, hath not life." [8181] And that man has not the
Son, who believes Him to be any other than the Son.
Postscript.
The learned Dr. Holmes, the translator of the Second volume of the Edinburgh
series, to which our arrangement has given another position, furnished it
with a Preface as follows:
"This volume contains all Tertullian's polemical works (placed in his second
volume by Oehler, whose text we have followed), with the exception of the
long treatise Against Marcion, which has already formed a volume of this
series, and the Adversus Judæos, which, not to increase the bulk of the
present volume, appears among the Miscellaneous Tracts.
"For the scanty facts connected with our author's life, and for some general
remarks on the importance and style of his writings, the reader is referred
to the Introduction of my translation of the Five Books against Marcion.
"The treatises which comprise this volume will be found replete with the
vigorous thought and terse expression which always characterize Tertullian.
"Brief synopses are prefixed to the several treatises, and headings are
supplied to the Chapters: these, with occasional notes on difficult passages
and obscure allusions, will, it is hoped, afford sufficient aid for an
intelligent perusal of these ancient writings, which cannot fail to be
interesting alike to the theologian and the general reader,'full as they are
of reverence for revealed truth, and at the same time of independence of
judgment, adorned with admirable variety and fulness of knowledge, genial
humour, and cultivated imagination."
Dr. Holmes further adorned this same volume with a dedication to a valued
friend, in the following words: "The Right Rev. Father in God, W. I. Trower,
D.D., late Lord Bishop of Gibraltar, and formerly Bishop of Glasgow and
Galway:
My Dear Lord, In one of our conversations last summer, you were kind enough
to express an interest in this publication, and to favour me with some
valuable hints on my own share in it. It gives me therefore great pleasure
to inscribe your honoured name on the first page of this volume.
I avail myself of this public opportunity of endorsing, on my own account,
the high opinion which has long been entertained of your excellent volumes
on The Epistles and The Gospels.
Recalling to mind, as I often do, our pleasant days at Pennycross and
Mannamead, I remain, my dear Lord, very faithfully yours, Peter Holmes."
Mannamead, March 10, 1870.
Elucidations.
I
Sundry doctrinal statements of Tertullian. See p. 601 (et seqq.), supra.
I am glad for many reasons that Dr. Holmes appends the following from Bishop
Kaye's Account of the Writings of Tertullian:
"On the doctrine of the blessed Trinity, in order to explain his meaning
Tertullian borrows illustrations from natural objects. The three Persons of
the Trinity stand to each other in the relation of the root, the shrub, and
the fruit; of the fountain, the river, and the cut from the river; of the
sun, the ray, and the terminating point of the ray. For these illustrations
he professes himself indebted to the Revelations of the Paraclete. In later
times, divines have occasionally resorted to similar illustrations for the
purpose of familiarizing the doctrine of the Trinity to the mind; nor can
any danger arise from the proceeding, so long as we recollect that they are
illustrations, not arguments'that we must not draw conclusions from them, or
think that whatever may be truly predicated of the illustrations, may be
predicated with equal truth of that which it was designed to illustrate."
" 'Notwithstanding, however, the intimate union which subsists between the
Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, we must be careful, 'says Tertullian, 'to
distinguish between their Persons.' In his representations of this
distinction he sometimes uses expressions which in after times, when
controversy had introduced greater precision of language, were studiously
avoided by the orthodox. Thus he calls the Father the whole substance'the
Son a derivation from or portion of the whole." [8182]
"After showing that Tertullian's opinions were generally coincident with the
orthodox belief of the Christian Church on the great subject of the Trinity
in Unity, Bp. Kaye goes on to say: 'We are far from meaning to assert that
expressions may not occasionally be found which are capable of a different
interpretation, and which were carefully avoided by the orthodox writers of
later times, when the controversies respecting the Trinity had introduced
greater precision of language' Pamelius thought it necessary to put the
reader on his guard against certain of these expressions; and Semler has
noticed, with a sort of ill-natured industry (we call it ill-natured
industry, because the true mode of ascertaining a writer's opinions is, not
to fix upon particular expressions, but to take the general tenor of his
language), every passage in the Tract against Praxeas in which there is any
appearance of contradiction, or which will bear a construction favourable to
the Arian tenets. Bp. Bull also, who conceives the language of Tertullian to
be explicit and correct on the subject of the pre-existence and the
consubstantiality, admits that he occasionally uses expressions at variance
with the co-eternity of Christ. For instance, in the Tract against
Hermogenes, [8183] we find a passage in which it is expressly asserted
that there was a time when the Son was not. Perhaps, however, a reference to
the peculiar tenets of Hermogenes will enable us to account for this
assertion. That heretic affirmed that matter was eternal, and argued thus:
'God was always God, and always Lord; but the word Lord implies the
existence of something over which He was Lord. Unless, therefore, we suppose
the eternity of something distinct from God, it is not true that He was
always Lord.' Tertullian boldly answered, that God was not always Lord; and
that in Scripture we do not find Him called Lord until the work of creation
was completed. In like manner, he contended that the titles of Judge and
Father imply the existence of sin, and of a Son. As, therefore, there was a
time when neither sin nor the Son existed, the titles of Judge and Father
were not at that time applicable to God. Tertullian could scarcely mean to
affirm (in direct opposition to his own statements in the Tract against
Praxeas) that there was ever a time when the , or Ratio, or Sermo
Internus did not exist. But with respect to Wisdom and the Son (Sophia and
Filius) the case is different. Tertullian assigns to both a beginning of
existence: Sophia was created or formed in order to devise the plan of the
universe; and the Son was begotten in order to carry that plan into effect.
Bp. Bull appears to have given an accurate representation of the matter,
when he says that, according to our author, the Reason and Spirit of God,
being the substance of the Word and Son, were co-eternal with God; but that
the titles of Word and Son were not strictly applicable until the former had
been emitted to arrange, and the latter begotten to execute, the work of
creation. Without, therefore, attempting to explain, much less to defend,
all Tertullian's expressions and reasonings, we are disposed to acquiesce in
the statement given by Bp. Bull of his opinions (Defence of the Nicene
Creed, sec. iii. ch. x. (p. 545 of the Oxford translation)): 'From all this
it is clear how rashly, as usual, Petavius has pronounced that, "so far as
relates to the eternity of the Word, it is manifest that Tertullian did not
by any means acknowledge it."' To myself, indeed, and as I suppose to my
reader also, after the many clear testimonies which I have adduced, the very
opposite is manifest, unless indeed Petavius played on the term, the Word,
which I will not suppose. For Tertullian does indeed teach that the Son of
God was made and was called the Word (Verbum or Sermo) from some definite
beginning, i.e. at the time when He went out from God the Father with the
voice, 'Let there be light' in order to arrange the universe. But, for all
that, that he really believed that the very hypostasis which is called the
Word and Son of God is eternal, I have, I think, abundantly demonstrated."
(The whole of Bp. Bull's remark is worth considering; it occurs in the
translation just referred to, pp. 508-545.)'(Pp. 521-525.)
"In speaking also of the Holy Ghost, Tertullian occasionally uses terms of a
very ambiguous and equivocal character. He says, for instance (Adversus
Praxean, c. xii.), that in Genesis 1:26, God addressed the Son, His Word
(the Second Person in the Trinity), and the Spirit in the Word (the Third
Person of the Trinity). Here the distinct personality of the Spirit is
expressly asserted; although it is difficult to reconcile Tertullian's
words, 'Spiritus in Sermone, 'with the assertion. It is, however, certain
both from the general tenor of the Tract against Praxeas, and from many
passages in his other writings (for instance, Ad Martyras, iii.), that the
distinct personality of the Holy Ghost formed an article of Tertullian's
creed. The occasional ambiguity of his language respecting the Holy Ghost is
perhaps in part to be traced to the variety of senses in which the term
'Spiritus' is used. It is applied generally to God, for 'God is a Spirit'
(Adv. Marcionem, ii. 9); and for the same reason to the Son, who is
frequently called 'the Spirit of God, 'and 'the Spirit of the Creator' (De
Oratione, i.; Adv. Praxean, xiv., xxvi.; Adv. Marcionem, v. 8; Apology.
xxiii.; Adv. Marcionem, iii. 6, iv. 33). Bp. Bull likewise (Defence of the
Nicene Creed, i. 5), following Grotius, has shown that the word 'Spiritus'
is employed by the fathers to express the divine nature in Christ."'(Pp.
555, 526.)
II
The bishop of Rome, cap. i. p. 597.
Probably Victor (a.d. 190), who is elsewhere called Victorinus, as Oehler
conjectures, by a blunderer who tacked the inus to his name, because he was
thinking of Zephyrinus, his immediate successor. This Victor "acknowledged
the prophetic gifts of Montanus," and kept up communion with the Phrygian
churches that adopted them: but worse than that, he now seems to have
patronized the Patri-passion heresy, under the compulsion of Praxeas. So
Tertullian says, who certainly had no idea that the Bishop of Rome was the
infallible judge of controversies, when he recorded the facts of this
strange history. Thus, we find the very founder of "Latin Christianity,"
accusing a contemporary Bishop of Rome of heresy and the patronage of
heresy, in two particulars. Our earliest acquaintance with that See presents
us with Polycarp's superior authority, at Rome itself, in maintaining
apostolic doctrine and suppressing heresy. "He it was, who coming. to
Rome," says Irenæus, [8184] "in the time of Anicetus, caused many to turn
away from the aforesaid heretics (viz. Valentinus and Marcion) to the Church
of God, proclaiming that he had received this one and sole truth from the
Apostles." Anicetus was a pious prelate who never dreamed of asserting a
superior claim as the chief depositary of Apostolic orthodoxy, and whose
beautiful example in the Easter-questions discussed between Polycarp and
himself, is another illustration of the independence of the sister churches,
at that period. [8185] Nor is it unworthy to be noted, that the next
event, in Western history, establishes a like principle against that other
and less worthy occupant of the Roman See, of whom we have spoken. Irenæus
rebukes Victor for his dogmatism about Easter, and reproaches him with
departing from the example of his predecessors in the same See. [8186]
With Eleutherus he had previously remonstrated, though mildly, for his
toleration of heresy and his patronage of the raising schism of Montanus.
[8187]
III
These three are one, cap. xxv. p. 621. Also p. 606.
Porson having spoken Pontifically upon the matter of the text of "the Three
Witnesses," cadit quæstio, locutus est Augur Apollo. It is of more
importance that Bishop Kaye in his calm wisdom, remarks as follows;
[8188] "In my opinion, the passage in Tertullian, far from containing an
allusion to 1 John 5:7, furnishes most decisive proof that he knew nothing
of the verse." After this, and the acquiescence of scholars generally, it
would be presumption to say a word on the question of quoting it as
Scripture. In Textual Criticism it seems to be an established canon that it
has no place in the Greek Testament. I submit, however, that, something
remains to be said for it, on the ground of the old African Version used and
quoted by Tertullian and Cyprian; and I dare to say, that, while there would
be no ground whatever for inserting it in our English Version, the question
of striking it out is a widely different one. It would be sacrilege, in my
humble opinion, for reasons which will appear, in the following remarks,
upon our author.
It appears to me very clear that Tertullian is quoting 1 John 5:7. in the
passage now under consideration: "Qui tres unum sunt, non unus, quomodo
dictum est, Ego et Pater unum sumus, etc." Let me refer to a work containing
a sufficient answer to Porson, on this point of Tertullian's quotation,
which it is easier to pass sub-silentio, than to refute. I mean Forster's
New Plea, of which the full title is placed in the margin. [8189] The
whole work is worth thoughtful study, but, I name it with reference to this
important passage of our author, exclusively. In connection with other
considerations on which I have no right to enlarge in this place, it
satisfies me as to the primitive origin of the text in the Vulgate, and
hence of its right to stand in our English Vulgate until it can be shewn
that the Septuagint Version, quoted and honoured by our Lord, is free from
similar readings, and divergences from the Hebrew mss.
Stated as a mere question as to the early African Church, [8190] the
various versions known as the Itala, and the right of the Latin and English
Vulgates to remain as they are, the whole question is a fresh one. Let me be
pardoned for saying: (1) that I am not pleading for it as a proof-text of
the Trinity, having never once quoted it as such in a long ministry, during
which I have preached nearly a hundred Trinity-Sunday Sermons; (2) that I
consider it as practically Apocryphal, and hence as coming under St.
Jerome's law, and being useless to establish doctrine; and (3) that I feel
no need of it, owing to the wealth of Scripture on the same subject.
Tertullian, himself says that he cites "only a few out of many texts'not
pretending to bring up all the passages of Scripture having produced an
accumulation of witnesses in the fulness of their dignity and authority."
To those interested in the question let me commend the learned dissertation
of Grabe on the textual case, as it stood in his day. I value it chiefly
because it proves that the Greek Testament, elsewhere says, disjointedly,
what is collected into 1 John 5:7. It is, therefore, Holy Scripture in
substance, if not in the letter. What seems to me important, however, is the
balance it gives to the whole context, and the defective character of the
grammar and logic, if it be stricken out. In the Septuagint and the Latin
Vulgate of the Old Testament we have a precisely similar case. Refer to
Psalms 13., alike in the Latin and the Greek, as compared with our English
Version. [8191] Between the third and fourth verses, three whole verses
are interpolated: Shall we strike them out? Of course, if certain critics
are to prevail over St. Paul, for he quotes them (Romans 3:10) with the
formula: "As it is written." Now, then, till we expurgate the English
Version of the Epistle to the Romans,'or rather the original of St. Paul
himself, I employ Grabe's argument only to prove my point, which is this,
viz., that 1 John 5:7 being Scripture, ought to be left untouched in the
Versions where it stands, although it be no part of the Greek Testament.
Footnotes
[7745] The error of Praxeas appears to have originated in anxiety to
maintain the unity of God; which, he thought, could only be done by saying
that the Father, Son and Holy Ghost were one and the same. He contended,
therefore, according to Tertullian, that the Father himself decended into
the virgin, was born of her, suffered, and was in a word Jesus Christ. From
the most startling of the deductions from Praxeas' general theory, his
opponents gave him and his followers the name of Patripassians; from another
point in his teaching they were called Monarchians. [Probable date not
earlier than A.D. 208].
[7746] [Elucidation I.]
[7747] Matt. iv. 3.
[7748] Ver. 6.
[7749] Ps. xci. 11.
[7750] John viii. 44.
[7751] 1 Cor. xiii. 3.
[7752] Probably Victor. [Elucidation II.]
[7753] Had admitted them to communion.
[7754] "The connection renders it very probable that the hic quoque of
this sentence forms an antithesis to Rome, mentioned before, and that
Tertullian expresses himself as if he had written from the very spot where
these things had transpired. Hence we are led to conclude that it was
Carthage."'Neander, Antignostikus, ii. 519, note 2, Bohn.
[7755] On the designation Psychici, see our Anti-Marcion, p. 263, note 5,
Edin.
[7756] [This statement may only denote a withdrawal from the communion of
the Bishop of Rome, like that of Syprian afterwards. That prelate had
stultified himself and broken faith with Tertullian; but, it does not,
necessarily, as Bp. Bull too easily concludes, define his ultimate
seperation from his own bishop and the North-African church.]
[7757] Matt. xiii. 30.
[7758] The Church afterwards applied this term exclusively to the Holy
Ghost. [That is, the Nicene Creed made it technically applicable to the
spirit, making the distinction marked between the generation of the Word and
the procession of the Holy Ghost.]
[7759] The "Comforter."
[7760] See our Anti-Marcion, p. 119, n. 1. Edin.
[7761] See his De Proescript. xxix.
[7762] Tertullian used similar precaution in his arguement elsewhere. See
our Anti-Marcion, pp. 3 and 119. Edin.
[7763]
[7764] Dirigens.
[7765] Statu.
[7766] See The Apology, ch. xxi.
[7767] Specie.
[7768] See Bull's Def. Fid. Nic., and the translation (by the translator
of this work), in the Oxford Series, p. 202.
[7769]
[7770] So Bp. Kaye, On Tertullian, p. 499.
[7771] Unicum.
[7772] This was a notion of Praxeas. See ch. x.
[7773] Tam unicis.
[7774] Dan. vii. 10.
[7775] "Pignora" is often used of children and dearest relations.
[7776] [The first sentence of this chapter is famous for a controversy
between Priestly and Bp. Horsley, the latter having translated idiotae by
the word idiots. See Kaye, p. 498.]
[7777] [Compare Cap. viii. infra.]
[7778] 1 Cor. xv. 24, 25.
[7779] Ps. cx. 1.
[7780] 1 Cor. xv. 27, 28.
[7781] Apud.
[7782] Res ipsa.
[7783] Formam, or shape.
[7784] Patrocinantibus.
[7785] See St. Jerome's Quaestt. Hebr. in Genesim, ii. 507.
[7786] "Dispositio" means "mutual relations in the Godhead." See Bp.
Bull's Def. Fid. Nicen., Oxford translation, p. 516.
[7787] Sensus ipsius.
[7788] Sermonem. [He always calls the Logos not Verbum, but Sermo, in
this treatise. A masculine word was better to exhibit our author's thought.
So Erasmus translates Logos in his N. Testament, on which see Kaye, p. 516.]
[7789] Sermonen.
[7790] Sermonalis.
[7791] Rationalis.
[7792] i.e., "Reason is manifestly prior to the Word, which it
dictates" (Bp. Kaye, p. 501).
[7793] Sermonem.
[7794] Dicturus. Another reading is "daturus," about to give.
[7795] Sermone.
[7796] Gen. i. 26.
[7797] "Mutual relations in the Godhead."
[7798] Sensus.
[7799] Sapientius.
[7800] Prov. viii. 22-25.
[7801] Prov. viii. 27-30.
[7802] Ornatum.
[7803] Gen. i. 3.
[7804] Conditus. [See Theophilus To Autolycus, cap. x. note 1, p. 98,
Vol. II. of this series. Also Ibid. p. 103, note 5. On the whole subject,
Bp. Bull, Defensio Fid. Nicaenae. Vol. V. pp. 585-592.]
[7805] Condidit.
[7806] Prov. viii. 22.
[7807] Ver. 27.
[7808] Col. i. 15.
[7809] Ps. xlv. 1. See this reading, and its application, fully discussed
in our note 5, p. 66, of the Anti-Marcion, Edin.
[7810] Ps. ii. 7.
[7811] Prov. viii. 22, 25.
[7812] John i. 3.
[7813] Ps. xxxiii. 6.
[7814] Prov. viii. 22.
[7815] Ver. 28.
[7816] John i. 3.
[7817] John i. 3.
[7818] Offensus.
[7819] John i. 1.
[7820] Ex. xx. 7.
[7821] Phil. ii. 6.
[7822] John iv. 24.
[7823] This doctrine of the soul's corporeality in a certain sense is
treated by Tertullian in his De Resurr. Carn. xvii., and De Anima v. By
Tertullian, spirit and soul were considered identical. See our Anti-Marcion,
p. 451, note 4, Edin.
[7824] [On Tertullian's orthodoxy, here, see Kaye, p. 502.
[7825] "The word properly means anything which proceeds or is
sent forth from the substance of another, as the fruit of a tree or the rays
of the sun. In Latin, it is translated by prolatio, emissio, or editio, or
what we now express by the word development. In Tertullian's time,
Valentinus had given the term a material signification. Tertullian,
therefore, has to apologize for using it, when writing against Praxeas, the
forerunner of the Sabellians" (Newman's Arians, ii. 4; reprint, p. 101).
[7826]
[7827] See Adv. Valentin. cc. xiv. xv.
[7828] Matt. xi. 27.
[7829] John i. 18.
[7830] John viii. 26.
[7831] John vi. 38.
[7832] 1 Cor. ii. 11.
[7833] John xiv. 11.
[7834] John i. 1.
[7835] John x. 30.
[7836] Literally, the "of the truth."
[7837] [Compare cap. iv. supra.]
[7838] Or oneness of the divine empire.
[7839] Or dispensation of the divine tripersonality. See above ch. ii.
[7840] "Modulo," in the sense of dispensation or economy. See Oehler and
Rigault. on The Apology, c. xxi.
[7841] "In his representation of the distinction (of the Persons of the
Blessed Trinity), Tertullian sometimes uses expressions which in aftertimes,
when controversy had introduced greater precision of language, were
studiously avoided by the orthodox. Thus he calls the Father the whole
substance, the Son a derivationfrom or portion of the whole." (Bp. Kaye, On
Tertullian, p. 505). After Arius, the language of theology recieved greater
precision; but as it is, there is no doubt of the orthodoxy of Tertullian's
doctorine, since he is so firmly and ably teaches the Son's
consubstantiality with the Father'equal to Him and inseperable from him. [In
other words, Tertullian could not employ a technical phraseology afterwards
adopted to give precision to the same orthodox ideas.]
[7842] John xiv. 28.
[7843] Ps. vii. 5.
[7844] John xiv. 16.
[7845] Aliud ab alio.
[7846] Matt. v. 37.
[7847] [Kaye, p. 507, note 3.]
[7848] As correlatives, one implying the existence of the other.
[7849] Matt. xix. 26.
[7850] Luke xviii. 27.
[7851] 1 Cor. i. 27.
[7852] Gen. xviii. 14.
[7853] An ironical reference to a great paradox in the Praxean heresy.
[7854] Distincte, non divise.
[7855] For this version of Ps. xlv. 1, see our Anti-Marcion, p. 66, note
5, Edin.
[7856] Ecce.
[7857] Ps. ii. 7.
[7858] In allusion to Ps. cx. 3 (Sept.)
[7859] Isa. xlii. 1.
[7860] Isa. xlix. 6.
[7861] Isa. lxi. 1 and Luke iv. 18.
[7862] Ps. lxxi. 18.
[7863] Ps. iii. 1.
[7864] Sustinent.
[7865] Ex.
[7866] Ps. cx. 1.
[7867] Tertullian reads instead of , "Cyrus."
[7868] Isa. xlv. 1.
[7869] Isa. liii. 1, 2.
[7870] [See Elucidation III., and also cap. xxv. infra.]
[7871] [See De Baptismo, cap. v. p. 344, Ed. Oehler, and note how often
our author cites an important text, by half quotation, leaving the residue
to the reader's memory, owing to the impetuosity of his genius and his
style: "Monte decurrens velut amnis, imbres quem super notas aluere ripas
fervet, etc."]
[7872] Gen. i. 26.
[7873] Gen. iii. 22.
[7874] Gen. i. 27.
[7875] Gen. i. 3.
[7876] John i. 9.
[7877] Mundialis lux.
[7878] Gen. i. 6, 7.
[7879] Gen. i. 14, 16.
[7880] John i. 3.
[7881] John i. 1.
[7882] [Kaye thinks the Athanasian hymn (so called) was composed by one
who had this treatise always in mind. See p. 526.]
[7883] Per eum.
[7884] Ps. xlv. 6, 7.
[7885] Isa. xlv. 14, 15 (Sept.)
[7886] John i. 1.
[7887] Ps. cx. 1.
[7888] Isa. liii. 1.
[7889] Gen. xix. 24.
[7890] Ps. lxxxii. 6.
[7891] Ver. 1.
[7892] Retro.
[7893] Numerum.
[7894] Conscientia.
[7895] Rom. i. 7.
[7896] Rom. ix. 5.
[7897] Species.
[7898] Ex. xxxiii. 13.
[7899] Ver. 20.
[7900] Pro modulo derivationis.
[7901] Spiritus here is the divine nature of Christ.
[7902] Ex. xxxiii. 11.
[7903] Gen. xxxii. 30.
[7904] Num. xii. 6-8.
[7905] 1 Cor. xiii. 12.
[7906] Mark ix. 4; Matt. xvii. 3.
[7907] Si forte.
[7908] Cominus sciret.
[7909] Comp. ver. 13 with ver. 11 of Ex. xxxiii.
[7910] Gen. xxii.
[7911] Involved in the nunquid.
[7912] John xiv. 28.
[7913] Lam. iv. 20. Tertullian reads, "Spiritus personae ejus Christus
Dominus." This varies only in the pronoun from the Septuagint, which runs,
. According to our A.V., "the
breath of our nostrils, the annointed of the Lord" (or, "our annointed
Lord"), allusion is made, in the destruction of Jerusalem by the
Babylonians, to the capture of the king'the last of David's line, "as an
annointed prince." Comp. Jer. lii. 9.
[7914] 1 Cor. xi. 3.
[7915] Quaestionibus.
[7916] John i. 18.
[7917] 1 Tim. vi. 16.
[7918] Ex. xxxiii. 20; Deut. v. 26; Judg. xiii. 22.
[7919] 1 John i. 1.
[7920] 1 John i. 1.
[7921] John i. 1, 2.
[7922] Quia cum Patre apud Patrem.
[7923] 1 John iv. 12.
[7924] John i. 18.
[7925] John i. 18.
[7926] 1 Cor. ix. 1.
[7927] Rom ix. 5.
[7928] 1 Tim. vi. 16.
[7929] 1 Tim. i. 17.
[7930] 1 Cor. xv. 3.
[7931] Ver. 8.
[7932] Acts xxii. 11.
[7933] Matt. xvii. 6; Mark ix. 6.
[7934] Ex. xxxiii. 20.
[7935] John v. 19.
[7936] In sensu.
[7937] The reading is, "in Patris sensu;" another reading substitutes
"smu" for "sensu;" q.d. "the Father's bosom."
[7938] John i. 3.
[7939] John iii. 35. Tertullian reads the last clause (according to
Oehler), "in sinu ejus," q.d. "to Him who is in His bosom."
[7940] John i. 1.
[7941] Matt. xxvii. 18.
[7942] John v. 22.
[7943] See our Anti-Marcion, p. 112, note 10. Edin.
[7944] Comp. 1 Cor. x. 11.
[7945] See the treatise, Against Marcion. ii. 25, supra.
[7946] Gen. iii. 9.
[7947] Gen. vi. 6.
[7948] Ps. viii. 6.
[7949] Quasi.
[7950] Ps. viii. 6.
[7951] 1 Tim. vi. 16.
[7952] Acts xvii. 24.
[7953] Joel ii. 10; Ps. xcii. 5.
[7954] Isa. x. 14.
[7955] Isa. lxvi. 1.
[7956] Isa. xl. 28.
[7957] John v. 43.
[7958] John xvii. 6.
[7959] Ps. cxviii. 26.
[7960] John xvi. 15.
[7961] Acts ii. 22.
[7962] Rev. i. 8.
[7963] See above ch. xiii. p. 607.
[7964] Isa. xlv. 5.
[7965] Isa. xlv. 5, 18, xliv. 6.
[7966] Isa. xliv. 24.
[7967] Prov. viii. 27.
[7968] Rom. xi. 34.
[7969] Prov. viii. 30.
[7970] 1 Cor. i. 24.
[7971] 1 Cor ii. 11.
[7972] John i. 3.
[7973] Ps. xxxiii. 6.
[7974] Isa. xliv. 25.
[7975] On this reading, see our Anti-Marcion, p. 207, note 9. Edin.
[7976] Matt. iii. 17.
[7977] Isa. xliv. 24.
[7978] Ps. xxxiii. 6.
[7979] Isa. xli. 4 (Sept.)
[7980] John i. 1.
[7981] Prolatus.
[7982] See ch. xiii. p. 107.
[7983] Sonitu.
[7984] Isa. xlv. 5.
[7985] John x. 30.
[7986] John xiv. 9, 10.
[7987] John i. 1-3.
[7988] John i. 14.
[7989] Unius sinum Patris. Another reading makes: "He alone (unus)
declared," etc. See John i. 18.
[7990] John i. 18, first clause.
[7991] John i. 29.
[7992] John i. 49.
[7993] Matt. xvi. 16.
[7994] John i. 50.
[7995] Matt. xvi. 17.
[7996] John ii. 16.
[7997] John iii. 16.
[7998] John iii. 17, 18.
[7999] John iii. 35, 36.
[8000] John iv. 25.
[8001] John xx. 31.
[8002] John iv. 34.
[8003] John v. 17.
[8004] John v. 19-27.
[8005] i.e. His divine nature.
[8006] John v. 36, 37.
[8007] Ver. 37.
[8008] Ver. 43.
[8009] John vi. 29.
[8010] Ver. 30.
[8011] Ver. 32.
[8012] The expression is in the neuter collective form in the original.
[8013] John vi. 37-45.
[8014] Ver. 46.
[8015] Ver. 66.
[8016] Ver. 67.
[8017] Ver. 68.
[8018] See John vii. passim.
[8019] Ver. 28, 29.
[8020] Ver. 33.
[8021] John viii. 16.
[8022] Ver. 17.
[8023] Ver. 18.
[8024] Ver. 19.
[8025] Ver. 19.
[8026] John viii. 26.
[8027] Ver. 27.
[8028] Jer. i. 9.
[8029] Isa. l. 4.
[8030] John viii. 28, 29.
[8031] Ver. 38.
[8032] Ver. 40.
[8033] Ver. 42.
[8034] Ver. 49.
[8035] John viii. 54, 55.
[8036] Ver. 56.
[8037] John ix. 4.
[8038] Vers. 35-38.
[8039] John x. 15.
[8040] Vers 15, 17, 18.
[8041] Ver. 24.
[8042] Ver. 25.
[8043] Vers. 26.
[8044] Ver. 29.
[8045] Ver. 30.
[8046] John x. 32.
[8047] Vers. 34-38.
[8048] John xi. 27.
[8049] Matt. xvi. 16.
[8050] John i. 49.
[8051] John xi. 41, 42.
[8052] John xii. 27, 28.
[8053] John v. 43.
[8054] Or, "by way of excess."
[8055] Matt. xvii. 5.
[8056] John xii. 28.
[8057] Or held (haberi).
[8058] Matt. vi. 9.
[8059] Ps. viii. 5.
[8060] Same ver.
[8061] John xii. 30.
[8062] John xii. 44.
[8063] Ver. 45.
[8064] John xii. 49.
[8065] Isa. l. 4.
[8066] John xii. 50.
[8067] John xiii. 1, 3.
[8068] Ver. 31.
[8069] Ver. 32.
[8070] John xiv. 5-7.
[8071] Ver. 8.
[8072] Ver. 9.
[8073] John xiv. 9.
[8074] John x. 30.
[8075] John xvi. 28.
[8076] John xiv. 6.
[8077] John vi. 44.
[8078] Matt. xi. 27.
[8079] John v. 21.
[8080] John xiv. 7.
[8081] Vicarium.
[8082] Ex. xxxiii. 20.
[8083] John xiv. 10.
[8084] John xiv 11.
[8085] John xiv. 10.
[8086] Same ver.
[8087] Same ver.
[8088] ver. 11.
[8089] John xiv. 16.
[8090] See above ch. xiii.
[8091] John xvi. 14.
[8092] Unum. [On this famous passage see Elucidation III.]
[8093] Unus.
[8094] John x. 30.
[8095] John xv. 1.
[8096] John xvii. 1.
[8097] John xvii. 11.
[8098] Matt. xxvii. 46.
[8099] Luke xxiii. 46.
[8100] John xx. 17.
[8101] John xx. 31.
[8102] [A curious anecdote is given by Carlyle in his Life of Frederick
(Book xx. cap. 6), touching the text of "the Three Witnesses." Gottsched
satisfied the king that it was not in the Vienna ms. save in an
interpolation of the margin "in Melanchthon's hand." Luther's Version lacks
this text.]
[8103] Luke i. 35.
[8104] Inicer.
[8105] i.e., the angel of the Annunciation.
[8106] On this not strictly defensible term of Tertullian, see Bp.
Bull's Defence of the Nicene Creed, book ii. ch. vii. sec. 5, Translation,
pp. 199, 200.
[8107] John i. 14.
[8108] "The selfsame Person is understood under the appellation both of
Spirit and Word, with this difference only, that He is called 'the Spirit of
God,_0' so far as He is a Divine Person,and 'the Word,_0' so far as He is
the Spirit in operation, proceeding with sound and vocal utterance from God
to set the universe in order."'Bp. Bull, Def. Nic. Creed, p. 535,
Translation.
[8109] Ex ipso.
[8110] Substantive res.
[8111] Ipse Deus: i.e., God so wholly as to exclude by identity every
other person.
[8112] Luke ii. 49.
[8113] Matt. iv. 3, 6.
[8114] Mark i. 24; Matt. viii. 29.
[8115] Matt. xi. 25, 26; Luke x. 21; John xi. 41.
[8116] Matt. xvi. 17.
[8117] Matt. xi. 25.
[8118] Matt. xi. 27; Luke x. 22.
[8119] Matt. x. 32, 33.
[8120] Matt. xxi. 33-41.
[8121] Matt. xxiv. 36.
[8122] Luke xxii. 29.
[8123] Matt. xxvi. 53.
[8124] Matt. xxvii. 46.
[8125] Luke xxiii. 46.
[8126] Luke xxiv. 49.
[8127] Non in unum.
[8128] Ipsae.
[8129] Luke i. 35.
[8130] Matt. i. 23.
[8131] His version of Ps. lxxxvii. 5.
[8132] Ex.
[8133] Rom. i. 3.
[8134] Ver. 4.
[8135] See next chapter.
[8136] i.e., Christ's divine nature.
[8137] John iii. 6.
[8138] Luke i. 35.
[8139] 1 Tim. ii. 5.
[8140] Acts iv. 27.
[8141] Acts ii. 36.
[8142] See 1 John ii. 22, iv. 2, 3, and v. 1.
[8143] 1 John i. 3.
[8144] Rom. i. 8.
[8145] Gal. i. 1.
[8146] John xx. 17.
[8147] Amos iv. 13, Sept.
[8148] Ps. ii. 2.
[8149] Here Tertullian reads instead of
"to Cyrus," in Isa. xlv. 1.
[8150] Eph. i. 17.
[8151] Rom. viii. 11.
[8152] From this deduction of the doctrine of Praxeas, that the Father
must have suffered on the cross, his opponents called him and his followers
Patripassians.
[8153] 1 Cor. xv. 3.
[8154] Gal. iii. 13.
[8155] Same ver.
[8156] Referimus: or, "Recite and record."
[8157] Deut. xxi. 23.
[8158] Gal. iii. 13.
[8159] [This passage convinces Lardner that Praxeas was not a
Patripassian. Credib. Vol. VIII. p. 607.]
[8160] That is, the divine nature in general in this place.
[8161] That which was open to it to suffer in the Son.
[8162] Suo nomine.
[8163] De nobis.
[8164] Matt. xxvii. 46.
[8165] Rom. viii. 32.
[8166] This is the sense rather than the words of Isa. liii. 5, 6.
[8167] Luke xxii. 46.
[8168] i.e., the divine nature.
[8169] 1 Cor. xv. 3, 4.
[8170] John iii. 13.
[8171] Eph. iv. 9.
[8172] Mark xvi. 19; Rev. iii. 21.
[8173] Acts vii. 55.
[8174] Ps. cx. 1.
[8175] Acts i. 11; Luke xxi. 37.
[8176] Tertullian was now a [pronounced] Montanist.
[8177] John xvi. 13.
[8178] Coram.
[8179] Viderint.
[8180] 1 John iv. 15.
[8181] 1 John v. 12.
[8182] Kaye, pp. 504-596.
[8183] Ch. iii. compared with ch. xviii.
[8184] Vol. i. p. 416, this Series.
[8185] Vol. I. p. 569, this Series.
[8186] Eusebius, B.V. cap. 24. Refer also to preceding note, and to Vol.
I. p. 310, this Series.
[8187] Vol. II. pp. 3 and 4, this Series, also, Eusebius, B.V. Cap. iii.
[8188] p. 516.
[8189] "A New Plea for the Authenticity of the text of the Three
Heavenly Witnesses: or, Porson's Letters to Travis eclectically examined,
etc. etc. By the Rev. Charles Forster, etc." Cambridge, Deighton, Bell &
Co., and London, Bell and Daldy, 1867.
[8190] See Milman, Hist. Lat. Christ., i. p. 29.
[8191] Where it is Psalm XIV.
Also, see links to 3500 other Manuscripts:
/believe/txv/earlych7.htm
E-mail to: BELIEVE
The main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is at:
BELIEVE Religious Information Source - By Alphabet
http://mb-soft.com/believe/indexaz.html