A movement to reform the Church of England begun at Oxford University in 1833, the Oxford movement was led by John Keble, John Henry Newman, and Richard Hurrell Froude. Un movimiento de reforma de la Iglesia de Inglaterra comenzó en la Universidad de Oxford en 1833, el movimiento de Oxford fue dirigida por John Keble, John Henry Newman y Richard Hurrell Froude. All were fellows of Oriel College, Oxford, passionately loyal to the church, and deeply disturbed by the British government's interference in its affairs. Todos ellos fueron becarios de Oriel College, Oxford, apasionadamente fieles a la iglesia, y profundamente preocupada por el gobierno británico de la injerencia en sus asuntos. In addition, they were influenced by the patristic writings and attracted to the ritual and worship of the early and medieval church. Además, ellos fueron influenciados por los escritos patrísticos y atraídos por el ritual y de culto de principios y la iglesia medieval.
Newman believed the movement began when, on July 14, 1833, Keble preached on "National Apostasy," a sermon prompted by an attempt in Parliament to suppress ten Irish bishoprics. Newman cree que el movimiento empezó cuando, el 14 de julio de 1833, Keble predicó sobre "Apostasía Nacional", llevado a un sermón de un intento en el Parlamento para reprimir el gaélico diez obispados. More important was the publication of Tracts for the Times by Newman. Más importante fue la publicación de Tracts para el Times de Newman. The first three were published on Sept. 9, 1833; and the last, Tract 90, which aroused a storm of controversy, in 1841. Los tres primeros se publicaron en Septiembre 9, 1833, y la última, del Tracto 90, que despertó una tormenta de controversia, en 1841. The tracts aimed at recalling the English to true churchmanship, to an understanding of the church as an organic, independent body, not a creature of the state, and to a sacramental ministry and life. Las extensiones destinadas a recordar el Inglés para churchmanship cierto, a la comprensión de la iglesia como una orgánica, órgano independiente, no una criatura del estado, y a un ministerio sacramental y la vida. The Tractarians, as they came to be called, envisioned the movement as a middle way between Roman Catholicism and evangelicalism. El Tractarians, ya que llegó a ser llamado, se prevé el movimiento como un camino intermedio entre católicos romanos y evangelicalism.
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Bibliography
Bibliografía
O Chadwick, The Mind of the Oxford
Movement (1960); R Chapman, Faith and Revolt (1970); R Church, The Oxford
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Movement (1964); J Griffin, The Oxford Movement, 1833 - 1983: A Revision (1984);
MR O'Connell, The Oxford Conspirators: A History of the Oxford Movement 1833 -
45 (1969); G Rowell, ed., Tradition Renewed (1986). O Chadwick, la mente
del Movimiento de Oxford (1960); R Chapman, Fe y Revuelta (1970); R Iglesia, el
Movimiento de Oxford: Doce Años, 1833 - 1845 (1970); E Fairweather, ed., El
Movimiento de Oxford ( 1964); J Griffin, El Movimiento de Oxford, 1833 - 1983:
Una Revisión (1984); MR O'Connell, The Oxford conspiradores: Una historia del
Movimiento de Oxford 1833 - 45 (1969); G Rowell, ed., Tradición renovada
(1986).
The Oxford Movement was an important religious development within the Church of England in the nineteenth century in response to the critical rationalism, skepticism, lethargy, liberalism, and immorality of the day. El Movimiento de Oxford fue un importante desarrollo religioso en la Iglesia de Inglaterra en el siglo XIX en respuesta a la crítica el racionalismo, el escepticismo, letargo, el liberalismo, y la inmoralidad del día. Emphasizing a return to the traditions of the church, the leaders of the movement longed for a higher standard of worship, piety, and devotion among clergy and church members. Haciendo hincapié en el retorno a las tradiciones de la iglesia, los dirigentes del movimiento anhelado para un mayor nivel de culto, la piedad y devoción entre el clero y los miembros de la iglesia.
Guided by and receiving its impetus from Oxford University men, the movement also protested state interference in the affairs of the church. Guiada por la recepción y su impulso de la Universidad de Oxford hombres, el movimiento también protestó por la interferencia del Estado en los asuntos de la iglesia. On July 14, 1833, in response to the English government's bill reducing bishoprics in Ireland, John Keble preached the sermon "National Apostacy" from the university pulpit. El 14 de julio de 1833, en respuesta al Inglés del gobierno de reducir la factura obispados en Irlanda, John Keble predicó el sermón "Apostacy Nacional" de la universidad púlpito. He accused the government of infringing on "Christ's Church" and of disavowing the principle of apostolic succession of the bishops of the Church of England. Acusó al gobierno de violar "la Iglesia de Cristo" y de desconocer el principio de la sucesión apostólica de los obispos de la Iglesia de Inglaterra. Insisting that salvation was possible only through the sacraments, Keble defended the Church of England as a divine institution. Insistiendo en que la salvación sólo es posible a través de los sacramentos, Keble defendido la Iglesia de Inglaterra como una institución divina. During the same year John Henry Newman began to publish Tracts for the Times, a series of pamphlets by members of the University of Oxford that supported and propagated the beliefs of the movement. Durante el mismo año John Henry Newman empezó a publicar Tracts para el Times, una serie de folletos por parte de los miembros de la Universidad de Oxford que han apoyado y propagado las creencias de la circulación. They were widely circulated, and the term "Tractarianism" has often been used for the early stages of the Oxford Movement or, indeed, as a synonym for the movement itself. Fueron ampliamente distribuido, y el término "Tractarianism" a menudo se ha utilizado para las primeras etapas del Movimiento de Oxford o, de hecho, como un sinónimo para el propio movimiento.
It is ironic that these tracts (which were supposed to argue "against Popery and Dissent") would lead some of the writers and readers into embracing the Roman Catholic Church. Resulta irónico que estas extensiones (que se suponía que sostienen "en contra de Popery y la disensión") daría lugar algunos de los escritores y lectores en abrazar la Iglesia Católica Romana. These men found it increasingly impossible to adhere to church polity and practice on Protestant terms. Estos hombres se encuentran cada vez más imposible a que se adhieran a la iglesia y la práctica política en términos protestantes. When Newman argued in Tract 90 (1841) that the Thirty - nine Articles of the Church of England were in harmony with genuine Roman Catholicism, he was attacked with such furor that the series of tracts was brought to an end. Cuando Newman sostuvo en Tracto 90 (1841) que la trigésima - nueve artículos de la Iglesia de Inglaterra se encontraban en una verdadera armonía con el catolicismo romano, fue atacado con tal furor que la serie de panfletos fue llevado a su fin. Early in 1845, realizing that they would never be allowed to be Anglicans while holding Roman Catholic views, several Oxford reformers joined the Roman Catholic Church. A principios de 1845, se dan cuenta de que nunca podrán ser autorizadas anglicanos mientras mantiene puntos de vista católico romano, varios Oxford reformadores se sumaron a la Iglesia Católica Romana. Newman defected later that year, and by 1864 nearly one thousand ministers, theological leaders, and Anglican church members followed his lead. Newman desertado más tarde ese año, y 1864 de casi mil ministros, dirigentes teológica, y los miembros de la iglesia anglicana seguido su ejemplo. In 1864 Newman's Apologia pro Vita Sua was published, explaining his departure from the Church of England and defending his choice of the Roman Church as the one true church. En 1864 Newman's Apología pro Vita Tu se publicó, al explicar su salida de la Iglesia de Inglaterra y la defensa de su elección de la Iglesia romana como la única y verdadera iglesia. Newman was made a Roman Catholic cardinal in 1879. Newman se hizo un cardenal católico romano en 1879.
After the defections in 1845 the movement was no longer dominated by Oxford men and became more fragmented in its emphases. Después de la deserciones en 1845 el movimiento ya no era dominado por los hombres de Oxford y se convirtió en más fragmentado en sus acentos. Edward B Pusey, professor of Hebrew at Oxford and a contributor to Tracts, emerged as the leader of the Anglo - Catholic party, which continued to push for doctrinal modifications and a reunion between the Anglican and Roman churches. Edward B. Pusey, profesor de hebreo en Oxford y un factor que contribuya a Tracts, surgió como el líder de la anglo - parte católica, que sigue presionando para doctrinal modificaciones y una reunión entre los anglicanos y las iglesias romanas. Other groups sought to promote High Church ritual within Anglicanism. Otros grupos tratan de promover la Alta Iglesia ritual en el anglicanismo. Many of the sympathizers the Oxford Movement had gained at its inception (before anti - Reformation tendencies were observed) continued to uphold the primary goals and spiritual fervor of the movement. Muchos de los simpatizantes del Movimiento de Oxford había ganado en sus inicios (antes del anti - Reforma se observaron tendencias) siguió a defender los objetivos primarios y fervor espiritual del movimiento. This has had a great significance upon the theological development, polity, and religious life of the Church of England for over a century. Esto ha tenido una gran importancia a la elaboración teológica, política, y la vida religiosa de la Iglesia de Inglaterra durante más de un siglo. Anglican eucharistic worship was transformed, spiritual discipline and monastic orders were revived, social concern was fostered, and an ecumenical spirit has developed in the Church of England. Anglicana culto eucarístico se transformó, disciplina espiritual y órdenes monásticas se reavivó, preocupación social fue promovido, y un espíritu ecuménico se ha desarrollado en la Iglesia de Inglaterra.
While the Oxford Movement was opposed in print by traditional churchmen as well as liberal academic thinkers, perhaps no one group matched the evangelicals in their enormous output of literature, printed sermons, tracts, articles, books, and pamphlets against the Tractarians. Mientras que el Movimiento de Oxford se opone en forma impresa tradicional de eclesiásticos, así como académicos pensadores liberales, tal vez un grupo no coincide con los evangélicos en su enorme producción de literatura, sermones impresos, escritos, artículos, libros y folletos contra el Tractarians. These dissenting "peculiars," as some Oxford reformers called them, believed that the Oxford "heresy" was both anti - Reformation and antiscriptural. Estos disidentes "peculiars", ya que algunos llamados reformadores Oxford, cree que el Oxford "herejía" es a la vez anti - Reforma y antiscriptural. They fought to ensure that the English church would maintain the Protestant character of its theology. Lucharon para garantizar que la iglesia Inglés mantendría el carácter protestante de su teología. And yet even evangelical writers in England at the end of the nineteenth century noted that the Oxford Movement also brought positive contributions to English Christianity, contributions that could not be disregarded. Y, sin embargo, incluso los escritores evangélicos en Inglaterra a finales del siglo XIX tomó nota de que el Movimiento de Oxford también aportó contribuciones positivas a Inglés cristianismo, las contribuciones que podría no ser tenida en cuenta.
DA Rausch
DA Rausch
(Elwell
Evangelical Dictionary) (Diccionario Elwell Evangélica)
Bibliography
Bibliografía
RW Church, The Oxford Movement, 1833 -
1845; E Fairweather, ed., The Oxford Movement; P Toon, Evangelical Theology,
1833 - 1856: A Response to Tractarianism; T Dearing, Wesleyan and Tractarian
Worship. RW Iglesia, el Movimiento de Oxford, 1833 - 1845; E Fairweather,
ed., El Movimiento de Oxford; P Toon, Evangélica de Teología, 1833 - 1856: una
respuesta a Tractarianism; T Dearing, Wesleyan Tractarian y Culto.
by John Henry Newman de John Henry Newman
The Oxford Movement may be looked upon in two distinct lights. El Movimiento de Oxford puede ser visto en dos luces. "The conception which lay at its base," according to the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline, 1906, "was that of the Holy Catholic Church as a visible body upon earth, bound together by a spiritual but absolute unity, though divided into national and other sections. This conception drew with it the sense of ecclesiastical continuity, of the intimate and unbroken connection between the primitive Church and the Church of England, and of the importance of the Fathers as guides and teachers. It also tended to emphasize points of communion between those different branches of the Church, which recognize the doctrine or fact of Apostolic Succession" (Report, p. 54). "La concepción que establecen en su base", según la Real Comisión de Disciplina Eclesiástica, 1906, "fue el de la Santa Iglesia Católica como un organismo visible en la tierra, unidas entre sí por un espiritual, sino la unidad absoluta, aunque dividido en unidades y otras secciones. Esta concepción señala que con el sentido de continuidad eclesiástica, de la íntima relación e ininterrumpido entre la primitiva Iglesia y la Iglesia de Inglaterra, y de la importancia de los Padres como guías y profesores. Asimismo, tienden a subrayar los puntos de comunión entre los diferentes ramas de la Iglesia, que reconoce la doctrina o de hecho de la sucesión apostólica "(Informe, p. 54). That is the point of view maintained in the "Tracts for the Times" from 1833 to 1841, which gave its familiar name to the "Tractarian" Movement. Ese es el punto de vista mantenido en los "Tracts para el Times" desde 1833 a 1841, que dio su nombre familiar para los "Tractarian" Movimiento. They originated and ended with John Henry Newman. Su origen y terminó con John Henry Newman. But a second, very unlike, account of the matter was put forward by Newman himself in his "Lectures on Anglican Difficulties" of 1850. Sin embargo, una segunda, muy al contrario, cuenta de la cuestión fue planteada por el propio Newman en sus "Conferencias sobre Anglicana dificultades" de 1850. There he considers that the drift or tendency of this remarkable change was not towards a party in the Establishment, or even towards the first place in it, but away from national divisions altogether. Allí se considera que la deriva o tendencia de este notable cambio no fue hacia un partido en el que se crea, o incluso hacia el primer lugar en ella, pero lejos de las divisiones nacionales en total. It was meant ultimately to absorb "the various English denominations and parties" into the Roman Church, whence their ancestors had come out at the Reformation. Se entiende en última instancia, para absorber "las distintas denominaciones de Inglés y partes" en la Iglesia Romana, de donde sus antepasados habían salido a la Reforma. And as Newman had been leader in the Anglican phase of the movement, so he opened the way towards Rome, submitted to it in 1845, and made popular the reasoning on which thousands followed his example. Y como Newman ha sido líder en la anglicana fase del movimiento, por lo que abrió el camino hacia Roma, que le había presentado en 1845, e hizo popular el razonamiento en que miles seguido su ejemplo. There seems no other instance adducible from history of a religious thinker who has moulded on permanent lines the institution which he quitted, while assigning causes for its abandonment. No parece que ningún otro ejemplo adducible de la historia de un pensador religioso que ha moldeado en líneas permanentes de la institución que él quitted, mientras que la asignación de causas de su abandono. But this result was in some measure a consequence of the "anomalous and singular position", as Dean Church allows, held by the English Establishment, since it was legally set up under Elizabeth (Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, 8 May, 1559). Sin embargo, este resultado fue en cierta medida una consecuencia de la "anómala y singular posición", como Dean Iglesia permite, celebrada por el Establecimiento Inglés, ya que es legalmente establecido en virtud de Elizabeth (Actos de Supremacía y la homogeneidad, el 8 de mayo, 1559).
Lord Chatham brought out these anomalies in a famous epigram. Lord Chatham llevado a cabo estas anomalías en un famoso epigrama. "We have", he remarked, "a Popish Liturgy, Calvinistic articles, and an Arminian clergy." "Tenemos", señaló, "un Popish Liturgia, Calvinistic artículos, y un Arminian clero". Such differences were visible from the first. Estas diferencias fueron visibles desde la primera. "It is historically certain," says JA Froude, "that Elizabeth and her ministers intentionally framed the Church formulas so as to enable every one to use them who would disclaim allegiance to the Pope." "Es históricamente cierto", dice JA Froude ", que Isabel y sus ministros intencionalmente enmarca la Iglesia fórmulas a fin de que cada uno de ellos el uso que renuncian a obediencia al Papa." When the Armada was scattered and broken, many adherents of the old faith appear to have conformed; and their impetus accounts for the rise of a High Anglican party, whose chief representative was Launcelot Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester (1555-1626). Cuando la Armada estaba dispersa y roto, muchos adeptos de la antigua fe parecen haber conformado, y su impulso cuentas para el surgimiento de una Alta Parte anglicana, cuyo principal representante es Launcelot Andrewes, obispo de Winchester (1555-1626). The Anglo-Catholic school was continued by Laud, and triumphed after the Restoration. La anglo-escuela católica fue seguido por Laud, y triunfaron después de la Restauración. In 1662 it expelled from the Church, Baxter and the Presbyterians. En 1662 es expulsado de la Iglesia, Baxter y los presbiterianos. But from the Revolution in 1688 it steadily declined. Pero a partir de la Revolución en 1688 que disminuyó de manera constante. The non-juring bishops were wholly in its tradition, which, through obscure by-ways, was handed on from his father to John Keble and so to Hurrell Froude and Newman. La falta de juring obispos fueron en su totalidad a su tradición, que, a través de oscuras maneras-, fue entregado a su padre de que John Keble y así Hurrell Froude y Newman.
However, the Laudian or Carolinian divines must not be supposed to have ever succeeded in driving out their Calvinistic rivals, so powerful when the Thirty-Nine Articles were drawn up, and known from Shakespeare's time as Puritans (see Malvolio in "Twelfth Night"). Sin embargo, la Laudian o Carolinian divines no debe supone que nunca han tenido éxito en la conducción de sus rivales Calvinistic, tan poderoso cuando el treinta y nueve artículos fueron redactados, y conocida de Shakespeare tiempo como Puritanos (véase Malvolio en "Duodécima Noche") . Andrewes himself, though taking St. Augustine and St. Thomas for his masters, did not admit the sacerdotal doctrine of the Eucharist. Andrewes sí mismo, aunque teniendo en San Agustín y Santo Tomás para sus maestros, no admitir la doctrina sacerdotal de la Eucaristía. At every period Baptismal Regeneration, Apostolic Succession, and the Real Presence were open questions, not decided one way or another by "the stammering lips of ambiguous Formularies." En cada período de regeneración bautismal, la sucesión apostólica, y la presencia real eran preguntas abiertas, no se pronunció sobre una u otra forma por "la stammering labios de formularios ambigua". If there was a High Church in power, and if what the Arminians held, as it was wittily said, were all the best livings in England, yet Calvin's theology, whether a little softened by Archbishop Whitgift or according to the text of the "Institutes", never did involve deprivation. Si existe un Alto Iglesia en el poder, y si lo que el Arminians celebró, como se dice wittily, fueron los mejores livings en Inglaterra y, sin embargo, Calvino la teología, ya sea un poco suavizada por el Arzobispo Whitgift o de acuerdo con el texto de los "Institutos ", Nunca lo hizo en la privación. It was sheltered by the Articles, as Catholic tradition was by the Prayer Book; and the balance was kept between contending schools of opinion by means of the Royal Supremacy. Fue protegido por los artículos, como era la tradición católica por el Libro de Oración, y el saldo se mantuvo entre los contendientes escuelas de opinión por medio de la Supremacía Real.
Suggested by Thomas Cromwell, asserted in Parliamentary legislation under Henry VIII (1534), this prime article of Anglicanism made the king supreme head of the English Church on earth, and his tribunal the last court of appeal in all cases, spiritual no less than secular. Sugerido por Thomas Cromwell, afirmó en la legislación parlamentaria en virtud de Henry VIII (1534), este primer artículo del anglicanismo hizo el rey supremo jefe de la Iglesia Inglés en la tierra, y su tribunal el último tribunal de apelación en todos los casos, espiritual nada menos que secular . It has been said of Henry, and is equally true of Edward VI, that he claimed the whole power of the keys. Se ha dicho de Henry, y es igualmente cierto en el caso de Edward VI, afirmó que todo el poder de las llaves. Elizabeth, while relinquishing the title of Head and the administration of holy rites, certainly retained and exercised full jurisdiction over "all persons and all causes" within the realm. Elizabeth, mientras que renunciar al título de Jefe y la administración de los ritos sagrados, luego, se conserva y se ejerce plena jurisdicción sobre "todas las personas y todas las causas" en el reino. She extinguished the ancient hierarchy "without any proceeding in any spiritual court", as Macaulay observes, and she appointed the new one. Se extingue la antigua jerarquía "sin ningún tipo de procedimiento en cualquier tribunal espiritual", como se observa Macaulay, y nombró a la nueva. She "turned the pulpit", admonished archbishops, and even supplied by her own legal authority defects in the process of episcopal consecration. Ella "resultó el púlpito", advirtió arzobispos, e incluso la proporcionada por su propia autoridad legal defectos en el proceso de consagración episcopal. The Prayer Book itself is an Act of Parliament. El Libro de Oración en sí es una ley del Parlamento. "The supreme tribunal of appeal, in ecclesiastical causes, from 1559 to 1832," we are told, "was that created by 25 Hen. VIII, c. 19, which gave an appeal from the Church Courts to the King in Chancery for lack of justice" (Dodd, Hist. Canon Law, 232). "El supremo tribunal de apelación, en causas eclesiásticas, desde 1559 a 1832," se nos dice, "que fue creada por 25 Hen. VIII, c. 19, que dio un llamamiento de la Iglesia Cortes al Rey a falta de Cancillería de la justicia "(Dodd, Hist. Derecho Canónico, 232). These powers were exercised by the court of delegates; in 1832 they were transferred to the judicial committee of the privy council, whose members may all be laymen; and, if bishops, they do not sit by virtue of their episcopal office but as the king's advisers. Estos poderes se ejercen por el tribunal de los delegados; en 1832 fueron trasladados ante el Comité Judicial del Consejo Privado, cuyos miembros pueden ser laicos, y, si los obispos, no sentarse en virtud de su cargo episcopal, sino como la del rey asesores. Contrast will drive the matter home. Contraste impulsará el asunto a casa. The constituent form of the Catholic Church is the pope's universal jurisdiction (see Florence, Council of; Vatican Council). La forma constitutiva de la Iglesia Católica es el Papa de la jurisdicción universal (véase Florencia, el Consejo de; Concilio Vaticano). But the constituent form of the English Church, as established by Parliament, is the universal jurisdiction of the Crown. Pero la forma constitutiva de la Iglesia Inglés, según lo establecido por el Parlamento, es la jurisdicción universal de la Corona. In either case there is no appeal from the papal or the royal decision. En cualquier caso no hay apelación de los papales o la real decisión. When Elizabeth broke with the Catholic bishops who would not acknowledge her spiritual headship, and when William III deprived Sancroft and his suffragans who refused the oath of allegiance, a test was applied, dogmatic in 1559, perhaps not less so in 1690, which proves that no cause of exemption can be pleaded against the king when he acts as supreme governor of the Church. Cuando Elizabeth se rompió con los obispos católicos que no reconocen su jefe espiritual, y cuando William III privados Sancroft y su suffragans que se rehusaron al juramento de lealtad, una prueba se aplicó, dogmático en 1559, quizás no en menor medida en 1690, lo que demuestra que ninguna causa de excepción puede ser invocada contra el rey, cuando desempeñe las funciones de gobernador supremo de la Iglesia.
Such is the doctrine often called Erastian, from Erastus, a Swiss theologian (1524-83), who denied to the clergy all power of excommunication. Tal es la doctrina a menudo llamado Erastian, de Erastus, un teólogo suizo (1524-83), que negó al clero todo el poder de excomunión. In England the course of events had run on before Erastus could publish its philosophy. En Inglaterra el curso de los acontecimientos se había quedado antes en Erastus podría publicar su filosofía. Politicians like Burghley and Walsingham acted on no theory, but drew their inspiration from Henry VIII. Los políticos como Burghley Walsingham y no actuó en teoría, pero señaló a su inspiración de Henry VIII. The abstract statement of a view which identifies the Church with the nation and subjects both equally to the king, may be found in Hooker, "The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity" (1594-97). El resumen de la declaración a fin que la Iglesia se identifica con la nación y los sujetos por igual tanto al rey, se pueden encontrar en Hooker, "El Derecho Eclesiástico de Polity" (1594-97). It was vigorously asserted by Selden and the lawyers at all times. Se afirmó enérgicamente por Selden y los abogados en todo momento. During the critical years of the nineteenth century, Arnold, Stanley and Kingsley were its best known defenders among clergymen. Durante los años críticos del siglo XIX, Arnold, Stanley y Kingsley son sus más conocidos defensores de los clérigos. Stanley declared that the Church of England "is by the very conditions of its being neither High nor Low, but Broad" ("Ed. Rev.", July, 1850). Stanley declaró que la Iglesia de Inglaterra "es por las condiciones mismas de su ser ni alto ni bajo, pero amplia" ( "Ed. Rev", julio de 1850). In coarser but equally practical terms men said, "The Church was grafted upon the State, and the State would remain master." En más tosca, pero igualmente la práctica los hombres dijo: "La Iglesia se injertó al Estado, y el Estado seguirá siendo maestro." No ruling, in fact, of bishop or convocation need be regarded by Anglicans, lay or clerical, unless it implies, at all events tacitly, the consent of the Crown, ie of Parliament. No fallo, de hecho, del obispo o convocatoria necesario ser considerado por los anglicanos, laicos o de oficina, a menos que ésta implica, en cualquier caso, tácitamente, el consentimiento de la Corona, es decir, del Parlamento.
So long as the State excluded Dissenters and Catholics from its offices, the system, in spite of the Great Rebellion, nay after the more truly disastrous Revolution of 1688, worked as well as could be expected. Mientras el Estado excluidos los disidentes y los católicos de sus oficinas, el sistema, a pesar de la Gran Rebelión, NAY después de la más verdaderamente desastrosa Revolución de 1688, funcionado tan bien como cabría esperar. But in 1828 the Test Act was repealed; next year Catholic Emancipation was passed into law. Pero en 1828 la Ley de los ensayos fue derogado el año próximo la Emancipación Católica fue aprobada en la ley. In 1830 the French drove out their Bourbon dynasty; Belgium threw off the yoke of Holland. En 1830 el francés llevó a cabo su dinastía borbónica; Bélgica tiró fuera del yugo de Holanda. In 1832 came the Reform Bill, which Tories construed into an attack on the church. En 1832 vino el proyecto de ley de reforma, que interpretará tories en un ataque contra la iglesia. What would the Royal Supremacy mean if Parliament was no longer to be exclusively Anglican? ¿Cuál sería el Real supremacía significa que el Parlamento ya no era exclusivamente para ser Anglicana? Lord Grey told the bishops to set their house in order; ten Irish bishoprics were suppressed. Lord Grey dijo a los obispos para establecer su casa en orden, diez obispados gaélico fueron suprimidas. Arnold wrote in 1832, "The Church, as it now stands, no human power can save." Arnold escribió en 1832, "La Iglesia, en su forma actual, no el poder humano puede salvar." Whately thought it difficult to "preserve the Establishment from utter overthrow." Whately pensamiento difícil para "preservar el Establecimiento de un total derrocamiento." Alexander Knox, a far-seeing Irish writer, said, "The old High Church race is worn out." Alexander Knox, un gran escritor irlandés ver, dijo, "El antiguo Alto Iglesia raza se lleva a cabo." The "Clapham" sect of Evangelicals, who came down from Calvin, and the "Clapton sect", otherwise called High and Dry, who had no theology at all, divided "serious" people among them. El "Clapham" secta de los evangélicos, que bajó de Calvino, y la "Clapton secta", de lo contrario llama Alto y seco, que no tenían la teología en absoluto, dividido "serios" entre ellos. Bishops were great persons who amassed wealth for their families, and who had attained to place and influence by servile offices or by editing Greek plays. Obispos eran grandes personas que acumularon riqueza para sus familias, y que habían alcanzado a cabo y la influencia de las oficinas o servil de la edición griega desempeña. In the presence of threatened revolution they sat helpless and bewildered. En presencia del amenazado revolución se sentaron desvalidos y desorientados. From them neither counsel nor aid was to be expected by earnest churchmen. De ellos ni el abogado ni la ayuda era de esperar por la seriedad eclesiásticos. Arnold would have brought in Dissenters by a "comprehension" which sacrificed dogma to individual judgment. Arnold se han llevado a los disidentes mediante una "comprensión" que sacrificaron dogma a juicio individual. Whateley protested against "that double usurpation, the interference of the Church in temporals, of the State in spirituals." Whateley protestó contra la "doble que la usurpación, la injerencia de la Iglesia en temporals, del Estado en spirituals". A notable preacher and organizer, Dr. Hook, "first gave body and force to Church theology, not to be mistaken or ignored." Una notable predicador y organizador, el doctor Hook ", concedido en primer lugar el cuerpo y la fuerza para la Iglesia la teología, a no ser errónea o ignorado". But it was from Oxford, "the home of lost causes", always Cavalier at heart, still "debating its eternal Church question as in the days of Henry IV", that salvation came. Pero era de Oxford, "la casa de causas perdidas", siempre Cavalier en el fondo, todavía "debatiendo su Iglesia eterna cuestión como en los días de Henry IV", que la salvación llegó. Oriel, once illustrated by Raleigh and Butler, was now the most distinguished college in the university. Oriel, una vez ilustrado por Raleigh y Butler, ahora los más distinguidos universitarios en la universidad. For some thirty years it had welcomed original thinkers, and among its fellows were or had been, Copleston, Whateley, Hawkins, Davison, Keble, Arnold, Pusey, and Hurrell Froude. Por unos treinta años que había acogido con satisfacción original pensadores, y entre sus compañeros eran o habían sido, Copleston, Whateley, Hawkins, Davison, Keble, Arnold, Pusey, y Hurrell Froude. "This knot of Oriel men", says Pattison, "was distinctly the product of the French Revolution." "Este nudo de Oriel hombres", dice Pattison, "fue claramente el producto de la Revolución Francesa." Those among them who indulged in "free inquiry" were termed "Noetics"; they "called everything in question; they appealed to first principles, and disallowed authority in intellectual matters." Aquellos de entre ellos que permitirse "la libre investigación" se denomina "Noetics", que "todo llamado en cuestión, sino que hizo un llamamiento a los primeros principios, y rechazó la autoridad en materia intelectual". The university, which Pattison describes as "a close clerical corporation", where all alike had sworn to the Prayer Book and Articles, had thus in its bosom a seed of "Liberalism", and was menaced by changes analogous to the greater revolution in the State itself. La universidad, Pattison que describe como "una estrecha oficina corporación", donde todos por igual había jurado al Libro de Oración y en los artículos, por lo tanto, había en su seno una semilla de "liberalismo", y fue amenazada por los cambios análogos a la mayor revolución en el Propio Estado. Reaction came, as was to be expected, in the very college that had witnessed the provocation. Reacción llegó, como era de esperar, en el mismo colegio que ha sido testigo de la provocación. Oxford, of all places, would surely be the last to accept French and democratic ideas. Oxford, de todos los lugares, sin duda, ser el último en aceptar francés y las ideas democráticas.
John Keble (1792-1865) was the leading fellow of Oriel. John Keble (1792-1865) fue la principal compañeros de Oriel. As a mere boy, he had carried off the highest honours of the university. Como un simple muchacho, que había realizado la más alta honores de la universidad. In 1823 he became his father's curate at Fairford, and in 1827 he published "The Christian Year", a cycle of poems or meditations in verse, refined, soothing, and akin to George Herbert's "The Temple", by their spiritual depth and devout attachment to the English Church. En 1823 se convirtió en su padre cura en Fairford, y en 1827 publicó "El Año Cristiano", un ciclo de poemas meditaciones o en verso, refinado, suave, y afín a George Herbert "El Templo", por su profundidad espiritual y devota apego a la Iglesia Inglés. They have gone through innumerable editions. Han pasado por innumerables ediciones. Keble, though a scholarly mind, had no grasp of metaphysics. Keble, aunque de carácter académico que cuenta, no tenía conocimiento de la metafísica. An ingrained conservative, he took over the doctrines, and lived on the recollection of the Laudian school. Un arraigado conservador, se hizo cargo de las doctrinas, y vivía en el recuerdo de la Laudian la escuela. Without ambition, he was inflexible, never open to development, but gentle, shrewd, and saintly. Sin ambición, fue inflexible, nunca abierto al desarrollo, pero suave, sutil, y santo. His convictions needed an Aaron to make them widely effective; and he found a voice in his pupil, the "bright and beautiful" Froude, whose short life (1802-36) counts for much in the Oxford Movement. Sus convicciones necesitaba un Aaron para que sean muy eficaces, y que encontró una voz en su alumno, el "brillante y hermoso" Froude, cuya corta vida (1802-36) cuenta para mucho en el Movimiento de Oxford. Froude was the connecting link between Keble and Newman. Froude es la conexión entre Keble y Newman. His friendship, at the moment when Newman's Evangelical prejudices were fading and his inclination towards Liberalism had received a sharp check by "illness and bereavement", proved to be the one thing needful to a temper which always leaned on its associates, and which absorbed ideas with the vivacity of genius. Su amistad, en el momento en que Newman's Evangélica prejuicios fueron desapareciendo y su inclinación hacia el liberalismo había recibido un fuerte control por "enfermedad y duelo", resultó ser la única cosa necesaria, para un temperamento que siempre apoyó a sus asociados, y que absorbe ideas con la viveza de genio. So the fusion came about. De modo que la fusión se produjo. Elsewhere (see JOHN HENRY NEWMAN) is related the story of those earlier years in which, from various sources, the future Tractarian leader gained his knowledge of certain Catholic truths, one by one. En otros lugares (véase John Henry Newman) se relaciona la historia de los años anteriores en que, a partir de diversas fuentes, el futuro líder Tractarian adquirido sus conocimientos de determinadas verdades católicas, uno por uno. But their living unity and paramount authority were borne in upon him by discussions with Froude, whose teacher was Keble. Pero su vida la unidad y la suprema autoridad fueron sufragados en que le sean encomendadas por las conversaciones con Froude, cuyo maestro fue Keble. Froude, says Newman, "professed openly his admiration for the Church of Rome, and his hatred of the Reformers. He delighted in the notion of an hierarchical system, of sacerdotal power, and of full ecclesiastical liberty. He felt scorn of the maxim, 'the Bible and the Bible only is the religion of Protestants'; and he gloried in accepting tradition as a main instrument of religious teaching. He has a high severe idea of the intrinsic excellence of virginity . . . He delighted in thinking of the saints . . . He embraced the principle of penance and mortification. He had a deep devotion to the Real Presence in which he had a firm faith. He was powerfully drawn to the Medieval Church, but not to the Primitive." Froude, dice Newman, "profesa abiertamente su admiración por la Iglesia de Roma, y su odio a los reformadores. Orador encantado en la noción de un sistema jerárquico, de poder sacerdotal, y de la plena libertad eclesiástica. En su opinión, el desprecio de la máxima, «la Biblia y la Biblia sólo es la religión de los protestantes', y él gloried en la tradición de aceptar como un instrumento esencial de la enseñanza religiosa. Él tiene un alto severa idea de la excelencia intrínseca de la virginidad... Él encantado en el pensamiento de los santos ... Él abrazado el principio de la penitencia y la mortificación. Tenía una profunda devoción a la presencia real en el que tenía una fe firme. Poderosamente Fue señala a la Iglesia medieval, pero no a la Primitiva ". ("Apol.", p. 24) ( "APOL.", P. 24)
These, remarkably enough, are characteristics of the later phases of the Movement, known as Ritualism, rather than of its beginning. Estos, muy suficiente, son características de las fases posteriores del Movimiento, conocido como Ritualism, más que de su comienzo. Yet Newman's friendship with Froude goes back to 1826; they became very intimate after the rejection of Peel by the university in 1829; and the Roman tendencies, of which mention is made above, cannot but have told powerfully on the leader, when his hopes for Anglicanism were shattered by the misfortunes of "Tract 90". Sin embargo, Newman's amistad con Froude se remonta a 1826, se hicieron muy íntimo después del rechazo de Peel de la universidad en 1829, y los romanos tendencias, de los cuales se hace mención más arriba, no puede menos que han dicho poderosamente en el líder, cuando sus esperanzas de Anglicanismo se hicieron añicos por las desgracias de "Tract 90". Keble, on the other hand, had "a great dislike of Rome", as well as of "Dissent and Methodism." Keble, por otra parte, había "una gran aversión a Roma", así como de "Metodismo y la disensión." The first years of the revival were disfigured by a strong anti-Roman polemic, which Froude, on his death-bed, condemned as so much "cursing and swearing." Los primeros años del renacimiento fueron desfiguradas por un fuerte anti-romana polémica, que Froude, en su lecho de muerte, condenó tanto como "la maldición y juramento." But Newman had been as a youth "most firmly convinced that the Pope was the Antichrist predicted by Daniel, St. Paul and St. John." Pero Newman ha sido como una juventud "más firmemente convencido de que el Papa era el Anticristo predicho por Daniel, St. Paul y San Juan." His imagination was stained by the effects of this doctrine as late as the year 1843. Su imaginación fue manchada por los efectos de esta doctrina tan tarde como el año 1843. In consequence, his language towards the ancient Church only just fell short of the vituperation lavished on it by the Puritans themselves. En consecuencia, su lengua hacia la Iglesia antigua sólo estuvieron a la altura de la vituperation prodigado en la que por sí mismos puritanos. The movement, therefore, started, not on Roman ground, but in a panic provoked by the alliance of O Connell with the Whigs, of Dissenters with Benthamites, intent on destroying all religious establishments. El movimiento, por lo tanto, se inició, no en terreno romano, pero en un pánico provocado por la alianza de O Connell con los Whigs, con los disidentes de Benthamites, la intención de destruir todos los establecimientos religiosos. How could they be resisted? ¿Cómo podría ser resistido? Newman answers in his opening tract, addressed to the clergy by one of themselves, a fellow-presbyter, "I fear", he tells them, "we have neglected the real ground on which our authority is built, our Apostolical descent." Newman respuestas en su discurso de apertura del tracto, dirigida al clero de uno de ellos, un compañero de presbítero, "me temo", les dice, "hemos descuidado el verdadero motivo por el que nuestra autoridad se construye, Apostolical nuestra ascendencia". And he made his appeal to the ordination service in other words, to the Prayer Book and the sacramental system, of which the clergy were the Divinely appointed ministers. Y él hizo su llamamiento a la coordinación de servicios en otras palabras, para el Libro de Oración y el sistema sacramental, de los cuales el clero eran los ministros designados divinamente.
The first three tracts are dated 9 September, 1833. Los tres primeros son extensiones de fecha 9 de septiembre, 1833. Newman and Froude, after their voyage to the Mediterranean in Dec. 1832, had returned in the midst of an agitation in which they were speedily caught up. Newman y Froude, después de su viaje al Mediterráneo en diciembre de 1832, habían regresado en medio de una agitación en el que fueron rápidamente atrapados. Keble's sermon in itself not very striking on "National Apostasy", had marked 14 July, 1833, as the birthday of a "second Reformation." Keble del sermón en sí mismo no es muy sorprendente en "Apostasía Nacional", había marcado el 14 de julio, 1833, como el cumpleaños de una "segunda Reforma". At Hadleigh, HJ Rose and three other clergymen had met in conference, 25 29 July, and were endeavoring to start a society of Church defence, with machinery and safeguards, as befitted responsible persons. En Hadleigh, HJ Rose y otros tres clérigos se reunieron en conferencia, 25 de 29 de julio, y se esfuerzan para crear una sociedad de defensa de la Iglesia, con la maquinaria y las salvaguardias, como corresponde a personas responsables. But Newman would not be swamped by committees. Pero Newman no sería inundado por las comisiones. "Luther", he wrote, "was an individual." "Lutero", escribió, "era una persona". He proposed to be an Apostolical Luther. Propuso a ser un Apostolical Lutero. He was not now tutor of Oriel. Él no era ahora tutor de Oriel. Hawkins had turned him out of office a curious acknowledgement of the vote by which he had made Hawkins provost instead of Keble. Hawkins ha convertido a él fuera de la oficina un curioso recibo de la votación por la cual él había hecho Hawkins preboste en lugar de Keble. But he was Vicar of St. Mary's a parish dependent on Oriel, and the university church. Pero él fue Vicario de Santa María es una parroquia dependiente de Oriel, y la iglesia universitaria. His pulpit was one of the most famous in England. Su púlpito es uno de los más famosos en Inglaterra. He knew the secret of journalism, and had at his command a stern eloquence, barbed by convictions, which his reading of the Fathers and the Anglican folios daily strengthened. Conocía el secreto del periodismo, y tuvo a su mando una severa elocuencia, púas de las condenas, que su lectura de los Padres y la anglicana folios diario fortalecerse. He felt supreme confidence in his position. A su juicio, suprema confianza en su posición. But he was not well read in the history of the Anglican origins or of the Royal Supremacy. Pero él no era así leer en la historia de los orígenes Anglicana o de la Real Supremacía. His Church was an ideal; never, certainly, since the legislation of Henry and Elizabeth had the English Establishment enjoyed the freedom he sought. Su Iglesia era un ideal, nunca, sin duda, dado que la legislación de Henry y Elizabeth la había disfrutado de Inglés Establecimiento de la libertad que buscaba. It had issued articles of faith imposed by political expediency; it had tolerated among its communicants Lutherans, Calvinists, Erastians, and in the persons of high dignitaries like Bishop Hoadley even Socinians. Se ha publicado artículos de fe impuesta por conveniencia política, sino que ha tolerado su communicants entre luteranos, calvinistas, Erastians, y en las personas de altos dignatarios como Obispo Hoadley incluso Socinians. It had never been self-governing in the past any more than it was now. Nunca ha sido autónomo en el pasado nada más que ahora es. If the "idea or first principle" of the movement was "ecclesiastical liberty", it must be pronounced a failure; for the Royal Supremacy as understood by lawyers and lamented over by High Church divines is still intact. Si la "idea o primer principio" del movimiento era "la libertad eclesiástica", que debe ser pronunciada un fracaso, por el Real entendido como la supremacía de los abogados y se lamentó por el Alto Iglesia divines sigue intacta.
On that side, therefore, not a shadow of victory appears. Por ese lado, por lo tanto, no una sombra de la victoria parece. Anyone may believe the doctrines peculiar to Tractarian theology, and any one may reject them, without incurring penalties in the Church Establishment. Cualquiera puede creer las doctrinas propias de Tractarian teología, y cualquiera podrá rechazar, sin incurrir en sanciones en la Iglesia Establecimiento. They are opinions, not dogmas, not the exclusive teaching that alone constitutes a creed. Son opiniones, no dogmas, no exclusivo de enseñanza que constituye un solo credo. Fresh from Aristotle's "Ethics", where virtue is said to lie in a mean, the Oriel scholar termed his position the Via Media; it was the golden mean that avoided papal corruptions and Protestant heresies. Dulce de Aristóteles "Ética", donde la virtud se dice que están en una media, el estudioso denomina Oriel su posición de la Vía Media, que fue el punto medio que evite la corrupción papal y herejías protestantes. But did it exist anywhere except in books? Pero lo hizo existen en cualquier lugar, excepto en los libros? Was it not "as a doctrine, wanting in simplicity, hard to master, indeterminate in its provisions, and without a substantive existence in any age or country?" ¿No es "como una doctrina, el querer a la sencillez, difícil de dominar, indeterminado en sus disposiciones, y sin existencia de fondo en cualquier edad o país?" Newman did not deny that "it still remains to be tried whether what is called Anglo-Catholicism, the religion of Andrewes, Laud, Hammond, Butler, and Wilson, is capable of being professed, acted on, and maintained . . . or whether it be a mere modification or transition-state of Romanism or of popular Protestantism." Newman no negó que "sigue siendo a ser juzgado si lo que se llama anglo-catolicismo, la religión de Andrewes, Laud, Hammond, Butler, y Wilson, es capaz de ser profesos, actuó en, y mantenido... O si que se trate de una simple modificación o transición de estado de Romanism o de protestantismo popular ". The Via Media was an experiment. La Vía Media fue un experimento. Perhaps the Established Church "never represented a doctrine at all . . . never had an intellectual basis"; perhaps it has "been but a name, or a department of State" (Proph. Office, Introd.). Tal vez la iglesia "nunca representó una doctrina en todos los... Nunca tuvo una base intelectual", quizá "ha sido sino un nombre, o de un departamento de Estado" (Proph. Oficina, introd.). To this second conclusion the author finally came; but not until during eight years he had made trial of his "middle way" and had won to it a crowd of disciples. Para esta segunda conclusión, el autor finalmente llegó, pero no hasta que durante ocho años se ha hecho prueba de su "vía media" y había ganado para sí una multitud de discípulos. The Tractarian Movement succeeded after his time in planting among the varieties of Anglican religious life a Catholic party. El Movimiento Tractarian logrado después de su tiempo en la plantación de variedades entre los anglicanos de la vida religiosa católica parte. It failed altogether in making of the Establishment a Catholic Church. No del todo en la toma de la Creación de una iglesia católica.
Palmer, of Worcester College, and his clerical associates presented an address in 1834, signed with 10,000 names, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, defending the imperilled interests. Palmer, de Worcester College, y su oficina se asocia presentó un discurso en 1834, firmó con los nombres de 10000, para el arzobispo de Canterbury, la defensa de los intereses en peligro. Joshua Watson, a leading layman, brought up one more emphatic, to which 230,000 heads of families gave their adhesion. Joshua Watson, líder laico, un criado más enfática, a que 230000 cabezas de familia dieron su adhesión. But of these collective efforts no lasting results came, although they frightened the Government and damped its revolutionary zeal. Pero de estos esfuerzos colectivos duradera no vinieron, a pesar de que el Gobierno asustado de amortiguamiento y su celo revolucionario. Mr. Rose, a man of high character and distinction, had started the "British Magazine" as a Church organ; the conference at Hadleigh was due to him; and he seemed to be marked out as chief over "nobodies" like Froude and Newman. Sr Rose, un hombre de gran carácter y distinción, ha comenzado la "revista británica" como un órgano de la Iglesia, la conferencia en Hadleigh se debió a él, y él parecía estar marcado como jefe más "nobodies" como Froude y Newman . His friends objected to the "Tracts" which were the doing of these free lances. Sus amigos se opuso a la "Tracts", que fueron la acción de estas lanzas libre. Newman, however, would not give way. Newman, sin embargo, no ceder el paso. His language about the Reformation offended Mr. Rose, who held it to be a "deliverance"; and while Froude was eager to dissolve the union of Church and State, which he considered to be the parent or the tool of "Liberalism" in doctrine, he called Rose a "conservative." Su lengua, sobre la Reforma ofendido Sr Rose, quien celebró que se trata de una "liberación", y mientras estaba ansiosa de Froude para disolver la unión de la Iglesia y el Estado, que él considera que el padre o la herramienta de "liberalismo" en la doctrina , Pidió Rose un "conservador". Between minds thus drawing in opposite directions any real fellowship was not likely to endure. Entre las mentes de este modo de dibujo en direcciones opuestas una verdadera beca no era probable que soportar. Rose may be termed an auxiliary in the first stage of Church defence; he never was a Tractarian; and he died in 1839. Rose puede denominarse auxiliar en la primera etapa de la Iglesia defensa; él nunca fue un Tractarian, y murió en 1839. His ally, William Palmer, long survived him. Su aliado, William Palmer, él sobrevivió largo. Palmer, an Irish Protestant, learned and pompous, had printed his "Origines Liturgicae" in 1832, a volume now obsolete, but the best book for that period on the Offices of the Church of England. Palmer, un irlandés protestante, aprendieron y pomposo, ha impreso su "Origines Liturgicae" en 1832, un volumen ahora obsoletos, pero el mejor libro para ese período en las oficinas de la Iglesia de Inglaterra. His later "Treatise on the Church", of 1838, was purely Anglican and therefore anti-Roman; it so far won the respect of Father Perrone, SJ, that he replied to it. Su posterior "Tratado sobre la Iglesia", de 1838, fue puramente Anglicana y, por tanto, anti-romano, sino que hasta el momento ganado el respeto del Padre Perrone, SJ, que respondió a ella.
Palmer was no Tractarian either, as his "Narrative of Events", published in 1843, sufficiently proves. Palmer no fue Tractarian bien, como su "Narración de eventos", publicado en 1843, demuestra suficientemente. The difference may be sharply stated. La diferencia puede ser bruscamente declaró. Genuine Anglicans identified the Catholic Church once for all with the local body of which they were members, and interpreted the phenomena whether of medieval or reformed Christianity on this principle; they were Englishmen first and Catholics after. Auténtico anglicanos identificado la Iglesia Católica una vez por todas con el órgano local de las que eran socios, e interpretado los fenómenos de si medieval o reformar el cristianismo en este principio, sino que fueron los ingleses primero y después los católicos. Not so with Newman, who tells us, "I felt affection for my own Church, but not tenderness . . . if Liberalism once got a footing within her, it was sure of the victory in the event. I saw that Reformation principles were powerless to rescue her. As to leaving her, the thought never crossed my imagination; still I ever kept before me that there was something greater than the Established Church, and that was the Church Catholic and Apostolic, set up from the beginning, of which she was but the local presence and the organ." No ocurre lo mismo con Newman, quien nos dice, "me sentía afecto por mi propia Iglesia, pero no la ternura... Si el liberalismo, una vez obtuvo un pie dentro de ella, que estaba seguro de la victoria en el evento. He visto que la Reforma principios fueron impotentes a su rescate. En cuanto a salir de ella, nunca el pensamiento cruzó mi imaginación; todavía que he mantenido delante de mí que era algo mayor que la iglesia oficial, y que fue la Iglesia Católica y Apostólica, creado desde el principio, de la cual pero fue la presencia local y el órgano. " These divergent views went at last asunder in 1845. Estas opiniones divergentes en el pasado fue roto en 1845.
"The new Tracts," says Dean Church, "were received with surprise, dismay, ridicule, and indignation. But they also at once called forth a response of eager sympathy from numbers." "El nuevo Tracts", dice Dean Iglesia, "se recibió con sorpresa, consternación, el ridículo, e indignación. Pero también llama a la vez expone una respuesta de simpatía deseosos de números." An active propaganda was started all over the country. Una activa propaganda se inició en todo el país. Bishops were perplexed at so bold a restatement of the Apostolic Succession, in which they hardly believed. Obispos se perplejos atrevido a una reformulación de la sucesión apostólica, en el que apenas cree. Newman affirmed the principle of dogma; a visible Church with sacraments and rites as the channels of invisible grace; a Divinely ordained episcopal system as inculcated by the Epistles of St. Ignatius. Newman afirmó el principio del dogma, una Iglesia visible, con sacramentos y ritos como los canales de la gracia invisible; divinamente ordenado un sistema episcopal como inculcado por las Epístolas de San Ignacio. But the Erastian or Liberal did not set store by dogma; and the Evangelical found no grace ex opere operato in the sacraments. Pero la Erastian Liberal o no almacenar conjunto de dogmas, y los evangélicos no encontró la gracia ex Opere operato en los sacramentos. Episcopacy to both of them was but a convenient form of Church government, and the Church itself a voluntary association. Episcopado a ambos, pero fue una forma de gobierno de la Iglesia, y la misma Iglesia una asociación voluntaria. Now the English bishops, who were appointed by Erastians ("an infidel government" is Keble's expression), dreaded the power of Evangelicals. Ahora los obispos Inglés, que fueron nombrados por Erastians ( "un gobierno infiel" es la expresión Keble), el temible poder de los evangélicos. At no time could they dare to support the "Tracts." En ningún momento puede que se atreven a apoyar la "Tracts". Moreover, to quote Newman, "All the world was astounded at what Froude and I were saying; men said that it was sheer Popery." Por otra parte, para citar a Newman, "Todo el mundo estaba asombrado por lo que Froude y me estaban diciendo; los hombres dice que es pura Popery". There were searchings of heart in England, the like of which had not been felt since the non-jurors went out. Hubo searchings en el corazón de Inglaterra, al igual que la de que no se habían dejado sentir desde los jurados no salió. Catholics had been emancipated; and "those that sat in the reformers seats were traducing the Reformation." Los católicos se han emancipado, y "los que se sentaban en los reformistas fueron puestos traducing la Reforma." To add to the confusion, the Liberalizing attack on the university had now begun. Para añadir a la confusión, la liberalización de ataque a la universidad ya había comenzado. In 1834 Dr. Hampden wrote and sent to Newman his pamphlet, in which he recommended the abolition of tests for Dissenters, or technically, of subscription to the Articles by undergraduates. En 1834 Dr Hampden escribió y envió a su panfleto Newman, en el que se recomendaba la supresión de las pruebas de detección de los disidentes, o técnicamente, con la suscripción de los artículos de pregrado. On what grounds? ¿Por qué motivos? Because, he said, religion was one thing, theological opinion another. Porque, dijo, la religión es una cosa, otra opinión teológica. The Trinitarian and Unitarian doctrines were merely opinions, and the spirit of the English Church was not the spirit of dogma. El trinitario y unitario doctrinas no son más que opiniones, y el espíritu de la Iglesia Inglés no es el espíritu del dogma. Hampden did little more than repeat the well-known arguments of Locke and Chillingworth; but he was breaking open the gates of Oxford to unbelief, as Newman foresaw, and the latter answered wrathfully that Hampden's views made shipwreck of the Christian faith. Hampden hizo poco más que repetir la bien conocida argumentos de Locke y Chillingworth, pero fue romper abrir las puertas de Oxford a la incredulidad, como Newman preveía, y este último responde a que wrathfully Hampden las opiniones formuladas naufragio de la fe cristiana. "Since that time", says the "Apologia", "Phaethon has got into the chariot of the sun; we, alas, can only look on, and watch him down the steep of heaven." "Desde entonces", dice la "Apología", "Phaethon tiene en el carro del sol, sino que, por desgracia, sólo puede ver, mirar y él las empinadas de los cielos." In Mark Pattison's phrase, the University has been secularized. Mark Pattison En la frase, la Universidad se ha secularizado. The Noetics of Oriel were followed by the Broad Churchmen of Balliol, and these by the agnostics of a more recent period. La de Oriel Noetics fueron seguidos por las grandes eclesiásticos de Balliol, y estos por los agnósticos de un período más reciente. From Whateley and Arnold, through the stormy days of "Tract 90" and Ward's "degradation" we come down to the Royal Commission of 1854, which created modern Oxford. Desde Whateley y Arnold, a través de los tormentosos días de "Tracto 90" Ward y la "degradación" que se reduce a la Comisión Real de 1854, que creó moderno Oxford. Subscription to the Articles was done away; fellowships ceased to be what some one has styled "clerical preserves"; there was an "outbreak of infidelity", says Pattison with a sneer, and names like Arthur Clough, Matthew Arnold, JA Froude, Jowett, and Max Müller triumphantly declare that the Liberals had conquered. Suscripción a los artículos se realizó lejos; becas dejado de ser lo que alguien ha de estilo "de oficina conserva"; hubo un "foco de la infidelidad", explica Pattison con un sneer, y nombres como Arthur Clough, Matthew Arnold, JA Froude, Jowett , Y Max Müller declarar triunfalmente que los liberales habían conquistado.
Newman lost the university, but he held it entranced for years by his visible greatness, by his preaching, and by his friendships. Newman perdió la universidad, sino que mantuvo que entranced durante años por su grandeza visible, por su predicación, y de sus amistades. The sermons, of which eight volumes are extant, afforded a severe yet most persuasive commentary upon tracts and treatises, in themselves always of large outlook and of nervous though formal style. Los sermones, de las cuales ocho son volúmenes existentes, que ofrece una grave aún más persuasivo comentario sobre el trayecto y tratados, en sí mismos de siempre y las grandes perspectivas de nervioso aunque el estilo formal. These, annotated after 1870 from the Catholic point of view, were reprinted in "Via Media", "Historical Sketches", "Discussions and Arguments", and two volumes of "Essays" (see popular editions of his Works, 1895). Estos, después de 1870 anotada de los católicos punto de vista, se reimprimió en "Via Media", "Sketches históricos", "Las discusiones y argumentos", y dos volúmenes de "Ensayos" (ver las ediciones de sus obras, 1895). Keble republished Hooker as if an Anglo-Catholic Aquinas (finished 1836); and from the chair of poetry were delivered his graceful Latin "Prælections", deeply imbued with the same religious colouring. Keble Hooker reeditado como si un anglo-católica de Aquino (finalizado 1836), y de la presidencia de la poesía se entregaron su elegante latín "Prælections", profundamente imbuido de la misma coloración religiosa. Hurrell Froude attempted a sketch of his own hero, St. Thomas à Becket, pattern of all anti-Erastians. Hurrell Froude intentó un esbozo de su propio héroe, à Santo Tomás Becket, patrón de todos los anti-Erastians. Bowden compiled the life of Pope Gregory VII, evidently for the like motive. Bowden compilado la vida del Papa Gregorio VII, evidentemente, al igual que para la motivación. Nor were poetical manifestos wanting. Tampoco se quieren manifiestos poéticos. To the "Lyra Apostolica" we may attribute a strong influence over many who could not grasp the subtle reasoning which filled Newman's "Prophetic Office." Para el "Lyra Apostolica" nos puede atribuir una gran influencia sobre muchos de los que no pueden captar la sutil razonamiento que llena Newman's "Profética Oficina". Concerning the verses from his pen, AJ Froude observes that, in spite of their somewhat rude form, "they had pierced into the heart and mind and there remained." En cuanto a los versos de su pluma, AJ Froude observa que, a pesar de su forma un tanto grosera, "que habían traspasado en el corazón y la mente y allí se mantuvo." "Lead, Kindly Light", he adds, "is perhaps the most popular hymn in the language." "El plomo, Por favor Luz", añade, "es quizás la más popular himno en la lengua". Here, indeed, "were thoughts like no other man's thoughts, and emotions like no other man's emotions." Aquí, de hecho, "fueron los pensamientos como ningún otro hombre de pensamientos y emociones como ningún otro las emociones del hombre." To the "Lyra", Keble and others also contributed poems. Para el "Lyra", Keble y otros poemas también contribuyó. And High Anglican stories began to appear in print. Y Alto Anglicana historias comenzaron a aparecer en forma impresa.
But inspiration needed a constant power behind it, if the tracts were not to be a flash in the pan. Pero la inspiración necesaria una constante el poder detrás de ella, si las extensiones no son para ser un flash en la cacerola. It was given in 1834 and 1835 by the accession to the movement of EB Pusey, Canon of Christ Church and Hebrew professor. Se le dio en 1834 y 1835 por la adhesión a la circulación de EB Pusey, Canon Iglesia de Cristo y profesor de hebreo. Pusey had enormous erudition, gained in part at German universities; he was of high social standing (always impressive to Englishmen), and revered as a saint for his devout life, his munificence, his gravity. Pusey había enorme erudición, adquirida en parte en las universidades alemanas; fue de alta posición social (siempre impresionante para los ingleses), y venerado como un santo por su vida devota, su munificence, su gravedad. Though a "dull and tedious preacher", most confused and unrhetorical, the weight of his learning was felt. A pesar de un "aburrido y tedioso predicador", más confuso y unrhetorical, el peso de su aprendizaje se consideró. He took the place that Mr. Rose could not have occupied long. Él tomó el lugar que el señor Rose no podría haber ocupado mucho tiempo. At once the world out of doors looked up to him as official head of the movement. A la vez el mundo fuera de las puertas buscó a él como oficial jefe de la circulación. It came to be known as "Puseyism" at home and abroad. Llegó a ser conocido como "Puseyism" en casa y en el extranjero. University wits had jested about "Newmaniacs" and likened the Vicar of St. Mary's to the conforming Jew, Neander; but "Puseyite" was a serious term even in rebuke. Universidad ingenio había Jested sobre "Newmaniacs" asimilarse y el Vicario de Santa María conforme a la Judio, Neander, pero "Puseyite" fue un grave plazo, incluso en reprimenda. The Tractarian leader showed a deference to this "great man" which was always touching; yet they agreed less than Pusey understood. El líder Tractarian mostró una deferencia a este "gran hombre" que siempre fue tocar, pero estuvieron de acuerdo en menos de Pusey entendido. Towards Rome itself the latter felt no drawing; Newman's fierceness betrayed the impatience of a thwarted affection. Hacia Roma se consideró este último no dibujo; Newman's fiereza traicionado la impaciencia de un frustrado afecto. "O that thy creed were sound, thou Church of Rome!" "O que tu credo fuera correcto, tú Iglesia de Roma!" he exclaimed in the bitterness of his heart. exclamó en la amargura de su corazón. Pusey, always mild, has none of that "hysterical passion." Pusey, siempre suave, no tiene ninguno de los que "histérica pasión". Neither did he regard the judgment of bishops as decisive, nor was he troubled by them if they ran counter the Fathers teaching, so intimately known to this unwearied student. Tampoco que la sentencia respecto de los obispos como decisivo, ni se le preocupados por si va en contra los Padres de enseñanza, por lo que íntimamente sabe que este unwearied estudiante.
He was "a man of large designs", confident in his position, "haunted by no intellectual perplexities." Fue "un hombre de grandes diseños", confiando en su posición, "obsesionado por no intelectual perplejidades". He welcomed responsibility, a little too much sometimes; and now he gave the tracts a more important character. El orador acoge con beneplácito la responsabilidad, un poco demasiado a veces, y ahora le dio la extensiones más importante personaje. His own in 1835 on Holy Baptism was an elaborate treatise, which led to others on a similar model. Su propio en 1835 en Santo Bautismo es un elaborado tratado, lo que llevó a otros en un modelo similar. In 1836 he advertised his great project for a translation or "library" of the Fathers, which was executed mainly in conjunction with the pious and eccentric Charles Marriot. En 1836 le anuncian su gran proyecto para una traducción o "biblioteca" de los Padres, que fue ejecutado principalmente en relación con los piadosos y excéntrico Charles Marriot. The republication of Anglican divines, from Andrewes onwards, likewise owed its inception to Pusey. La republicación de divines Anglicana, de Andrewes en adelante, igualmente debe su creación a Pusey. The instauratio magna of theology and devotion, intended to be purely Catholic, thus made a beginning. El instauratio magna de la teología y la devoción, destinados a ser puramente católica, lo que hizo un comienzo. It has taken on it since the largest dimensions, and become not only learned but popular; Anglican experts have treated the liturgy, church history, books for guidance in the spiritual life, hymnology, architecture and ritual with a copious knowledge and remarkable success. Se ha tardado en ella desde el más grande dimensiones, y no sólo aprender, sino popular; Anglicana expertos han tratado a la liturgia, la Historia de la Iglesia, libros de orientación en la vida espiritual, hymnology, la arquitectura y el ritual con un abundante conocimiento y un éxito notable. Of these enterprises Dr. Pusey was the source and for many years the standard. De estas empresas doctor Pusey era la fuente y durante muchos años la norma.
In 1836 Hurrell Froude, returning from Barbadoes in the last stage of weakness, died at his father's house in Devonshire. En 1836 Hurrell Froude, en el regreso de Barbadoes en la última etapa de debilidad, murió a su padre en la casa de Devonshire. His "Remains", of which we shall speak presently, were published in 1837. Su "restos", de los cuales vamos a hablar hoy, se publicaron en 1837. Newman's dearest friend was taken from him just as a fresh scene opened, with alarums and excursions to be repeated during half a century -- legal "persecutions", acts of reprisals, fallings away on the right hand and the left. Newman's queridos amigo se ha tomado de él sólo como un nuevo escenario abierto, con alarums y excursiones que se repita durante medio siglo - legal "persecuciones", los actos de represalias, fallings lejos en la mano derecha y la izquierda. Froude died on 28 February, 1836. Froude falleció el 28 de febrero, 1836. In May Dr. Hampden -- who had been appointed, thanks to Whateley, Regius Professor of Divinity on 7 Feb. -- was censured by the heads of houses, the governing board of the university, for the unsound doctrine taught in his "Bampton Lectures". En mayo de Dr Hampden - que había sido designado, gracias a Whateley, regius Profesor de Teología, el 7 de Febrero - fue censurado por los jefes de las casas, el consejo de administración de la universidad, por el poco doctrina enseña en su "Bampton Las conferencias ". All the Oxford residents at this time, except a handful, were incensed by what they considered the perils to faith which Dr. Hampden's free-thought was provoking. Todos los residentes de Oxford en este momento, excepto un puñado, se incensed por lo que consideraban los peligros a la fe que Dr Hampden gratis-es provocar el pensamiento. But it was Newman who, by his "Elucidations", pointed the charge, and gave to less learned combatants an excuse for condemning what the had not read. Pero es que Newman, por su "Elucidations", señaló la acusación, y dio al menos combatientes aprendido una excusa para condenar lo que el no había leído. Nemesis lay in wait on his threshold. Némesis radica en esperar a su umbral. The Evangelicals who trooped into Convocation to vote against Hampden "avowed their desire that the next time they were brought up to Oxford, it might be to put down the Popery of the Movement." Los evangélicos que trooped en la convocatoria a votar en contra de Hampden "declarado su deseo de que la próxima vez que fueron llevados hasta Oxford, podría ser presentado a la Popery del Movimiento."
At this date even Pusey celebrated the Reformers as "the founders of our Church"; and that largely fabulous account of the past which Newman calls "the Protestant tradition" was believed on all sides. En esta fecha se celebra Pusey incluso los reformadores como "los fundadores de nuestra Iglesia", y que en gran medida fabulosa cuenta de que el pasado Newman llama "la tradición protestante" se creía a todas las partes. Imagine, then, how shocked and alarmed were old-fashioned parsons of every type when Froude's letters and diaries upset "with amazing audacity" these "popular and conventional estimates"; when the Reformation was described as "a limb badly set", its apologist Jewel flung aside as "an irreverent Dissenter", its reasoning against the Catholic mysteries denounced as the fruit of a proud spirit which would make short work of Christianity itself. Imagine, entonces, ¿cómo conmocionado y alarmado se anticuada Parsons de todo tipo de Froude cuando las cartas y diarios disgustado "con increíble audacia" estos "populares y las estimaciones convencionales", cuando la Reforma se ha descrito como "un conjunto de extremidades mal", su apologista Jewel remotos de lado como "un irreverente Dissenter", su razonamiento en contra de los misterios católicos denunciado como fruto de un espíritu orgulloso de lo que haría corto trabajo del cristianismo en sí. Froude, in his graphic correspondence, appeared to be the enfant terrible who had no reserves and no respect for "idols" whether of the market-place or the theatre. Froude, en su correspondencia gráfica, parece ser el enfant terrible que no tenían reservas y no respeto de "ídolos" si de la plaza de mercado o el teatro. Friends were pained, foes exultant; "sermons and newspapers", says Dean Church, "drew attention to Froude's extravagances with horror and disgust." Amigos se duele, exultant enemigos; "los sermones y los periódicos", dice Dean Iglesia ", señaló a la atención de Froude del extravagancias con horror y asco". The editors, Keble no less than Newman, had miscalculated the effect, which was widely irritating and which increased the suspicion their own writings had excited of some deep-laid plot in favour of Rome (Letter to Faussett, June, 1835). Los editores, Keble no menos de Newman, había calculado mal el efecto, que fue ampliamente irritante y que aumentó la sospecha de sus propios escritos había emocionado de algunos profundas parcela establecido en favor de Roma (Carta a Faussett, junio, 1835). To be at once imprudent and insidious might seem beyond man's power; but such was the reputation Tractarians bore from that day. Para ser a la vez imprudente e insidioso podría parecer más allá del hombre de poder, pero tal era la reputación Tractarians agujero de ese día. Froude's outspoken judgments, however, marked the turning of the tide in ecclesiastical history. Froude's abiertamente las resoluciones judiciales, sin embargo, marcó el giro de la marea en la historia eclesiástica. "The divines of the Reformation", continues Dean Church, "never can be again, with their confused Calvinism, with their shifting opinions, their extravagant deference to the foreign oracles of Geneva and Zurich, their subservience to bad men in power, the heroes and saints of Churchmen." "El divines de la Reforma", continúa Dean Iglesia, "nunca puede ser una vez más, con su confusa calvinismo, con su cambio de opiniones, sus extravagantes deferencia a los extranjeros oráculos de Ginebra y Zurich, su sumisión a las malas hombres en el poder, los héroes y los santos de eclesiásticos ". Since Cobbet's indictment of the Reformation no language had so stirred the rage of "general ignorance", long content to take its legends on trust. Desde Cobbet la acusación de la Reforma no había lenguaje para que despertó la furia de "desconocimiento general", a largo contenido el derecho de tomar sus leyendas en la confianza. Froude's "Remains" were a challenge to it in one way, as the "Library of the Fathers" was in another, and yet again the ponderous "Catenas" of High Church authorities, to which by and by the "Parker Society" answered with its sixty-six volumes, mostly unreadable, of the Cranmer, Bullinger and Zurich pattern. Froude "restos" fueron un desafío para que de una manera, como la "Biblioteca de los Padres" estaba en otra, y una vez más la pesada "Catenas" de Alto autoridades eclesiásticas, para que de y por la "Sociedad de Parker" responde con sus sesenta y seis volúmenes, en su mayor parte ilegible, de la Cranmer, Bullinger y Zurich patrón. The Reformation theology was doomed. La Reforma fue condenado la teología. What the "Anglican regiment" has accomplished, JA Froude proclaims, "is the destruction of the Evangelical party in the Church of England." Lo que el "Anglicana regimiento" ha realizado, JA Froude proclama, "es la destrucción de la parte evangélica en la Iglesia de Inglaterra."
When Samson pulled down the temple of the Philistines, he was buried in its ruins. Cuando Sansón derribó el templo de los filisteos, fue enterrado en sus ruinas. Newman did not shrink from that sacrifice; he was ready to strike and be stricken. Newman no encogen de que el sacrificio; estaba dispuesto a la huelga y ser asolado. Though Hampden's condemnation would never have been carried by the Tractarians alone, they gave it a force and an edge in the very spirit of Laud. A pesar de la condena Hampden nunca habría sido llevado por la Tractarians por sí sola, le dieron como una fuerza y una ventaja en el espíritu mismo de Laud. To put down false teachers by authority, to visit them with penalties of censure and deprivation, they held was the duty of the Church and of the State as God's minister. Para poner en falsos maestros de autoridad, para visitarlos con penas de censura y las privaciones, que se celebrará el deber de la Iglesia y del Estado como ministro de Dios. They would have repealed Catholic Emancipation. Ellos se han derogado la Emancipación Católica. They resisted the grant to the College of Maynooth. Se resistió a la subvención al Colegio de Maynooth. They had saved the Prayer Book from amendments, and frightened politicians, who would have distributed the spoils of the Church among more or less "Liberal" schemes. Habían guardado el Libro de Oración de enmiendas, asustados y políticos, que han distribuido el botín de la Iglesia entre los más o menos "liberal" regímenes. By the year 1838 they had won their place in Oxford; the "Times" was coming over to their side; Bampton Lectures were beginning to talk of Catholic tradition as the practical rule of faith; and Evangelicals, infuriated if not dismayed, were put on their defence. Para el año 1838 se había ganado su lugar en Oxford, el "Times" está llegando a su lado; Bampton Lectures estaban empezando a hablar de tradición católica como en la práctica la regla de fe, y los evangélicos, si no se enfureció consternados, se pusieron en su defensa. Whateley from Dublin, Hawkins, Faussett, Hampden, Golightly, in Oxford, were calling up a motley array, united on one point only, that Tractarians must be handled as the emissaries of Rome. Whateley de Dublín, Hawkins, Faussett, Hampden, Golightly, en Oxford, se pide una serie Motley, unida a un sólo punto, que Tractarians debe ser manejado como los emisarios de Roma. Dr. Arnold in the Edinburgh launched an invective against the "Oxford Malignants", accusing them of "moral dishonesty." Dr Arnold en el Edimburgo lanzó una invectiva contra el "Oxford Malignants", acusándolos de "falta de honradez moral." Newman's former friend, Whateley, shrieked over "this rapidly increasing pestilence", and transfixed its leaders with epithets; they were "veiled prophets"; their religion was "Thuggee"; they were working out "infidel designs." Newman's antiguo amigo, Whateley, shrieked sobre "este rápido aumento de la pestilencia", y sus dirigentes transfixiada con epítetos, sino que fueron "veladas profetas"; su religión era "Thuggee", sino que estaban trabajando "infiel diseños". Lord Morpeth in the House of Commons trampled on "a sect of damnable and detestable heretics lately sprung up at Oxford", and mentioned Newman by name. Señor Morpeth en la Cámara de los Comunes pisoteados en "una secta de damnable y detestable herejes surgido últimamente en Oxford", y mencionó el nombre de Newman. From every quarter of the compass a storm was blowing up; but it moved round a thunder cloud called "Rome". De cada cuarto de la brújula de una tormenta fue volando, pero se movía alrededor de una nube de trueno llamada "Roma".
"Just at this time, June, 1838", says Newman, "was the zenith of the Tract Movement." "Justo en este momento, junio, 1838", dice Newman, "fue el cenit del tracto Movimiento". A change of fortune began with his bishop's charge, animadverting lightly on its Roman tendencies, to which the answer came at once from Newman, that if it was desired he would suppress the tracts. Un cambio de fortuna se inició con su obispo del cargo, animadverting la ligera en sus tendencias romano, para que la respuesta vino a la vez de Newman, que si se desea que se suprimen las extensiones. It was not asked of him; but he had written to Bowden the significant words, "I do not see how the bishop can materially alter his charge or how I can bear any blow whatever." No se pregunta de él, pero él había escrito a Bowden las palabras significativas, "no veo la forma en que el obispo puede alterar sustancialmente su cargo o cómo puedo soportar cualquier golpe lo que sea." Some of his friends objected to publishing the tract on the Roman Breviary; for it was not then realized how much the Anglican Prayer Book owes to Catholic, ie to Latin and papal sources. Algunos de sus amigos se opuso a la publicación de las vías en el Breviario romano; ya que no se realizaron entonces cuánto la anglicana Libro de Oración se debe a Católica, es decir, latín y fuentes papal. Newman impatiently rejoined that they must have confidence in him. Newman se reintegró con impaciencia que deben tener confianza en él. To Keble he disclosed his idea of giving up the tracts, the "British Critic", and St. Mary's. Para él Keble divulgación de su idea de renunciar a las extensiones, la "British Critic", y Santa María. For while preaching High Anglican doctrine, he said, "one cannot stop still. Shrewd minds anticipate conclusions, oblige one to say yes or no." Mientras que para predicar la doctrina anglicana Alto, dijo, "no se puede parar quieto. Sagaz mente anticipar conclusiones, obligar a uno a decir sí o no." He collected in January, 1839, "all the strong things" which he and others had flung out against the Church of Rome, and made of them "advertisements" to the Puseyite publications. Él recogidos en enero de 1839, "todas las cosas fuertes" que él y otros habían remotos en contra de la Iglesia de Roma, y se haga de ellas "anuncios" para la Puseyite publicaciones. By way of protest on the Low Church side, bishops, clergy, and laity united in the Martyrs Memorial to Cranmer and Latimer, set up near the spot where they suffered, in front of Balliol College. A modo de protesta en la Baja Iglesia, los obispos, clero y laicos unidos en el Memorial Mártires de Latimer y Cranmer, creado cerca del lugar donde sufrieron, en frente de Balliol College. But the tracts were selling faster than the printers could meet the demand. Pero los panfletos se vendían más rápido que las impresoras se podría satisfacer la demanda. In July, Newman, taking up again his always projected and never issued edition of Dionysius of Alexandria, plunged into the record of the Monophysites and the Council of Chalcedon. En julio, Newman, teniendo de nuevo su siempre proyectada y nunca emitió edición de Dionisio de Alejandría, sumido en el acta de la Monophysites y el Concilio de Calcedonia. In September he wrote to F. Rogers, "I have had the first real hit from Romanism"; an allusion to Wiseman's telling article on the Donatist schism in the "Dublin" for August. En septiembre escribió a F. Rogers, "he tenido el primer verdadero éxito de Romanism", una alusión a Wiseman del artículo revelador sobre el donatismo cisma en el "Dublín" para el mes de agosto. Walking with H. Wilberforce in the New Forest he made to him the "astounding confidence" that doubt was upon him, thanks to "the position of St. Leo in the Monophysite controversy, and the principle 'Securis judicat orbit terrarum' in that of the Donatists." Paseos con H. Wilberforce en el New Forest hizo para él la "asombrosa confianza" que se duda sobre él, gracias a "la posición de San Leo en el Monophysite controversia, y el principio" Securis judicat órbita terrarum 'en el de el Donatists ". A vista had opened to the end of which he did not see. Una vista había abierto al final de la cual no ve. His mind was never settled again in Anglicanism. Su mente nunca fue reiterada nuevamente en el anglicanismo. "He has told the story with so keen a feeling of its tragic and pathetic character", as Dean Church truly says, "that it will never cease to be read where the English language is spoken." "Él ha declarado a la historia con el fin de un sentimiento profundo de su trágico y patético personaje", como Dean Iglesia realmente dice, "que nunca dejará de ser leído cuando el idioma Inglés se habla." It was the story of a deliverance. Es la historia de una liberación. But still Samson paid for it with all he held dear. Pero todavía Samson pagado por él con todo lo que celebró queridos. Parallels from antiquity might affect a student like Newman. Parallels de antigüedad podría afectar a un estudiante como Newman. To the many, inside or beyond Oxford, they meant nothing. Para los muchos, dentro o más allá de Oxford, que significa nada. The live question always was, how to combat Rome, which appeared at the end of every vista as the goal of Tractarian reasoning. El vivir siempre se pregunta, cómo luchar contra Roma, que apareció al final de cada vista como el objetivo de Tractarian razonamiento. The "shrewd minds" which now harried and drove on their leader did not take to any "middle way"; these men cut into the movement at right angles and sang loudly Tendimus in Latium, they were pilgrims to St. Peter's shrine. La "mente sagaz", que ahora harried y llevó a su líder no tiene a ningún "medio"; estos hombres cortados en el movimiento a los ángulos rectos y cantó en voz alta Tendimus en Lacio, fueron los peregrinos a San Pedro del santuario. JB Morris, Dalgairns, Oakeley, Macmullen (converts in the sequel), came round Newman while his older associates had not advanced. JB Morris, Dalgairns, Oakeley, Macmullen (se convierte en la secuela), Newman llegó ronda, mientras que su edad avanzada se asocia no había avanzado. But the captain of the band was WG Ward, lecturer at Balliol, a friend of Stanley's and for a time attracted by Arnold, then suddenly changed for the good by the sermons at St. Mary's, with his one sole article of faith, Credo in Newmannum. Pero el capitán de la banda fue WG Ward, profesor en Balliol, un amigo de Stanley y durante un tiempo atraídos por Arnold, entonces de repente ha cambiado para el bien de los sermones en St Mary's, con su un único artículo de fe, en el Credo Newmannum. Ward, a strange, joyous, provoking figure, pervading the university with his logic and his jokes,was the enfant terrible of this critical time as Froude had been previously. Ward, un extraño, alegre, lo que provocó la figura, impregnando la universidad con su lógica y sus bromas, fue el enfant terrible de este momento crítico como Froude había sido anteriormente. They differed in a hundred ways; but both certainly urged Newman forward at a pace he would not have chosen. Ellos difieren en un centenar de formas, pero sin duda ambos Newman instó a avanzar a un ritmo que no ha elegido. Froude "did not seem to be afraid of inferences"; Ward revelled in them. Froude "no parece tener miedo de inferencias"; Ward revelled en ellos. It was Froude who first taught Newman "to look with admiration towards the Church of Rome." Se Froude que primero enseñó Newman "a mirar con admiración hacia la Iglesia de Roma." Ward, of all men the least inclined to compromise, did not care one jot for the Church of England, except insofar as it could be proved Catholic, by which he understood, as Protestants and Liberals did before him, the doctrine and discipline of the papal communion. Ward, de todos los hombres los menos inclinados al compromiso, no una atención de anotar para la Iglesia de Inglaterra, salvo en los casos en que puede ser demostrado Católica, por la que entiende, como los protestantes y los liberales hicieron antes que él, la doctrina y la disciplina de la papal Comunión. He had "the intellect of an archangel", as he said ingenuously; his acuteness and audacity were a continual challenge to Newman, who partly resented but still more yielded to them; and so the problem took a formidable shape: how much on "infused Catholicism" would the Establishment bear. Tuvo "el intelecto de un arcángel", como él dice ingenuously; su gravedad y audacia fueron un continuo desafío a Newman, quien en parte resentido, pero aún más dado a ellos, y por lo que el problema tuvo una formidable forma: en cuánto "infundido El catolicismo "el establecimiento soportar. It was "like proving cannon." Es "como demostrando cañón". The crucial test was applied in "Tract 90", which came out on 27 February, 1841. La prueba decisiva se aplicó en "Tracto 90", que salió el 27 de febrero, 1841. Once more, as in the case of Froude's "Remains", Newman miscalculated. Una vez más, como en el caso de Froude "restos", Newman calculado mal. He had drifted so far that he lost sight of the ever-enduring Protestantism which, to this day, is the bulwark of the national feeling against Rome. Él había ido hasta el momento que perdió de vista la cada vez más perdurable que el protestantismo, hasta el día de hoy, es el baluarte del sentimiento nacional contra la Roma. He thought his peace-offering would not cause offence. A su juicio, su oferta de paz-no sería motivo de delito. But Ward prophesied, and his instinct proved true, that it would "be hotly received." Pero Ward profetizado, y su instinto demostrado cierto, que "se recibió acaloradamente." A lively epistle from Church (afterwards Dean of St. Paul s) to F. Rogers at Naples shows the storm raging early in March. Un animado epístola de la Iglesia (después Decano de St. Paul s) a F. Rogers en Nápoles muestra la tormenta que asola a principios de marzo. What "Tract 90" affirmed was that the Thirty-Nine Articles might be signed in a Catholic, though not in a Roman sense; that they did not condemn the Council of Trent, which in 1562, the date of their publication, was not ended; and that a distinction must be drawn between the corruptions of popular religion and the formal decrees approved by the Holy See. ¿Qué "Tract 90" se afirmó que los treinta y nueve artículos podría ser firmado en un católico, aunque no en un sentido romano, que no condenó el Concilio de Trento, que en 1562, la fecha de su publicación, no se terminó , Y que debe hacerse una distinción entre la corrupción de la religión popular y la oficial de los decretos aprobados por la Santa Sede. It is now admitted, in the language of JA Froude, that "Newman was only claiming a position for himself and his friends which had purposely left open when the constitution of the Anglican Church was framed." Ahora es admitido, en el idioma de JA Froude, que "sólo Newman fue afirmando una posición para sí mismo y sus amigos que había dejado abierta a propósito cuando la constitución de la Iglesia Anglicana se enmarca". But he appeared to be an innovator and, in that excited season, a traitor. Pero él parecía ser un innovador y, en ese emocionado temporada, un traidor. The Philistines held him bound by his own cords; Erastians or Evangelicals, they well knew that his bishop would not shield him from attack. Los filisteos se celebró él obligado por sus propios cordones; Erastians o evangélicos, así que sabía que su obispo no le escudo de ataque. Four leading tutors, egged on by the fanatical Golightly, and including AC Tait, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, demanded the writer's name and charged him with dangerous tendencies. Cuatro líderes tutores, Egged por la fanática Golightly, y entre ellos AC Tait, después arzobispo de Canterbury, exigió el nombre del escritor y le acusó de peligrosas tendencias. The hebdomadal board now retorted on Newman the "persecution" dealt out on Hampden. La junta hebdomadal ahora replicó Newman en la "persecución" a tratarse en Hampden. They would not wait even twelve hours for his defence. Ellos no esperar hasta doce horas para su defensa. They resolved on 15 March, that "modes of interpretation such as are suggested in the said Tract, evading rather than explaining the sense of the Thirty-nine Article, and reconciling subscription to them with the adoption of errors, which they were designed to counteract, defeat the object, and are inconsistent with the due observance of the above mentioned Statutes." Ellos resolvieron el 15 de marzo, que "los modos de interpretación, como se sugiere en el tracto dice, en lugar de eludir explicar el sentido de los Treinta y nueve artículo, y la conciliación de suscripción a los mismos con la aprobación de errores, que fueron diseñados para contrarrestar , Al objeto, y son incompatibles con el debido respeto de los mencionados Estatutos. " This anathema was posted up on every buttery hatch, or public board, of the colleges, as a warning to undergraduates. Este anatema fue anunciado en todos los mantecoso escotilla, o público bordo, de los colegios, como una advertencia para los estudiantes. Newman acknowledged his authorship in a touching letter, perhaps too humble; and a war of pamphlets broke out. Newman reconoció su autoría en una conmovedora carta, tal vez demasiado humilde, y una guerra de panfletos estalló. Keble, Palmer, and Pusey stood up for the tract, though Pusey could not bring himself to approve of its method unconditionally. Keble, Palmer, Pusey y se puso de pie para las vías, aunque Pusey no podía traer a sí mismo para aprobar su método de manera incondicional. But Ward, with great effect, hurled back the charge of "insincerity" on those who made it. Sin embargo, Ward, con gran efecto, arrojaron de nuevo la acusación de "sinceridad" a aquellos que lo hizo. How could Whateley and Hampden use the services for baptism, visitation of the sick, or ordination, all dead against their acknowledged principles? ¿Cómo podría Whateley Hampden y utilizar los servicios para el bautismo, las visitas de los enfermos, o la coordinación, todos los muertos en contra de sus principios reconoce? But neither did Ward follow Newman. Pero tampoco Ward seguir Newman. Later on, he described the articles as "patient of a Catholic but ambitious of a Protestant meaning." Más tarde, describió los artículos como "paciente de un católico, sino de un ambicioso protestante sentido". Whatever their logic, their rhetoric was undoubtedly Protestant. Sea cual sea su lógica, su retórica es, sin duda, protestante. For himself, in subscribing them, he renounced no Roman doctrine. Por sí mismo, a suscribirse, no renunció a la doctrina romana. This, like all Ward's proceedings, was pouring oil on fire. Esto, al igual que todos los procedimientos de Ward's, fue vertiendo aceite al fuego. Newman had made the mistake of handling an explosive matter without precaution, in the dry legal fashion of an advocate, instead of using his his incomparable gift of language to persuade and convince. Newman había cometido el error de manejo de un explosivo asunto sin precaución, en la forma seca legal de un abogado, en lugar de utilizar su su incomparable don de la lengua para persuadir y convencer. His refinements were pilloried as "Jesuitism", and his motive was declared to be treason. Su mejoras fueron la picota como "jesuitismo", y su motivación se declaró traición a la patria. An immense commotion followed. Una inmensa conmoción seguido. The "Apologia" describes it, "In every part of the country, and every class of society, through every organ and opportunity of opinion, in newspapers, in periodicals, at meetings, in pulpits, at dinner-tables, in coffee-rooms, in railway-carriages, I was denounced as a traitor who had laid his train, and was detected in the very act of firing it against the time-honoured Establishment." La "Apología" describe que, "En todas partes del país, y cada clase de la sociedad, a través de todos los órganos y oportunidad de opinión, en los periódicos, en revistas, en las reuniones, en púlpitos, en la cena de mesas, en las salas de café , En vagones de ferrocarril-, me ha denunciado como un traidor que ha sentado su tren, y se detectó en el propio acto de disparar contra el tiempo-Creación honor ". His place in the movement was gone. Su lugar en el movimiento se ha ido.
He would not withdraw the tract; he reiterated its arguments in a Letter to Dr. Jeff; but at his bishop's request he brought the series to an end, addressing him in a strikingly beautiful pamphlet, which severed his own connection with the party he had led. El orador no retirar el tracto; reiteró sus argumentos en una carta al Dr Jeff, pero a su petición del obispo trajo la serie a su fin, hacer frente a él en una sorprendente y hermosa, folleto, que rompió su relación con la parte que había dirigido. He retired to Littlemore; and there, he says, "between July and November I received three blows that broke me." Se retiró a Littlemore, y allí, dice, "entre julio y noviembre he recibido tres golpes que me rompió". First, in translating St. Athanasius, he came on the Via Media once more; but it was that of the heretical Semi-Arians. En primer lugar, en la traducción de San Atanasio, llegó a la Vía Media, una vez más, pero es que de los herejes Semi-arrianos. Second, the bishops, contrary to an "understanding" given him, began to charge violently, as of set purpose, against "Tract 90", which they accused of Romanizing and dishonesty. En segundo lugar, los obispos, en contra de un "entendimiento" de él, comenzaron a cobrar forma violenta, como conjunto de efectos, contra "del Tracto 90", que acusaban de Romanizing y falta de honradez. Last came the unholy alliance between England and Prussia by which an Anglican Bishop was appointed at Jerusalem over a flock comprising, it would appear, not only Lutherans but Druses and other heretics. Última llegó la nefasta alianza entre Inglaterra y Prusia por el que un obispo anglicano fue nombrado en Jerusalén más de un rebaño compuesto por, al parecer, no sólo pero Drusas luteranos y otros herejes. The "Confession of Augsburg" was to be their standard. La "Confesión de Augsburgo" se iba a su nivel. Now, "if England could be in Palestine, Rome might be in England." Ahora, "si Inglaterra podría ser en Palestina, Roma podría estar en Inglaterra." The Anglican Church might have the Apostolical Succession; so had the Monophysites; but such acts led Newman to suspect that since the sixteenth century it had never been a Church at all. La Iglesia Anglicana podría tener el Apostolical la sucesión, por lo tanto tenía el Monophysites, pero esos actos Newman llevó a sospechar que desde el siglo XVI nunca ha sido una Iglesia en absoluto.
Now then he was a "pure Protestant", held back from Rome simply by its apparent errors and idolatries. Ahora, entonces él era un "puro protestante", lo que frenó de Roma simplemente por su aparente idolatrías y errores. Or were these but developments, after all of the primitive type and really true to it? O eran, pero estos acontecimientos, después de todo de la primitiva tipo y la verdad a ella? He had converted Ward by saying that "the Church of the Fathers might be corrupted into Popery, never into Protestantism." Él había convertido Ward diciendo que "la Iglesia de los Padres podrían ser corrompido en Popery, nunca en el protestantismo." Did not living institutions undergo changes by a law of their being that realized their nature more perfectly? ¿No viven las instituciones se someten a cambios de una ley de su ser que su cuenta de la naturaleza más perfecta? and was the Roman Church an instance? y fue la Iglesia romana una instancia? At Littlemore the great book was to be composed "On the Development of Christian Doctrine", which viewed this problem in the light of history and philosophy. En Littlemore el gran libro se compone "en el desarrollo de la Doctrina Cristiana", que considera este problema a la luz de la historia y la filosofía. Newman resigned St. Mary's in September, 1843. Newman renunció St Mary's en septiembre, 1843. He waited two years in lay communion before submitting to Rome, and fought every step of the journey. Esperó dos años en establecer la comunión antes de enviar a Roma, y luchó en cada paso del viaje. Meanwhile the movement went on. Mientras tanto, el movimiento prosiguió. Its "acknowledged leader" according to Dean Stanley was now WG Ward. Su "líder reconocido", de acuerdo con Stanley Dean estaba ahora WG Ward. On pure Anglicans a strong influence was exerted by JB Mozley, Newman's brother-in-law. El puro anglicanos una fuerte influencia fue ejercida por JB Mozley, Newman's cuñado. Keble, who was at odds with his bishop, vacated the chair of poetry; and the Tractarian candidate, Isaac Williams, was defeated in January, 1842. Keble, que es contraria a su obispo, dejó vacante la presidencia de la poesía y la Tractarian candidato, Isaac Williams, fue rechazada en enero de 1842. Williams had innocently roused slumbering animosities by his "Tract 80", on "Reserve in communicating religious knowledge", a warning, as ever since, Low Church partisans have maintained, that the Establishment was to be secretly indoctrinated with "Romish errors." Williams había despertado inocentemente Slumbering animosidades por su "Tract 80", sobre "Reserva de la comunicación en el conocimiento religioso", una advertencia, como siempre, ya que, bajo Iglesia partidarios han mantenido, que el establecimiento iba a ser adoctrinados en secreto con "Romish errores". The heads of houses now proposed to repeal their censure of 1836 on Hampden, though he withdrew not a line of his Bampton Lectures. Los jefes de las casas que ahora se propone derogar su censura de 1836 en Hampden, aunque él no se retira una línea de su Bampton Lectures. It was too much. Era demasiado. Convocation threw out the measure by a majority of three to two. Convocatoria expulsó a la medida por una mayoría de tres a dos. Hampden, by way of revenge, turned the formal examination of a Puseyite, Macmullen of Corpus, for the BD into a demand for assent to propositions which, as he well knew, Macmullen could not sign. Hampden, a modo de venganza, convirtió el examen formal de un Puseyite, Macmullen de Corpus, para la BD en una demanda de dictamen a proposiciones que, como él bien sabía, Macmullen no podía firmar. The vice-chancellor backed up Hampden; but the Delegates reversed that iniquitous judgment and gave the candidate his degree. El vice-canciller Hampden copia de seguridad, pero los delegados que invirtió inicua sentencia y le dio al candidato de su grado. The spirit of faction was mounting high. El espíritu de facción fue de montaje alto. Young men's testimonials for orders were refused by their colleges. Los varones jóvenes de testimonios de los pedidos fueron rechazados por sus colegios. A statute was brought up in February, 1844, to place the granting of all divinity degrees under a board in conjunction with the vice-chancellor, which would mean the exclusion from them of Tractarians. Un estatuto fue planteada en febrero de 1844, lugar a la concesión de todos los grados divinidad en virtud de un bordo en relación con el vice-canciller, lo que significaría la exclusión de ellos de Tractarians. This, indeed, was rejected by 341 votes to 21. Esto, de hecho, fue rechazada por 341 votos a favor, 21. But Newman had said a year earlier, that the authorities were bent on exerting their "more than military power" to put down Catholicism. Pero Newman había dicho un año antes, que las autoridades se empeñan en ejercer su "más que poder militar" para poner en el catolicismo. RW Church calls them an irresponsible and incompetent oligarchy. RW Iglesia llama una irresponsable e incompetente oligarquía. Their chiefs were such as Hawkins, Symons, and Cardwell, bitterly opposed to the movement all through. Sus jefes fueron, como Hawkins, Symons, y Cardwell, se opone amargamente a la circulación a través de todos. As Newman had retired, they struck at Pusey; and by a scandalous inquisition of "the six doctors" they suspended him, without hearing a word of his defence, from preaching for two years, 2 June, 1843. Como Newman se había jubilado, que golpeó a Pusey, y por un escándalo de la Inquisición "los seis médicos" se le suspende, sin oír una palabra de su defensa, de predicar durante dos años, el 2 de junio, 1843. His crime consisted in a moderate Anglican sermon on the Holy Eucharist. Su delito consistió en un sermón moderado Anglicana sobre la Sagrada Eucaristía.
Espionage, delation, quarrels between heads and tutors, rejection of Puseyites standing for fellowships, and a heated suspicion as though a second Popish Plot were in the air, made this time at Oxford a drama which Dean Church likens to the Greek faction-fights described by Thucydides. Espionaje, delación, peleas entre jefes y tutores, el rechazo de Puseyites permanente de becas, y un acalorado como si sospecha una segunda Complot papista estaban en el aire, realizados esta vez en Oxford un drama que Dean Iglesia asimila a la facción griego-describe las luchas de Tucídides. The situation could not last. La situación no podía durar. A crisis might have been avoided by good sense on the part of the bishops outside, and the ruling powers within the university. Una crisis podría haberse evitado de buen sentido por parte de los obispos fuera, y la decisión competencias dentro de la universidad. It was precipitated by WG Ward. Se precipitó por el GT Ward. Ejected from his lectureship at Balliol, he wrote violent articles between 1841 and 1843 in the "British Critic", no longer in Newman's hands. Expulsado de su lectureship en Balliol, escribió violentos artículos entre 1841 y 1843 en el "British crítico", ya no en las manos de Newman. His conversation was a combat; his words of scorn for Anglican doctrines and dignitaries flew round the colleges. Su conversación era un combate; sus palabras de desprecio por las doctrinas Anglicana y dignatarios voló ronda los colegios. In 1843 Palmer of Worcester in his dreary "Narrative of Events" objected strongly to Ward's "Romanizing" tendencies. En 1843 Palmer de Worcester en su sombrío "Narrativa de eventos" se opuso firmemente a Ward's "Romanizing" tendencias. The "British Critic" just then came to an end. La "British Critic" sólo entonces llegó a su fin. Ward began a pamphlet in reply; it swelled to 600 pages, and in the summer of 1844 burst on an irritated public as "The Ideal of a Christian Church." Ward comenzó un folleto en respuesta, sino que aumentó a 600 páginas, y en el verano de 1844 irrumpieron en una irritada público como "el ideal de una Iglesia Cristiana."
Its method was simple. Su método era sencillo. The writer identified all that was Roman with all that was Catholic; and proceeded to apply this test to the Church of England, which could ill bear it. El escritor identificado todo lo que se romanos con todo lo que era católica, y procedió a aplicar esta prueba a la Iglesia de Inglaterra, lo que podría soportar los malos. Rome satisfied the conditions of what a Church ought to be; the Establishment shamefully neglected its duties as a "guardian of morality" and a "teacher of orthodoxy." Roma satisfecho las condiciones de una Iglesia lo que debería ser; el establecimiento vergonzosamente desatendido sus obligaciones como un "guardián de la moral" y un "maestro de la ortodoxia." It ignored the supernatural; it allowed ethics to be thrown overboard by its doctrine of justification without works; it had no real Saints because it neither commended nor practised the counsels of perfection; it was a schismatic body which ought humbly to sue for pardon at the feet of the true Bride of Christ. Por el hecho caso omiso de lo sobrenatural, sino que permite la ética a ser arrojados por la borda de su doctrina de la justificación sin obras; no tenía real Santos porque ni elogia ni practica los consejos de perfección, sino que es un órgano schismatic que debería humildemente a entablar una demanda por el indulto a pies de la verdadera Esposa de Cristo. To evade the spirit of the Articles while subscribing them, where necessary, in a "non-natural" sense, was the only alternative Ward could allow to breaking with Anglicanism altogether. Para evadir el espíritu de los artículos, mientras que la suscripción, en caso necesario, en un "no natural" sentido, fue la única alternativa Ward podría permitir a romper del todo con el anglicanismo. Unlike Newman, who aimed at reconciling differences, and to whom the Lutheran formula was but "a paradox or a truism", Ward repudiated the "solifidian" view as an outrage on the Divine sanctity; it was "a type of Antichrist", and in sound reason no better than Atheism. Unlike Newman, who aimed at reconciling differences, and to whom the Lutheran formula was but "a paradox or a truism", Ward repudiated the "solifidian" view as an outrage on the Divine sanctity; it was "a type of Antichrist", and in sound reason no better than Atheism. So his "relentless and dissolving logic" made any Via Media between Catholics and Protestants impossible. The very heart of the Elizabethan compromise he plucked out. His language was diffuse, his style heavy, his manner to the last degree provoking. But whereas "Tract 90" did not really state, and made no attempt to resolve, the question at issue, Ward's "Ideal" swept away ambiguous terms and hollow reconcilements; it contrasted, however clumsily, the types of saintliness which were in dispute; it claimed for the Catholic standard not toleration, but supremacy; and it put the Church of England on its knees before Rome. But whereas "Tract 90" did not really state, and made no attempt to resolve, the question at issue, Ward's "Ideal" swept away ambiguous terms and hollow reconcilements; it contrasted, however clumsily, the types of saintliness which were in dispute; it claimed for the Catholic standard not toleration, but supremacy; and it put the Church of England on its knees before Rome.
How could Oxford or the clergy endure such a lesson? So complete a change of attitude on the part of Englishmen, haughtily erect on the ruins of the old religion, was not to be dreamt of. This, then, was what "Tract 90" had in view with its subtleties and subterfuges a second Cardinal Pole absolving the nation as it lay in the dust, penitent. The result, says Dean Stanley, was "the greatest explosion of theological apprehension and animosity" known to his time. Not even the tract had excited a more immediate or a more powerful sensation. Ward's challenge must be taken up. He claimed, as a priest in the Church of England, to hold (though not as yet to teach) the "whole cycle of Roman doctrine." Newman had never done so; even in 1844 he was not fully acquiescent on all the points he had once controverted. He would never have written the "Ideal"; much of it to him read like a theory. But in Oxford the authorities, who were acting as if with synodical powers, submitted to Convocation in Dec. 1844, three measures:
to condemn Ward's book;
to degrade the author by taking away his university degrees; and
to compel under pain of expulsion, every one who subscribed the Articles to declare that he held them in the sense in which "they were both first published and were now imposed by the university."
Had the penalty on Ward, vindictive and childish as it now appears, stood alone, few would have minded it. Even Newman wrote in January, 1845, to JB Mozley, "Before the Test was sure of rejection, Ward had no claims on anyone." But over that "Test" a wild shriek arose. Liberals would be affected by it as surely as Tractarians. Tait, one of the "Four Tutors", Maurice, the broadest of Broad Churchmen, Professor Donkin, most intellectual of writers belonging to the same school, came forward to resist the imposition and to shield "Tract 90", on the principle of "Latitude". Tait, one of the "Four Tutors", Maurice, the broadest of Broad Churchmen, Professor Donkin, most intellectual of writers belonging to the same school, came forward to resist the imposition and to shield "Tract 90", on the principle of " Latitude". Stanley and another obtained counsel's opinion from a future lord chancellor the Test was illegal. On 23 January, they published his conclusion, and that very day the proposal was withdrawn. But on 25 January, the date in 1841 of "Tract 90" itself, a formal censure on the tract, to be brought up in the approaching Convocation, was recommended to voters by a circular emanating from Faussett and Ellerton. This anathema received between four and five hundred signatures in private, but was kept behind the scenes until 4 Feb. The hebdomadal board, in a frenzy of excitement, adopted it amid protests from the Puseyites and from Liberals of Stanley's type. Stanley's words during the tumult made a famous hit. In a broadside he exclaimed, "The wheel is come full circle. The victors of 1836 are the victims of 1845. The victims of 1845 are the victors of 1836. The assailants are the assailed. The assailed are the assailants. The condemned are the condemners. The condemners are the condemned. The wheel is come full circle. How soon may it come round again?" In a broadside he exclaimed, "The wheel is come full circle. The victors of 1836 are the victims of 1845. The victims of 1845 are the victors of 1836. The assailants are the assailed. The assailed are the assailants. The condemned are the condemners. The condemners are the condemned. The wheel is come full circle. How soon may it come round again?" A comment on this "fugitive prophecy" was to be afforded in the Gorham case, in that of "Essays and Reviews," in the dispute over Colenso, and in the long and vexatious lawsuits arising out of Ritualism. The endeavour was made to break every school of doctrine in succession on this wheel, but always at length in vain.
Convocation met in a snowstorm on 13 February, 1845. It was the last day of the Oxford Movement. Ward asked to defend himself in English before the vast assembly which crowded into the Sheldonian Theatre. He spoke with vigour and ability, declaring "twenty times over" that he held all the articles of the Roman Church. Amid cries and counter-cries the votes were taken. The first, which condemned his "Ideal", was carried by 777 to 386. The second, which deprived him of university standing, by 569 to 511. When the vice-chancellor put the third, which was to annihilate Newman and "Tract 90", the proctors rose, and in a voice that rang like a trumpet Mr. Guillemard of Trinity, the senior, uttered their "Non placet". This was fatal to the decree, and in the event to that oligarchy which had long ruled over Oxford. Newman gave no sign. But his reticence boded nothing good to the Anglican cause. The University repudiated his followers and they broke into detachments, the many lingering behind with Keble or Pusey; others, and among them Mark Pattison, a tragic instance, lapsing into various forms of modern unbelief; while the genuine Roman group, Faber, Dalgairns, Oakeley, Northcote, Seager, Morris and a long stream of successors, became Catholics. The University repudiated his followers and they broke into detachments, the many lingering behind with Keble or Pusey; others, and among them Mark Pattison, a tragic instance, lapsing into various forms of modern unbelief; while the genuine Roman group, Faber, Dalgairns, Oakeley, Northcote, Seager, Morris and a long stream of successors, became Catholics. They left the Liberal party to triumph in Oxford and to remould the University. If 13 February, 1845 was the "Dies Irae" of Tractarian hopes, it saw the final discomfiture of the Evangelicals. Henceforth, all parties in the National Church were compelled to "revise the very foundations of their religion." Dogma had taken refuge in Rome.
In April, 1845, the country was excited by Sir R. Peel's proposals for the larger endowment of Maynooth (see Macaulay's admirable speech on the occasion). In June, Sir H. Jenner Fust, Dean of Arches, condemned Oakeley of Margaret Street chapel for holding the like doctrines with Ward, who was already married and early in September was received into the Church. Newman resigned his Oriel fellowship, held since 1822, at the beginning of October. He did not wait to finish the "Development"; but on the feast of St. Denys, 9 October, made his profession of the Catholic Faith to Father Dominic at Littlemore. The Church of England "reeled under the shock." Deep silence, as of stupor, followed the clamours and long agonies of the past twelve years. The Via Media swerved aside, becoming less theoretical and less learned, always wavering between the old Anglican and the new Roman road, but gradually drawing nearer to the Roman. Its headquarters were in London, Leeds and Brighton, no longer in Oxford.
But an "aftermath" of disputes, and of conversions in the year 1851, remains to be noticed. On 15 November, 1847, the Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, nominated to the See of Hereford, the "stormy petrel" of those controversies, Dr. Hampden. He did so "to strengthen the Protestant character of our Church, threatened of late by many defections to the Church of Rome." The "Times" expresses amazement; Archbishop Howley and thirteen other bishops remonstrated; but Dr. Pusey was "the leader and oracle of Hampden's opponents." At Oxford the Heads of Houses were mostly in favour of the nominee, though lying under censure since 1836. An attempt was made to object at Bow Church when the election was to be confirmed; but the Archbishop had no freedom, and by congé d'élire and exercise of the Royal Supremacy a notoriously unsound teacher became Bishop of Hereford, It was the case of Hoadley in a modern form. An attempt was made to object at Bow Church when the election was to be confirmed; but the Archbishop had no freedom, and by congé d'élire and exercise of the Royal Supremacy a notoriously unsound teacher became Bishop of Hereford, It was the case of Hoadley in a modern form.
Almost at the same date (2 November, 1847) the Rev. GC Gorham, "an aged Calvinist", was presented to the living of Brampton Speke in Devonshire. "Henry of Exeter", the bishop, holding High Anglican views, examined him at length on the subject of baptismal regeneration, and finding that he did not believe in it, refused to induct Mr. Gorham. The case went to the Court of Arches - a spiritual court where Sir H. Jenner Fust decided against the appellant, 2 August, 1849. Mr. Gorham carried a further appeal to the judicial committee, the lay royal tribunal, which reversed the decision of the spiritual court below. Dr. Philpotts, the Bishop of Exeter, refused to institute; and the dean of arches was compelled to do so instead. The bishop tried every other court in vain; for a while he broke off communion, so far as he dared, with Canterbury. As Liberalism had won at Hereford, so Calvinism won at Brampton Speke.
These decisions of the Crown in Council affected matters of doctrine most intimately. Newman's lectures on "Anglican Difficulties" were drawn forth by the Gorham judgment. But Pusey, Keble, Gladstone, and Anglo-Catholics at large were dumbfounded. Manning, Archdeacon of Chichester, had neither written tracts nor joined in Newman's proceedings. He did not scruple to take part with the general public though in measured terms, against "Tract 90". He had gone so far as to preach an out-and-out Protestant sermon in St. Mary's on Guy Fawkes day, 1843. In 1845 he "attacked the Romanizing party so fiercely as to call forth a remonstrance from Pusey." And then came a change. He read Newman's "Development," had a serious illness, travelled in Italy, spent a season in Rome, and lost his Anglican defences. The Gorham judgment was a demonstration that lawyers could override spiritual authority, and that the English Church neither held nor condemned baptismal regeneration. This gave him the finishing stroke. In the summer of 1850, a solemn declaration, calling in the Church to repudiate the erroneous doctrine thus implied, was signed by Manning, Pusey, Keble and other leading High Anglicans; but with no result, save only that a secession followed on the part of those who could not imagine Christ's Church as tolerating heresy.On 6 April, 1851, Manning and JR Hope Scott came over. In the summer of 1850, a solemn declaration, calling in the Church to repudiate the erroneous doctrine thus implied, was signed by Manning, Pusey, Keble and other leading High Anglicans; but with no result, save only that a secession followed on the part of those who could not imagine Christ's Church as tolerating heresy.On 6 April, 1851, Manning and JR Hope Scott came over. Allies, a scholar of repute, had submitted in 1849, distinctly on the question now agitated of the royal headship. Maskell, Dodsworth, Badeley, the two Wilberforces, did in like manner. Pusey cried out for freedom from the State; Keble took a non-juring position, "if the Church of England were to fail, it should be found in my parish." Gladstone would not sign the declaration; and he lived to write against the Vatican decrees.
Surveying the movement as a whole we perceive that it was part of the general Christian uprising which the French Revolution called forth. It had many features in common with German Romanticism; and, like the policy of a Free Church eloquently advocated by Lamennais, it made war on the old servitude to the State and looked for support to the people. Against free-thought, speculative and anarchic, it pleaded for Christianity as a sacred fact, a revelation from on high, and a present supernatural power. Its especial task was to restore the idea of the Church and the dignity of the sacraments, above all the Holy Eucharist. In the Laudian tradition, though fearfully weakened, it sought a fulcrum and a precedent for these happier changes.
Joseph de Maistre, in the year 1816, had called attention to the English Church, designating it as a middle term between Catholic unity and Protestant dissent; with an augury of its future as perhaps one day serving towards the reunion of Christendom. Alexander Knox foretold a like destiny, but the Establishment must be purged by suffering. Bishop Horsley, too, had anticipated such a time in remarkable words. But the most striking prophecy was uttered by an aged clergyman, Mr. Sikes of Guilsborough, who predicted that, whereas "the Holy Catholic Church" had long been a dropped article of the Creed, it would by and by seem to swallow up the rest, and there would be an outcry of "Popery" from one end of the country to another (Newman's "Correspondence", II, 484). But the most striking prophecy was uttered by an aged clergyman, Mr. Sikes of Guilsborough, who predicted that, whereas "the Holy Catholic Church" had long been a dropped article of the Creed, it would by and by seem to swallow up the rest , and there would be an outcry of "Popery" from one end of the country to another (Newman's "Correspondence", II, 484). When the tracts began, Phillips de Lisle saw in them an assurance that England would return to the Holy See. And JA Froude sums it all up in these words, "Newman has been the voice of the intellectual reaction of Europe", he says, "which was alarmed by an era of revolutions, and is looking for safety in the forsaken beliefs of ages which it had been tempted to despise." And JA Froude sums it all up in these words, "Newman has been the voice of the intellectual reaction of Europe", he says, "which was alarmed by an era of revolutions, and is looking for safety in the forsaken beliefs of ages which it had been tempted to despise."
Later witnesses, Cardinal Vaughan or WE Gladstone, affirm that the Church of England is transformed. Catholic beliefs, devotions, rites, and institutions flourish within it. But its law of public worship is too narrow for its religious life, and the machinery for discipline has broken down (Royal Commission on Discipline, concluding words). The condemnation of Anglican Orders by Pope Leo XIII in the Bull "Apostolicae Curae", 13 September, 1896, shuts out the hope entertained by some of what was termed "corporate reunion", even if it had ever been possible, which Newman did not believe. The condemnation of Anglican Orders by Pope Leo XIII in the Bull "Apostolicae Curae", 13 September, 1896, shuts out the hope entertained by some of what was termed "corporate reunion", even if it had ever been possible, which Newman did not believe. But he never doubted that the movement of 1833 was a work of Providence; or that its leaders, long after his own departure from them, were "leavening the various English denominations and parties (far beyond their own range) with principles and sentiments tending towards their ultimate absorption into the Catholic Church." But he never doubted that the movement of 1833 was a work of Providence; or that its leaders, long after his own departure from them, were "leavening the various English denominations and parties (far beyond their own range) with principles and sentiments tending towards their ultimate absorption into the Catholic Church."
Publication information Written by William Barry. Transcribed by Ann Waterman. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI. La Enciclopedia Católica, volumen XI. Published 1911. Publicado 1911. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nueva York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1911. Nihil obstat, 1 de febrero de 1911. Remy Lafort, STD, Censor. Remy Lafort, STD, Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York + John Cardinal Farley, arzobispo de Nueva York
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