The councils of Constantinople were four ecumenical Councils of the Christian church, held between the 4th and the 9th centuries. Die Räte von Konstantinopel waren vier ökumenischen Rates der christlichen Kirche, die zwischen dem 4. und dem 9. Jahrhundert. Constantinople I was called in 381 by Theodosius I, then Roman emperor of the East, primarily to confront ARIANISM, the heresy that had been subdued only temporarily by the First Council of Nicaea (325). Konstantinopel wurde ich aufgerufen und 381 von Theodosius I., römischer Kaiser des Ostens, vor allem zu konfrontieren ARIANISM, der Häresie, dass war nur vorübergehend gedämpft durch den ersten Konzil von Nicäa (325). More than 150 bishops, all from the Eastern empire, met to reaffirm the doctrines of the Nicene Creed and to depose Maximus, the Arian patriarch of Constantinople. Mehr als 150 Bischöfe, die alle aus dem östlichen Imperiums, traf zu bekräftigen, dass die Lehren des Nicene Creed und zu entthronen Maximus, der Arian Patriarchen von Konstantinopel. They also condemned Apollinarianism, a position that denied the full humanity of Christ. Sie verurteilte auch Apollinarianism, eine Position, verweigert die volle Menschlichkeit Christi. The council defined the position of the Holy Spirit within the Trinity; it described the Holy Spirit as proceeding from God the Father, coequal and consubstantial with him. Der Rat definiert die Stellung des Heiligen Geistes in der Dreifaltigkeit, sie beschrieben, wie der Heilige Geist, die von Gott, dem Vater, und consubstantial ebenbürtig mit ihm. It also confirmed the position of the patriarch of Constantinople as second in dignity only to the bishop of Rome. Darüber hinaus bestätigt die Position des Patriarchen von Konstantinopel als zweites in Würde nur der Bischof von Rom.
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Constantinople III was summoned by Constantine IV in 680-81 with the consent of Pope Agatho. Konstantinopel III beschworen wurde von Konstantin IV und 680-81 mit Zustimmung des Agatho. It condemned Monothelitism and affirmed that Christ has two wills, one human and one divine, but that these are without division or confusion. Es verurteilt Monothelitism und bekräftigt, dass Christus hat zwei Testamente, eine göttliche und eine menschliche, sondern dass es sich ohne Unterteilung oder Verwirrung. In addition, it condemned an earlier pope, Honorius I, for supporting that heresy. Darüber hinaus verurteilt einen früheren Papst Honorius I, für die Unterstützung, die Häresie.
Constantinople IV, meeting in 869-70, made no new dogmatic decisions; instead, it greatly contributed to the growing split between the Eastern and Western churches. Konstantinopel IV-Treffen in 869-70, die keine neuen Beschlüsse dogmatisch, sondern es zum großen Teil auf die zunehmende Spaltung zwischen den östlichen und den westlichen Kirchen. The principal action was to depose Photius, the patriarch of Constantinople, for usurping his ecclesiastical position. Die Hauptsache war, entthronen Photius, der Patriarch von Konstantinopel, für die Aneignung seiner kirchlichen Position. Later, Photius was restored to his see, and he held another council in 879-80. Später, Photius restauriert wurde zu seinem sehen, und er hielt in einer anderen Gemeinde 879-80. This latter council, not that of 869, is considered ecumenical by the Orthodox church. Letzteres Rat, nicht die 869, gilt als ökumenische durch die orthodoxe Kirche.
T. Tackett T. Tackett
(381)
The gathering in Constantinople of 150 Eastern bishops at the request of the Emperor Theodosius I was later regarded by the Council of Chalcedon (451) as the second great ecumenical council of the church. Die Zusammenkunft in Konstantinopel von 150 Ost-Bischöfe auf Wunsch des Kaisers Theodosius I wurde später von der Konzil von Chalcedon (451), wie die zweite große ökumenische Rat der Kirche. Most importantly it marked the end of over fifty years of Arian political and theological dominance in the East and the restoration and pneumatological extension of Nicene orthodoxy. Am wichtigsten ist es markiert das Ende der mehr als fünfzig Jahren von Arian politischen und theologischen Dominanz in den Osten und in der Restaurierung und Erweiterung der pneumatological Nicene Orthodoxie.
The path of history from Nicaea to Constantinople is twisted with various political and theological figures and several theological and synodal skirmishes between Arianism and orthodoxy. Der Pfad der Geschichte von Nicäa nach Konstantinopel Twisted ist mit verschiedenen politischen und theologischen Zahlen und mehrere theologische und synodale Scharmützel zwischen Arianismus und Orthodoxie. The varied array of heresies that emerged during this period is given in the council's first canon, where they are also anathematized. Das vielfältige Spektrum der Häresien, die sich in diesem Zeitraum ist in der Gemeinde der erste Kanon, wo sie auch fluchte. A brief examination of these will set the theological context. Eine kurze Prüfung dieser wird den theologischen Kontext.
The theology of the Council of Constantinople is set forth first by the condemnation of these heresies. Die Theologie des Konzil von Konstantinopel ist festgelegt durch die erste Verurteilung dieser Häresien. More positively, it was expressed in a published statement of doctrine, a tomos, and the creed of the council. Mehr positiv, war es in einer veröffentlichten Erklärung der Doktrin, tomos, und das Glaubensbekenntnis des Landkreises. Unfortunately, the tomos is no longer extant except for what is reflected of it in the letter of the synod of 382. Leider ist die tomos ist nicht mehr erhaltene außer für das, was sich von ihm in dem Schreiben der Synode von 382. The creed is to be found not in the records of Constantinople, but in those of the Council of Chalcedon (451), where a creed attributed to Constantinople (C) was read along with the Nicene Creed (N). C happens to be the creed that is read in churches today under the title the Nicene Creed, but it is more appropriately known as the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed. Without recounting the scholarly debates on C, it seems most likely that it was a local form of N, adopted by Constantinople and amended to reflect the council's pneumatology. Das Credo befindet sich nicht in den Aufzeichnungen von Konstantinopel, sondern in denen der Rat von Chalcedon (451), wo ein Glaubensbekenntnis zugeschrieben Konstantinopel (C) gelesen wurde, zusammen mit dem Nicene Creed (N). C passiert zu sein Glaubensbekenntnis, das lesen Sie in den Kirchen heute unter dem Titel der Nicene Creed, aber es ist besser bekannt als die Niceno-Konstantinopolitanisches Glaubensbekenntnis. Erzählend Ohne die wissenschaftlichen Debatten über C, scheint es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass es sich um eine lokale Form von N, die von Konstantinopel und geändert, um den Rat der pneumatology. Thus the Council of Constantinople did not see itself as producing a new creed but rather reaffirming and upholding the faith of Nicaea. So das Konzil von Konstantinopel nicht sehen sich selbst als die Produktion ein neues Credo, sondern die Bekräftigung und Verteidigung der Glauben von Nicäa. At Chalcedon, however, concern for the pure form of N led them to distinguish between N and C. Bei Chalcedon, aber die Sorge um die reine Form des N führte sie zu unterscheiden zwischen N und C.
The pneumatological emendation of the Nicene faith followed the example of Basil by limiting itself to biblical words and phrases. Die pneumatological Verbesserung der Nicene Glauben folgten dem Beispiel von Basil beschränken sich nicht auf biblische Worte und Phrasen. The Spirit is confessed to be the "Lord" and "Life-giver," the one "who with the Father and the Son is together worshiped and together glorified." Der Geist ist gestanden zu sein "Herr" und "Life-Geber", die ein ", die mit dem Vater und dem Sohn ist zusammen verehrt und zusammen verherrlicht." The homoousia of the Spirit is not explicitly affirmed here, probably because of a last-minute attempt to reconcile the pneumatomachians. Die homoousia des Geistes ist nicht explizit bekräftigt hier, wahrscheinlich aufgrund eines in letzter Minute versucht, die pneumatomachians. However, the homoousion apparently was affirmed in the tomos, since the letter of the synod of 382 summarizes the council's doctrine as faith in the uncreated, consubstantial, and coeternal trinity. Allerdings ist die homoousion offenbar wurde bekräftigt, in der tomos, da das Schreiben der Synode von 382 fasst der Rat der Lehre, wie das Vertrauen in die uncreated, consubstantial und coeternal Dreifaltigkeit.
Besides the reaffirmation of Nicene orthodoxy, this developed pneumatology, which made possible a full Trinitarian doctrine for the East, was the most important contribution of the Council of Constantinople. Neben der Bekräftigung der Nicene Orthodoxie, diese pneumatology entwickelt, die ermöglicht eine vollständige trinitarische Doktrin für den Osten, war der wichtigste Beitrag des Konzil von Konstantinopel.
CA
Blaising CA Blaising
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
Bibliography
Bibliographie
"Canons of the One Hundred and Fifty
Fathers," The Seven Ecumenical Councils, NPNF; HM Gwatkin, Studies of Arianism;
JND Kelly, Early Christian Creeds and Early Christian Doctrines; CE Raven,
Apollinarianism; R. Seeberg, The Textbook of the History of Doctrines; J.
Taylor, "The First Council of Constantinople (381)," Pru 13:47-54, 91-97; WP
DuBose, The Ecumenical Councils. "Canons der One Hundred Fifty und
Väter," Die sieben Ökumenischen Rates, NPNF; HM Gwatkin, Studium der Arianismus;
JND Kelly, Early Christian Glaubenssätze und Frühgeschichte Christian Doctrines;
CE Raven, Apollinarianism; R. Seeberg, Das Buch der Geschichte Der Doctrines; J.
Taylor, "Das Erste Konzil von Konstantinopel (381)," Pru 13:47-54, 91-97; WP
DuBose, der Ökumenische Räte.
In the year 380 the emperors Gratian and Theodosius I decided to convoke this council to counter the Arians, and also to judge the case of Maximus the Cynic, bishop of Constantinople. Im Jahr 380 Kaiser Theodosius Gratian und ich beschlossen, dieses Gemeindebezirkes convocar gegen die Arianer, und auch zu beurteilen, wie der Fall der Kyniker Maximus, Bischof von Konstantinopel. The council met in May of the following year. Der Rat traf im Mai des folgenden Jahres. One hundred and fifty bishops took part, all of them eastern Orthodox, since the Pneumatomachi party had left at the start. Hundert und fünfzig Bischöfe teilnahmen, die alle in Ost-Orthodoxe, die seit Pneumatomachi Partei verlassen hatte zu Beginn.
After Maximus had been condemned, Meletius, bishop of Antioch, appointed Gregory of Nazianzus as the lawful bishop of Constantinople and at first presided over the council. Nach Maximus verurteilt hatte, Meletius, Bischof von Antiochien ernannte Gregor von Nazianz als rechtmäßiger Bischof von Konstantinopel und auf den ersten Vorsitz des Rates. Then on Meletius's sudden death, Gregory took charge of the council up to the arrival of Acholius, who was to table Pope Damasus's demands: namely, that Maximus should be expelled as an interloper, and that the translation of bishops should be avoided. Dann über den plötzlichen Tod Meletius, Gregory übernahm der Rat bis zum Eintreffen der Acholius, war die Tabelle Papst Damasus Forderungen: nämlich, dass Maximus sollten ausgewiesen werden, wie ein Eindringling, und dass die Übersetzung der Bischöfe sollte vermieden werden. But when Timothy, bishop of Alexandria, arrived he declared Gregory's appointment invalid. Aber als Timothy, Bischof von Alexandria, kam er erklärt Gregory's Ernennung ungültig. Gregory resigned the episcopacy and Nectarius, after baptism and consecration, was installed as bishop and presided over the council until its closure. Gregory zurückgetreten den Episkopat und Nectarius, nach der Taufe und Weihe, installiert wurde als Bischof und den Vorsitz über den Rat bis zu ihrer Schließung.
No copy of the council's doctrinal decisions, entitled tomos kai anathematismos engraphos (record of the tome and anathemas), has survived. Keine Kopie des Landkreises die doktrinäre Entscheidungen, berechtigt tomos kai anathematismos engraphos (Aufnahme des tome und anathemas), hat überlebt. So what is presented here is the synodical letter of the synod of Constantinople held in 382, which expounded these doctrinal decisions, as the fathers witness, in summary form: namely, along the lines defined by the council of Nicaea, the consubstantiality and coeternity of the three divine persons against the Sabellians, Anomoeans, Arians and Pneumatomachi, who thought that the divinity was divided into several natures; and the enanthropesis (taking of humanity) of the Word, against those who supposed that the Word had in no way taken a human soul. Also, was ist hier die synodisches Schreiben der Synode von Konstantinopel in 382, die, die diese doktrinäre Entscheidungen, wie die Väter bezeugen, in gedrängter Form, nämlich entlang der Linien definiert durch den Rat von Nicäa, die Wesensgleichheit und der coeternity Die drei göttlichen Personen, gegen die Sabellians, Anomoeans, Arianer und Pneumatomachi, die dachten, dass die Göttlichkeit wurde in mehrere Naturen, und die enanthropesis (wobei der Menschlichkeit) des Wortes, gegen jene, die angeblich, dass das Wort hatte in keiner Weise eine Menschlichen Seele. All these matters were in close agreement with the tome that Pope Damasus and a Roman council, held probably in 378, had sent to the East. All diese Fragen wurden in enger Absprache mit dem dicken Wälzer, dass Papst Damasus und einer römischen Gemeinde, hielt vermutlich in 378, hatte an den Osten.
Scholars find difficulties with the creed attributed to the council of Constantinople. Wissenschaftler finden Sie Schwierigkeiten mit dem Glauben zurückzuführen auf den Rat von Konstantinopel. Some say that the council composed a new creed. Einige sagen, dass der Rat unter einem neuen Credo. But no mention is made of this creed by ancient witnesses until the council of Chalcedon; and the council of Constantinople was said simply to have endorsed the faith of Nicaea, with a few additions on the holy Spirit to refute the Pneumatomachian heresy. Aber mit keinem Wort erwähnt wird dieses Credo von Zeugen der Antike, bis der Rat von Chalcedon, und der Rat von Konstantinopel wurde gesagt, einfach zu haben hat den Glauben von Nicäa, mit ein paar Ergänzungen zu den heiligen Geist zu widerlegen Pneumatomachian Häresie. Moreover, if the latter tradition is accepted, an explanation must be given of why the first two articles of the so-called Constantinopolitan creed differ considerably from the Nicene creed. Außerdem, wenn diese Tradition akzeptiert wird, muss eine Erklärung geben, warum die ersten beiden Artikel der sogenannten Konstantinopolitanisches Glaubensbekenntnis unterscheiden sich wesentlich von den Nicene creed.
It was J. Lebon, followed by JND Kelly and AM Ritter, who worked at the solution of this problem. Es war J. Lebon, gefolgt von JND Kelly und AM Ritter, die an der Lösung dieses Problems. Lebon said that the Nicene creed, especially since it was adapted to use at baptism, had taken on a number of forms. Lebon, sagte, dass die Nicene creed, zumal es wurde an den Einsatz bei der Taufe, hatte auf eine Reihe von Formen annehmen. It was one of these which was endorsed at the council of Constantinople and developed by additions concerning the holy Spirit. Es war eine von diesen, wurde auf den Rat von Konstantinopel und entwickelt von Ergänzungen zu den heiligen Geist. All the forms, altered to some extent or other, were described by a common title as "the Nicene faith". Alle Formen, bis zu einem gewissen Grad verändert oder andere, wurden von einem gemeinsamen Titel "Nicene Glaubens". Then the council of Chalcedon mentioned the council of Constantinople as the immediate source of one of them, marked it out by a special name "the faith of the 150 fathers", which from that time onwards became its widely known title, and quoted it alongside the original simple form of the Nicene creed. Dann wird der Rat von Chalcedon erwähnt der Rat von Konstantinopel als Quelle für die sofortige einer von ihnen, sie markiert, die von einem speziellen Namen "der Glaube der 150 Väter", der ab diesem Zeitpunkt an wurde eine allgemein bekannte Titel, und zitiert ihn neben Die ursprüngliche einfache Form der Nicene creed. The Greek text of the Constantinopolitan creed, which is printed below, is taken from the acts of the council of Chalcedon. Der griechische Wortlaut des Konstantinopolitanisches Glaubensbekenntnis, das gedruckte unten, wird von den Handlungen des Rates von Chalcedon.
The council of Constantinople enacted four disciplinary canons: against the Arian heresy and its sects (can. 1), on limiting the power of bishops within fixed boundaries (can. 2), on ranking the see of Constantinople second to Rome in honour and dignity (can. 3), on the condemnation of Maximus and his followers (can. 4). Der Rat von Konstantinopel verabschiedet vier disziplinären Kanon: Arian gegen die Häresie und seine Sekten (can. 1), über die Begrenzung der Macht der Bischöfe innerhalb festgelegter Grenzen (can. 2), die Sie über die Rangfolge von Konstantinopel nach Rom in der zweiten Ehre und Würde (Can. 3), auf die Verurteilung von Maximus und seine Anhänger (can. 4). Canons 2-4 were intended to put a stop to aggrandisement on the part of the see of Alexandria. Canons 2-4 waren zu stoppen aggrandisement auf den Teil des siehe von Alexandria. The two following canons, 5 and 6, were framed at the synod which met in Constantinople in 382. Die folgenden zwei Kanonen, 5 und 6, wurden gerahmt an der Synode in Konstantinopel, traf in 382. The 7th canon is an extract from a letter which the church of Constantinople sent to Martyrius of Antioch. 7. Der Kanon ist ein Auszug aus einem Brief, den die Kirche von Konstantinopel an Martyrius von Antiochia.
The council ended on 9 July 381, and on 30 July of the same year, at the request of the council fathers, the emperor Theodosius ratified its decrees by edict . Der Rat endete am 9. Juli 381, und am 30. Juli des gleichen Jahres, auf Antrag des Landkreises Vater, der Kaiser Theodosius ratifiziert seine Dekrete durch Edikt.
Already from 382 onwards, in the synodical letter of the synod which met at Constantinople, the council of Constantinople was given the title of "ecumenical". Bereits ab 382 ab, in der synodisches Schreiben der Synode in Konstantinopel, traf der Rat von Konstantinopel erhielt den Titel "ökumenischer". The word denotes a general and plenary council. Das Wort bezeichnet einen allgemeinen Rat und im Plenum. But the council of Constantinople was criticised and censured by Gregory of Nazianzus. Doch der Rat von Konstantinopel wurde kritisiert und zensiert von Gregor von Nazianz. In subsequent years it was hardly ever mentioned. In den folgenden Jahren war es kaum jemals erwähnt. In the end it achieved its special status when the council of Chalcedon, at its second session and in its definition of the faith, linked the form of the creed read out at Constantinople with the Nicene form, as being a completely reliable witness of the authentic faith. Am Ende erreichten sie ihren besonderen Status, wenn der Rat von Chalcedon, auf ihrer zweiten Sitzung und in seiner Definition des Glaubens, die mit der Form des Glaubens lesen Sie in Konstantinopel mit dem Nicene Form, als eine vollkommen zuverlässige Zeuge der authentischen Glauben. The fathers of Chalcedon acknowledged the authority of the canons -- at least as far as the eastern church was concerned -- at their sixteenth session. Die Väter von Chalcedon anerkannt, die Autorität des Kanons - zumindest so weit wie der östlichen Kirche war - bei ihrem sechzehnten Tagung. The council's dogmatic authority in the western church was made clear by words of Pope Gregory I: "I confess that I accept and venerate the four councils (Nicaea, Constantinople, Ephesus and Chalcedon) in the same way as I do the four books of the holy Gospel...." Der Rat der dogmatischen Behörde in der westlichen Kirche wurde deutlich gemacht, durch die Worte des Papstes Gregor I: "Ich gestehe, dass ich akzeptieren und verehren die vier Räte (Nicäa, Konstantinopel, Ephesus und Chalcedon) in der gleichen Art und Weise wie ich die vier Bücher der Heiligen Evangelium ...."
The bishop of Rome's approval was not extended to the canons, because they were never brought "to the knowledge of the apostolic see''. Dionysius Exiguus knew only of the first four -- the ones to be found in the western collections. Pope Nicholas I wrote of the sixth canon to Emperor Michael III: "It is not found among us, but is said to be in force among you''. Der Bischof von Rom die Genehmigung nicht verlängert wurde, um die Kanonen, weil sie nie gebracht ", um das Wissen der apostolischen sehen''. Dionysius Exiguus wusste nur für die ersten vier - diejenigen, die in der westlichen Sammlungen. Papst Nicholas Ich schrieb der sechsten Kanon Kaiser Michael III: "Es ist bei uns nicht gefunden, wird aber gesagt, dass sie in Kraft unter euch''.
The English translation is from the Greek text, which is the more authoritative version. Die englische Übersetzung ist aus dem griechischen Text, der mehr ist die maßgebliche Version.
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We believe in one God the Father all-powerful, maker of heaven and of earth, and of all things both seen and unseen. Wir glauben an den einen Gott, den Vater, allmächtiger, Hersteller des Himmels und der Erde, und alle Dinge sowohl sichtbare und die unsichtbare Welt. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten from the Father before all the ages, light from light, true God from true God, begotten not made, consubstantial with the Father, through whom all things came to be; for us humans and for our salvation he came down from the heavens and became incarnate from the holy Spirit and the virgin Mary, became human and was crucified on our behalf under Pontius Pilate; he suffered and was buried and rose up on the third day in accordance with the scriptures; and he went up into the heavens and is seated at the Father's right hand; he is coming again with glory to judge the living and the dead; his kingdom will have no end. Und an den einen Herrn Jesus Christus, den eingeborenen Sohn Gottes, gezeugt aus dem Vater vor allen Altersgruppen, Licht vom Licht, wahrer Gott vom wahren Gott, gezeugt nicht geschaffen, consubstantial mit dem Vater, durch den alle Dinge kamen zu , Für uns Menschen und zu unserem Heil kam er aus dem Himmel und wurde von der fleischgewordene Geist und die heilige Jungfrau Maria, wurde Human-und gekreuzigt wurde auf unseren Namen unter Pontius Pilatus, hat gelitten und ist begraben worden, und stieg bis auf den dritten Tag In Übereinstimmung mit der Schrift, und er stieg in den Himmel und sitzt in der rechten Hand des Vaters, er kommt wieder mit Herrlichkeit, zu richten die Lebenden und die Toten; seiner Herrschaft wird kein Ende sein. And in the Spirit, the holy, the lordly and life-giving one, proceeding forth from the Father, co-worshipped and co-glorified with Father and Son, the one who spoke through the prophets; in one, holy, catholic and apostolic church. Und in der Geist, die heilige, die großzügig und Leben spendenden, Verfahren aus dem Vater, Ko-Ko-verehrt und verherrlicht mit Vater und Sohn, wird derjenige, der sprach durch die Propheten, und eine, heilige, katholische und apostolische Kirche. We confess one baptism for the forgiving of sins. Wir bekennen die eine Taufe zur Vergebung der Sünden. We look forward to a resurrection of the dead and life in the age to come. Wir freuen uns auf eine Auferstehung der Toten und das Leben im Alter zu kommen. Amen.
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To the most honoured lords and most reverend brethren and fellow-ministers, Damasus, Ambrose, Britton, Valerian, Acholius, Anemius, Basil, and the rest of the holy bishops who met in the great city of Rome: the sacred synod of orthodox bishops who met in the great city of Constantinople sends greetings in the Lord. Um die Ehre und die meisten Fürsten reverend Brüder und Kollegen Minister, Damasus, Ambrosius, Britton, Valerian, Acholius, Anemius, Basilikum, und der Rest der heiligen Bischöfe, die sich in der großen Stadt Rom: die heilige Synode der orthodoxen Bischöfe Erfüllt, die in der großen Stadt Konstantinopel sendet Grüße an den Herrn.
It may well be unnecessary to instruct your reverence by describing the many sufferings that have been brought upon us under Arian domination, as if you did not know already. Es kann gut sein, dass unnötige anweisen, Ihre Verehrung durch die Beschreibung der vielen Leiden, wurden bei uns unter Arian Herrschaft, als ob Sie nicht schon wissen. Nor do we imagine that your piety considers our affairs so trivial that you need to learn what you must be suffering along with us. Wir sind auch nicht vorstellen, dass Ihre Frömmigkeit unserer Auffassung so triviale Dinge, die Sie benötigen, um zu lernen was müssen Sie sich gemeinsam mit uns Leid. Nor were the storms which beset us such as to escape your notice on grounds of insignificance. Auch waren die Stürme, die uns bedrängen, wie zu entkommen Ihr Hinweis auf Grund der Bedeutungslosigkeit. The period of persecution is still recent and ensures that the memory remains fresh not only among those who have suffered but also among those who have through love made the lot of those who suffered their own. Die Zeit der Verfolgung ist noch jung und sorgt dafür, dass die Erinnerung noch frisch, nicht nur unter denen, die gelitten haben, sondern auch unter denen, die durch die Liebe, die viel erlitten diejenigen, die ihre eigenen. It was barely yesterday or the day before that some were freed from the bonds of exile and returned to their own churches through a thousand tribulations. Es war kaum gestern oder am Tag vor, dass einige wurden von den Banden von Exil und kehrte zu ihren eigenen Kirchen durch tausend Mühen. The remains of others who died in exile were brought back. Die Reste, die andere starb im Exil zurück gebracht wurden. Even after their return from exile some experienced a ferment of hatred from the heretics and underwent a more cruel fate in their own land than they did abroad, by being stoned to death by them in the manner of the blessed Stephen. Auch nach ihrer Rückkehr aus dem Exil einige erfahrene ein Ferment der Hass aus der Ketzer und unterzog sich einem grausamen Schicksal in ihrem eigenen Land, als sie im Ausland hat, indem er zu Tode, indem sie in der Art und Weise der Stephen gesegnet. Others were torn to shreds by various tortures and still carry around on their bodies the marks of Christ's wounds and bruises. Andere wurden zu Fetzen zerrissen durch verschiedene Folterungen und noch mitnehmen auf ihren Körpern die Marken von Christi Wunden und Prellungen. Who could number the financial penalties, the fines imposed on cities, the confiscations of individual property, the plots, the outrages, the imprisonments? Wer könnte die Zahl finanzielle Sanktionen, die Geldbußen, die auf die Städte, die Konfiskationen der einzelnen Objekte, die Grundstücke, die Gräueltaten, die Gefangenen? Indeed all our afflictions increased beyond number: perhaps because we were paying the just penalty for our sins; perhaps also because a loving God was disciplining us by means of the great number of our sufferings. Denn alle unsere Leiden erhöht jenseits des Verfassers: vielleicht, weil wir nur die Zahlung der Strafe für unsere Sünden, vielleicht auch deshalb, weil ein liebender Gott war Disziplinierung uns durch die große Anzahl von unseren Leiden.
So thanks be to God for this. Vielen Dank sei Gott für diese. He has instructed his own servants through the weight of their afflictions, and in accordance with his numerous mercies he has brought us back again to a place of refreshment The restoration of the churches demanded prolonged attention, much time and hard work from us if the body of the church which had been weak for so long was to be cured completely by gradual treatment and brought back to its original soundness in religion. Er hat seine eigenen Bediensteten durch das Gewicht von ihren Leiden, und in Übereinstimmung mit seinen zahlreichen Gnade er hat uns wieder zu einem Ort der Erfrischung Die Restaurierung der Kirchen forderten längere Aufmerksamkeit, viel Zeit und harte Arbeit von uns, wenn der Körper Der Kirche, die waren schwach so lange war es völlig geheilt werden, indem die Behandlung und schrittweise wieder zu seinem ursprünglichen Solidität in der Religion. We may seem on the whole to be free from violent persecutions and to be at the moment recovering the churches which have long been in the grip of the heretics. Wir scheinen auf der ganzen, die als frei von gewaltsamen Verfolgungen und werden im Moment wieder die Kirchen, die schon lange in der Umklammerung der Ketzer. But in fact we are oppressed by wolves who even after expulsion from the fold go on ravaging the flocks up and down dale, making so bold as to hold rival assemblies, activating popular uprisings and stopping at nothing which might harm the churches. Aber in Wirklichkeit sind wir Unterdrückten von Wölfen, die auch nach der Vertreibung von der Falte stehen weiter wütet die Herden nach oben und unten sei, die so kühn, zu halten Rivalen Baugruppen, die Aktivierung Volksaufständen und stoppt an nichts schaden könnte, die die Kirchen. As we have said, this made us take a longer time over our affairs. Da haben wir gesagt, das uns zu dem gemacht, die eine längere Zeit über unsere Angelegenheiten.
But now you have shown your brotherly love for us by convoking a synod in Rome, in accordance with God's will, and inviting us to it, by means of a letter from your most God-beloved emperor, as if we were limbs of your very own, so that whereas in the past we were condemned to suffer alone, you should not now reign in isolation from us, given the complete agreement of the emperors in matters of religion. Aber jetzt haben Sie Ihre brüderliche Liebe, die uns von der convoking eine Synode in Rom, in Übereinstimmung mit dem Willen Gottes, und laden Sie es uns, durch einen Brief von Ihrer geliebten Gott-Kaisers, als ob wir Ihre Gliedmaßen waren sehr Werden, so dass während wir in der Vergangenheit verurteilt wurden allein zu leiden, sollten Sie jetzt nicht in Isolation Regierungszeit von uns, da die gesamte Vereinbarung der Kaiser in Fragen der Religion. Rather, according to the word of the apostle, we should reign along with you'. Vielmehr ist nach dem Wort des Apostels, wir sollten Regierungszeit zusammen mit Ihnen. " So it was our intention that if it were possible we should all leave our churches together and indulge our desires rather than attend to their needs. So war es unsere Absicht, dass, wenn es möglich wäre, sollten wir uns alle verlassen, unsere Kirchen zusammen und verwöhnen unsere Wünsche, anstatt ihre Bedürfnisse zu besuchen. But who will give us wings as of a dove, so we shall fly and come to rest with you? Aber wer wird uns Flügel wie eine Taube, die wir fliegen und zur Ruhe kommen mit Ihnen? This course would leave the churches entirely exposed, just as they are beginning their renewal; and it is completely out of the question for the majority. Dieser Kurs würde die Kirchen voll ausgesetzt, so wie sie sind Anfang ihrer Erneuerung, und es ist völlig außer Frage, die für die Mehrheit. As a consequence of last year's letter sent by your reverence after the synod of Aquileia to our most God-beloved emperor Theodosius, we came together in Constantinople. Als Folge der im vergangenen Jahr das Schreiben per Ihre Ehrfurcht nach der Synode von Aquileia zu unseren geliebten Gott-Kaisers Theodosius, kamen wir zusammen in Konstantinopel. We were equipped only for this stay in Constantinople and the bishops who remained in the provinces gave their agreement to this synod alone. Wir waren ausschließlich für diesen Aufenthalt in Konstantinopel und die Bischöfe, die nach wie vor in den Provinzen gaben ihr Einverständnis zu dieser Synode allein. We foresaw no need for a longer absence, nor did we hear of it in advance at all, before we gathered in Constantinople. Wir sahen keine Notwendigkeit für eine längere Abwesenheit, noch haben wir es hören, der im Voraus bei allen, bevor wir trafen sich in Konstantinopel. On top of this the tightness of the schedule proposed allowed no opportunity to prepare for a longer absence, nor to brief all the bishops in the provinces who are in communion with us and to get their agreement. On top of this die Dichtheit der vorgeschlagene Zeitplan erlaubt keine Gelegenheit zur Vorbereitung auf eine längere Abwesenheit, noch an alle die Bischöfe in den Provinzen, die sich in Gemeinschaft mit uns und um ihr Einverständnis. Since these considerations, and many more besides, prevented most of us from coming, we have done the next best thing both to set matters straight and to make your love for us appreciated: we have managed to convince our most venerable and reverend brethren and fellow-ministers, Bishops Cyriacus, Eusebius and Priscian to be willing to undertake the wearisome journey to you. Da diese Erwägungen, und viele mehr, verhindert die meisten von uns aus kommen, die wir geleistet haben, die nächste Beste, was sowohl um Fragen zu stellen und direkt Ihre Liebe für uns schätzen: Wir haben es geschafft, die meisten davon überzeugen, unseren ehrwürdigen Brüder und ehrwürdig und Stipendiaten - Minister, Bischöfe Cyriacus, Eusebius und Priscian bereit zu sein, um die mühsame Reise zu Ihnen. Through them we wish to show that our intentions are peaceful and have unity as their goal. Mit ihnen wollen wir zeigen, dass unsere Absichten sind ruhig und haben ihre Einheit als Ziel. We also want to make clear that what we are zealously seeking is sound faith. Wir wollen auch deutlich machen, dass das, was wir sind eifrig sucht Sound ist Glauben.
What we have undergone -- persecutions, afflictions, imperial threats, cruelty from officials, and whatever other trial at the hands of heretics -- we have put up with for the sake of the gospel faith established by the 318 fathers at Nicaea in Bithynia. Was wir haben - Verfolgungen, Leiden, imperialen Bedrohungen, Grausamkeit von Beamten, und was andere Prüfung in den Händen der Ketzer - wir haben mit für das Evangelium Glauben, die von der 318 Väter bei Nicäa in Bithynien. You, we and all who are not bent on subverting the word of the true faith should give this creed our approval. Sie, wir und alle, die sich nicht verbogen auf subvertiert das Wort des wahren Glaubens sollte dieses Credo unsere Zustimmung. It is the most ancient and is consistent with our baptism. Es ist die älteste und steht im Einklang mit unserer Taufe. It tells us how to believe in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the holy Spirit: believing also, of course, that the Father, the Son and the holy Spirit have a single Godhead and power and substance, a dignity deserving the same honour and a co-eternal sovereignty, in three most perfect hypostases, or three perfect persons. Er erzählt uns, wie zu glauben, in den Namen des Vaters und des Sohnes und des Heiligen Geistes: Glauben natürlich auch, dass der Vater, der Sohn und der Heilige Geist haben einen einzigen Gottheit und Energie-und Stoff, eine Würde verdient Die gleiche Ehre und eine Co-ewige Souveränität, die in drei vollkommensten hypostases oder drei vollkommenen Personen. So there is no place for Sabellius's diseased theory in which the hypostases are confused and thus their proper characteristics destroyed. Also gibt es keinen Platz für Sabellius's kranke Theorie, in der die hypostases sind verwirrt und damit ihre ordnungsgemäße Merkmale zerstört. Nor may the blasphemy of Eunomians and Arians and Pneumatomachi prevail, with its division of substance or of nature or of Godhead, and its introduction of some nature which was produced subsequently, or was created, or was of a different substance, into the uncreated and consubstantial and co-eternal Trinity. Ebenso wenig kann der Blasphemie und der Eunomians Arianer und Pneumatomachi vorherrschen, mit seiner Aufteilung der Stoff oder der Natur oder der Gottheit, und die Einführung einer Art, die später produziert wurde, oder erstellt wurde, oder wurde von einem anderen Stoff, in der uncreated und Consubstantial und Co-ewige Dreifaltigkeit. And we preserve undistorted the accounts of the Lord's taking of humanity, accepting as we do that the economy of his flesh was not soulless nor mindless nor imperfect. Und wir bewahren unverfälschten die Konten der Lord's, die der Menschheit, wie wir akzeptieren, dass die Wirtschaft in sein Fleisch war nicht seelenlos noch sinnloser noch unvollkommen. To sum up, we know that he was before the ages fully God the Word, and that in the last days he became fully man for the sake of our salvation. Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass wir wissen, dass er vor dem Alter voll Gott das Wort, und dass in den letzten Tagen wurde er voll und ganz für die Menschen unseres Heiles willen.
So much, in summary, for the faith which is openly preached by us. So viel, in der Zusammenfassung, für den Glauben, die von uns offen gepredigt. You can take even more heart concerning these matters if you think fit to consult the tome that was issued in Antioch by the synod which met there as well as the one issued last year in Constantinople by the ecumenical synod. Sie können noch mehr Herzen über diese Fragen, wenn Sie denken, fit zu konsultieren, die tome, wurde in der Synode von Antiochia, traf es wie auch die letzten Jahre ein, die in Konstantinopel durch die ökumenische Synode. In these documents we confessed the faith in broader terms and we have issued a written condemnation of the heresies which have recently erupted. In dieser Dokumente, die wir den Glauben gestanden, im weiteren Sinne, und wir haben eine schriftliche Verurteilung der Häresien, die vor kurzem ausgebrochen.
With regard to particular forms of administration in the churches, ancient custom, as you know, has been in force, along with the regulation of the saintly fathers at Nicaea, that in each province those of the province, and with them-should the former so desire -- their neighbours, should conduct ordinations as need might arise. Mit Hinblick auf die besonderen Formen der Verwaltung in den Kirchen, alten Brauch, wie Sie wissen, wurde in Kraft getreten ist, zusammen mit der Regelung der heiligen Väter in Nicäa, dass in jeder Provinz die von der Provinz, und mit ihnen-sollten die ehemaligen Dies wünschen - ihre Nachbarn, sollte Weihen als Notwendigkeit entstehen könnten. Accordingly, as you are aware, the rest of the churches are administered, and the priests [= bishops] of the most prominent churches have been appointed, by us. Dementsprechend, wie Sie wissen, den Rest der Kirchen verwaltet werden, und die Priester [= Bischöfe] der bekanntesten Kirchen benannt wurden, von uns. Hence at the ecumenical council by common agreement and in the presence of the most God-beloved emperor Theodosius and all the clergy, and with the approval of the whole city, we have ordained the most venerable and God-beloved Nectarius as bishop of the church newly set up, as one might say, in Constantinople -- a church which by God's mercy we just recently snatched from the blasphemy of the heretics as from the lion's jaws. Deshalb in der ökumenischen Gemeinde im gegenseitigen Einvernehmen und in Anwesenheit der meisten geliebten Gott-Kaisers Theodosius und alle Klerus, und mit der Zustimmung der gesamten Stadt, wir haben die meisten ehrwürdigen ordiniert und Gott geliebten Nectarius als Bischof der Kirche Neu eingerichtet, so könnte man sagen, in Konstantinopel - eine Kirche, die durch die Barmherzigkeit Gottes entrissen wir erst kürzlich von der Blasphemie der als Ketzer von den größten Kiefer. Over the most ancient and truly apostolic church at Antioch in Syria, where first the precious name of "Christians" came into use, the provincial bishops and those of the diocese of the East came together and canonically ordained the most venerable and God-beloved Flavian as bishop with the consent of the whole church, as though it would give the man due honour with a single voice. In den meisten alten und wahrhaft apostolischen Kirche in Antiochia in Syrien, wo die ersten wertvollen Namen "Christen", kam zum Einsatz, die Provinzregierung und die Bischöfe der Diözese des Ostens kamen zusammen und kanonisch ordiniert die ehrwürdige und Gott geliebten Flavio - Als Bischof mit Zustimmung der ganzen Kirche, als ob sie würde den Mann wegen Ehre, mit einer einzigen Stimme. The synod as a whole also accepted that this ordination was legal. Die Synode als Ganzes auch akzeptiert, dass diese Abstimmung war legal. We wish to inform you that the most venerable and God-beloved Cyril is bishop of the church in Jerusalem, the mother of all the churches. Wir möchten Sie darüber informieren, dass die meisten ehrwürdigen und Gott geliebte-Cyril ist Bischof der Kirche in Jerusalem, die Mutter aller Kirchen. He was canonically ordained some time ago by those of the province and at various times he has valiantly combated the Arians. Er wurde ordiniert kanonisch vor einiger Zeit durch die von der Provinz und zu verschiedenen Zeiten hat er tapfer bekämpft die Arianer.
We exhort your reverence to join us in rejoicing at what we have legally and canonically enacted. Wir ermahnen Ihre Ehrfurcht zu uns und freuen sich an, was wir haben, rechtlich und kanonisch erlassen. Let spiritual love link us together, and let the fear of the Lord suppress all human prejudice and put the building up of the churches before individual attachment or favour. Lassen Sie spirituelle Liebe Link zu uns zusammen, und lassen Sie die Furcht des Herrn unterdrücken alle menschlichen Vorurteilen und stellt den Aufbau der Kirchen, bevor einzelne Anlage oder begünstigen. In this way, with the account of the faith agreed between us and with christian love established among us, we shall cease to declare what was condemned by the apostles, "I belong to Paul, I to Apollo, I to Cephas"; but we shall all be seen to belong to Christ, who has not been divided up among us; and with God's good favour, we shall keep the body of the church undivided, and shall come before the judgment-seat of the Lord with confidence. Auf diese Weise, mit dem Konto des Glaubens, die zwischen uns und mit etablierten christlichen Liebe unter uns, wir sind nicht mehr zu erklären, was wurde von den Aposteln ", der ich angehöre, Paul, I Apollo, I Cephas", aber wir So gesehen zu werden, alle gehören zu Christus, die wurde nicht aufgeteilt unter uns und mit Gott ist gut dafür, wir halten den Körper der Kirche ungeteilt, und komme vor dem Urteils-Sitz des Herrn mit Zuversicht entgegen.
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Diocesan bishops are not to intrude in churches beyond their own boundaries nor are they to confuse the churches: but in accordance with the canons, the bishop of Alexandria is to administer affairs in Egypt only; the bishops of the East are to manage the East alone (whilst safeguarding the privileges granted to the church of the Antiochenes in the Nicene canons); and the bishops of the Asian diocese are to manage only Asian affairs; and those in Pontus only the affairs of Pontus; and those in Thrace only Thracian affairs. Diözesanbischöfen sind nicht eindringen und Kirchen außerhalb ihrer eigenen Grenzen noch sind sie zu verwirren die Kirchen, sondern im Einklang mit dem Kanon, der Bischof von Alexandria ist die Verwaltung in Ägypten nur Angelegenheiten, die Bischöfe des Ostens sind für die Verwaltung der Osten allein (Während die Sicherung der Privilegien, die der Kirche der Antiochenes in der Nicene Kanonen), und die Bischöfe der asiatischen Diözese zu verwalten sind nur asiatischen Angelegenheiten, die in Pontus und nur die Angelegenheiten von Pontus, und die nur in Thrakien thrakischen Angelegenheiten. Unless invited bishops are not to go outside their diocese to perform an ordination or any other ecclesiastical business. Sofern nicht eingeladen Bischöfe sind nicht zu gehen außerhalb ihrer Diözese, um eine Abstimmung oder einer anderen kirchlichen Geschäft. If the letter of the canon about dioceses is kept, it is clear that the provincial synod will manage affairs in each province, as was decreed at Nicaea. Wenn das Schreiben des Kanons über Diözesen gehalten wird, ist es klar, dass die Provinz-Synode wird verwalten Angelegenheiten in den einzelnen Provinzen, wie verordnet wurde in Nicäa. But the churches of God among barbarian peoples must be administered in accordance with the custom in force at the time of the fathers. Aber die Kirchen Gottes unter den barbarischen Völker müssen verwaltet werden im Einklang mit den Brauch in der zum Zeitpunkt der Väter.
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Because it is new Rome, the bishop of Constantinople is to enjoy the privileges of honour after the bishop of Rome. Da es sich um neue Rom, der Bischof von Konstantinopel ist in den Genuss der Privilegien der Ehre nach dem Bischof von Rom.
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Regarding Maximus the Cynic and the disorder which surrounded him in Constantinople: he never became, nor is he, a bishop; nor are those ordained by him clerics of any rank whatsoever. Was Maximus der Kyniker und der Erkrankung, die ihn umgeben, in Konstantinopel: er wurde nie, noch ist er ein Bischof, noch sind die von ihm ordinierten Geistlichen des Ranges whatsoever. Everything that was done both to him and by him is to be held invalid. Alles, was geschehen war, dass beide zu ihm und von ihm wird ungültig.
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Regarding the Tome [2] of the Westerns: we have also recognised those in Antioch who confess a single Godhead of Father and Son and holy Spirit. Was die Tome [2] des Westerns: wir haben auch erkannt, die in Antiochien, die zugeben, einen einzigen Gottheit von Vater und Sohn und heiliger Geist.
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There are many who are bent on confusing and overturning the good order of the church and so fabricate, out of hatred and a wish to slander, certain accusations against orthodox bishops in charge of churches. Es gibt viele, die gebogen sind verwirrend und auf die Umwälzung der guten Auftragslage der Kirche und so fabrizieren, der Hass und der Wunsch zu diffamieren, bestimmte Vorwürfe gegen die orthodoxen Bischöfe in den Kirchen. Their intention is none other than to blacken priests' reputations and to stir up trouble among peace- loving laity. Ihre Absicht ist nichts anderes als Priester zu schwärzen "Ruf und zu schüren Ärger zwischen friedliebenden Laien. For this reason the sacred synod of bishops assembled at Constantinople has decided not to admit accusers without prior examination, and not to allow everyone to bring accusations against church administrators -- but with- out excluding everyone. Aus diesem Grund hat die heilige Synode der Bischöfe anläßlich Konstantinopel hat sich entschieden, nicht zugeben Ankläger ohne vorherige Prüfung, und nicht zuzulassen, dass alle Anschuldigungen gegen die Kirche Administratoren - aber-ohne jeden. So if someone brings a private (that is a personal) complaint against the bishop on the grounds that he has been defrauded or in some other way unjustly dealt with by him, in the case of this kind of accusation neither the character nor the religion of the accuser will be subject to examination. Also wenn jemand bringt eine private (das ist eine persönliche) Beschwerde gegen den Bischof mit der Begründung, dass er betrogen wurde oder auf andere Art und Weise ungerecht behandelt, indem er, im Falle einer solchen Vorwurf weder den Charakter noch die Religion Die Ankläger werden vorbehaltlich der Prüfung. It is wholly essential both that the bishop should have a clear conscience and that the one who alleges that he has been wronged, whatever his religion may be, should get justice. Es ist ganz wesentlich, dass sowohl der Bischof sollte ein gutes Gewissen haben, und dass derjenige, der behauptet, dass er Unrecht hat, unabhängig von seiner Religion auch sein mag, sollte man Gerechtigkeit.
But if the charge brought against the bishop is of an ecclesiastical kind, then the characters of those making it should be examined, in the first place to stop heretics bringing charges against orthodox bishops in matters of an ecclesiastical kind. Aber wenn die Anklage gegen den Bischof ist ein kirchlicher Art, der dann die Zeichen dieser es sollte untersucht werden, in erster Linie um die Anklage gegen Häretiker orthodoxen Bischöfe in Fragen der kirchlichen Art ein. (We define "heretics" as those who have been previously banned from the church and also those later anathematised by ourselves: and in addition those who claim to confess a faith that is sound, but who have seceded and hold assemblies in rivalry with the bishops who are in communion with us.) In the second place, persons previously condemned and expelled from the church for whatever reason, or those excommunicated either from the clerical or lay rank, are not to be permitted to accuse a bishop until they have first purged their own crime. (Wir definieren "Ketzer", wie diejenigen, die zuvor aus der Kirche verbannt und später anathematised auch diejenigen von uns, und darüber hinaus diejenigen, die Anspruch auf einen Glauben bekennen, ist solide, aber getrennt haben und halten Versammlungen in Rivalität mit den Bischöfen , Die in Gemeinschaft mit uns.) In der zweiten Stelle, Personen, die zuvor verurteilt und aus der Kirche aus welchem Grund auch immer, oder die excommunicated entweder aus dem Schreib-oder Rang lag, sind nicht erlaubt sein zu werfen, bis sie einen Bischof haben erste gelöscht Ihre eigenen Verbrechen. Similarly, those who are already accused are not permitted to accuse a bishop or other clerics until they have proved their own innocence of the crimes with which they are charged. Auch diejenigen, die bereits beschuldigt, ist es nicht gestattet, werfen ein Bischof oder andere Kleriker, bis sie haben sich ihre eigene Unschuld der Verbrechen, mit denen sie belastet werden. But if persons who are neither heretics nor excommunicates, nor such as have been previously condemned or accused of some transgression or other, claim that they have some ecclesiastical charge to make against the bishop, the sacred synod commands that such persons should first lay the accusations before all the bishops of the province and prove before them the crimes committed by the bishop in the case. Aber wenn Personen, die weder Ketzer noch ächtet, noch wie zuvor verurteilt oder wegen Übertretung oder einige andere, die behaupten, dass sie einige kirchliche Gebühr zu machen gegen den Bischof, der heilige Synode Befehle, die solche Personen sollten zunächst lag die Anschuldigungen Vor allem die Bischöfe der Provinz, und beweisen, bevor sie das Verbrechen, die von dem Bischof in der Fall ist. If it emerges that the bishops of the province are not able to correct the crimes laid at the bishop's door, then a higher synod of the bishops of that diocese, convoked to hear this case, must be approached, and the accusers are not to lay their accusations before it until they have given a written promise to submit to equal penalties should they be found guilty of making false accusations against the accused bishop, when the matter is investigated. Wenn sich herausstellt, dass die Bischöfe der Provinz sind nicht in der Lage zu korrigieren, die die Verbrechen an den Bischof der Tür, dann ein höheres Synode der Bischöfe der Diözese, einberufen zu hören diesem Fall muss angegangen werden, und die Ankläger nicht zu legen Ihre Vorwürfe, bevor sie, bis sie haben eine schriftliche Zusage zum Einreichen gleichen Strafen sollten sie für schuldig befunden werden, der die falschen Anschuldigungen gegen den Angeklagten Bischof, wenn die Angelegenheit untersucht.
If anyone shows contempt of the prescriptions regarding the above matters and presumes to bother either the ears of the emperor or the courts of the secular authorities, or to dishonour all the diocesan bishops and trouble an ecumenical synod, there is to be no question whatever of allowing such a person to bring accusations forward, because he has made a mockery of the canons and violated the good order of the church. If anyone shows contempt of the prescriptions regarding the above matters and presumes to bother either the ears of the emperor or the courts of the secular authorities, or to dishonour all the diocesan bishops and trouble an ecumenical synod, there is to be no question whatever of allowing such a person to bring accusations forward, because he has made a mockery of the canons and violated the good order of the church.
Those who embrace orthodoxy and join the number of those who are being saved from the heretics, we receive in the following regular and customary manner: Arians, Macedonians, Sabbatians, Novatians, those who call themselves Cathars and Aristae, Quartodeciman or Tetradites, Apollinarians-these we receive when they hand in statements and anathematise every heresy which is not of the same mind as the holy, catholic and apostolic church of God. Those who embrace orthodoxy and join the number of those who are being saved from the heretics, we receive in the following regular and customary manner: Arians, Macedonians, Sabbatians, Novatians, those who call themselves Cathars and Aristae, Quartodeciman or Tetradites, Apollinarians- these we receive when they hand in statements and anathematise every heresy which is not of the same mind as the holy, catholic and apostolic church of God. They are first sealed or anointed with holy chrism on the forehead, eyes, nostrils, mouth and ears. As we seal them we say: "Seal of the gift of the holy Spirit". But Eunomians, who are baptised in a single immersion, Montanists (called Phrygians here), Sabellians, who teach the identity of Father and Son and make certain other difficulties, and all other sects -- since there are many here, not least those who originate in the country of the Galatians -- we receive all who wish to leave them and embrace orthodoxy as we do Greeks. But Eunomians, who are baptised in a single immersion, Montanists (called Phrygians here), Sabellians, who teach the identity of Father and Son and make certain other difficulties, and all other sects -- since there are many here, not least those who originate in the country of the Galatians -- we receive all who wish to leave them and embrace orthodoxy as we do Greeks. On the first day we make Christians of them, on the second catechumens, on the third we exorcise them by breathing three times into their faces and their ears, and thus we catechise them and make them spend time in the church and listen to the scriptures; and then we baptise them. On the first day we make Christians of them, on the second catechumens, on the third we exorcise them by breathing three times into their faces and their ears, and thus we catechise them and make them spend time in the church and listen to the scriptures ; and then we baptise them.
Since the Roman pontiff refused to take part in the council, because Justinian had summoned bishops in equal numbers from each of the five patriarchal sees, so that there would be many more eastern than western bishops present, Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople, presided. The decrees of the council were signed by 160 bishops, of whom 8 were Africans.
On 14 May 553 Pope Vigilius issued his "Constitution", which was signed by 16 bishops (9 from Italy, 2 from Africa, 2 from Illyricum and 3 from Asia Minor). This rejected sixty propositions of Theodore of Mopsuestia, but spared his personal memory and refused to condemn either Theodoret or Ibas since, on the testimony of the council of Chalcedon, all suspicion of heresy against them had been removed. Nevertheless, the council council in its 8th session on 2 June 553 again condemned the "Three Chapters" , for the same reasons as Justinian had done so, in a judgment which concludes with 14 anathemas .
After carefully considering the matter for six months, Vigilius ,weighing up the persecutions of Justinian against his clergy and having sent a letter to Eutychius of Constantinople, approved the council , thus changing his mind "after the example of Augustine". Furthermore he anathematized Theodore and condemned his writings and those of Theodoret and Ibas . On 23 February 554, in a second "Constitution", he tried to reconcile the recent condemnation with what had been decreed at the council of Chalcedon.
The council did not debate ecclesiastical discipline nor did it issue disciplinary canons. Our edition does not include the text of the anathemas against Origen since recent studies have shown that these anathemas cannot be attributed to this council.
For the 14 anathemas (pp. 114-122) the translation is from the Greek text, since this is the more authoritative version.
Our great God and saviour Jesus Christ, as we are told in the parable in the gospel, gives talents to each one according to his ability, and at the proper time asks for an account of what has been done by each one. If the person to whom only one talent has been given is condemned because he has not worked and increased it, but has only preserved it without diminishment, how much more serious and more frightening must be the condemnation to which the person is subjected who not only fails to look after himself but scandalizes others and is a cause of offence to them ? If the person to whom only one talent has been given is condemned because he has not worked and increased it, but has only preserved it without diminishment, how much more serious and more frightening must be the condemnation to which the person is subjected who not only fails to look after himself but scandalizes others and is a cause of offence to them ? It is clear to all believers that when a problem about the faith comes up it is not only the heretical person who is condemned but also the person who is in a position to correct the heresy of others and fails to do so. To those of us to whom the task has been given of governing the church of the Lord, there comes a fear of the condemnation which threatens those who neglect to do the Lord's work. We hurry to take care of the good seed of faith protecting it from the weeds of heresy which have been planted by the enemy. We observed that the pupils of Nestorius were trying to bring their heresy into the church of God by means of the heretical Theodore, bishop of Mopsuestia and his books as also by the writings of the heretical Theodoret and the disgraceful letter which is alleged to have been sent by Ibas to Mari the Persian. We observed that the pupils of Nestorius were trying to bring their heresy into the church of God by means of the heretical Theodore, bishop of Mopsuestia and his books as also by the writings of the heretical Theodoret and the disgraceful letter which is alleged to have been sent by Ibas to Mari the Persian. Our observations prompted us to correct what was happening. We assembled in this imperial city, summoned here by the will of God and the command of the most religious emperor.
The most religious Vigilius happened to be present in this imperial city and took part in all the criticisms against the three chapters. He had frequently condemned them by word of mouth and in his writings. Later he gave a written agreement to take part in our council and to study with us the three chapters so that we could all issue an appropriate definition of the true faith. The most pious emperor, prompted by what was acceptable to us, encouraged a meeting between Vigilius and ourselves because it is proper that the priesthood should impose a common conclusion to matters of common concern. Consequently we asked his reverence to carry out his written undertakings. It did not seem right that the scandal over these three chapters should continue and that the church of God should be further disturbed. In order to persuade him, we reminded him of the great example left us by the apostles and of the traditions of the fathers. Even though the grace of the holy Spirit was abundant in each of the apostles, so that none of them required the advice of another in order to do his work, nevertheless they were loathe to come to a decision on the issue of the circumcision of gentiles until they had met together to test their various opinions against the witness of the holy scriptures. Even though the grace of the holy Spirit was abundant in each of the apostles, so that none of them required the advice of another in order to do his work, nevertheless they were loathe to come to a decision on the issue of the circumcision of gentiles until they had met together to test their various opinions against the witness of the holy scriptures.
In this way they unanimously reached the conclusion which they wrote to the gentiles: It has seemed good to the holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; that you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled and from unchastity. In this way they unanimously reached the conclusion which they wrote to the gentiles: It has seemed good to the holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; that you abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled and from unchastity.
The holy fathers, who have gathered at intervals in the four holy councils, have followed the examples of antiquity. They dealt with heresies and current problems by debate in common, since it was established as certain that when the disputed question is set out by each side in communal discussions, the light of truth drives out the shadows of lying.
The truth cannot be made clear in any other way when there are debates about questions of faith, since everyone requires the assistance of his neighbour. As Solomon says in his proverbs: A brother who helps a brother shall be exalted like a strong city; he shall be as strong as a well-established kingdom. Again in Ecclesiastes he says: Two are better than one, for they have a good reward for their toil. And the Lord himself says: Amen I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything they ask, it will be done for them by my Father in heaven. For where two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in the midst of them. Vigilius was frequently invited by us all, and most distinguished judges were sent to him by the most pious emperor. Eventually he promised to give judgment personally on the three chapters. When we heard this promise, we remembered the warning of the Apostle that each of us shall give an account of himself to God. We were afraid of the condemnation which threatens those who scandalize one of the least important, and of the much more serious one which threatens those who scandalize so very christian an emperor, the people and all the churches. We also remembered what was said by God to Paul: Do not be afraid, but speak, and do not be silent; for I am with you, and nobody shall be able to harm you. When we met together, therefore, we first of all briefly made a confession of the faith which our lord Jesus Christ true God, handed down to his holy apostles and by means of them to the holy churches, the same faith which those who afterwards were holy fathers and doctors handed down to the people entrusted to them. When we met together, therefore, we first of all briefly made a confession of the faith which our lord Jesus Christ true God, handed down to his holy apostles and by means of them to the holy churches, the same faith which those who afterwards were holy fathers and doctors handed down to the people entrusted to them. We confessed that we believe, protect and preach to the holy churches that confession of faith which was set out at greater length by the 318 holy fathers who met in council at Nicaea and handed down the holy doctrine or creed. The 150 who met in council at Constantinople also set out the same faith and made a confession of it and explained it. The 200 holy fathers who met in the first council of Ephesus agreed to the same faith. We follow also the definitions of the 630 who met in council at Chalcedon, regarding the same faith which they both followed and preached. We confessed that we held to be condemned and anathematized all those who had been previously condemned and anathematized by the catholic church and by the aforesaid four councils. When we had made this confession in this way, we made a start on the examination of the three chapters. First, we considered Theodore of Mopsuestia. When all the blasphemies in his works were exposed, we were astonished at God's patience, that the tongue and mind which had formed such blasphemies were not straightaway burned up by divine fire. We would not even have allowed the official reader of these blasphemies to continue, such was our fear of the anger of God at even a rehearsal of them (since each blasphemy was worse than the one before in the extent of its heresy and shook to their foundation the minds of their listeners), if it had not been the case that those who revelled in these blasphemies seemed to us to require the humiliation which their exposure would bring upon them. We would not even have allowed the official reader of these blasphemies to continue, such was our fear of the anger of God at even a rehearsal of them (since each blasphemy was worse than the one before in the extent of its heresy and shook to their foundation the minds of their listeners), if it had not been the case that those who revelled in these blasphemies seemed to us to require the humiliation which their exposure would bring upon them. All of us, angered by the blasphemies against God, burst into attacks and anathemas against Theodore, during and after the reading, as if he had been living and present there. We said: Lord, be favourable to us; not even the demons themselves have dared to speak such things against you.
O his intolerable tongue! O the wickedness of the man ! O the proud hand he raised against his creator! This disgraceful man, who had made a promise to understand the scriptures, did not remember the words of the prophet Hosea: Woe to them, for they have strayed from me! They have become notorious because of their impiety towards me. They spoke evil things about me, and after they had considered them, they spoke even worse things against me. They will fall into a trap because of the depravity of their tongues. Their contempt will be turned inwards on themselves, because they have broken my covenant and acted impiously against my law. The impious Theodore deserves to come under these curses. He dismissed the prophecies about Christ and he vilified, as far as he could, the great mystery of the arrangements that have been made for our salvation. In many ways he tried to demonstrate that the divine word was nothing but fables composed for the amusement of the gentiles. He ridiculed the other condemnations of the impious made by the prophets, especially the one in which holy Habakkuk says of those who teach false doctrines: Woe to him who makes his neighbours drink of the cup of his wrath, and makes them drunk, to gaze on their caverns. He ridiculed the other condemnations of the impious made by the prophets, especially the one in which holy Habakkuk says of those who teach false doctrines: Woe to him who makes his neighbours drink of the cup of his wrath, and makes them drunk, to gaze on their caverns. This refers to their teachings which are full of darkness and quite separate from the light.
Why ought we to add anything more? Anyone who wishes can consult the volumes of the heretical Theodore or the heretical chapters from his heretical books which have been included in our acts. Anyone can see his unbelievable folly and the disgraceful utterances made by him. We fear to continue and to rehearse again those shameful things. The writings of the holy fathers against him were also read out to us. We heard what had been written against his folly which was more than all the other heretics, and the historical records and imperial laws which set out his heresy from its beginning. Despite all this, those who defended his heresy, delighting in the insults offered by him to his creator, declared that it was improper to anathematize him after his death. Although we were aware of the ecclesiastical tradition concerning heretics, that they are anathematized even after death, we deemed it necessary to go into this matter as well and it can be found in the acts how several heretics were anathematized after they were dead. In many ways it has become clear to us that those who put forward this argument have no concern for God's judgments, nor for the pronouncements of the apostles, nor for the traditions of the fathers. We would willingly question them concerning what they would say about the Lord, who said of himself: He who believes in him is not condemned, he who does not believe in him is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only-begotten Son of God. We would willingly question them concerning what they would say about the Lord, who said of himself: He who believes in him is not condemned, he who does not believe in him is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only -begotten Son of God. And about that claim of the Apostle: Even if we, or an angel from heaven, should preach to you a gospel contrary to what you have received, let him be accursed. As we said earlier, I repeat once more: If anyone preaches to you a gospel contrary to what you have received, let him be accursed.
Since the Lord declares that the person is judged already, and the Apostle curses even the angels if they instruct in anything different from what we have preached, how is it possible even for the most presumptuous to assert that these condemnations apply only to those who are still alive? Since the Lord declares that the person is judged already, and the Apostle curses even the angels if they instruct in anything different from what we have preached, how is it possible even for the most presumptuous to assert that these condemnations apply only to those who are still alive? Are they unaware, or rather pretending to be unaware, that to be judged anathematized is just the same as to be separated from God? The heretic, even though he has not been condemned formally by any individual, in reality brings anathema on himself, having cut himself off from the way of truth by his heresy. What reply can such people make to the Apostle when he writes: As for someone who is factious, after admonishing him once or twice, have nothing more to do with him, knowing that such a person is perverted and sinful; he is self-condemned. What reply can such people make to the Apostle when he writes: As for someone who is factious, after admonishing him once or twice, have nothing more to do with him, knowing that such a person is perverted and sinful; he is self-condemned .
It was in the spirit of this text that Cyril of holy memory, in the books which he wrote against Theodore, declared as follows: "Whether or not they are alive, we ought to keep clear of those who are in the grip of such dreadful errors. It is necessary always to avoid what is harmful, and not to be worried about public opinion but rather to consider what is pleasing to God". It was in the spirit of this text that Cyril of holy memory, in the books which he wrote against Theodore, declared as follows: "Whether or not they are alive, we ought to keep clear of those who are in the grip of such dreadful errors. It is necessary always to avoid what is harmful, and not to be worried about public opinion but rather to consider what is pleasing to God". The same Cyril of holy memory, writing to bishop John of Antioch and to the synod which met there about Theodore who was condemned with Nestorius, says, "It was necessary that a brilliant festival should be kept since all those who had expressed opinions in accordance with Nestorius had been rejected, whoever they were. Action was taken against all those who believed, or had at any time believed, in these mistaken views. This is exactly what we and your holiness pronounced: 'We anathematize those who assert that there exist two sons and two Christs. He who is preached by you and us is, as was said, the single Christ, both Son and Lord, the only-begotten as man, as learned Paul says'". The same Cyril of holy memory, writing to bishop John of Antioch and to the synod which met there about Theodore who was condemned with Nestorius, says, "It was necessary that a brilliant festival should be kept since all those who had expressed opinions in accordance with Nestorius had been rejected, whoever they were. Action was taken against all those who believed, or had at any time believed, in these mistaken views. This is exactly what we and your holiness pronounced: 'We anathematize those who assert that there exist two sons and two Christs. He who is preached by you and us is, as was said, the single Christ, both Son and Lord, the only-begotten as man, as learned Paul says'". Moreover in his letter to the priests and fathers of monks, Alexander, Martinian, John, Paregorious and Maximus, and to those who were living as solitaries along with them, he says: "The holy synod of Ephesus, meeting in accordance with the will of God, has pronounced sentence against the heresy of Nestorius and has condemned according to justice and with accuracy both Nestorius himself and all those who might later, in inane fashion, adopt the same opinions as he held, and those who had previously adhered to the same opinions and who were bold enough to put them in writing, placing upon them all an equal condemnation. It was quite logical that when a condemnation was issued against one person for such stupidity in what he said, then that condemnation should apply not only to that person alone but also, so to speak, against all those who spread the heresies and untruths. They express these falsehoods against the true dogmas of the church, offering worship to two sons, trying to divide what cannot be divided, and introducing to both heaven and earth the offence of the worship of man. But the sacred band of heavenly spirits worship along with us only one lord Jesus Christ". Moreover in his letter to the priests and fathers of monks, Alexander, Martinian, John, Paregorious and Maximus, and to those who were living as solitaries along with them, he says: "The holy synod of Ephesus, meeting in accordance with the will of God, has pronounced sentence against the heresy of Nestorius and has condemned according to justice and with accuracy both Nestorius himself and all those who might later, in inane fashion, adopt the same opinions as he held, and those who had previously adhered to the same opinions and who were bold enough to put them in writing, placing upon them all an equal condemnation. It was quite logical that when a condemnation was issued against one person for such stupidity in what he said, then that condemnation should apply not only to that person alone but also, so to speak, against all those who spread the heresies and untruths. They express these falsehoods against the true dogmas of the church, offering worship to two sons, trying to divide what cannot be divided, and introducing to both heaven and earth the offence of the worship of man. But the sacred band of heavenly spirits worship along with us only one lord Jesus Christ". Moreover, several letters of Augustine of sacred memory, who was particularly outstanding among the African bishops, were read in which he indicates that it is correct to condemn heretics even after their death. Other most reverend bishops of Africa have also observed this church custom; moreover the holy church of Rome has issued anathemas against certain bishops even after they were dead, although they had not been accused on matters of faith while they were alive; the acts of our deliberations bear witness to both these cases. Other most reverend bishops of Africa have also observed this church custom; moreover the holy church of Rome has issued anathemas against certain bishops even after they were dead, although they had not been accused on matters of faith while they were alive; the acts of our deliberations bear witness to both these cases. Since the followers of Theodore and his heresy, who are plainly opposed to the truth, have tried to adduce some sections of the writings of Cyril and Proclus of holy memory, as though these were in favour of Theodore, it is appropriate to apply to these attempts the observation of the prophet when he writes: The ways of the Lord are right, and the upright walk in them, but transgressors stumble in them. Since the followers of Theodore and his heresy, who are plainly opposed to the truth, have tried to adduce some sections of the writings of Cyril and Proclus of holy memory, as though these were in favour of Theodore, it is appropriate to apply to these attempts the observation of the prophet when he writes: The ways of the Lord are right, and the upright walk in them, but transgressors stumble in them. These followers have willfully misunderstood what the holy fathers wrote, even though it was true and appropriate; they have quoted these writings, dissembling excuses for their own iniquities. It seems that the fathers did not lift the anathema against Theodore but rather used the language of concession in order to lead away from their mistake those who offered some defence of Nestorius and his heresy; their aim was to lead them to perfection and to instruct them that not only was Nestorius, the disciple of heresy, condemned but also his teacher Theodore. It seems that the fathers did not lift the anathema against Theodore but rather used the language of concession in order to lead away from their mistake those who offered some defence of Nestorius and his heresy; their aim was to lead them to perfection and to instruct them that not only was Nestorius, the disciple of heresy, condemned but also his teacher Theodore. The fathers indicate their intention in this matter despite the conciliatory forms used: Theodore was to be anathematized. This has been very clearly shown to be the case by us in our acts from the works of Cyril and Proclus of blessed memory in respect of the condemnation of Theodore and his heresy. This conciliatory attitude is also to be found in the holy scriptures. The apostle