Lutheranism is the branch of Protestantism that generally follows the teachings of the 16th century reformer Martin Luther.路德教是分行的基督新教，一般遵循的遺訓16世紀的改革家馬丁路德。 The Lutheran movement diffused after 1517 from Saxony through many other German territories into Scandinavia.路德運動擴散後， 1517份來自薩克森州通過其他許多德國領土上到斯堪的納維亞半島。 In the 18th century it spread to America and, thereafter, into many nations of the world, and it has come to number more than 70 million adherents.在十八世紀傳入美國，此後，為許多世界民族之林，而且已經到了人數7000多萬附和。 As such, it lays claim to being the largest non Roman Catholic body in the Western Christian church.因此，它規定了索賠，以作為世界上最大的非羅馬天主教團體在西方的基督教教堂。
Lutheranism appeared in Europe after a century of reformist stirrings in Italy under Girolamo Savonarola, in Bohemia under John Huss, and in England under the Lollards.路德教出現在歐洲一個世紀之後的改革派stirrings在意大利下girolamo savonarola ，在波西米亞根據約翰胡斯進行，並在英國下lollards 。 The personal experience of the troubled monk Luther gave shape to many of the original impulses of the Protestant Reformation and colors Lutheranism to the present.親身經歷了多事之秋和尚路德從而形成了許多原始的衝動的新教改革和顏色路德教到現在。 Like many people of conscience in his day, Luther was disturbed by immorality and corruption in the Roman Catholic church, but he concentrated more on reform of what he thought was corrupt teaching.像許多人的良心，他在一天，路德感到不安的不道德和腐敗現象在羅馬天主教會，但他更集中於改革，他的想法是腐敗的教學。 After he experienced what he believed to be the stirrings of Grace, he proclaimed a message of divine promise and denounced the human merits through which, he feared, most Catholics thought they were earning the favor of God.之後，他經歷了什麼，他相信被stirrings的恩典，他宣布了一項訊息的神聖諾言，並譴責人類的優點，通過它，他擔心，大多數天主教徒認為他們贏得了上帝的恩賜。
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The Lutheran movement gained popularity quickly in Germany at a time of rising nationalism among people who resented sending their wealth to Rome.路德運動普及很快，在德國舉行的時候，民族主義上升當中的人反感，將自己的財富去羅馬。 The early Lutherans were strongly based in the universities and used their learning to spread the faith among an international community of scholars.早期lutherans強烈設在大學，用他們的學習，以傳播信仰之間的國際學者。 By 1530 they were formulating their own Confessions of Faith and proceeding independently amid the non Lutheran reform parties that proliferated across most of northern Europe.由15時30分，他們分別制定自己的供述中的信仰和獨立訴訟中，非路德改革各方繁衍全國最北部的歐洲。 By 1580 and through the next century, these confessions became increasingly rigid scholastic expressions, designed to define the church in formal terms. Ever since, Lutheranism has been known as a doctrinal and even dogmatic church.由1580年，並通過了下個世紀，這些供詞成為日益僵化的學業表現形式，旨在確定教堂正式條款。 此後，在路德教已被稱為是一種學理上的，甚至教條式的教堂。
Lutheranism did not and could not live only by the teaching of its professors.路德教沒有也不可能只生活所教學的教授。 In the late 17th century its more gentle side, which grew out of the piety of Luther, appeared in the form of a movement called Pietism.在晚17世紀它更溫柔的一面，它的前身是對虔誠的路德，的形式出現，一個運動，所謂pietism 。 Nominally orthodox in belief and practice, the Pietists stressed Bible reading, circles of prayer and devotion, and the works of love.名義上和東正教信仰與實踐，虔誠強調聖經讀，圈子的祈禱和奉獻精神，以及作品的熱愛。 This pietism was somewhat unstable; in its downgrading of doctrine it helped prepare Lutherans for the age of Enlightenment, when many leaders and some of the faithful turned to rationalism.這pietism有點不穩，在降級的學說，它對於準備lutherans為啟蒙時代的時候，許多領導和部分忠實轉向理性主義。 Subsequently, theology under Lutheran influence has often taken on a radical character, especially in Germany.後來，神學根據路德的影響，往往採取激進的性格，尤其是在德國。 As a result, there is often a considerable gap between intellectual expressions of Lutheranism and the liturgy and preaching of its congregations.因此，經常存在著相當大的差距之間的智力表現路德教和禮儀，並鼓吹其畢業典禮。
From the beginning, Lutheranism had to wrestle with the problem of its relation to civil authorities.從一開始，路德教不得不角力與問題，它關係到民事當局。 Although Luther was a rebel against papal teaching, he was docile about reforming the civil order and rejected radical revolts by the peasants (Peasants' War).雖然路德是一個反抗教皇教學中，他被馴服，對改革民事秩序和拒絕激進反抗，由農民（農民戰爭） 。 Fearing anarchy more than authoritarianism, the Lutherans gravitated to biblical teachings that stressed the authority of the state more than the civil freedom of its citizens.不怕無政府狀態以上的威權， lutherans gravitated以聖經的教義，它強調了國家的權力，比民間的自由，它的公民。 Most of them were content not to separate church and state, and in the Peace of Augsburg (1555) approved the principle that the ruler determined the faith of the ruled.他們大多是內容不分開教會與國家，在和平的奧格斯堡（ 1555 ）核定的原則是：統治者決定了信仰的統治。 Later Lutherans have enthusiastically embraced republican and democratic government as applications of the principle that God is active in different ways through the two realms of civil and churchly authority.後來lutherans熱情擁抱的共和黨政府和民主黨政府作為應用的原則，即上帝是活躍在以不同的方式，通過這兩個領域的民事及churchly權威。 Many German Lutherans were silent or cooperative, however, when the Nazi regime took over the church; only the Confessing Church, led by Martin Niemoller, opposed the regime outright.許多德國lutherans保持沉默或合作的，但是，當納粹政權接管了教堂，只有承認的教會，帶領馬丁尼默勒，反對該政權買斷。
Lutherans have been more ready than many other Christians to see the permanence of evil in the powers of the created and fallen world, that is, the world under the influence of sin. lutherans已準備就緒，更比其他許多基督徒看到耐久性邪惡的，在權力範圍，創造了大跟頭世界，那就是，世界的影響下單。 Consequently, they have put more of their energies into works of welfare and charity - into orphanages, hospitals, and deaconesses' movements - than into social schemes to transform the world.因此，他們把更多的精力到工程的社會福利和慈善-到孤兒院，醫院，並d eaconesses'運動-比納入社會計劃，以改造世界。
In Europe most Lutheran churches are episcopal, that is, ruled by bishops, and the churches of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden are established.在歐洲最路德教會主教，也就是統治的主教，和教會的丹麥，芬蘭，冰島，挪威和瑞典都成立。 In North America and elsewhere Lutherans prefer congregational and synodical forms of government, in which local churches link together for common purposes.在北美和其他地區的lutherans寧願堂和synodical形式的政府，在這種地方教會聯繫在一起，為共同的目的。 In the United States, Lutherans have united in three main bodies: the Lutheran Church in America (membership, 2.9 million), the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (2.6 million), and the American Lutheran Church (2.3 million).在美國， lutherans曾在美國三個主要機構：路德教會在美國（會員2.9萬美元） ，路德教會-密蘇里州主教（ 2 .6萬美元） ，和美國路德教會（ 2 .3萬美元） 。 The American Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church in America, and a third group, The Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, united in 1987 to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America.美國路德教會，路德教會，在美國，第三組，該協會的基督教香港信義教會，聯合國在1987年成立了基督教香港信義會的報導。
Lutheranism is generally friendly to the Ecumenical Movement, and with some exceptions, Lutheran churches have participated in worldwide gatherings of Christians across confessional and denominational boundaries. Lutherans consider themselves to be both evangelical and catholic because they have points in common with the other Protestant churches on the one hand, and with Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Anglican Christians on the other. In the ecumenical age, however, they have kept a very distinct identity through their general loyalty to the teachings of 16th century Lutheranism.路德教是一般的友好，向基督信仰合一運動，並有一些例外，路德會教堂參加聚會，世界各地的基督徒跨教派和教會的界限。 lutherans認為自己既是福音派和天主教的，因為他們有共同點，與其他基督教一方面，並與東正教，羅馬天主教和聖公會教徒對其他在合一的年齡，不過，他們都保持了非常獨特的身份，通過他們的一般忠誠的教誨， 16世紀的路德教。
Martin E Marty馬丁e馬蒂
Bibliography
參考書目
ET / M Bachmann,
Lutheran Churches in the World: A Handbook (1989); C Bergendoff, The Church of
the Lutheran Reformation (1967); E Lueker, ed., Lutheran Cyclopedia
(1987).內皮素/米巴赫曼，路德教會在世界上：一本手冊（ 1989條） ， c伯根多夫，教會的路德改革（ 1967 ） ;電子lueker
，教育署，香港信義cyclopedia （ 1987 ） 。
This term, or "Lutheranism," is employed to refer to the doctrine and practices authoritative in the Lutheran Churches and as a broad term for those churches throughout the world in general.這個名詞，即"路德教" ，是用來指理論和實踐的權威，在路德教會和作為一個廣義的名詞，對於那些教會整個世界一般。 The name "Lutheran" was not self chosen but was initially applied by the enemies of Martin Luther in the early 1520s.命名為"路德派" ，並不是自我選擇的，但最初是適用的敵人馬丁路德在1520年代初。 Only when he felt that the identification was understood to mean recognition of the truth of his teaching did Luther suggest, "If you are convinced that Luther's teaching is in accord with the Gospel,...then you should not discard Luther so completely, lest with him you discard also his teaching, which you nevertheless recognize as Christ's teaching."只有當他認為這個鑑定的理解，就是承認真理，他的教學路德建議， "如果你確信路德的教學是符合福音， … …那麼，你不應該拋棄路德須徹底，以免與他，你也拋棄他的教學，你不過承認基督對他的教誨" 。
This teaching of Luther, forged from his discovery that the righteousness of God is not a righteousness that judges and demands but the righteousness given by God in grace, found its systematic expression in the formularies incorporated in the Book of Concord.這種教學的路德，偽造，從他發現了正義的，神是不是一個正義的法官和要求，但義所給予的上帝的恩典，發現其系統性表現在處方藥納入該書的和諧。 All these documents, with the exception of the Formula of Concord, were written between 1529 and 1537 by Luther and Philip Melanchthon.所有這些文件，除公式的康科德，寫之間的第1529和1537年由路德和菲利普梅蘭希頓。 They reflect the emphasis on justification by grace and the correction of abuses in the life of the church while at the same time "conserving" the church's catholic heritage (through explicit commitment to the ancient creeds, traditional forms of worship, church government, etc.).他們反映，強調理由，由恩典和糾正濫用，在教會生活中，而在同一時間， "節約"教會的天主教文物（通過明確承諾古老信條，傳統形式的崇拜，教會，政府等。 ） 。
During the years following Luther's death in 1546, theological conflicts increasingly plagued his followers.在隨後幾年中路德的死亡在1546 ，神學衝突日益困擾他的追隨者。 The Formula of Concord, composed of the Epitome of the Articles in Dispute and the Solid Declaration of Some Articles of the Augsburg Confession, sought to resolve those disputes in terms of the authentic teaching of Luther.該公式的康科德組成的一個縮影條款爭議和固體宣言的一些文章的奧格斯堡供述，設法解決這些紛爭的角度真實教學路德。 Subscription to these "symbolical" writings of the Book of Concord as true expositions of the Holy Scriptures has historically marked the doctrinal positions of Lutheranism.訂閱這些"具有象徵意義"的著作這本書的康科德作為真正的論述聖經歷來標誌著學說上的立場路德教。
The theology of Lutheranism is first a theology of the Word. Its principle of sola Scriptura affirms the Bible as the only norm of Christian doctrine. The Scripture is the causa media by which man learns to know God and his will; the Word is the one and the only source of theology.神學路德教首先是一名神的字， 其原理唯獨聖經申明聖經為唯一的規範，基督教的教義。聖經，是起因媒體，其中男子得知知道上帝和他的意志;一詞，是一個而且唯一來源神學。 Lutheranism pledges itself "to the prophetic and apostolic writings of the Old and New Testaments as the pure and clear fountain of Israel, which is the only norm according to which all teachers and teachings are to be judged and evaluated" (Formula of Concord, Epitome).To be sure, the authority of Scripture had been emphasized prior to Luther and the Reformation.路德教承諾本身" ，以先知書和使徒的著作舊約及新約，因為純粹而明確的噴泉的以色列，因為這是唯一的準則，根據這是所有教師和教誨，是衡量和評價" （公式康科德，縮影） ，可以肯定的是，權力的經文中已強調，之前路德和改造。 However, when Lutheranism referred to the Bible as the divine Word, brought to man through the apostles and prophets, it spoke with a new conviction regarding the primacy of the Word.然而，當路德教轉介到聖經，因為神的一句話，使男子透過使徒和先知，它以一種新的信念，就至高無上的字眼。 Luther recognized that the authority of Scripture was valid even where it was opposed by pope, council, or tradition.路德承認的權威經文是有效的，即使它反對由羅馬教皇，理事會，或傳統。
The Lutheran understanding of this principle should be distinguished from bibliolatry.路德了解這一原則應有別於bibliolatry 。 Historic Lutheranism viewed Scripture as the organic foundation of faith.歷史路德教看經文作為有機基礎的信仰。 It is the source of theology in an instrumental sense.它的根源在於神學在器樂常識。 It is not the cause of the being of theology; that would truly be a deification or worship of a book.這是不是導致了目前的神學，這將真正成為神化或崇拜的一本書。 Rather, God is the first cause of theology; he is the principium essendi, its foundation, its beginning, and its end.相反，上帝是第一個原因的神學;他是essendi原理，它的地基，它的開端，但它的盡頭。 The Scripture is the principium cognoscendi, for from Scripture theology is known and understood.聖經是cognoscendi原理，從聖經神學的認識和了解。 Furthermore, the Lutheran view of the Bible is to be distinguished from a legalistic orientation.此外，路德會期的聖經，是有所區別，從法律上的定位。 Christ is at the center of the Bible.基督是在該中心的聖經。 Essential to understanding the Word of God is accepting the promises of the gospel by faith.有必要了解上帝的話，正是接受了許諾的福音信仰。 If this faith is lacking, the Scriptures cannot be correctly understood.如果這種信仰是匱乏的，念經，不能正確理解。
The second doctrinal distinctive of Lutheranism is the doctrine of justification. According to Luther there are two kinds of righteousness, an external righteousness and an inner righteousness. 第二個理論鮮明的路德教是中庸的理由，據路德有兩種，一種是正義的，正義的外在和內在正義。 External righteousness, or civil righteousness, may be acquired through just conduct or good deeds.對外正氣，或民事義，可通過收購剛剛行為或好人好事。 However, inner righteousness consists of the purity and perfection of the heart.不過，黨內正義構成的純度和完善的心臟。 Consequently, it cannot be attained through external deeds.因此，它不能達到通過外部事蹟。 This righteousness is of God and comes as a gift of his fatherly grace.這是正義的，是上帝的，並且作為禮物，他慈父般的恩典。 This is the source of justification.這是從源頭上的理由。
The ground for justification is Christ, who by his death made satisfaction for the sins of mankind. The Apology of the Augsburg Confession defines justification as meaning "to absolve a guilty man and pronounce him righteous, and to do so on account of someone else's righteousness, namely, Christ's." 地面為理由，是基督，誰對他的逝世作出滿意為罪孽的人類。道歉的奧格斯堡供認界定的理由為"為開脫心虛男子，並宣告他的正義，這樣做是考慮到別人的正義，即基督的" 。 Thus God acquits man of all his sins, and he does this not because man is innocent; rather God justifies us and declares man to be righteous for Christ's sake, because of his righteousness, his obedience to God's law, and his suffering and death.因此上帝acquits男子的他的所有罪過，而他這樣做，因為人是無辜的，而是上帝證明我們並宣布男子被正義為基督的緣故，是因為他的正義感，他服從真主的法律，以及他的痛苦和死亡。 When God justifies, he not only forgives sins, but he also reckons to man Christ's perfect righteousness. God declares sinners to be righteous, apart from human merit or work, for the sake of Christ (forensic justification).當上帝的理由，他不僅寬恕罪孽，但他也研判，以人為基督的完美正義， 上帝宣告罪人受到正義的，除了人的優點或工作，為了基督的 （法醫理由） 。
Related to this teaching is the third significant hallmark of Lutheranism: sola fide. 與此相關的教學是第三個顯著標誌，路德教：索拉誠意。 The means whereby justification accrues to the individual is faith. The gospel, as Lutheranism confessed it, made faith the only way by which man could receive God's grace. 該方法的理由，歸個人信仰。福音，因為路德教供述，作了真誠的唯一途徑，由哪些人可以得到上帝的恩典。 In the medieval scholastic tradition theologians spoke of faith as something that could be acquired through instruction and preaching (fides acquisita).在中世紀的學術傳統神學以信仰為東西可以後天通過指令和說教（惹人獲得性） 。 This was distinguished from infused faith (fides infusa), which is a gift of grace and implies adherence to all revealed truth.這是有別於注入信仰（惹人infusa ） ，它是一個禮物的寬限期，並且意味著遵守所有發現的真理。 Lutheranism repudiated this distinction.路德教推翻了這種區別。 The faith which comes by preaching coincides with that which is justifying; it is wholly a gift of God. Justifying faith is not merely a historical knowledge of the content of the gospel; it is acceptance of the merits of Christ.信仰，這是由說教，剛好與這其中的理由是，它是全天主的恩寵。 辯護信仰不單單是一個歷史知識的內容福音，它是接受的優點基督。 Faith, therefore, is trust in the mercy of God for the sake of his Son. 信仰，因此，這是信任，在慈悲的上帝，為他的兒子。
Lutheranism has persistently refused to see faith itself as a "work". Faith is receptivity, receiving Christ and all that he has done. It is not man's accomplishment that effects his justification before God.路德教堅持不肯見信仰本身作為一個"工作" 。 信仰是感受性，接受基督和所做的一切，這是不是人為的成果，影響他的理由上帝面前。 Faith is instead that which accepts God's verdict of justification: "Faith does not justify because it is so good a work and so God - pleasing a virtue, but because it lays hold on and accepts the merit of Christ in the promise of the holy Gospel" (Formula of Concord, Solid Declaration).信仰是說，而是接受上帝的判決理由： "信念沒有理由，因為它是那麼好一項工作，所以上帝-令人欣慰的是一種美德，但是，因為它規定，堅持和接受的優點，在基督的許諾聖福音" （公式康科德，固體宣言） 。
The article of justification by grace through faith challenged the Roman Catholic tradition, which asserted that faith was pleasing to God only if it were accompanied by good works and perfected by love. At the Council of Trent in 1545 the Lutheran view was condemned and the medieval Roman Church reiterated its doctrine that justification is a state of grace in which human good works have merit. For Lutheranism, faith and works certainly cannot be separated; however, they must be distinguished. The righteousness of faith refers to man in his relation to God (coram Deo). 這篇文章的理由，由恩典透過信仰的挑戰羅馬天主教的傳統，宣稱信仰是令人高興的上帝只有當它伴隨著好的作品並完善了由愛在安理會的遄達於1545年路德的看法是譴責和中世紀羅馬教會重申了其學說的理由是一個國家的寬限期，在這人類的優秀作品有其可取的。路德教，信仰和工程肯定不能分開，但是，他們必須有所區別。正義的信念，是指男子在他的天主間的關係（ coram迪奧） 。 The righteousness of good works refers to man in relation to his neighbor (coram hominibus).該公義的好工程，是指男子在與他的鄰居（ coram hominibus ） 。
These must not be confused so as to intimate that man will seek to become just in the sight of God on the strength of his good deeds, nor in such a way that he will attempt to conceal sin with grace.這些絕不能混淆等，以體內，該名男子將謀求成為剛剛在神看對強度，他的善行，也以這樣一種方式說，他將試圖掩蓋罪惡與恩典。 Thus, with respect to justification strictly speaking, good works must be clearly distinguished.因此，恕我直言，以理由嚴格來說，好的作品必須有明確的區分。 But faith cannot be apart from works. Where there is faith in Christ, love and good works also follow.但是，信仰不能除了工程。 只要有信心，在基督裡，愛情和好的作品也跟進。
In one way or another the three fundamental doctrines of Lutheranism, sola Scriptura, sola gratia, sola fide, determine the shape of other distinctive teachings.一種或另一種方式的三個基本教義路德教，唯獨聖經，索拉特惠，索拉真正的，確定的形狀等獨特的教義。 For example, the position of Lutheranism on man's free will is understood in the light of the doctrine of justification.舉例來說，地位路德教對人的自由意志了解，在參照該學說的理由。 Man is completely without a free will with respect to the "spiritual sphere" (that which concerns salvation).男子是完全沒有自由意志與尊重，以"精神領域" （即涉及救贖） 。 Salvation depends exclusively on the omnipotent divine will of grace.救贖完全取決於全能的神的意志的恩典。 Man does not have freedom to do the good in the spiritual sense.男子沒有自由，這樣做很好，在精神意義。 Similarly, the Lutheran understanding of the Lord's Supper must be viewed in light of the principle of sola Scriptura.同樣，路德的認識主的晚餐都必須被結合的原則，唯獨聖經。 Lutheranism has consistently battled against every denial of the real and essential presence of Christ's body and blood in the Supper.路德教一貫爭奪對每剝奪了真正的和必要駐留的基督身體和血液中的晚餐。
An important element of Lutheran biblical interpretation is that one takes words of command and promise literally unless there is some compelling reason for not doing so. If the words of institution at the Supper were to be taken figuratively, simply because they appear to conflict with reason or common sense (eg, the Reformed axiom of the finite being incapable of the infinite), one could do so with any command or promise of God. 的一個重要因素路德聖經的解釋是一個單詞的指揮系統，並承諾從字面上來看，除非有一些令人信服的理由，認為不應該如此做，如果說話的機構在晚飯都是將要採取的形象，只是因為他們似乎有衝突原因或常識（例如，在改革公理有限被無能的無限） ，就可以這樣做任何指揮或承諾的上帝。 Thus, Lutheranism has insisted on the doctrine of the "real presence" on the basis of Christ's plain words.因此，路德教，堅持中庸的"真實存在"基於基督的平原話。 Also, the Lutheran view of grace contributed to the retention of infant baptism.此外，路德會期的寬限期有助於保留嬰兒的洗禮。 Baptism expresses the participation of the Christian in the death and resurrection of Christ.洗禮，表達了參與的基督教在死亡與復活的基督。 Baptism, like the gospel, is powerful to confer the very faith it calls for with its promises, and in each case the Holy Spirit works faith through the instruments of his choosing, namely baptism and the gospel.洗禮，像福音，是強大的，授予十分真誠地呼籲大家與自己的諾言，並在每一種情況下聖靈工程通過真誠的文書，他的選擇，即洗禮和福音。 In Lutheran understanding it is no more difficult for him to work faith in infants through the gospel promise attached to the water of baptism than in adults alienated from God through the proclamation of the gospel in preaching.在路德會了解它已不再是他難以工作，真誠地在嬰兒透過福音的承諾，重視水的洗禮，比成人疏離上帝通過文告的福音傳道。
The dogmatic works of the orthodox period were based on the principle of sola Scriptura.教條式的作品，正統時期的原則基礎上唯獨聖經。 There was an effort to systematize an objective form of theology (theology defined as a "teaching about God and divine things").有努力，系統化的客觀形式的神學（神學界定為"教學上帝和神聖的東西" ） 。 Revelation, as codified in the Bible, provided the point of departure for the orthodox theologians.啟示，編纂成聖經，只要出發點是為東正教神學家。 The chief representatives of this period of Lutheranism included Johann Gerhard, Nikolaus Hunnius, Abraham Calov, and David Hollaz.首席代表在此期間的路德教包括約翰總理， nikolaus亨尼厄斯，亞伯拉罕卡洛夫，和大衛hollaz 。
The period of Lutheran orthodox gave way to the pietist movement in the latter part of the seventeenth century.期間，路德正統作了方式向虔信運動中的一部分，後者的17世紀。 Pietism was a reaction to what was perceived as an arid intellectualism in the orthodox theologians. pietism是一個反應是什麼感覺是一個乾旱知識分子在東正教神學家。 Philipp Jakob Spener's Pia desideria called for a reform movement within Lutheranism.菲利普雅各布spener的軟腦膜desideria要求進行的改革運動與路德教。 According to Spener, experience is the basis of all certainty.據spener ，經驗是基礎，所有確定性。 Therefore, the personal experience of the pious is the ground of certainty for theological knowledge.因此，個人經驗的虔誠，是地面上的確定性神學知識。 This led to the pietist critique of the metaphysical questions treated by the orthodox fathers as well as their traditional philosophical underpinnings.這導致了以虔信批判形而上學的問題，處理由東正教的父親以及他們的傳統的哲學依據。 For the pietist Lutherans inner spiritual phenomena and individual experiences elicited the greatest interest.為虔信lutherans內在精神現象和個人的遭遇引起了極大的興趣。 Since Spener and his followers assumed that theological knowledge could not be acquired apart from the experience of regeneration, their theological expositions dealt mainly with empirical religious events.自spener和他的追隨者假定神學知識不能被收購，除了從經驗中的再生，他們的神學論述，主要處理與實證的宗教活動。
In the eighteenth century theological rationalism appeared in Germany.在十八世紀的神學理性主義出現在德國。 Christian Wolff, utilizing the Leibnizian principle of "sufficient reason," argued that learning must be based on clear and distinct concepts and that nothing should be set forth without proof.基督教沃爾夫，利用leibnizian原則的"充足的理由" ，認為學習的基礎必須是堅定和清楚的概念，並沒有什麼應該定出來，沒有一個證明。 Wolff's thought had a great impact on theological activity.沃爾夫的思想產生了很大的影響，對神學的活動。 Harmony between faith and reason was assumed, and the natural knowledge of God led to the idea of special revelation while the rational proofs for the truth of Scripture demonstrated that the Bible is the source of this revelation.和諧信仰與理性之間的假設是，人與自然知識的上帝導致的想法特別啟示，而理性的證明為真理的經文證明聖經的根源在於這個啟示。 While Wolff intended to defend traditional doctrine, the consequence of his method was the acceptance of reason as a final authority.而沃爾夫打算捍衛傳統學說認為，其後果的，他的方法是接受的理由，作為一個最終的權力。 This conclusion was extended by Johann Semler, who applied a historicocritical method to the Bible and inserted it totally into the framework of human development.這個結論是延長兩個月semler ，他們應用了historicocritical方法聖經，並插入它完全納入框架的人的發展。
Many Lutherans saw the influence of rationalism behind the Prussian Union of 1817.許多lutherans看到的影響，理性的背後，普魯士聯盟， 1817 。 Frederick William III announced the union of the Lutherans and the Reformed into one congregation at his court in celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the Reformation and appealed for similar union throughout Prussia.馮威廉三宣布，該聯盟的lutherans和改革成一個聚集在他的法庭在慶祝的第三百週年，改革，並呼籲類似的聯盟在整個普魯士。 The union was the impetus for a revival of Lutheran confessionalism which reacted to an increasing doctrinal indifference in some quarters of German Lutheranism as well as a growing interest in biblical criticism that threatened to remove the doctrinal foundations of Luther's church.該聯盟是推動復甦的路德自白這反應了越來越學說上的冷漠在一些宿舍的德國路德教以及越來越感興趣聖經的批評，揚言要罷免理論基礎路德教會。 Prominent figures in the effort to restore historical Lutheranism were CP Caspari, EW Hengstenberg, and CFW Walther.頭面人物在努力恢復歷史路德教被處長caspari ，電子戰韓斯坦堡，並cfw Walther稱。 Walther joined an emigration of Saxons to the United States in 1838 to escape the theological legacy of rationalism and the union. Walther稱加入移民的撒克遜人到美國， 1838年為了躲避神學遺產的理性主義和歐洲聯盟。
Apart from Germany, where two thirds of the population had accepted Lutheranism by the end of the sixteenth century, the expansion of Lutheranism through Sweden, Denmark, and Norway left national churches that have endured in strength.除了德國，在那裡三分之二的人口已經接受了路德教到去年底的16世紀，擴大路德教通過瑞典，丹麥和挪威等國家留下的教堂已經忍受了實力。 From these nations Lutherans migrated to the United States and Canada.從這些國家的lutherans移民到美國和加拿大。 The earliest Lutherans in America can be traced back to the seventeenth century.最早lutherans在美國可以追溯到17世紀。 In Delaware, Swedish Lutherans had settled as early as 1638.在美國特拉華州，瑞典語lutherans已經解決了，因為早在1638年。 In Georgia, almost a hundred years later, a group of refugee Lutherans from Salzburg established residence.在佐治亞州，將近百年後，一群難民lutherans從薩爾茨堡成立的居住地。 Colonies of Lutherans also settled in upper New York and in Pennsylvania by the time of the Revolution.菌落lutherans也定居在上紐約和賓夕法尼亞州的，由當時的革命。 Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg organized the first synod of Lutherans on American soil.亨利melchoir muhlenberg舉辦了第一次主教會議的lutherans在美國的國土上。
Contemporary Lutheranism seems to have entered on an age of unification.當代路德教似乎已經進入了上一個時代的統一。 The various waves of immigrants to America led to a proliferation of Lutheran bodies.各種波的移民到美國，引發了一場擴散路德機構。 However, there have been a number of mergers between these groups, which are now mainly included in the Lutheran Church in America (1962), the American Lutheran Church (1960), and the Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod (1847).但也有一些兼併這些集團之間，而現在主要包括在路德教會在美國（ 1962年） ，美國路德教會（ 1960 ） ，和路德教會，密蘇里州主教會議（ 1847年） 。 The Lutheran World Federation, founded in 1947.世界路德教會聯合會，成立於1947年。 cultivates world unity and mutual assistance among its fifty or more member churches.培育世界團結，互助第五十二或更多的教會成員。 Lutheranism throughout the world constitutes the largest of the churches that have come out of the Reformation, numbering some seventy million members, of whom between nine and ten million live in the United States and Canada.路德教在整個世界構成了最大的教堂，已走出了改造，約七千萬名成員組成，其中9至一千萬人住在美國和加拿大。
JF
Johnson怡富約翰遜
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
參考書目
W Elert, The
Structure of Lutheranism; EW Gritsch and RW Jenson, Lutheranism; B Hagglund,
History of Theology; CP Krauth, The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology;
RD Preus, The Theology of Post - Reformation Lutheranism; TG Tappert, ed., The
Book of Concord; RC Wolf, ed., Documents of Lutheran Unity in America; EC
Nelson, ed., The Lutherans in North America.瓦特elert ，結構路德教;
EW向gritsch和rw簡森，路德教， B期hagglund ，歷史上的神學;處長krauth
，保守的改革及其神學;號普羅伊斯，神學的職位-改造路德教;甘油三酯t appert，版，這本書的康科德;鋼筋狼，版，文件的路德會團結在美國;歐共體納爾遜版，
lutherans在北美。
Lutheranism is a major Protestant denomination, which originated as a 16th-century movement led by Martin Luther.路德教是一個重大的新教教派，它最初是作為一本16世紀的運動為首的馬丁路德。 Luther, a German Augustinian monk and professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony (Sachsen), originally had as his goal the reformation of the Western Christian church.路德，一個德國augustinian和尚及教授神學在大學的維滕貝格在薩克森州（ sachsen ） ，原本為他的目標改造西方的基督教教堂。 Because Luther and his followers were excommunicated by the pope, however, Lutheranism developed in a number of separate national and territorial churches, thus initiating the breakup of the organizational unity of Western Christendom.因為路德和他的追隨者被驅逐由教宗，不過，路德教發達，在一些單獨的國家和領土的教堂，從而開創了解體組織統一的西方基督教的。
The term Lutheran was deplored by Luther, and the church originally called itself the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession or simply the Evangelical Church.任期路德是痛惜路德，和教會最初叫本身福音派教會的奧格斯堡認罪，或乾脆福音派教會。 Scandinavian Lutherans adopted the names of their countries for their churches (for example, the Church of Sweden).斯堪的納維亞lutherans通過的名字，他們的國家為他們的教會（例如，教會瑞典） 。 As a result of the missionary movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, Lutheranism has become a worldwide communion of Christians and the largest Protestant denomination in the world, with about 80 million members.由於傳教運動的18世紀和19世紀，路德教已成為一個世界性的共融的基督信徒和世界上最大的新教教派，在世界上大約80萬成員。
Opponents claimed that this position failed to do justice to the Christian responsibility to do good works, but Lutherans have replied that faith must be active in love and that good works follow from faith as a good tree produces good fruit.反對者稱，這一立場沒有做到，正義，以基督教的責任，要切實做好工作，但效果lutherans都回答說，信念，必須積極參與愛心和良好的後續工程，從信仰是一個好樹產生良好的成果。
In the Lutheran celebration of the Eucharist, the elements of bread and wine are given to all communicants, whereas Roman Catholics had allowed the wine only to priests.在路德會慶祝聖體中，元素的麵包和葡萄酒是給所有communicants ，而羅馬天主教會曾允許葡萄酒只有神父。 In contrast to other Protestants, particularly the Anabaptists, however, Lutherans affirm the real bodily presence of Christ "in, with, and under" the elements of bread and wine at the Lord's Supper.相比之下其他新教徒，尤其是anabaptists ，不過， lutherans申明真正身體在場的基督" ，並根據"分子的麵包和酒，在主的晚餐。 Christ is sacramentally present for the communicant in the bread and the wine because of the promise he gave at the institution of Holy Communion, when he said, "This is my body" and "This is my blood" (Matthew 26:26-28).基督是sacramentally目前為communicant在麵包和酒，因為承諾了，他在該機構的聖餐時，他說： "這是我的身體" ， "這是我的血" （馬太26:26 ） 。
Beginning in the late 17th century, the reform movement called Pietism, which stressed individual conversion and a devout way of life, revitalized Lutheranism in Germany and spread to other countries.開始，在晚17世紀，改革運動中的所謂pietism ，即強調個人的轉化率和是一個虔誠的生活方式，振興路德教在德國和蔓延到其他國家。 Lutheran theology, during the 18th century, reflected the rationalism of the Enlightenment.路德神學的，在18世紀，這也反映了理性主義的啟蒙運動。 During the 19th century, the German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, who emphasized universal religious experience, exercised a major influence on liberal Lutheran theologians.在十九世紀，德國神學家弗里德里希施萊爾馬赫，他強調，世界宗教的經驗，實行了一項重大的影響，對自由路德神學家。 At the same time, idealism, the dominant movement of modern German philosophy, had a profound effect on Lutheran theological thought.在同一時間內，唯心論，主導運動的近代德國哲學產生了深刻影響，對路德的神學思想。 In the 20th century, the neoorthodoxy of the Swiss theologian Karl Barth and existentialism have been the most prominent theological developments.在剛剛過去的二十世紀裡， neoorthodoxy的瑞士神學家卡爾巴特和存在主義，一直是最突出的神學思想建設的發展。
The political ascendancy of Prussia among the German states by the early 19th century led to the establishment (1817) of the Church of the Prussian Union, which united Calvinists and millions of German Lutherans into one church.政治向上提升的普魯士之間德語國家最遲於19世紀初，導致成立（ 1817年）的教會的普魯士聯盟，其中美國calvinists和數以百萬計的德國lutherans成一個教會。 This development was bitterly opposed by a large number of Lutherans, some of whom broke away to establish a separate church.這一事態發展，寒風反對大量lutherans ，其中有些人打破，以建立一個獨立的教會。 The crisis of German politics in the 20th century gravely affected German Lutheranism.這場危機對德國政治的，在20世紀嚴重影響了德國路德教。 Hitler's attempt to control German churches led to the split of the German Lutheran Church and to the internment of some Lutherans (such as Martin Niemöller) in concentration camps and the execution of others (notably the theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer).希特勒試圖控制德國教會造成分裂的德國路德教會，並以該拘留的一些lutherans （如李柱銘niemöller ）關進集中營，並執行其他（尤其是神學家迪特里希朋霍費爾） 。 Lutheran leaders in Norway and Denmark took major roles in the resistance to Nazi occupation of their countries, and the German Confessing Church, which had resisted Hitler, made an important contribution to the reconstruction of West Germany (now part of the united Federal Republic of Germany) after World War II.路德教會領袖在挪威和丹麥發生重大作用，在抵抗納粹佔領他們的國家，以及德國懺悔教會，其中有反抗希特勒，作出了重要貢獻，有助於推動重建的西德（現為美國的一部分，德意志聯邦共和國）在第二次世界大戰後。
In 1997 the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America agreed to share full communion with three other Protestant denominations - the Presbyterian Church (USA), the United Church of Christ, and the Reformed Church in America. 1997年，基督教香港信義會在美國同意共享，充分交流，與其他三間新教教派-基督教長老會（美國） ，美國基督教會，並經過改革的教會在美國。 The agreement meant that the churches could exchange clergy and that members could worship and receive sacraments at the other churches.該協議意味著教會可以交換神職人員和大家能崇拜，並接受聖禮在其他教會。
George Wolfgang Forell喬治沃爾夫岡forell
The religious belief held by the oldest and in Europe the most numerous of the Protestant sects, founded by the Wittenberg reformer, Martin Luther.宗教信仰舉行，由最年長的，在歐洲是最眾多的新教教派，創辦維滕貝格的改革者，馬丁路德。 The term Lutheran was first used by his opponents during the Leipzig Disputation in 1519, and afterwards became universally prevalent.任期路德首次被他的反對者在萊比錫糾紛1519 ，後來就成了普遍盛行。 Luther preferred the designation "Evangelical", and today the usual title of the sect is "Evangelical Lutheran Church".路德推薦指定的"福音" ，而今天慣常的標題該教派是"基督教香港信義會" 。 In Germany, where the Lutherans and the Reformed have united (since 1817), the name Lutheran has been abandoned, and the state Church is styled the Evangelical or the Evangelical United.在德國，那裡lutherans和改革，有美國（自1817年） ，其名稱路德已被廢棄，和國家的教堂是風格的福音派或福音派團結。
I. DISTINCTIVE TEACHINGS一，鮮明的教誨
In doctrine official Lutheranism is part of what is called orthodox Protestantism, since it agrees with the Catholic and the Greek Churches in accepting the authority of the Scriptures and of the three most ancient creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed).在學說官方路德教的一部分，是所謂的正統基督教，因為它同意與天主教和希臘教會在接受權威的經文和三個最古老的信條（使徒們的信條，尼西亞，以及亞他那修信經信條） 。 Besides these formulæ of belief, Lutheranism acknowledges six specific confessions which distinguish it from other churches:除了這些formulã |信仰路德教承認六項具體的自白書，其中區別於其他教堂：
the unaltered Augsburg Confession (1530),原有的奧格斯堡自白（ 1530 ） ，
the Apology of the Augsburg Confession (1531),該道歉的奧格斯堡自白（ 1531 ） ，
Luther's Large Catechism (1529),路德的大問答（ 1529 ） ，
Luther's Catechism for Children (1529),路德的講授兒童（ 1529 ） ，
the Articles of Smalkald (1537), and該文章的smalkald （ 1537 ） ，以及
the Form of Concord (1577).形式康科德（ 1577 ） 。
These nine symbolical books (including the three Creeds) constitute what is known as the "Book of Concord", which was first published at Dresden in 1580 by order of Elector Augustus of Saxony (see FAITH, PROTESTANT CONFESSIONS OF).這9個具有象徵意義的書籍（包括三個信條）的構成什麼是被稱為"書和諧" ，這是首次公佈於德累斯頓1580年以命令的選民奧古斯薩克森（見信仰新教的供詞） 。 In these confessions the Scriptures are declared to be the only rule of faith.在這些供詞聖經被宣布為唯一的法治信仰。 The extent of the Canon is not defined, but the bibles in common use among Lutherans have been generally the same as those of other Protestant denominations (see CANON OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES).程度佳能是沒有界定，但聖經，在共同使用lutherans已大致相同，因為相對於其他新教教派（見佳能的聖經） 。 The symbols and the other writings not contained in Scripture do not possess decisive authority, but merely show how the Scriptures were understood and explained at particular times by the leading theologians (Form of Concord).符號和其他著作中不包含的經文不擁有決定性的權力，而只是顯示如何念經人的理解和解釋，在特定的時代所領導的神學家（形式的康科德） 。
The chief tenet of the Lutheran creed, that which Luther called "the article of the standing and falling Church", has reference to the justification of sinful man.行政特尼特的路德派教義，其中路德所謂的"的文章，對常委會和屬於教會" ，已提及的理由罪孽深重的人。 Original sin is explained as a positive and total depravity of human nature, which renders all the acts of the unjustified, even those of civil righteousness, sinful and displeasing to God.原罪是解釋，是一個積極和徹底墮落的人性，使得所有的行為無理，甚至那些民間正義，罪孽深重不快上帝。 Justification, which is not an internal change, but an external, forensic declaration by which God imputes to the creature the righteousness of Christ, comes only by faith, which is the confidence that one is reconciled to God through Christ.理由的，而不是一個內部的變化，而是一個外來的，法醫宣言，其中神責難向受造物了正義的救世主，只能由信仰，這是有信心，一個是調和向上帝透過基督。 Good works are necessary as an exercise of faith, and are rewarded, not by justification (which they presuppose), but by the fulfilment of the Divine promises (Apology Aug. Conf.).好的作品都是必要的，因為這是一次信念，並獲得報償的，而不是由理由（即它們預先假定） ，但所履行的神聖諾言（道歉8月conf設置） 。
Other distinctive doctrines of the Lutheran Church are:其他獨特的教義，路德教會是：
consubstantiation (although the symbols do not use this term), ie the real, corporeal presence of Christ's Body and Blood during the celebration of the Lord's Supper, in, with, and under the substance of bread and wine, in a union which is not hypostatic, nor of mixture, nor of local inclusion, but entirely transcendent and mysterious; consubstantiation （雖然符號不使用這個詞） ，即真實的，有體存在於基督的身體和血液在慶祝主的晚飯，在， ，而根據物質的麵包和酒，在一個聯盟，這是不本質的，也不是混合物，也對當地的包容性，但完全是超越性和神秘;
the omnipresence of the Body of Christ, which is differently explained by the commentators of the Symbolical Books.無處不在的基督的身體，這是有不同的解釋，由評論家的象徵意義的書籍。
Since the official formulæ of faith claim no decisive authority for themselves, and on many points are far from harmonious, the utmost diversity of opinion prevails among Lutherans.由於官方formulã |信仰聲稱沒有決定性的權力，為自己，對許多問題的看法是遠遠和諧的，極其不同見解之間普遍存在lutherans 。 Every shade of belief may be found among them, from the orthodox, who hold fast to the confessions, to the semi-infidel theologians, who deny the authority of the Scriptures.每一個遮蔭的信仰可能會發現，其中從正統的，他們堅守在供述中，以半異教徒的神學家，他否認的權威會念經。
II.二。 HISTORY歷史
Lutheranism dates from 31 October, 1517, when Luther affixed his theses to the church door of the castle of Wittenberg.路德教的日期從1517年10月31日，當路德貼在他的論文送到教堂的門城堡維滕貝格。 Although he did not break with the Catholic Church until three years later, he had already come substantially to his later views on the plan of salvation.雖然他沒有打破天主教教會，直到三年後的今天，他已開始大幅向他的意見，後來就救恩計劃。 The new teachings, however underwent a great change after Luther's return from Wartburg (1521).新的教義，但經歷了巨大的變革之後，路德的回報wartburg （ 1521 ） 。 Before he died (18 Feb., 1546), his teachings had been propagated in many states of Germany in Poland, in the Baltic Provinces, in Hungary, transylvania, the Netherlands, Denmark and Scandinavia.去世前（ 1546年2月18日） ，他的教誨一直宣揚的，在許多國家的德國在波蘭，波羅的海省份，在匈牙利， Transylvania的，荷蘭，丹麥和斯堪的納維亞。 From these European countries Lutheranism has been carried by emigration to the New World, and in the United States it ranks among the leading Protestant denominations.從這些歐洲國家路德教已進行了由移民到新的世界，並在美國，它躋身於領先的新教教派。
(1) The Lutherans in Germany （ 1 ） lutherans在德國
(a) First Period: From the appearance of Luther's Theses to the adoption of the Formula of Concord (1517-80) （一）第一期：從外表路德的論文，以通過該公式的康科德（ 1517至1580年）
Favoured by the civil rulers, Lutheranism spread rapidly in Northern Germany.贊成由民間統治者，路德教迅速蔓延，在德國北部。 After the Diet of Speyer (1526) the Elector of Saxony and other princes established Lutheran state Churches.經過國會的斯派爾（ 1526 ）選民薩克森州政府和其他王子建立了路德教會國家。 An alliance between these princes was concluded at Torgau in 1526, and again at Smalkald in 1531.結盟的關係，這些王公得出的結論是，在托爾高，在1526 ，並再次smalkald在1531年。 The Protestant League was continually increased by the accession of other states, and a religious war broke out in 1546, which resulted in the Peace of Augsburg (1555).新教聯盟正在不斷增加，所加入的其他國家，和一個宗教戰爭爆發，在1546 ，結果在和平的奧格斯堡（ 1555 ） 。 This treaty provided that the Lutherans should retain permanently what they then possessed, but that all officials of ecclesiastical estates, who from that time forth should go over to Protestantism would be deposed and replaced by Catholics.這一條約規定，該lutherans應保留永久什麼然後，他們擁有的，但所有官員的教會屋的，他們從這個時候提出要到基督教會被廢黜，取而代之的天主教徒。 This latter provision, known as the "Reservatum Ecclesiasticum", was very unsatisfactory to the Protestants, and its constant violation was one of the causes that lead up to the Thirty Years War (1618-48).後一項規定，被稱為" reservatum ecclesiasticum " ，是十分不理想，以新教徒，其不斷侵犯的原因之一，這導致了向三十年戰爭（ 1618年至1648年） 。 At the time of the Peace of Augsburg Lutherans predominated in the north of Germany, while the Zwinglians or Reformed were very numerous in the south.在當時的社會安寧的奧格斯堡lutherans為主，在北方的德國，而zwinglians或改革的人十分眾多，在南方。 Austria, Bavaria, and the territories subject to spiritual lords were Catholic, although many of these afterwards became Protestant.奧地利，巴伐利亞州和領土受到精神上議院天主教，雖然許多這些後來成為新教徒。 Several attempts were made to effect a reunion.幾次嘗試了效果與親人團聚。 In 1534 Pope Paul III invited the Protestants to a general council.在第1534教皇保羅三，請新教徒向總理事會。 Emperor Charles V arranged conferences between Catholic and Lutheran theologians in 1541, 1546, and 1547.皇帝查爾斯五世安排會議之間的天主教和路德神學家，在第1541 ，第1546 ，第1547和。 His successor, Ferdinand I (1556-64), and many private individuals such as the Lutheran Frederick Staphylus and Father Contzen, laboured much for the same end.他的繼任者，費迪南德（ 1556至1564年） ，以及許多個人如路德馮staphylus和父親康岑，辛勞花太多時間作同樣的下場。 All these efforts, however, proved fruitless.所有這些努力，但事實證明徒勞無功。 Melanchthon, Crusius, and other Lutheran theologians made formal proposals of union to the Greek Church (1559, 1574, 1578), but nothing came of their overtures.梅蘭希頓，克魯修斯和其他路德神學家提出正式的建議，聯盟向希臘教會（ 1559 ，第1574 ， 1578 ） ，但仍然沒有自己的序曲。 From the beginning bitter hostility existed between the Lutherans and the Reformed.從一開始的痛苦敵意之間存在lutherans和改革。 This first appeared in the Sacramentarian controversy between Luther and Zwingli (1524).這首先出現在sacramentarian之間爭議的路德和zwingli （ 1524 ） 。 They met in conference at Marburg in 1529, but came to no agreement.他們會見了在招待會上馬爾堡1529年，但最後並沒有達成協議。 The hopes of union created by the compromise formula of 1536, known as the Concordia Wittenbergensis, proved delusive.希望聯盟製造出來的折衷辦法的1536 ，命名為協和wittenbergensis ，證明過於一廂情願了。 Luther continued to make war on the Zwinglians until his death.路德繼續做出戰爭對zwinglians直到逝世。 The Sacramentarian strife was renewed in 1549 when the Zwinglians accepted Calvin's view of the Real Presence.該sacramentarian爭鬥延續，在1549年時zwinglians接受卡爾文的角度真實的存在。 The followers of Melanchthon, who favoured Calvin's doctrine (Philippists, Crypto-Calvinists), were also furiously denounced by the orthodox Lutherans.信徒梅蘭希頓，主張卡爾文的教義（ philippists ，隱calvinists ） ，還拼命譴責，也遭到正統lutherans 。 During these controversies the State Church of the Palatinate, where Philippism predominated, changed from the Lutheran to the Reformed faith (1560).在這些爭議的國家教會的皇帝行宮遺址，那裡philippism為主，改為由路德向改革信仰（ 1560 ） 。 From the beginning Lutheranism was torn by doctrinal disputes, carried on with the utmost violence and passion.從一開始路德教被拆除，由教義糾紛，進行了以最大的暴力和激情。 They had reference to the questions of sin and grace, justification by faith, the use of good works, the Lord's Supper, and the Person and work of Christ.他們提到的問題，單仲偕和恩典，因信稱義後，其使用的優秀作品，上帝的晚飯，和網站負責人及工作的喊聲。 The bitterest controversy was the Crypto-Calvinistic.在痛苦的爭論是隱calvinistic 。 To effect harmony the Form of Concord, the last of the Lutheran symbols, was drawn up in 1577, and accepted by the majority of the state Churches.對和諧的形式，和諧，最後的路德符號，制訂了在1577 ，並接受大多數國家教堂。 The document was written in a conciliatory spirit, but it secured the triumph of the orthodox party.該文件是寫在懷柔精神，但它獲得的勝利正統黨。
(b) Second Period: From the Adoption of the Form of Concord to the Beginning of the Pietistic Movement (1580-1689) （二）第二個時期：從通過形式的和諧，以年初的pietistic運動（ 1580至1689年）
During this period Lutheranism was engaged in bitter polemics with its neighbours in Germany.在此期間，路德教是從事激烈論戰同其鄰國德國。 Out of these religious discords grew the horrors of the Thirty Years War, which led many persons to desire better relations between the churches.從這些宗教discords增長可怕的三十年戰爭，這使得很多人的願望，更好地關係的教堂。 A "charitable colloquy" was held at Thorn in 1645 by Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist theologians, but nothing was accomplished. "慈善座談會"舉行眼中釘1645年由天主教會，路德會，並calvinist神學家，但沒有完成。 The proposal of the Lutheran professor, George Calixtus, that the confessions organize into one church with the consensus of the first five centuries as a common basis (Syncretism), aroused a storm of indignation, and, by way of protest, a creed was accepted by the Saxon universities which expressed the views of the most radical school of Lutheran orthodoxy (1655).建議路德教授，喬治卡利克斯特斯，認為自白書，組織成一個教會與共識的首五個世紀以來作為一個共同的基礎（合） ，引起一場風波的憤慨，並透過抗議，一個信條被接受由撒克遜人所大學表達了意見，最激進的學校的路德派的正統（ 1655 ） 。 The Lutheran theologians of this period imitated the disorderly arrangement of Melanchthon's "Loci Theologici", but in spirit they were with few exceptions loyal supporters of the Form of Concord.路德神學的這一時期模仿無序的安排梅蘭希頓的"軌跡theologici " ，但在精神上，他們除了少數例外的忠實支持者形式的和諧。 Although the writings of Luther abound with diatribes against the speculative sciences, his followers early perceived the necessity of philosophy for controversial purposes.雖然寫的路德比比皆是與謾罵打擊投機性科學，他的追隨者早期知覺的必要性哲學為具爭議性的目的。 Melanchthon developed a system of Aristoteleanism, and it was not long before the Scholastic method, which Luther had so cordially detested, was used by the Evangelical theologians, although the new Scholasticism was utterly different from the genuine system.梅蘭希頓開發出一種系統的aristoteleanism ，篇幅不長前，在學術上的方法，即路德有這麼親切憎惡的，是用由基督教神學家，雖然新士林哲學是迥然有別，從真正的制度。 Lutheran dogmatics became a maze of refined subtleties, and mere logomachy was considered the chief duty of the theologian.路德dogmatics成為迷宮的精緻微妙之處，而僅僅logomachy被認為是行政責