Basically there are three types of church government, the episcopal, the presbyterian, and the congregational, each of which takes on features from the others.基本上有三種類型的教會，政府， 主教，長老，及堂，每一項都需特徵，從別人的。 Episcopalianism, for example, finds a large place for presbyters in its synods and elsewhere, and its congregations have many functions of their own. episcopalianism ，舉例來說，找到一個大的地方長老在其主教會議和其他地方，它的畢業典禮有很多功能他們自己的。 Presbyterian congregations also play a large part, while the appearance of moderators attests a movement toward episcopal supervision.長老會教友也發揮了很大一部分，而外觀版主證明一個運動走向主教監督。 The very existence of such groupings as Congregational and Baptist Unions with their presidents shows that churches with a basically congregational polity are yet alive to the value of other elements in the Christian tradition.十分存在這樣的集團的堂會和浸信工會與他們的總統表明教會與基本上堂政體尚未意識到的價值，其他元素在基督教傳統。 Yet the general categories do apply.但一般類別適用。
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But there are objections.但也有反對意見。 There is no evidence that bishops differed from presbyters in NT days.目前並沒有證據顯示主教不同於眾長老在新台幣天。 It is going too far to say that all the ministry of these times was of apostolic origin.這是過猶不及地說，所有內政部這些時間是使徒的起源。 There were churches not of apostolic foundation, like that in Colossae, which do not seem to have lacked a ministry.有沒有教會的使徒基金會一樣，在科洛塞，這似乎並不缺少一個部。 Again, some of the early church orders, including the Didache, are congregational in outlook.再次，一些早期教會的命令，其中包括didache ，正堂在Outlook中。 The case is far from proven.此案是遠遠證明。
Nevertheless, episcopacy is undoubtedly early and practically universal.不過，之故，無疑是早期和實際上具有普遍性。 In time divisions appeared, notably the great schism in 1054 when the Orthodox Church in the East and the Roman Catholic Church in the West separated.在時間均告出現，尤其是大裂1054年時，東正教教會在該國東部和羅馬天主教會在西方分開。 Both continue to be episcopal and hold to the doctrine of apostolic succession.雙方繼續成為主教，並舉行以中庸的使徒繼承。 But there are differences.但也存在分歧。 The Orthodox Church is a federation of self governing churches, each with its own patriarch.東正教是一個聯邦的自治教會，每個國家都有它自己的主教。 The Roman Catholic church is more centralized, and its bishops are appointed by the pope.羅馬天主教會是較集中，它的主教都是由教皇。 There are doctrinal differences, such as different views of the filioque clause in the Nicene Creed.有理論上的差異，如不同的看法，該filioque條款尼西亞。
At the Reformation there were further separations.在改革有進一步離職。 The Church of England rejected Roman supremacy but retained the historic episcopate.英國教會拒絕接受羅馬至高無上的，但保留了歷史性的主教。 Some of the Lutheran churches opted for an episcopal system but did not remain in the historic succession.一些路德教會選擇了一種主教制，但沒有停留在歷史的繼承。 In more recent times other churches have decided to have bishops, e., some Methodist churches, and these too have rejected the historic succession.在近期其他教會已決定設立主教，即一些循道衛理教會，而這些也都不願接受歷史的繼承。 There have been other divisions, such as the separation of the Old Catholics when the dogma of papal infallibility was proclaimed.有其他分區，如分離的舊天主教徒當教條的教皇infallibility宣告成立。 More Christians accept episcopacy than any other form of church government, but episcopal churches are for the most part not in communion with one another.更多基督徒接受之比任何其他形式的教會政府，但聖公會大部分資料都是不共融與彼此。
In the subapostolic age the bishop developed at the expense of the presbyters.在subapostolic年齡主教發達國家在犧牲的長老。 This was due to such circumstances as the need for a strong leader in times of persecution and in the controversies against heretics and perhaps also to the prestige attaching to the minister who regularly conducted the service of Holy Communion.這是由於有這樣的情況下，因為需要有一個強有力的領導者，在時代的迫害和在爭議，對異教徒，而且還可能向威信依附部長，定期進行服務的聖餐。
There is much that is convincing in this case.有不少是有說服力的，在這種情況下。 But we must also bear in mind the considerations urged by upholders of the other ways of viewing church government.但是，我們也必須銘記考慮敦促upholders的其他方式的觀景教會政府。 What is beyond doubt is that from the Reformation onward the presbyterian form of church government has been of very great importance.什麼是無庸置疑的是，從改造起了長老會的形式，教會，政府一直十分重視。 John Calvin organized the four churches in Geneva on the basis of his understanding of the NT ministry as four fold: the pastor, the doctor (or teacher), the deacon, and the presbyter (or elder).約翰卡爾文組織了四個教會在日內瓦就根據他的了解，新台幣部為四個方面：牧師，醫生（或老師） ，執事，並presbyter （或長輩） 。 It was the pastor who had the care of the congregation.這是牧師曾照顧眾。 This was not the full presbyterian system, but it laid the foundation for it, and presbyterianism developed in Switzerland, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and elsewhere.這是不是全部的長老會制度，但它奠定了基礎，並且presbyterianism發達，在瑞士，德國，法國，荷蘭，和其他地方。 On the continent the name "Reformed" is used for these churches.對大陸命名為"改革" ，是用於這些教堂。
Another important development in Geneva took place in a congregation of exiles from Queen Mary's England.另一項重要發展是，在日內瓦發生在聚集流亡分子從瑪麗的英格蘭。 They met under their elected pastors, John Knox and Christopher Goodman, and developed along presbyterian lines.他們下舉行了會議，他們所選出的牧師約翰諾克斯和克里斯托弗古德曼，並制定沿長老線路。 After the accession of Elizabeth, Knox returned to Scotland, and his work led in time to the full emergence of the Presbyterian Church in that country, from where it spread to northern Ireland.加入後，黃錢其濂，諾克斯回到蘇格蘭，和他率領的工作，在時間，以充分湧現的長老教會在該國，從那裡蔓延到北愛爾蘭。 England for a number of reasons did not accept presbyterianism as wholeheartedly as did Scotland, but a presbyterian church emerged there also.英格蘭基於多個原因，不接受presbyterianism作為全心全意像蘇格蘭，但長老教會出現的，也有。 From this church Welsh presbyterianism took its origin.從這個教堂威爾士語presbyterianism了它的起源。 From Europe, more particularly from Britain, the church spread to America, where it became one of the most significant groups of Christians.來自歐洲，特別是來自英國，教會傳播到美國，在那裡成為一個最顯著的基督徒群體。 In the great missionary movement of modern times missionaries carried the presbyterian form of the church far and wide, and national presbyterian churches were formed in many parts of the world.在偉大的傳教運動的近代傳教士進行了長老會的形式，教會遠且廣，全國長老會教堂，形成了世界上許多地方。
Presbyterian churches are independent of one another, but they have in common that they accept such standards as the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, or the Westminister Confession and that they practice a presbyterial form of church government.長老教會是相互獨立，但他們有一個共同點，即他們接受這種標準，作為belgic供述，海德堡講授，或westminister懺悔與他們實行presbyterial形式的教會政府。 The local congregation elects its "session," which governs its affairs.當地教區的選舉其"會話" ，而執政的事務。 It is led by the minister, the "teaching elder," who is chosen and called by the congregation.它是由農業部長說， "教學中的長老， "誰是選擇，並呼籲由眾。 He is, however, ordained by the presbytery, which consists of the teaching and ruling elders from a group of congregations over which it exercises jurisdiction.但是，他受戒由長老會，其中的教學水平和執政長老一群教友超過它行使管轄權。 Above it is a General Assembly.以上這是一個大會。 In all courts parity between teaching and ruling elders is important.在所有法庭平價之間的教學水平和執政長老是重要的。 There has been a tendency for smaller bodies of presbyterians to appear among those who are dissatisfied with the laxity (as they see it) in the way some of the larger churches hold to classic presbyterianism.有一種傾向，為規模較小的機構presbyterians出現那些不滿與懈怠（在他們看來）的方式，一些較具規模的教堂舉行，以經典presbyterianism 。
Added to this is the emphasis on the local congregation in the NT.加上這是側重於當地聚集在新台幣。 There, it is maintained, we see autonomous congregations, not subject to episcopal or presbyterial control.在那裡，那是，我們看到自主教會，而不是受推崇或presbyterial控制。 The apostles, it is true, exercise a certain authority, but it is the authority of founders of churches and of the Lord's own apostles.使徒們，這是真的，行使一定的權力，但它是權威的奠基人教會和主自己的門徒。 After their death there was no divinely instituted apostolate to take their place.之後，他們的死是沒有神提起使徒考慮自己的位置。 Instead the local congregations were still self governing, as we see from local church orders like the Didache.反之，地方教會仍然自治，因為我們看到，由地方教會的命令一樣didache 。 Appeal is also made to the democratic principle.警方呼籲市民，也作出了民主的原則。 The NT makes it clear that Christians are all one in Christ and there is no room for any absolute human authority.新台幣作出明確表示，基督信徒都是在基督裡，不存在的餘地，任何人的絕對權威。
Congregationalism as a system appeared after the Reformation.公理作為一個系統後出現的改革。 Some among the Reformed decisively rejected the idea of a state church and saw believers as forming a "gathered church," those who have heard the call of Christ and have responded.其中一些改革後，果斷地拒絕了主意一國的教會和信徒看到，作為形成了一個"聚集在教堂， "那些聽到呼叫的基督，並已作出回應。 An Englishman, Robert Browne, published in Holland a famous treatise, "Reformation Without Tarrying for Any" (1582), in which he affirmed the principle of the gathered church, its independence of bishops and magistrates, and its right to ordain its ministers.一個英國人羅伯特布朗，發表在荷蘭著名的論述： "改革沒有tarrying任何" （ 1582 ） ，其中他在肯定的原則，所收集的教會，並確保其獨立性的主教和裁判，其權利阿拉維其部長。 Denied the freedom to put all this into practice in England, many crossed into Holland.剝奪了自由，把所有到這一點的做法，在英國，許多越過邊界進入荷蘭。 It was from the church at Leiden that the Pilgrims fathers sailed for America in 1620 and established congregationalism in the new world, where it became very important.這是由教會在萊頓表示，朝聖者的父親駛往美國在1620年建立了公理，在新的世界裡，它成了很重要的。
Congregationalism is much wider than the church that bears the name.公理是廣泛得多，比教會熊的名字。 Baptists, for example, usually have congregational polity.浸信會，舉例來說，通常是有公理的政體。 They see the local congregation as independent and not subject to any outside authority.他們看到這個地方聚集，為獨立，並沒有受到任何外界權威。 So it is with several other denominations.所以這是與其他幾個教派。 In addition there are Christians who from time to time set up their own congregations with no links with anyone. Congregationalists generally oppose creedal tests. This leads to an admirable toleration.此外，還有基督教徒，他們不時成立了自己的畢業典禮，沒有聯繫任何人。 稱為"公理派"普遍反對creedal考驗，這導致了令人欽佩的，嚴懲不貸。 But it also opens up the way to a distortion of NT Christianity, and some congregationalists have passed over into unitarianism.但它也開闢了道路，以扭曲的新台幣基督教，有的稱為"公理派"已通過到unitarianism 。 Nevertheless, congregationalism remains a widely held form of Christianity, and it undeniably points to important NT values.不過，公理仍是一個普遍的形式，基督教，它不可否認點，以重要新台幣價值觀。
L
Morris升莫里斯
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
參考書目
RW Dale, Manual
of Congregational Principles; E Hatch, The Organization of the Early Christian
Churches; KE Kirk, ed., The Apostolic Ministry; JB Lightfoot, "The Christian
Ministry," Commentary on Philippians; TW Mason, The Church's Ministry; J
Moffatt, The Presbyterian Church; JN Ogilvie, The Presbyterian Churches of
Christendom; BH Streeter, The Primitive Church; HB Swete, ed., Essays on the
Early History of the Church and Ministry; W Telfer, The Office of a
Bishop. rw戴爾，手動的公理原則;電子艙口，該組織的早期基督教教堂;柯柯克，版，使徒部;了JB lightfoot ，
"基督教省"的評philippians ;星期日梅森，教會的部; j moffatt ，長老教會;若望奧利弗，長老教會的基督教;波黑streeter
，原始教會;血紅蛋白swete ，版，散文對早期教會的歷史和內政部;瓦特特爾弗，該辦公室的一位主教。
Congregationalism
公理
Presbyterianism
presbyterianism
Episcopal
Church 聖公會
Belgic
Confession belgic自白
Heidelberg
Confession 海德堡自白
Westminster
Confession 西敏寺自白
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