An heretical sect which appeared in the second half of the twelfth century and, in a considerably modified form, has survived to the present day.一種異端教派，其中出現在下半年， 12世紀，並在一個相當修飾形式，有倖存到今天。
NAME AND ORIGIN名稱和原產地
The name was derived from Waldes their founder and occurs also in the variations of Valdesii, Vallenses.這個名字源自waldes其創始人和發生也是在變化valdesii ， vallenses 。 Numerous other designations were applied to them; to their profession of extreme poverty they owed the named of "the Poor"; from their place of origin, Lyons, they were called "Leonistae"; and frequently the two ideas were combined in the title "Poor Men of Lyons".其他許多番號分別適用於他們;自己的專業赤貧的，他們欠命名的"窮人" ，從原產地，里昂，他們被稱為" leonistae " ，並經常兩個理念有機地結合起來，在標題"貧窮男子的里昂" 。 Their practice of wearing sandals or wooden shoes (sabots) caused them to be named "Sandaliati", "Insabbatati", "Sabbatati", Sabotiers". Anxious to surround their own history and doctrine with the halo of antiquity, some Waldenses claimed for their churches an Apostolic origin. The first Waldensian congregations, it was maintained, were established by St. Paul who, on his journey to Spain, visited the valleys of Piedmont. The history of these foundations was identified with that of primitive Christendom as long as the Church remained lowly and poor. But in the beginning of the fourth century Pope Sylvester was raised by Constantine, whom he had cured of leprosy, to a position of power and wealth, and the Papacy became unfaithful to its mission. Some Christians, however, remained true to the Faith and practice of the early days, and in the twelfth century a certain Peter appeared who, from the valleys of the Alps, was called "Waldes". He was not the founder of a new sect, but a missionary among these faithful observers of the genuine Christian law, and he gained numerous adherents. This account was, indeed, far from being universally accredited among the Waldenses; many of them, however, for a considerable period accepted as founded on fact the assertion that they originated in the time of Constantine. Others among them considered Claudius of Turin (died 840), Berengarius of Tours (died 1088), or other such men who had preceded Waldes, the first representatives of the sect. The claim of its Constantinian origin was for a long time credulously accepted as valid by Protestant historians. In the nineteenth century, however, it became evident to critics that the Waldensian documents had been tampered with. As a result the pretentious claims of the Waldenses to high antiquity were relegated to the realm of fable.他們的做法，穿著涼鞋或木製鞋（干擾） ，令他們也被稱作" sandaliati " ， " insabbatati " ， " sabbatati " ， sabotiers " 。著急包圍著自己的歷史和教義與光環的文物，有些瓦勒度派聲稱他們教會信仰團體的原產地。第一waldensian的畢業典禮，有人堅持，成立了由聖保羅的人，此行來去匆匆，以西班牙，參觀了山谷的山前。歷史上的這些基礎上，確定與原始基督教的，只要有關教堂仍是卑賤和貧窮，但在四世紀初西爾維斯特教宗提出君士坦丁，他已治愈的麻風病，到一個位置的權力和財富，並成為教宗不忠實自己的使命，有些基督教徒，但是，保持正確的信念和實踐的早年，並在12世紀一定彼得似乎誰，從山谷的阿爾卑斯山脈，被冠以" waldes "他是不是創辦一個新的教派，但各傳教這些忠實的觀察員真正的基督徒法，並贏得了眾多的追隨者，這帳，而事實上，遠沒有得到普遍認可其中瓦勒度派;他們中的許多人，然而，相當一個時期接納為成立於事實，斷言它們起源在時間的君士坦丁。別人當中考慮克勞狄斯的都靈（死於840 ） ， berengarius旅行團（死於1088 ） ，或其他這類男子，他們曾先waldes ，首先代表該教派。聲稱其constantinian原產地為很長的時間credulously接納為有效的，由新教史學家，在19世紀，然而，現在已經很明顯，要批評者認為waldensian文件已經被篡改。因此自命不凡索賠的瓦勒度派高古物被降級的境界寓言。
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Through the reading of these works he was attracted to the practice of Christian perfection; his fervour increased when one day he heard from an itinerant singer (ioculator) the history of St. Alexius.通過閱讀這些作品吸引了他的做法，基督教完善;他侃侃而談增加時，有一天，他聽到從一個流動的歌手（ ioculator ）歷史上的聖alexius 。 He now consulted a master of theology on the best and surest way to salvation.現在他徵詢了師父的神學上最好和最可靠的辦法，以救贖。 In answer the words of Christ to the rich young man were cited to him: "If thou wilt be perfect, go sell what thou hast, and give to the poor."在回答有關基督的話，以豐富的年輕男子，分別列舉對他說： "如果祢是十全十美的，去賣什麼祢，給窮人" 。 (Matthew 19:21). （馬太19時21分） 。 Waldes immediately put into effect the counsel of the Divine Master. waldes立即付諸實施，律師的神聖的主人。 He made over part of his wealth to his wife, part to those from whom he had acquired it, left some to the nuns of Fontevrault in whose monastery he placed his two little daughters, and distributed the greatest part to the poor.他所取得的一部分，他的財富給他的妻子，第一部分為那些從他已獲得該產品，留下一些給尼姑豐特夫羅在其修道院他把他的兩個小女兒，並分發給了大部份給窮人。 On the feast of the Assumption, 1176, he disposed of the last of his earthly possessions and shortly after took the vow of poverty.對盛宴的假設， 1176年，他的處置上，他的財產和後不久代為發誓脫貧。 His example created a great stir in Lyons and soon found imitators, particularly among the lower and uneducated classes.他的事例形成了很大轟動，在里昂和他很快發現模仿者，尤其是其中低和沒有受過教育的班級。 A special confraternity was established for the practice of apostolic poverty.特別幫會成立，為實踐中的使徒貧困。 Its members almost immediately began to preach in the streets and public places and gained more adherents.其成員幾乎立即開始傳教，在街道和公共場所，並獲得了更多的追隨者。 Their preaching, however, was not unmixed with doctrinal error and was consequently prohibited, according to Stephen of Bourbon, by the Archbishop of Lyons, according to Walter Map, present at the assembly, by the Third General Lateran Council (1179).他們的說教，不過，這也不是純理論與誤差和被禁止的，根據斯蒂芬的波旁王朝，由大主教里昂，根據沃爾特地圖，出席大會的，由第三代lateran會（ 1176 ） 。 The Waldenses, instead of heeding the prohibition, continued to preach on the plea that obedience is due rather to God than to man.該瓦勒度派，而不是不顧禁令，繼續鼓吹就呼籲，順從是因，而不是上帝，而不是人。 Pope Lucius III consequently included them among the heretics against whom he issued a Bull of excommunication at Verona in 1184.教宗lucius三，因此，包括他們當中異端的人，他發出了牛市的禁教，在維羅納在1184年。
DOCTRINE學說
The organization of the Waldenses was a reaction against the great splendour and outward display existing in the medieval Church; it was a practical protest against the worldly lives of some contemporary churchmen.該組織的瓦勒度派是一個反應對偉大的輝煌，並向外展示存在於中世紀的教堂，它是一個實際的抗議，反對世俗生活的一些當代牧師。 Amid such ecclesiastical conditions the Waldenses made the profession of extreme poverty a prominent feature in their own lives, and emphasized by their practice the need for the much neglected task of preaching.在這些教會的條件瓦勒度派了專業的極端貧困的一個突出特點，在他們自己的生命，並強調他們的實踐需要備受忽視的任務斯蒂文。 As they were mainly recruited among circles not only devoid of theological training, but also lacking generally in education, it was inevitable that error should mar their teaching, and just as inevitable that, in consequence, ecclesiastical authorities should put a stop to their evangelistic work.因為它們主要是招募各界之間不僅缺乏神學訓練，而且也缺乏一般的教育，這是無可避免的誤差應三月他們的教學，只是作為無可避免的，因此，教會當局應當予以制止和他們的福音工作。 Among the doctrinal errors which they propagated was the denial of purgatory, and of indulgences and prayers for the dead.其中理論錯誤，他們所宣揚的是否定的煉獄，以及indulgences並為他們祈禱，為死者。 They denounced all lying as a grievous sin, refused to take oaths and considered the shedding of human blood unlawful.他們譴責所有說謊，因為嚴重罪惡，拒絕宣誓，並認為脫落的人血是非法的。 They consequently condemned war and the infliction of the death penalty.他們因此譴責戰爭和施加死刑。 Some points in this teaching so strikingly resemble the Cathari that the borrowing of the Waldenses from them may be looked upon as a certainty.有的點在這教學，使驚人地相似卡塔利確信舉債的瓦勒度派從他們可能被視為一種必然。 Both sects also had a similar organization, being divided into two classes, the Perfect (perfecti) and the Friends or Believers (amici or credentes).這兩個教派，也有一個類似的組織，被分成兩個班，完美（ perfecti ）和朋友或信徒（ amici或credentes ） 。 (See CATHARI and ALBIGENSES.) （見卡塔利和比根斯派） 。
Among the Waldenses the perfect, bound by the vow of poverty, wandered about from place to place preaching.其中瓦勒度派完美的，必然由發誓貧困，洪荒之約，由地方說教。 Such an itinerant life was ill-suited for the married state, and to the profession of poverty they added the vow of chastity.這種流動的生活，是根本不適合已婚狀態，並以專業的貧困，他們加入了誓言的貞潔。 Married persons who desired to join them were permitted to dissolve their union without the consent of their consort.已婚者渴望加入他們被准許解散工會未經他們同意，他們的CONSORT 。 Orderly government was secured by the additional vow of obedience to superiors.有序的政府擔保附加發誓服從上級。 The perfect were not allowed to perform manual labour, but were to depend for their subsistence on the members of the sect known as the friends.完美的人，不得從事體力勞動，但要視乎為自己的生計上的成員，宗教派別稱之為朋友。 These continued to live in the world, married, owned property, and engaged in secular pursuits.這些仍然生活在世界上，已婚，有自置物業，並從事世俗化的追求。 Their generosity and alms were to provide for the material needs of the perfect.他們的慷慨和施捨的人提供物質需要完美。 The friends remained in union with the Catholic Church and continued to receive its sacraments with the exception of penance, for which they sought out, whenever possible, one of their own ministers.朋友仍然留在聯盟與天主教會，並繼續接受其聖禮除與懺悔，為他們找了，只要有可能，他們中的一員大臣。 The name Waldenses was at first exclusively reserved to the perfect; but in the course of the thirteenth century the friends were also included in the designation.名稱瓦勒度派是在第一次專門保留給十全十美的，不過，在這個過程中的13世紀的朋友，也包括在委派。 The perfect were divided into the three classes of bishops, priests, and deacons.完美的人，分為三個班的主教，司鐸和執事。 The bishop, called "major" or "majoralis", preached and administered the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and order.主教，所謂"重大"或" majoralis " ，鼓吹和管理聖禮的懺悔，聖體聖事和秩序。 The celebration of the Eucharist, frequent perhaps in the early period, soon took place only on Holy Thursday.慶祝聖體聖事的，頻繁的，也許在初期，在不久的發生不僅對聖週四。 The priest preached and enjoyed limited faculties for the hearing of confessions.神父宣揚，並享有有限的院系所聽覺的自白書。 The deacon, named "junior" or "minor", acted as assistant to the higher orders and by the collection of alms relieved them of all material care.執事，取名為"初級"或"輕微" ，充當助理，以較高的訂單和所收集的施捨解除他們的一切物質照顧。 The bishop was elected by a joint meeting of priests and deacons.主教被選出來的一次聯合會議的司鐸和執事。 In his consecration, as well as in the ordination of the other members of the clergy, the laying-on of hands was the principal element; but the recitation of the Our Father, so important in the Waldensian liturgy, was also a prominent feature.在他的consecration ，以及在協調其他成員的神職人員，鋪設上的雙手一直是主要的因素，不過，這個朗誦的父親，所以重要，在waldensian禮儀中，這也是一個突出的特點。 The power of jurisdiction seems to have been exercised exclusively by one bishop, known as the "rector", who was the highest executive officer.權力的管轄範圍內似乎已被行使，完全由一個主教，在被稱為"校長" ，誰是最高行政官員。 Supreme legislative power was vested in the general convention or general chapter, which met once or twice a year, and was originally composed of the perfect but at a later date only of the senior members among them.最高立法權是既得利益者，在一般公約或一般章，從而得到了一次或兩次，一年多，原本是組成完美的，但在稍後的日期唯一的資深成員之一。 It considered the general situation of the sect, examined the religious condition of the individual districts, admitted to the episcopate, priesthood, or diaconate, and pronounced upon the admission of new members and the expulsion of unworthy ones.它認為一般的情況，該教派，研究宗教的狀況，以及個別地區，承認主教，神職人員，或diaconate ，地區和突出後，接納新會員國和驅逐不可取的。
The Lombard communities were in several respects more radical than the French.在倫巴第社區在幾個方面較為激進，比法語。 Holding that the validity of the sacraments depends on the worthiness of the minister and viewing the Catholic Church as the community of Satan, they rejected its entire organization in so far as it was not based on the Scriptures.認為有效性聖禮，就看老有所為的部長和觀看天主教教會作為社會的撒旦，他們拒絕在其整個組織，在這麼遠，因為它不是基於聖經。 In regard to the reception of the sacraments, their practice was less radical than their theory.對於酒會的聖禮，他們的做法是那麼激進，比他們的理論。 Although they looked upon the Catholic priests as unworthy ministers, they not infrequently received communion at their hands and justified this course on the grounds that God nullifies the defect of the minister and directly grants his grace to the worthy recipient.雖然他們期待後，天主教會神職人員，因為這些卑微的部長們，他們不是偶爾收到共融，在他們手中，正當這當然是對的理由是上帝勾銷缺損部長，並直接資助他的恩典，以當之無愧的收件人。 The present Waldensian Church may be regarded as a Protestant sect of the Calvinistic type.目前waldensian教會可能被視為一個新教教派的calvinistic類型。 It recognizes as its doctrinal standard the confession of faith published in 1655 and based on the Reformed confession of 1559.它承認它的教義標準供認的信仰發表在1655年的基礎上，經過改革的自白1559 。 It admits only two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's Supper.它承認只有兩個聖禮，洗禮和主的晚餐。 Supreme authority in the body is exercised by an annual synod, and the affairs of the individual congregations are administered by a consistory under the presidency of the pastor.最高權力機構，在該機構行使的年度會議上，與事務，個人的畢業典禮是由一個一致性的主持下，牧師。
HISTORY歷史
The Waldenses in France and Spain該瓦勒度派，在法國和西班牙
The preaching of Waldes and his disciples obtained immediate success not only in France, but also in Italy and Spain.該鼓吹的waldes和他的弟子們立即獲得成功，不僅在法國，而且在意大利和西班牙。 The Italian adherents at a very early date constituted themselves independently.意大利的信徒們在一個非常早日構成了自己的獨立。 In France the movement gained ground particularly in the South, whence it spread to Northern Spain.在法國運動抬頭，尤其是在南方，何時會有它蔓延到西班牙北部。 The Church sought to avert by persuasion the danger of numerous defections.教會要求，以避免受勸導的危險無數叛逃。 As early as 1191 a religious conference was held between Catholics and Waldenses at a place which has not been recorded; it was followed by a second held at Pamiers in 1207.早在1191年是一個宗教會議召開之間的天主教徒和瓦勒度派一地就一直沒有記錄，它並隨後進行了第二次舉行pamiers在1207年。 The latter meeting brought about a return to the Church of Duran of Huesca and several other Waldenses.後一次會議帶來了一個回教堂杜蘭巴的huesca和其他幾個瓦勒度派。 With the authorization of Innocent III they organized themselves into the special religious order of the Poor Catholics for the conversion of Waldenses.與授權的無辜第三，他們組織起來，納入特殊宗教秩序的窮人，為天主教徒的轉化瓦勒度派。 This purpose was attained only in a very small degree; but force soon checked the heretical movement.這個目的是達到了只有在一個非常小的程度，但部隊很快地遏制了邪教運動。 In 1192 Bishop Otto of Toul ordered all Waldenses to be put in chains and delivered up to the episcopal tribunal.在第1192主教奧托的toul下令所有瓦勒度派，以待連鎖店，並發表了以主教法庭。 Two years later King Alphonso II of Aragon banished them from his dominions and forbade anyone to furnish them with shelter or food.兩年後，國王阿方索二阿拉貢放逐他們，從他的dominions ，並禁止任何人向它們提供住房或食物傳播。 These provisions were renewed by Pedro II at the Council of Gerona (1197), and death by burning was decreed against the heretics.這些規定續期佩德羅二，在安理會的赫羅納（ 1197 ） ，和死亡是由燃燒被下令對異教徒。
The French authorities seem to have proceeded with less severity for a time.法國當局似乎已著手不足的嚴重性，一時間。 The Albigensian wars, however, also reacted on the policy towards the Waldenses, and in 1214 seven of these suffered the death penalty at Maurillac.該albigensian戰爭中，然而，這也反應上，政策上對瓦勒度派，並在1214年的7個，這些遭受死刑maurillac 。 But it was only toward the middle of the thirteenth century that the heresy lost ground in Provence and Languedoc.但它只是對中東的13世紀認為大逆不道失地，在法律條款和朗格多。 It did not disappear in these provinces until it was merged in the Protestant Reformation movement, while Spain and Lorraine were freed from it in the course of the thirteenth century.它沒有消失，在這些省份，直到它被合併，在新教改革運動，而西班牙和洛林被釋放，從它在這個過程中的13世紀。 The most conspicuous centre of Waldensian activity in France during the later middle ages was Dauphiné and the western slope of the Cottian Alps.最突出的中心waldensian活動，在法國期間，後來中世紀是dauphiné和西坡的cottian阿爾卑斯山。 The sect seems to have been introduced in to this territory from Lombardy.該教派似乎已被引入到這一地區，由倫巴第大。 From Dauphiné and the valleys of the Alps it carried on missionary work in all Southern France to the Atlantic seaboard.從dauphiné和山谷的阿爾卑斯山脈，它繼續進行傳教工作，在所有法國南部到大西洋海岸。 In 1403 a determined effort was made to win back the Waldenses of the valleys of Louise, Argentière, and Freissinièeres; but the apostolic labours of even a St. Vincent Ferrer were powerless.在第1403下定決心，做出了很大努力，以贏回瓦勒度派的山谷的路易斯， argentière ， freissinièeres但使徒勞動力的，甚至聖文森特福瑞人無能為力的。 The Inquisition was equally unsuccessful, as were also the stern measures of the local civil authorities.宗教裁判所也同樣不成功的，因為也有嚴厲的措施，對當地的民間機構。 The policy of repression was temporarily abandoned under King Louis XI, who, believing them to be orthodox, extended to the Waldenses of the above-mentioned valleys his royal protection in an ordinance of 1478.該鎮壓政策暫時被遺棄的，根據國王路易十一人，以為他們可以東正教，延伸到瓦勒度派的上面提到的山谷，他的皇家保護，在條例的第1478 。
This period of peace was followed in 1488 by a crusade summoned by Innocent VIII against the Waldenses.這一時期的和平其次是在1488年由一個十字軍東征傳喚無辜的八對瓦勒度派。 The war did not succeed in stamping them out.戰爭並沒有成功，在沖壓出來。 But, soon after, the Reformation profoundly modified the sect's history and doctrinal development.但是，不久之後，改革的深刻改造該教派的歷史和教義的發展。 A deputation composed of G. Morel and P. Masson was sent in 1530 to Switzerland for information concerning the new religious ideas.團體組成的G的莫雷爾和體育美晨被送往在15時30分，以瑞士有關部門了解新的宗教思想。 On their return journey Masson was arrested at Dijon and executed; Morel alone safely accomplished his mission.他們回程時美晨被逮捕，在第戎並執行槍決;莫雷爾僅平安完成他的使命。 The report of this journey led to the assembling of a general convention to which Farel and other Swiss Reformers were invited.報告中的這一歷程導致了以組裝的一般公約，其中farel和其它瑞士改革者們邀請。 The meeting was held at Chanforans in the valley of Angrogne and the Reformed teaching substantially adopted (1532).會見是在chanforans在山谷中的angrogne和改革教學大大通過（第1532 ） 。 A minority opposed this course and vainly sought to stem the tied of radicalism by an appeal for assistance to the Bohemian Brethren.少數人反對美國的這一課程，並妄想試圖阻止捆綁的激進主義所呼籲的援助，以波希米亞弟兄。 A new convention held in the valley of St. Martin in 1533 confirmed the decisions of Chanforans.一項新的公約，在山谷的聖馬丁在第1533號確認的決定chanforans 。 The open adoption of Protestantism soon led to the persecution in which Waldensianism disappeared from Provence (1545).公開通過新教很快導致這場迫害中waldensianism消失Provence的（ 15時45分） 。 The history of the communities in other districts became henceforth identified with that of Protestantism in France.歷史上的社區，其他地區成為今後確定的，與基督教在法國。
The Waldenses in Italy and Other Countries該瓦勒度派在意大利和其他國家
Italy became a more permanent home of Waldensianism and more active in missionary work than France.意大利成為一個更永久的家waldensianism和更積極地在其傳教工作超過法國。 During the very first years of Waldes's preaching, converts to his views are mentioned in Lombardy.在最初幾年的waldes的說教，轉換為以他的觀點中提到的倫巴第大。 They increased rapidly in number and were joined by some members of the Order of Humiliati.他們的迅速增強，在數量，並加入了一些成員的順序humiliati 。 But dissensions soon arose between the Waldensians in France and in Lombardy.但糾紛發生不久之間waldensians在法國和倫巴第。 The latter organized guilds of craftsmen, desired leaders of their own, and refused admission among the perfect to married persons without the consent of their consort.後者有組織工會的技工，期望他們的領導人自己，並拒絕入場當中完美，以已婚者未經他們同意，他們的CONSORT 。 On Waldes's refusal to sanction these points, his followers in Italy seceded during the first decade of the thirteenth century.對waldes拒絕制裁這些論點，他的追隨者在意大利分裂，在第一個十年中的13世紀。 After his death a vain attempt at reunion was made at Bergamo in 1218.在他死後，妄圖在留尼汪是在貝加莫在第1218 。 The Italian branch after some time not only prospered in the valleys of western Piedmont, but also established important colonies in Calabria and Apulia.意大利科一段時間後，不僅繁榮於山谷的西部山前平原，而且還建立了重要的殖民地，在卡拉布里亞和普利亞。 In the fifteenth century communities hardly less important are mentioned in the Papal States and other parts of Central Italy.在15世紀的社區幾乎同樣重要的是提到，在教皇國和其他零部件的意大利中部。
The appearance of the Waldenses in the Diocese of Strasburg is recorded in 1211 and the years 1231-1233 were marked in Germany by resolute efforts to stamp out their errors.外觀的瓦勒度派在教區strasburg是記錄在1211 ，及年資1231至1233年分別標註在德國的堅決努力，以杜絕他們的錯誤。 But soon, adherents of the sect were found in Bavaria, Austria, and other sections.但很快，遺民該教派被發現在巴伐利亞，奧地利和其他路段。 They spread in the north to the shores of the Baltic Sea, and in the east to Bohemia, Poland and Hungary.它們主要分佈在北至海岸的波羅的海，並在東部地區，以波西米亞，波蘭和匈牙利。 With the appearance of new heresies they at times partly lost their distinctive character.與出現新的異端邪說，他們有時部分失去了其鮮明的時代特色。 In Bohemia they amalgamated with the Hussites and the Bohemian Brethren without losing all their peculiarities.在波西米亞合併後，他們與胡斯之徒和波希米亞弟兄，不喪失其所有的特點。
Protestantism was still more readily accepted.新教仍然是比較容易被接受。 Not only were its teachings universally adopted, but numerous Waldensian communities were merged in the Protestant churches, the Italian congregations alone retaining an independent existence and the original name.不僅其教義的普遍採用，但也有很多waldensian社區合併，在新教教堂舉行，意大利的畢業典禮，僅保留一個獨立的存在，和原來的名字。 Those in the Piedmont valleys enjoyed religious peace from 1536-1559, owing to the political dependence of the districts upon France.那些在皮埃蒙特大峽谷享有宗教和平從1536年至1559年，由於政治上的依賴性地區後，法國。 A contrary policy was pursued by the Dukes of Savoy; but the Waldenses at the very outset successfully resisted, and in 1561 were granted in certain districts the free exercise of their religion.相反的政策，追求的是由腫瘤的。 Savoy但瓦勒度派在成立之初，便很成功地抵禦了，並在1561年被授予在某些地區自由行使他們的宗教活動。 In 1655 violence was again fruitlessly resorted to.在1655年的暴力行動再次升級fruitlessly訴諸。 Later in the same century (1686, 1699) some of them, under stress of renewed persecution, emigrated to Switzerland and Germany.後來在同一個世紀（ 1686 ， 1699 ） ，他們中的一些人，在壓力下再度被迫害，移居瑞士和德國。 In Piedmont, civil equality was granted them in 1799 when the French occupied the country.在皮埃蒙特，公民平等是理所當然的，他們1799年當法國佔領該國。 They enjoyed this peace until the downfall of Napoleon I, but again lost it at the return of the house of Savoy.他們享有這種和平，直至滅亡的拿破崙一世，但再次失去了它在返回的眾院。 Savoy 。 From 1816 onward, however, gradual concessions were made to the Waldenses, and in 1848 Charles Albert granted them complete and permanent liberty.從1816年開始，但是，漸進式優惠向瓦勒度派，並在1848年查爾斯何俊仁給予他們完全和永久的自由。 Renewed activity has since marked their history.續期活動以來，已顯著的歷史時期。 They founded in 1855 a school of theology at Torre Pellice and transferred it to Florence in 1860.他們成立於1855年，學校的神學Torre ） pellice並轉移到佛羅倫薩於1860年。 Through emigration they have spread to several cities of Southern France, and also to North and South America.通過移民，他們已擴散到幾個城市的法國南部，也有北美洲和南美洲。 There are five congregations in Uruguay and two in Argentina.有5個教區，在烏拉圭和兩個在阿根廷。 Three colonies have settled in the United States: at Wolfe Ridge, Texas; Valdese, North Carolina; and Monett, Missouri.三殖民地定居在美國：在沃爾夫嶺，得克薩斯州;瓦爾迪斯，北卡羅萊納州; monett ，密蘇里州。 The communities which in the seventeenth century settled in Germany have since severed their connection with the church and abandoned their original language.該社區是在17世紀定居在德國已斷絕了他們涉嫌與教會和被遺棄的原文。 In Hesse-Darmstadt they were prohibited the use of French in 1820-21; in Würtemberg they joined the Lutheran State Church in 1823.在黑塞-達姆施塔特他們被禁止使用法語，在1820年至1821年; würtemberg他們加入了路德教會，國家在1823年。 Later on, they began receiving financial support from the "American Waldensian Aid Society" founded in 1906, and from a similar organization in Great Britain.後來，他們就開始接受財政支持，從"美國waldensian援助協會" ，成立於1906年，從一個類似的組織，在大不列顛。
Publication information Written by NA Weber.出版信息寫娜韋伯。 Transcribed by Anthony A. Killeen.轉錄由Anthony甲killeen 。 Aeterna non caduca The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV.依特鈉非caduca天主教百科全書，體積十五。 Published 1912. 1912年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.紐約：羅伯特Appleton還公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1912. nihil obstat ， 1912年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人頭馬lafort ，性病，檢查員。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +約翰farley樞機主教，大主教紐約
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