Donatism was an heretical Christian movement of the 4th and 5th centuries, which claimed that the validity of the sacraments depends on the moral character of the minister. donatism是一個邪教基督教運動的第四和第五個世紀，稱有效性聖禮，就看品德的部長。 It arose as a result of the consecration of a bishop of Carthage in AD311.它產生的結果之一是consecration的一位主教的迦太基在ad311 。 One of the three consecrating bishops was believed to be a traditor, that is, one of the ecclesiastics who had been guilty of handing over their copies of the Bible to the oppressive forces of the Roman emperor Diocletian.其中的三個consecrating主教被認為是一個traditor ，即是其中的ecclesiastics曾犯移交其份的聖經，以壓迫性的力量，羅馬皇帝diocletian 。 An opposition group of 70 bishops, led by the primate of Numidia, formed itself into a synod at Carthage and declared the consecration of the bishop invalid.一個反對派團體的70位主教，由靈長類動物的numidia ，形成自己成為一個主教在迦太基，並宣布consecration的主教無效。 They held that the church must exclude from its membership persons guilty of serious sin, and that therefore no sacrament could rightly be performed by a traditor.他們認為，教會必須排除來自其成員的人，犯了嚴重的罪過，所以沒有聖餐可以正確地履行所traditor 。
The synod excommunicated the Carthaginian bishop when he refused to appear before it.主教驅逐了carthaginian主教時，他拒絕出庭。 Four years later, upon the death of the new bishop, the theologian Donatus the Great became bishop of Carthage; the movement later took its name from him.四年後，去世後的新主教，神學家給了偉大成為主教的迦太基;運動，後來在它的名字來自他。 As a result of the desire of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great to settle the dispute, it was submitted to various ecclesiastical bodies and in 316 to the emperor himself; in each case the consecration of the bishop elected originally, in 311, was upheld.由於慾望的羅馬皇帝君士坦丁大，以解決糾紛，這是提交給各教會團體，並在316個皇帝自己，在每一種情況下consecration的主教當選本來，在311 ，維持原判。 Constantine the Great at first attempted to suppress the Donatists by force, but in 321 he adopted a policy of tolerance; the policy was reversed, however, by his youngest son, Constans I, who instituted a regime of persecution.君士坦丁偉大起初試圖壓制donatists武力，但在321他採取容忍政策;政策得到扭轉，但是，由他的小兒子， CONSTANS的，我的人提起的一個政權的迫害。 In 411 a debate between the Donatist and Catholic bishops was held at Carthage to settle the dispute.在411辯論與多納圖派和天主教主教團舉行了迦太基，以解決糾紛。 The outcome was once again adverse to the Donatists.結果再次不利向donatists 。 As a result, they were deprived of all civil rights in 414, and, in the following year, their assemblies were banned under penalty of death.因此，他們被剝奪了一切公民權利，在414個，並在次年，他們的集會被禁止，下判死刑。 The movement then began to decline, but it survived until the Moorish conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries.運動，然後開始下降，但倖存下來，直到摩爾人征服的第7次和第8次百年。
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Donatism was a schismatic movement arising in the fourth century. donatism是一個schismatic運動所引起的，在第四世紀。 In its first stage it was a North African expression of a doctrine of the church.在第一階段，它是一個北非表達的是主義的教會。 In its second stage it was a popular rebellion that pitted the Berber and landless against the landed Latin Catholic elite.在第二階段，這是一個受歡迎的叛亂締造柏柏爾人，並沒有土地的反對降落拉丁美洲天主教精英。 Donatus, schismatic Bishop of Carthage (313-47), sometimes spoken of as Donatus the Great, directed the schismatic church with vigor and a shrewd use of ethnic and social factors until the Roman emperor exiled him to Gaul or Spain in 347; he died there ca.給了， schismatic主教迦太基（ 313-47 ） ，有時口語的，因為給了偉大的，於是指示schismatic教會所具有的生機和精明的利用民族和社會因素，直到羅馬皇帝流放他高盧或西班牙在347個;去世有鈣。 350. 350 。 Parmenian, also an able leader, succeeded him. parmenian ，也是一個能夠領袖，接替他。
Donatism grew out of the teachings of Tertulian and Cyprian. donatism增長失控的遺訓泰爾圖利安和塞浦路斯。 Following these two, Donatists taught that a priest's part in sacraments was substantial (he had to be holy and in proper standing with the church for the sacrament to be valid) rather than simply instrumental.以下為這兩條， donatists教授說，一名牧師的一部分，在聖禮是相當大（他已被聖地以及如何妥善常委與教會為聖餐方可生效） ，而不是簡單的樂器。 The latter was the view of Rome and of Augustine, Bishop of Hippo and chief anti-Donatist spokesman.後者是鑑於羅馬的奧古斯丁主教，河馬和首席反多納圖派發言人。 To Donatus the church was a visible society of the elect separate from the world, whereas Augustine developed the Catholic concept of an invisible church within the visible.為了給了教會是一個有形的社會獲選脫離世界，而奧古斯丁發達天主教的概念，一種無形的教會內可見。 Donatists also had a fierce reverence for every word of Scripture; therefore to pour a libation to the emperor or to surrender a Bible to Roman peersecutors to burn was to be a heretic or a traditore. donatists也進行了激烈的崇敬，為每一個字的經文，因此傾訴一libation向皇帝或交出一本聖經，以羅馬peersecutors自焚，是一個邪教組織或者traditore 。 Any who had done so were forever outside the visible church unless they were rebaptized (being saved all over again).任何人這樣做的人永遠外界有形教會，除非他們rebaptized （被保存所有再三） 。 Augustine and the Catholics accepted traditores as they did any other backsliders; they were welcomed back into communion upon proper penance prescribed by their bishop.奧古斯丁和天主教徒接受traditores ，因為他們沒有任何其他backsliders ，他們被歡迎回到共融適當的懺悔明他們的主教。 Donatists saw themselves as the only true church and Augustine and his Catholics as a mixed multitude. donatists看到了自己作為唯一真正的教會和奧古斯丁和他的天主教徒作為一個混合多種。
The actual schism followed Diocletian's persecution (303-5), which was particularly widespread in North Africa.實際裂其次diocletian的迫害（ 303-5 ） ，這是特別普遍在北非。 There priests and bishops were often permitted to escape death by surrending Scriptures and regalia to authorities.有神父和主教被允許的，往往難逃一死，由surrending經文和富豪當局。 In 311 Caecillian was elected and consecrated as Bishop of Carthage.在311 caecillian當選和consecrated作為主教的迦太基。 Religiously the consecration was considered invalid because Caecilian himself may have handed over Scriptures for burning and because one of his three confirming bishops, Felix of Aptonga, was a traditore.宗教上的consecration被視為無效，因為無足目自己可能已移交經典的燃燒和，因為他的一個三確認主教，菲利克斯的aptonga ，是一個traditore 。 Politically the consecration of Caecilian was suspect because the primate of Numidia, Secundus of Tigisi, was not involved, and for the previous forty years Numidia had claimed the right of ordaining the Bishop of Carthage.在政治上consecration的無足目，被懷疑是因為靈長類動物的numidia ， secundus的tigisi ，並沒有參與會議，並為前四十年numidia曾聲稱有權ordaining主教的迦太基。 Secundus arrived in Carthage with seventy Numidian bishops, declared Caecilian's election invalid, and elected Majorinus as rival Bishop of Carthage. secundus抵達迦太基與七十numidian主教，無足目宣布的選舉結果無效，並選出majorinus作為競爭對手的主教迦太基。 Majorinus died within two years, and Donatus was consecrated in his place in 313. majorinus去世後兩年內，並給了被consecrated在他的位置在313 。
Constantine, after trying councils and conciliation, turned to severe oppression in 317; but when that failed he granted Donatists liberty of worship in 321.君士坦丁，在試用議會和調解，轉而嚴重壓迫，在317個;但當失敗的那次，他理所當然donatists自由崇拜321 。 In 371 Donatists joined the anti-Roman revolt of Firmus.在371 donatists參加反羅馬起義的堅實。 In 388 the fanatical Donatist Bishop Optatus of Thamugadi and organized bands of Donatist terrorists, called Circumcellions, led a revolt under Geldon that lasted to the deaths of Optatus and Geldon in 398.在388個狂熱的多納圖派的主教optatus的薩穆加迪和有組織階的多納圖派恐怖分子，所謂circumcellions率領下起義格爾東表示，持續至死亡optatus和格爾東在398 。 Donatism survived until the seventh century Muslim conquest of North Africa obliterated Catholics and Donatists alike. donatism倖存下來，直到公元7世紀穆斯林征服北非抹殺天主教徒和donatists樂趣。
VL
Walter沃爾特的VL
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
參考書目
WHC Frend, The
Donatist Church; WJ Sparrow-Simpson, St. Augustine and African Church Divisions;
RA Markus, "Donatism: The Last Phase," in Studies in Church History,
I.西隧frend ，多納圖派教會; WJ通信公司麻雀-辛普森，聖奧古斯丁和非洲教堂告;類風濕性關節炎（ Markus ， " donatism
：最後階段， "在研究，在教會的歷史中，一
The Donatist schism in Africa began in 311 and flourished just one hundred years, until the conference at Carthage in 411, after which its importance waned.該多納圖派的分裂，在非洲開始，在311和興盛剛剛百年，直至會議在迦太基在411之後，它的重要性減弱。
CAUSES OF THE SCHISM成因為何裂
In order to trace the origin of the division we have to go back to the persecution under Diocletian.以便追查來源地分工，我們要回去的迫害下diocletian 。 The first edict of that emperor against Christians (24 Feb., 303) commanded their churches to be destroyed, their Sacred Books to be delivered up and burnt, while they themselves were outlawed.第一個法令，即皇帝對基督徒（ 2月24日， 303 ）的指揮下，他們的教堂被摧毀，其神聖的書籍，以交付並燒毀，而他們自己的主觀意見。 Severer measures followed in 304, when the fourth edict ordered all to offer incense to the idols under pain of death.更嚴厲的措施，然後在304 ，當第四法令下令所有提供上香向偶像下痛苦的死亡。 After the abdication of Maximian in 305, the persecution seems to have abated in Africa.經過退位瑪西緬在305 ，迫害似乎已有所減緩，在非洲。 Until then it was terrible.屆時，實在太可怕了。 In Numidia the governor, Florus, was infamous for his cruelty, and, though many officials may have been, like the proconsul Anulinus, unwilling to go further than they were obliged, yet St. Optatus is able to say of the Christians of the whole country that some were confessors, some were martyrs, some fell, only those who were hidden escaped.在numidia總督， florus ，是臭名昭著的，為他的殘酷性，而且，雖然許多官員可能已經像proconsul anulinus ，不願再進一步比他們有責任，但聖optatus是能夠說的基督徒整國家有些人師，有的烈士，有的下跌，只有那些被隱藏逃脫。 The exaggerations of the highly strung African character showed themselves.這個誇張的高度strung非洲字符顯示自己。 A hundred years earlier Tertullian had taught that flight from persecution was not permissible. 100年前戴爾都良告訴我們，飛行，從迫害是決不容許的。 Some now went beyond this, and voluntarily gave themselves up to martyrdom as Christians.現在有些超越了這一點，並主動給自己最多殉難作為基督徒。 Their motives were, however, not always above suspicion.他們的動機，但是，並不總是上述猜疑。 Mensurius, the Bishop of Carthage, in a letter to Secundus, Bishop of Tigisi, then the senior bishop (primate) of Numidia, declares that he had forbidden any to be honoured as martyrs who had given themselves up of their own accord, or who had boasted that they possessed copies of the Scriptures which they would not relinquish; some of these, he says, were criminals and debtors to the State, who thought they might by this means rid themselves of a burdensome life, or else wipe away the remembrance of their misdeeds, or at least gain money and enjoy in prison the luxuries supplied by the kindness of Christians. mensurius ，這位主教的迦太基，在給secundus ，主教tigisi ，那麼高級主教（靈長類動物）的numidia ，宣稱他已嚴禁任何必須兌現為烈士，他們已作出了自己的自己，或者誰曾誇口說，他們擁有的副本會念經，他們不會放棄，有些人對這些，他說，被犯罪分子和債務人對國家而言，誰想到他們可能會利用這種方法來擺脫了沉重的生命，否則抹去的回憶他們的不良行為，或者至少獲得金錢和享受，在監獄奢侈品的，由善良的基督徒。 The later excesses of the Circumcellions show that Mensurius had some ground for the severe line he took.後來的過激行為的circumcellions表明mensurius了一些理由，使嚴峻的路線，他上台。 He explains that he had himself taken the Sacred Books of the Church to his own house, and had substituted a number of heretical writings, which the prosecutors had seized without asking for more; the proconsul, when informed of the deception refused to search the bishop's private house.他解釋說，他本人採取了神聖的書教會自己的房子，並已取代了一些異端邪說著作，其中檢察機關已檢獲不要求政府提供更多的人; proconsul ，當獲知該宗詐騙案，拒絕搜索主教私人住宅。 Secundus, in his reply, without blaming Mensurius, somewhat pointedly praised the martyrs who in his own province had been tortured and put to death for refusing to deliver up the Scriptures; he himself had replied to the officials who came to search: "I am a Christian and a bishop, not a traditor." secundus ，在他的答复中，沒有怨天尤人， mensurius ，有點尖銳地稱讚烈士用他自己省被折磨致死，並以死拒絕提供高達念經;連他本人都回答有關官員前來搜索時說： "我一名基督信徒和主教，而不是一個traditor " 。 This word traditor became a technical expression to designate those who had given up the Sacred Books, and also those who had committed the worse crimes of delivering up the sacred vessels and even their own brethren.這兩個字traditor成為一個技術性的表達指定那些已經放棄了神聖的書籍，以及那些曾犯下嚴重的罪行提供了神聖的船隻，甚至他們自己的弟兄。
It is certain that relations were strained between the confessors in prison at Carthage and their bishop.可以肯定的是，關係緊張之間confessors在監獄迦太基和他們的主教。 If we may credit the Donatist Acts of the forty-nine martyrs of Abitene, they broke off communion with Mensurius.如果我們可以信貸多納圖派行為的49烈士abitene ，他們斷絕與共融mensurius 。 We are informed in these Acts that Mensurius was a traditor by his own confession, and that his deacon, Caecilian, raged more furiously against the martyrs than did the persecutors themselves; he set armed men with whips before the door of the prison to prevent their receiving any succor; the food brought by the piety of the Christians was thrown to the dogs by these ruffians, and the drink provided was spilled in the street, so that the martyrs, whose condemnation the mild proconsul had deferred, died in prison of hunger and thirst.我們得知，在這些行為mensurius是一個traditor由他自己的供述，並認為他執事，無足目，肆虐更加拼命對烈士比當年迫害者自己，他的武裝男子用皮鞭前大門監獄，以防止其收到任何救濟;食物所帶來的是由虔誠的基督徒被投擲到犬，這些歹徒，並提供飲料被灑在街頭，讓先烈，他們譴責輕度proconsul推遲了，在監獄中死亡的飢餓和渴望。 The story is recognized by Duchesne and others as exaggerated.故事是公認的duchesne等為誇大之嫌。 It would be better to say that the main point is incredible; the prisoners would not have been allowed by the Roman officials to starve; the details -- that Mensurius confessed himself a traditor, that he prevented the succoring of the imprisoned confessors -- are simply founded on the letter of Mensurius to Secundus.倒不如將說，這點主要是不可思議的;犯人，也不會被允許的羅馬官員會餓死;細節-這m ensurius供認自己是一個t raditor，他阻止了救助的囚禁c onfessors-簡單的基礎上的信mensurius以secundus 。 Thus we may safely reject all the latter part of the Acts as fictitious.因此，我們可以安全地拒絕所有的後半部的行為作為虛構的。 The earlier part is authentic: it relates how certain of the faithful of Abitene met and celebrated their usual Sunday service, in defiance of the emperor's edict, under the leadership of the priest Saturninus, for their bishop was a traditor and they disowned him; they were sent to Carthage, made bold replies when interrogated, and were imprisoned by Anulinus, who might have condemned them to death forthwith.較早的部分是真實的：它涉及如何在一定的忠實的abitene會見並慶祝其通常週日服務，無視皇帝的命令，領導下，該名神父saturninus ，為他們的主教是一個traditor他們六親不認他;被送往迦太基，進行了大膽的答复時，審問，並分別被判入獄anulinus ，他們可能也都紛紛譴責他們立即死亡。 The whole account is characteristic of the fervid African temperament.整個帳戶的特點是該fervid非洲氣質。 We can well imagine how the prudent Mensurius and his lieutenant, the deacon Caecilian, were disliked by some of the more excitable among their flock.我們便可想而知了，如何審慎mensurius和他的副手，執事無足目，不喜歡的一些較為衝動，他們的羊群。
We know in detail how the inquiries for sacred books were carried out, for the official minutes of an investigation at Cirta (afterwards Constantine) in Numidia are preserved.我們仔細了解如何查詢，為神聖的書籍進行，使該公職人員分鐘調查時，西爾塔（事後君士坦丁）在numidia得到保存。 The bishop and his clergy showed themselves ready to give up all they had, but drew the line at betraying their brethren; even here their generosity was not remarkable, for they added that the names and addresses were well known to the officials.主教和神職人員，他表明自己願意放棄一切，他們的，但提請線在出賣自己的弟兄;即使在這裡，他們慷慨地不顯著，為他們補充說，姓名和地址都是耳熟能詳的官員。 The examination was conducted by Munatius Felix, perpetual flamen, curator of the colony of Cirta.這次考試進行munatius菲利克斯，永久flamen ，館長殖民地西爾塔。 Having arrived with his satellites at the bishop's house -- in Numidia the searching was more severe than in Proconsular Africa -- the bishop was found with four priests, three deacons, four subdeacons, and several fossores (diggers).抵達後，與他的衛星在主教的房子-在n umidia搜索的是更加嚴峻比p roconsular非洲-主教被發現與4位神父，三名執事，四耶穌，和幾個fo ssores（挖礦）。 These declared that the Scriptures were not there, but in the hands of the lectors; an in fact the bookcase was found to be empty.這些宣稱聖經不存在，但在政府手中的講師;事實上書架被發現是空的。 The clergy present refused to give the names of the lectors, saying they were known to the notaries; but, with the exception of the books, they gave in an inventory of all possessions of the church: two golden chalices, six of silver, six silver cruets, a silver bowl, seven silver lamps, two candlesticks, seven short bronze lamp-stands with lamps, eleven bronze lamps with chains, eighty-two women's tunics, twenty-eight veils, sixteen men's tunics, thirteen pairs of men's boots, forty-seven pairs of women's boots, nineteen countrymen's smocks.神職人員目前拒絕給予姓名的講師說，他們被稱為向公證人，但是，除書籍，他們給在清點了全部家產的教會：兩個黃金chalices ， 6銀， 6銀cruets ，銀色碗，七銀燈，兩個燭台，七短青銅燈站在路燈， 11個青銅燈鏈， 82婦女的衣， 28面紗， 16名官兵的衣， 13雙男人的靴子， 47雙婦女的靴子， 19名國人的smocks 。 Presently the subdeacon Silvanus brought forth a silver box and another silver lamp, which he had found behind a jug.目前subdeacon silvanus提出了銀框和另一銀盞燈，他發現後面咖啡。 In the dining-room were four casks and seven jugs.在用餐房間分別有4桶和7 jugs 。 A subdeacon produced a thick book. 1 subdeacon製作了一本厚書。 Then the houses of the lectors were visited: Eugenius gave up four volumes, Felix, the mosaic worker gave up five, Victorinus eight, Projectus five large volumes and two small ones, the grammarian Victor two codices and five quinions, or gatherings of five leaves; Euticius of Caesarea declared that he had no books; the wife of Coddeo produced six volumes, and said that she had no more; and a search was made without further result.那麼房子的講師被訪： eugenius放棄四冊，菲利克斯，馬賽克工人放棄了五， victorinus八人， projectus 5大冊和兩個小型的定居點， grammarian勝利者兩個codices和五個quinions ，或集會的五葉; euticius的caesarea宣稱，他已沒有書本;妻子coddeo產生了6冊，並表示，她已沒有更多;搜查了，沒有進一步的結果。 It is interesting to note that the books were all codices (in book form), not rolls, which had gone out of fashion in the course of the preceding century.這是個有趣地注意到，該書籍都codices （書） ，而不是卷，其中有失控的時裝在這個過程中的前一世紀。
It is to be hoped that such disgraceful scenes were infrequent.人們希望，這種不光彩的場面被生疏。 A contrasting instance of heroism is found in the story of Felix, Bishop of Tibiuca, who was hauled before the magistrate on the very day, 5 June 303, when the decree was posted up in that city.對比舉例的英雄氣概，是在故事的菲利克斯，主教tibiuca ，被依法論處裁判官，就在當天，在6月5日303 ，當法令張貼在這個城市。 He refused to give up any books, and was sent to Carthage.他不肯放棄任何書籍，被送往迦太基。 The proconsul Anulinus, unable by close confinement to weaken his determination, sent him on to Rome to Maximian Hercules.該proconsul anulinus ，無法由禁閉，以削弱他的決心，派他到羅馬去瑪西緬大力士。
In 305, the persecution had relaxed, and it was possible to unite fourteen or more bishops at Cirta in order to give a successor to Paul.在305 ，迫害了寬鬆的，而且它可能要團結14或以上主教在西爾塔為了給繼任者保羅。 Secundus presided as primate, and in his zeal he attempted to examine the conduct of his colleagues. secundus主持作為靈長類動物，並在他的熱情，他試圖探討進行他的同事。 They met in a private house, for the Church had not yet been restored to the Christians.他們會見了在一所私人住宅，教堂，尚未恢復到了基督徒。 "We must first try ourselves", said the primate, "before we can venture to ordain a bishop". "我們必須先嘗試著自己的"說，靈長類動物， "我們才可以大膽地阿拉維的主教" 。 To Donatus of Mascula he said: "You are said to have been a traditor."為了給了的mascula他說： "您是說，有一個traditor " 。 "You know", replied the bishop, "how Florus searched for me that I might offer incense, but God did not deliver me into his hands, brother. As God forgave me, do you reserve me to His judgment." "你知道" ，回答主教， "如何florus搜查，我說我可能提供的衛生香，但上帝沒有救我到他的手，哥哥的，因為神赦免我，你的儲備箱，以他的判斷" 。 "What then", said Secundus, "shall we say of the martyrs? It is because they did not give up anything that they were crowned." "什麼，然後說： " secundus ， "應當說我們的烈士？這是因為他們並沒有放棄的東西，他們被冠以" 。 "Send me to God," said Donatus, "to Him will I give an account." "寄給我向上帝說： "給了， "他說，我將作出交代" 。 (In fact, a bishop was not amenable to penance and was properly "reserved to God" in this sense.) "Stand on one side", said the president, and to Marinus of Aquae Tibilitanae he said: "You also are said to be a traditor." （事實上，主教是無法以懺悔，並已得到妥善"預留上帝"在這個意義上） "站在一邊" ，總統說，並marinus的水tibilitanae他說： "你也說一個traditor " 。 Marinus said: "I gave papers to Pollux; my books are safe." marinus時說： "我給的文件，以揚;我的書都是安全的" 。 This was not satisfactory, and Secundus said: "Go over to that side"; then to Donatus of Calama: "You are said to be a traditor."這是不能令人滿意，並secundus說： "去給那一邊" ，然後以給了的卡拉馬： "你是說是一個traditor " 。 "I gave up books on medicine." "我放棄了書籍，醫藥" 。 Secundus seems to have been incredulous, or at least he thought a trial was needed, for again he said: "Stand on one side." secundus似乎已被不可思議，或者至少他認為，法庭於需要時，為再次他說： "站在一邊" 。 After a gap in the Acts, we read that Secundus turned to Victor, Bishop of Russicade: "You are said to have given up the Four Gospels."後兩者在行為的，我們讀到secundus轉向勝利者，主教russicade ： "你是說已經放棄了4個福音" 。 Victor replied: "It was the curator, Valentinus; he forced me to throw them into the fire. Forgive me this fault, and God will also forgive it."維克托回答說： "這是館長， valentinus ，他強迫我把他們納入火災。原諒我的這個故障，上帝也會原諒" 。 Secundus said: "Stand on one side." secundus說： "站在一邊" 。 Secundus (after another gap) said to Purpurius of Limata: "You are said to have killed the two sons of your sister at Mileum" (Milevis). secundus （相繼差距） ，據說purpurius的limata ： "你是說，已經殺死了兩個兒子，你妹妹在mileum " （ milevis ） 。 Purpurius answered with vehemence: "Do you think I am frightened by you as the others are? What did you do yourself when the curator and his officials tried to make you give up the Scriptures? How did you manage to get off scot-free, unless you gave them something, or ordered something to be given? They certainly did not let you go for nothing! As for me I have killed and I kill those who are against me; do not provoke me to say anymore. You know that I do not interfere where I have no business." purpurius回答與各黨派說： "你覺得我很害怕你，因為別人是什麼，你做你自己，當館長和他的官員試圖使你放棄念經？你們是怎麼管理可以逍遙法外免費的，除非你給他們的東西，或勒令做給別人呢？他們當然不會讓你走什麼！至於我，我打死我殺死那些對我的，不要招惹我，說了，你知道我不干擾我沒有生意" 。 At this outburst, a nephew of Secundus said to the primate: "You hear what they say of you? He is ready to withdraw and make a schism; and the same is true of all those whom you accuse; and I know they are capable of turning you out and condemning you, and you alone will then be the heretic. What is it to you what they have done? Each must give his account to God."在此突出，侄子secundus說靈長類說： "你聽其言，他們說的，你呢？他願意退出，使裂;也是一樣，所有的那些攻擊，以及我知道他們有能力把你的，並譴責你，你一個人獨自屆時邪教是什麼給你什麼，他們做什麼？每個國家都必須給他的帳戶，以上帝" 。 Secundus (as St. Augustine points out) had apparently no reply against the accusation of Purpurius, so he turned to the two or three bishops who remained unaccused: "What do you think?" secundus （正如聖奧古斯丁指出） ，但顯然沒有對答辯的指控purpurius ，於是他掉轉機頭向兩個或三個主教仍然unaccused ： "這有什麼，你覺得呢？ " These answered: "They have God to whom they must give an account."這些回答說： "他們有上帝的人，他們必須作出交代" 。 Secundus said: "You know and God knows. Sit down." secundus中說： "你們知道，上帝知道。坐下" 。 And all replied: Deo gratis.和所有回答說：迪奧免費提供。
These minutes have been preserved for us by St. Augustine.此份會議紀要被保存下來，為我們的聖奧古斯丁。 The later Donatists declared them forged, but not only could St. Optatus refer to the age of the parchment on which they were written, but they are made easily credible by the testimonies given before Zenophilus in 320.後來donatists宣布，他們偽造的，但不是唯一能夠聖optatus是指年齡在羊皮紙上，他們寫的，但它們很容易取得，由可信證詞之前zenophilus在320 。 Seeck, as well as Duchesne (see below), upholds their genuineness. seeck ，以及duchesne （見下文） ，堅持其真實性。 We hear from St. Optatus of another fallen Numidian bishop, who refused to come to the council on the pretext of bad eyes, but in reality for fear his fellow-citizens should prove that he had offered incense, a crime of which the other bishops were not guilty.我們又聽到從聖optatus的另一個塌numidian主教，他們拒絕來會就藉口眼睛不好，但在現實中，為怕他的同胞公民應證明他已提議香，犯罪的，而其他主教被無罪。 The bishops proceeded to ordain a bishop, and they chose Silvanus, who, as a subdeacon, assisted in the search for sacred vessels.主教們接著阿拉維的一位主教，他們選擇了silvanus ，人，作為一個subdeacon ，協助尋找神聖的船隻。 The people of Cirta rose up against him, crying that he was a traditor, and demanded the appointment of a certain Donatus.人民西爾塔奮起反對他，喊他是一個traditor ，並要求任命一名某給了。 But country people and gladiators were engaged to set him in the episcopal chair, to which he was carried on the back of a man named Mutus.但是，國家和人民的競技場進行，以使他在主教主持，而他進行了後面的一個叫mutus 。
CAECILIAN AND MAJORINUS無足目和majorinus
A certain Donatus of Casae Nigrae is said to have caused a schism in Carthage during the lifetime of Mensurius.某給了的casae nigrae據說已造成分裂的迦太基在世時mensurius 。 In 311 Maxentius obtained dominion over Africa, and a deacon of Carthage, Felix, was accused of writing a defamatory letter against the tyrant.在311 maxentius獲得統治非洲，和執事的迦太基，菲利克斯，被指控寫誹謗信反對暴君。 Mensurius was said to have concealed his deacon in his house and was summoned to Rome. mensurius據說有掩飾其執事在他的住所被傳喚到羅馬。 He was acquitted, but died on his return journey.他被宣判無罪，但死對他的回報之旅。 Before his departure from Africa, he had given the gold and silver ornaments of the church to the care of certain old men, and had also consigned an inventory of these effects to an aged woman, who was to deliver it to the next bishop.早在他啟程之前，從非洲，他曾考慮到金銀首飾的教會，以照顧某些老男人，還寄售清點這些影響到一個年齡的女人，被運送到下一主教。 Maxentius gave liberty to the Christians, so that it was possible for an election to be held at Carthage. maxentius了人身自由，以基督徒，所以這是有可能的一項選舉能如期舉行，迦太基。 The bishop of Carthage, like the pope, was commonly consecrated by a neighbouring bishop, assisted by a number of others form the vicinity.主教的迦太基，像教宗，是常見的consecrated由鄰近教區主教，協助若干其他形式附近。 He was primate not only of the proconsular province, but of the other provinces of North Africa, including Numidian, Byzacene, Tripolitana, and the two Mauretanias, which were all governed by the vicar of prefects.他是靈長類動物，不僅對proconsular省，但對其他省份的北部非洲，其中包括numidian ， byzacene ， tripolitana ，和兩個mauretanias ，全部由副主教的省長。 In each of these provinces the local primacy was attached to no town, but was held by the senior bishop, until St. Gregory the Great made the office elective.對於上述各省份的地方霸主的地位是隸屬任何城市，但在此間召開的高級主教，直到聖格里高利取得了很大辦公室選修。 St. Optatus implies that the bishops of Numidia, many of whom were at no great distance from Carthage, had expected that they would have a voice in the election; but two priests, Botrus and Caelestius, who each expected to be elected, had managed that only a small number of bishops should be present.聖optatus意味的主教們numidia ，其中許多是在沒有太大的距離，迦太基，公司原先預計，他們將有自己的聲音在這次選舉中，但兩名神父， botrus和caelestius ，每個人預計將在當選後，曾管理只有少數的主教應出席。 Caecilian, the deacon who had been so obnoxious to the martyrs, was duly chosen by the whole people, placed in the chair of Mensurius, and consecrated by Felix, Bishop of Aptonga or Abtughi.無足目，執事者已如此厭惡，以先烈，受到了應有的選擇，由全體人民，放置在椅子的mensurius ， consecrated由Felix ，主教aptonga或abtughi 。 The old men who had charge of the treasure of the church were obliged to give it up; they joined with Botrus and Caelestius in refusing to acknowledge the new bishop.舊的男子，他們曾負責該珍惜的教堂被迫放棄的話，他們同botrus和caelestius在拒不承認新主教。 They were assisted by a rich lady named Lucilla, who had a grudge against Caecilian because he had rebuked her habit of kissing the bone of an uncanonized (non vindicatus) martyr immediately before receiving Holy Communion.他們協助豐富的夫人命名lucilla ，這位曾心存芥蒂，對無足目，因為他曾痛斥她的習慣吻骨的一個uncanonized （非vindicatus ）烈士前夕接受聖餐。 Probably we have here again a martyr whose death was due to his own ill-regulated fervour.也許我們在這裡再次成為烈士，其死亡的原因是他自己生病調節侃侃而談。
Secundus, as the nearest primate, came with his suffragans to Carthage to judge the affair, and in a great council of seventy bishops declared the ordination of Caecilian to be invalid, as having been performed by a traditor. secundus ，因為最接近的靈長類動物，前來與他的suffragans到迦太基來判斷事情，而在一個偉大安理會74主教宣布排序無足目，以無效的，視為已履行的，由traditor 。 A new bishop was consecrated.一個新的主教是consecrated 。 Majorinus, who belonged to the household of Lucilla and had been a lector in the deaconry of Caecilian. majorinus ，他們屬於家庭的lucilla並一直讀者在deaconry的無足目。 That lady provided the sum of 400 folles (more than 11,000 dollars), nominally for the poor; but all of it went into the pockets of the bishops, one-quarter of the sum being seized by Purpurius of Limata.夫人提供了一筆400 folles （超過11000美元） ，名義上是為窮人服務，但所有的，它走進了口袋的主教們，一季度的總和，被檢獲purpurius的limata 。 Caecilian had possession of the basilica and the cathedra of Cyprian, and the people were with him, so that he refused to appear before the council.無足目已擁有大教堂和教堂的塞浦路斯，以及人與他，讓他拒絕出席安理會面前。 "If I am not properly consecrated", he said ironically, "let them treat me as a deacon, and lay hands on me afresh, and not on another." "如果我沒有妥善consecrated "時，他說，諷刺的是， "讓他們對待我是一個執事，並奠定手放在我的重新出發，而不是雪上加霜" 。 On this reply being brought, Purpurius cried: "Let him come here, and instead of laying on him, we will break his head in penance."對這個答复帶， purpurius哭喊： "讓他來這裡，而不是躺在他時，我們會打破他的頭部，在懺悔" 。 No wonder that the action of this council, which sent letters throughout Africa, had a great influence.怪不得行動本局，其中致函非洲各地，產生了很大影響。 But at Carthage it was well known that Caecilian was the choice of the people, and it was not believed that Felix of Aptonga had given up the Sacred Books.但在迦太基這是人所共知的無足目，是人民的選擇，這是不相信這種事情菲利克斯的aptonga已經放棄了神聖的書籍。 Rome and Italy had given Caecilian their communion.羅馬和意大利已經給無足目，他們的共融。 The Church of the moderate Mensurius did not hold that consecration by a traditor was invalid, or even that it was illicit, if the traditor was still in lawful possession of his see.教會的溫和mensurius並不認為consecration由traditor是無效的，甚至認為它是非法的，如果traditor仍處於合法擁有的，他看到的。 The council of Secundus, on the contrary, declared that a traditor could not act as a bishop, and that any who were in communion with traditors were cut off from the Church.安理會的secundus ，與此相反，聲稱一個traditor不能作為主教，並表示，任何人在共融與traditors被切斷，從教堂。 They called themselves the Church of the martyrs, and declared that all who were in communion with public sinners like Caecilian and Felix were necessarily excommunicate.他們說自己是教會的先烈，並宣布所有的人在與公眾的罪人一樣，無足目和Felix一定excommunicate 。
THE CONDEMNATION BY POPE MELCHIADES譴責教皇梅爾希亞德斯
Very soon there were many cities having two bishops, the one in communion with Caecilian, the other with Majorinus.很快，有很多城市有兩位主教，一位在共融與無足目外，其他與majorinus 。 Constantine, after defeating Maxentius (28 October, 312) and becoming master of Rome, showed himself a Christian in his acts.君士坦丁之後，打敗maxentius （ 10月28日， 312 ） ，並成為大師的羅馬，表明自己是一個基督徒在他的行為。 He wrote to Anulinus, proconsul of Africa (was he same as the mild proconsul of 303?), restoring the churches to Catholics, and exempting clerics of the "Catholic Church of which Caecilian is president" from civil functions (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. X, v 15, and vii, 2).他寫信給anulinus ， proconsul的非洲（當時他一樣溫和proconsul 303 ？ ） ，恢復教會天主教徒，並免徵教士的"天主教教會，其中無足目，是總統" ，由民間職能（尤西比烏斯，歷史。 eccl第十節，五15 ，七， 2 ） 。 he also wrote to Caecilian (ibid., X, vi, 1) sending him an order for 3000 folles to be distributed in Africa, Numidia, and Mauretania; if more was needed, the bishop must apply for more.他還寫道，以無足目（同上，第十，六，一）派遣他的命令，為3000名folles將分佈在非洲， numidia ， mauretania ;若需要更多，這位主教必須申請更多。 He added that he had heard of turbulent persons who sought to corrupt the Church; he had ordered the proconsul Anulinus, and the vicar of prefects to restrain them, and Caecilian was to appeal to these officials if necessary.他補充說，他曾聽聞湍流人士試圖舞弊教會，他曾下令proconsul anulinus和副主教的省長來約束他們，無足目，是要呼籲這些官員如果必要的。 The opposing party lost no time.反對一方失去了任何時候。 A few days after the publication of these letters, their delegates, accompanied by a mob, brought to Anulinus two bundles of documents, containing the complaints of their party against Caecilian, to be forwarded to the emperor.幾天後，出版這些信件的，其代表，並伴隨有暴民，使anulinus兩捆文件，其中載有市民投訴，他們的黨反對無足目，以提交給皇帝。 St. Optatus has preserved a few words from their petition, in which Constantine is begged to grant judges from Gaul, where under his father's rule there had been no persecution, and therefore no traditors.聖optatus保留了幾句話，從他們的請願書，其中君士坦丁是乞求給予法官從高盧，而根據他的父親的統治下，目前並未有迫害，因此並沒有任何traditors 。 Constantine knew the Church's constitution too well to comply and thereby make Gallic bishops judges of the primates of Africa.君士坦丁知道教會的憲法太清楚了遵守，從而使高盧主教法官組成的靈長類動物的非洲。 He at once referred the matter to the pope, expressing his intention, laudable, if too sanguine, of allowing no schisms in the Catholic Church.他立即將此事轉交教宗，表達他的意願，是值得讚揚的，如果過於樂觀的，讓沒有分裂問題，在天主教教會。 That the African schismatics might have no ground of complaint, he ordered three of the chief bishops of Gaul, Reticius of Autun, Maternus of Cologne, and Marinus of Arles, to repair to Rome, to assist at the trial.說，非洲schismatics可能已沒有理由抱怨，他命令三個行政主教的高盧， reticius的歐坦， maternus的科隆，並marinus的阿爾勒，以修理，以羅馬，以協助其在審訊。 He ordered Caecilian to come thither with ten bishops of his accusers and ten of his own communion.他命令無足目來上去了10主教，他的控訴和十個他自己的共融。 The memorials against Caecilian he sent to the pope, who would know, he says, what procedure to employ in order to conclude the whole matter with justice.訴狀對無足目是他給教宗，他們會知道，他說，什麼程序聘用，以結束整件事情與正義。 (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., X, v, 18). （尤西比烏斯，歷史。 eccl ，十，五， 18 ） 。 Pope Melchiades summoned fifteen Italian bishops to sit with him.教宗梅爾希亞德斯傳喚15名意大利主教坐在他的看法。 From this time forward we find that in all important matters the popes issue their decretal letters from a small council of bishops, and there are traces of this custom even before this.從這個時候提出我們發現，在所有重要的事情教宗發表decretal信從一個小會，主教團，並有痕跡，這種習俗，甚至在此之前。 The ten Donatist bishops (for we may now give the party its eventual name) were headed by a Bishop Donatus of Casae Nigrae.十大多納圖派的主教（因為我們現在可以給黨，其最終名稱） ，由一位主教，給了的casae nigrae 。 It was assumed by Optatus, Augustine, and the other Catholic apologists that this was "Donatus the Great", the successor of Majorinus as schismatic Bishop of Carthage.據推斷，由optatus ，奧古斯丁，以及其他天主教辯護說，這是"給了偉大的" ，繼任者majorinus作為schismatic主教迦太基。 But the Donatists of St. Augustine's time were anxious to deny this, as they did not wish to admit that their protagonist had been condemned, and the Catholics at the conference of 411 granted them the existence of a Donatus, Bishop of Casae Nigrae, who had distinguished himself by active hostility to Caecilian.但donatists的聖奧古斯丁的時候被急於否認這一點，因為他們不希望承認他們的主角已被譴責，並天主教徒，在這次會議上的411賦予他們存在一個給了，主教casae nigrae ，誰曾尊敬自己積極的敵意，以無足目。 Modern authorities agree in accepting this view.現代當局同意，在接受這種看法。 But it seems inconceivable that, if Majorinus was still alive, he should not have been obliged to go to Rome.但這似乎是不可思議的是，如果majorinus還活著，他也不應該有責任去羅馬。 It would be very strange, further, that a Donatus of Casae Nigrae should appear as the leader of the party, without any explanation, unless Casae Nigrae was simply the birthplace of Donatus the Great.這會是很奇怪的，而且，一個給了的casae nigrae應作為領導黨，在沒有作出任何解釋，除非casae nigrae根本的發祥地給了偉大的。 If we assume that Majorinus had died and had been succeeded by Donatus the Great just before the trial at Rome, we shall understand why Majorinus is never again mentioned.如果我們假設majorinus已經死亡，並已成功地通過給了偉大的正義審判開始之前，在羅馬，我們會明白為什麼majorinus永遠不會再提到。 The accusations against Caecilian in the memorial were disregarded, as being anonymous and unproved.指控無足目，在紀念被漠視，被認為是匿名的考驗。 The witnesses brought from Africa acknowledged that they had nothing against him.證人帶來了從非洲承認，他們並沒有反對他。 Donatus, on the other hand, was convicted by his own confession of having rebaptized and of having laid his hands in penance on bishops -- this was forbidden by ecclesiastical law.給了，但另一方面，被裁定罪名成立，由他自己的供述有rebaptized和有他的手在懺悔就主教-這是禁止的宗教法律。 On the third day the unanimous sentence was pronounced by Melchiades: Caecilian was to be maintained in ecclestiastical communion.至於在第三天的一致判決宣告梅爾希亞德斯：無足目，是要維持在ecclestiastical共融。 If Donatist bishops returned to the Church, in a place where there were two rival bishops, the junior was to retire and be provided with another see.如果多納圖派的主教歸還給教會，在一個地方，有兩個對立的主教，初中是退休，並提供另一種見。 The Donatists were furious.該donatists被震怒。 A hundred years later their successor declared that Pope Melchiades was himself a traditor, and that on this account they had not accepted his decision; though there is no trace of this having been alleged at the time.一百多年後，其繼任者宣布教宗梅爾希亞德斯是自己是一個traditor ，並就這一帳戶，他們還沒有接受他的決定，雖然不存在微量的這種做法已經被指稱在當時的。 But the nineteen bishops at Rome were contrasted with the seventy bishops of the Cathaginian Council, and a fresh judgment was demanded.但有19位主教在羅馬作了對比與七十主教的cathaginian會，並重新判決的要求。
THE COUNCIL OF ARLES安理會的阿爾勒
Constantine was angry, but he saw that the party was powerful in Africa, and he summoned a council of the whole West (that is, of the whole of his actual dominions) to meet at Arles on 1 August, 314.君士坦丁是憤怒，但他看到了黨的強大，在非洲，他召見安理會的整個西（即，對整個他的實際dominions ） ，以滿足在阿爾勒8月1日， 314 。 Melchiades was dead, and his successor, St. Sylvester, thought it unbecoming to leave Rome, thus setting an example which he repeated in the case of Nicaea, and which his successors followed in the cases of Sardica, Rimini, and the Eastern oecumenical councils.梅爾希亞德斯已經死了，和他的繼任者，聖西爾維斯特，以為不雅觀離開羅馬，從而樹立一個好榜樣，他多次在該案件的尼西亞，而他的繼任者之後，在案件薩爾迪卡，裡米尼，與東部oecumenical議會。 Between forty and fifty sees were represented at the council by bishops or proxies; the Bishops of London, York, and Lincoln were there.第四十四之間和第五十二認為派代表出席了會議，由主教或委託書;主教是倫敦，紐約，林肯在那裡。 St. Sylvester sent legates.聖西爾維斯特發出legates 。 The council condemned the Donatists and drew up a number of canons; it reported its proceedings in a letter to the pope, which is extant; but, as in the case of Nicaea, no detailed Acts remain, nor are any such mentioned by the ancients.安理會譴責donatists ，並草擬了若干門炮，它報告了其訴訟了一封信給教宗，這是現存的，但在案件的尼西亞，並沒有詳細的行為依然存在，也沒有任何這樣的提及，古人。 The Fathers in their letter salute Sylvester, saying that he had rightly decided not to quit the spot "where the Apostles daily sit in judgment"; had he been with them, they might perhaps have dealt more severely with the heretics.父親在信中西爾維斯特表示敬意，他說，他曾正確地決定不退出現貨" ，而使徒們每天坐在判斷" ;了，他一直與他們時，他們也許已處理更嚴厲的異端。 Among the canons, one forbids rebaptism (which was still practised in Africa), another declares that those who falsely accuse their brethren shall have communion only at the hour of death.各門炮，一禁止rebaptism （當時仍實行在非洲） ，另一個宣稱那些倒打一耙，他們的弟兄，應具有共融只在一小時的死因。 On the other hand, traditors are to be refused communion, but only when their fault has been proved by public official acts; those whom they have ordained are to retain their positions.另一方面，關於traditors都被拒絕共融的，但只有當他們的錯，已被證明是由公職人員行為;那些人，他們受戒是保留自己的立場。 The council produced some effect in Africa, but the main body of the Donatists was immovable.立法會產生一些影響，在非洲，但主體部分donatists是不動產。 They appealed from the council to the emperor.他們呼籲由安理會向皇帝。 Constantine was horrified: "O insolent madness!"君士坦丁震驚： "啊，橫蠻瘋了" ！ he wrote, "they appeal from heaven to earth, from Jesus Christ to a man."他寫道， "他們呼籲，從天上到地球，從耶穌基督到一個人" 。
THE POLICY OF CONSTANTINE政策君士坦丁
The emperor retained the Donatist envoys in Gaul, after at first dismissing them.皇帝保留了多納圖派特使在高盧後，在第一次解僱他們。 He seems to have thought of sending for Caecilian, then of granting a full examination in Africa.他似乎想到了送無足目，然後給予全面考試是在非洲。 The case of Felix of Aptonga was in fact examined by his order at Carthage in February, 315 (St. Augustine is probably wrong in giving 314).該案件菲利克斯的aptonga應該是在審查了他的命令，在迦太基2月， 315 （聖奧古斯丁可能是錯誤的，在給予314 ） 。 The minutes of the proceedings have come down to us in a mutilated state; they are referred to by St. Optatus, who appended them to his book with other documents, and they are frequently cited by St. Augustine.會議紀要的訴訟已回落至使我們處於一個被肢解狀態;它們被稱為聖optatus ，他們附在他的書與其他文件，他們經常引用聖奧古斯丁。 It was shown that the letter which the Donatists put forward as proving the crime of Felix, had been interpolated by a certain Ingentius; this was established by the confession of Ingentius, as well as by the witness of Alfius, the writer of the letter.結果表明，該函，其中donatists提出證明犯罪的菲利克斯，已插了若干ingentius ，這是由招供的ingentius ，以及由證人的alfius ，筆者信。 It was proved that Felix was actually absent at the time the search for Sacred Books was made at Aptonga.這是證明費，實際上是在缺席的時候，搜索對於神聖的書籍是於aptonga 。 Constantine eventually summoned Caecilian and his opponents to Rome; but Caecilian, for some unknown reason, did not appear.君士坦丁最終傳喚無足目和他的對手羅馬，但無足目，但不知何故沒有出庭。 Caecilian and Donatus the Great (who was now, at all events, bishop) were called to Milan, where Constantine heard both sides with great care.無足目，並給了偉大的（當時現在，在所有比賽中，主教） ，被稱為米蘭，那裡君士坦丁聽取雙方倍加愛護的。 He declared that Caecilian was innocent and an excellent bishop (Augustine, Contra Cresconium, III lxxi).他聲稱，無足目是清白的一個很好的主教（奧古斯丁，矛盾cresconium ，三lxxi ） 。 He retained both in Italy, however, while he sent two bishops, Eunomius and Olympius, to Africa, with an idea of putting Donatus and Caecilian aside, and substituting a new bishop, to be agreed upon by all parties.他既保持在意大利，然而，儘管他派出兩位主教， eunomius和奧林皮爾斯，非洲，並且有一個想法，把給了和無足目不談，而以一個新的主教，以議定所有締約方。 It is to be presumed that Caecilian and Donatus had assented to this course; but the violence of the sectaries made it impossible to carry it out.它是在假定無足目，並給了曾assented這個過程中，但暴力事件的sectaries無法抓落實。 Eunomius and Olympius declared at Carthage that the Catholic Church was that which is diffused throughout the world and that the sentence pronounced against the Donatists could not be annulled. eunomius和奧林皮爾斯宣布在迦太基認為，天主教會認為，這是瀰漫在整個世界，並表示，宣判的刑期對donatists不能廢止。 They communicated with the clergy of Caecilian and returned to Italy.他們溝通過神職人員的無足目，並返回意大利。 Donatus went back to Carthage, and Caecilian, seeing this, felt himself free to do the same.給了回去迦太基，無足目，看到這一點，覺得自己的自由也能這樣做。 Finally Constantine ordered that the churches which the Donatists had taken should be given to the Catholics.最後君士坦丁下令教會，其中donatists採取了應該考慮到天主教徒。 Their other meeting-places were confiscated.其他會議地點被沒收。 Those who were convicted (of calumny?) lost their goods.那些已被定罪（誹謗？ ）失去了他們的貨物。 Evictions were carried out by the military.驅逐的人所進行的軍事。 An ancient sermon on the passion of the Donatist "martyrs", Donatus and Advocatus, describes such scenes.一個古老的說教，對激情的多納圖派"烈士" ，給了和advocatus ，形容這種場面。 In one of them a regular massacre occurred, and a bishop was among the slain, if we may trust this curious document.在其中一人是經常發生的屠殺事件，和一位主教被刺殺的，如果我們可以相信這好奇的文件。 The Donatists were proud of this "persecution of Caecilian", which "the Pure" suffered at the hands of the "Church of the Traditors".該donatists而感到驕傲和自豪，這"迫害的無足目" ， "純" ，在遭受手中的"基督教的traditors " 。 The Comes Leontius and the Dux Ursacius were the special objects of their indignation.在談到leontius和dux ursacius有特殊對象的憤慨。
In 320 came revelations unpleasant to the "Pure".在320來到啟示刺耳的"純" 。 Nundinarius, a deacon of Cirta, had a quarrel with his bishop, Silvanus, who caused him to be stoned -- so he said in his complaint to certain Numidian bishops, in which he threatened that if they did not use their influence in his behalf with Silvanus, he would tell what he knew of them. nundinarius ，執事的西爾塔，發生過爭執，與他的主教， silvanus人，使他被石頭砸死-所以他說，他在投訴某些n umidian主教，其中他還威脅說，如果他們不利用其影響力，在他的代表與silvanus ，他會告訴什麼，他不知道他們。 As he got no satisfaction he brought the matter before Zenophilus, the consular of Numidia.因為他沒有得到任何滿意的，他把此事提交zenophilus ，領事的numidia 。 The minutes have come to us in a fragmentary form in the appendix of Optatus, under the title of "Gesta apud Zenophilum".會議紀要來使我們處於一個支離破碎的形式在附錄中的optatus標題下的" gesta apud zenophilum " 。 Nundinarius produced letters from Purpurius and other bishops to Silvanus and to the people of Cirta, trying to have peace made with the inconvenient deacon. nundinarius製作來信purpurius和其他主教silvanus和人民的西爾塔，試圖保持和平與不便執事。 The minutes of the search at Cirta, which we have already cited, were read and witnesses were called to establish their accuracy, including two of the fossores then present and a lector, Victor the grammarian.會議紀要的搜尋工作西爾塔，我們已經列舉，宣讀和證人，被稱為，以確定其準確性，其中包括兩名該fossores那麼現在和讀者，勝利者的grammarian 。 It was shown no only that Silvanus was a traditor, but that he had assisted Purpurius, together with two priests and a deacon, in the theft of certain casks of vinegar belonging to the treasury, which were in the temple of Serapis.結果表明：不只是silvanus是一個traditor ，但是，他曾協助purpurius ，連同兩名司鐸和執事，在竊取某木桶食醋屬於財政部，這在寺廟中的serapis 。 Silvanus had ordained a priest for the sum of 20 folles (500 to 600 dollars). silvanus了祝聖司鐸為這筆20 folles （ 500至600美元） 。 It was established that none of the money given by Lucilla had reached the poor for whom it was ostensibly given.它的成立，沒有錢，所給予的lucilla已達到貧窮的人是表面上給出。 Thus Silvanus, one of the mainstays of the "Pure" Church, which declared that to communicate with any traditor was to be outside the Church, was himself proved to be a traditor.因此silvanus ，支柱之一的"純"的教會，其中宣稱，溝通與任何traditor就是要教會之外，是自己證明是一個traditor 。 He was exiled by the consular for robbing the treasury, for obtaining money under false pretences, and for getting himself made bishop by violence.他被流放，由領事為劫庫，以獲取金錢假意，盼著自己作出的主教由暴力。 The Donatists later preferred to say that he was banished for refusing to communicate with the "Caecilianists", and Cresconius even spoke of "the persecution of Zenophilus".該donatists後來推薦說，他被流放，拒絕溝通" caecilianists " ，並cresconius甚至說， "迫害zenophilus " 。 But it should have been clear to all that the consecrators of Majorinus had called their opponents traditors in order to cover their own delinquencies.但它應該已經都清楚知道該consecrators的majorinus曾要求他們的對手traditors為了掩蓋自己的拖欠。
The Donatist party owed its success in great part to the ability of its leader Donatus, the successor of Majorinus.該多納圖派黨欠它的成功在很大程度上是給有能力的領導人給了，繼任的majorinus 。 He appears to have really merited the title of "the Great" by his eloquence and force of character.他似乎已真正值得的標題如"大"的他的口才和武力的性格。 His writings are lost.他的作品都將丟失。 His influence with his party was extraordinary.他的影響力與他的黨是不平凡的。 St. Augustine frequently declaims against his arrogance and the impiety with which he was almost worshipped by his followers.聖奧古斯丁經常declaims對他的傲慢和不虔誠，使他幾乎是崇拜他的追隨者。 In his lifetime he is said to have greatly enjoyed the adulation he received, and after death he was counted as a martyr and miracles were ascribed to him.在他的有生之年，他說，有很喜歡奉承他照發，而死亡後，他被視為一個烈士，並創造奇蹟的人歸因於他。
In 321 Constantine relaxed his vigorous measures, having found that they did not produce the peace he had hoped for, and he weakly begged the Catholics to suffer the Donatists with patience.在321君士坦丁放寬其嚴厲的措施後，發現他們並沒有出示和平，他曾希望，並且相信他弱乞求天主教徒遭受donatists與耐心。 This was not easy, for the schismatics broke out into violence.做到這一點並不容易，為schismatics爆發成暴力。 At Cirta, Silvanus having returned, they seized the basilica which the emperor had built for the Catholics.在西爾塔， silvanus返回，他們繳獲的Basilica其中皇帝已建成為天主教徒。 They would not give it up, and Constantine found no better expedient that to build another.他們不會放棄的話，和君士坦丁沒有找到更好的權宜之說，再建。 Throughout Africa, but above all in Numidia, they were numerous.在整個非洲，但首先是在numidia ，他們被無數。 They taught that in all the rest of the world the Catholic Church had perished, through having communicated with the traditor Caecilian; their sect alone was the true Church.他們教導說，在所有的世界其餘地區的天主教會已經滅亡了，經過溝通後，與traditor無足目，他們的教派，僅是真正的教堂。 If a Catholic came into their churches, they drove him out, and washed with salt the pavement where he had stood.如果一個天主教生效後，他們教會，他們開車來到他出去，並與洗滌鹽人行道上，他經受了。 Any Catholic who joined them was forced to be rebaptized.任何天主教的人加入他們是被迫把rebaptized 。 They asserted that their own bishops and ministers were without fault, else their ministrations would be invalid.他們宣稱自己的主教和部長們沒有過錯，否則ministrations將被視為無效。 But in fact they were convicted of drunkenness and other sins.但事實上，他們已被定罪的醉酒及其他罪孽。 St. Augustine tells us on the authority of Tichonius that the Donatists held a council of two hundred and seventy bishops in which they discussed for seventy-five days the question of rebaptism; they finally decided that in cases where traditors refused to be rebaptized they should be communicated with in spite of this; and the Donatist bishops of Mauretania did not rebaptize traditors until the time of Macarius.聖奧古斯丁告訴我們，對權力的tichonius認為donatists舉行了安理會的270主教，他們討論了為75天問題rebaptism ，他們最終決定的情況下， traditors拒絕被rebaptized他們應被溝通過，儘管這和多納圖派的主教們mauretania沒有rebaptize traditors直到時間的米加利阿斯。 Outside Africa the Donatists had a bishop residing on the property of an adherent in Spain, and at an early period of the schism they made a bishop for their small congregation in Rome, which met, it seems, on a hill outside the city, and had the name of "Montenses".在非洲以外的donatists了主教居住於該財產的一個堅持，在西班牙，並在較早時期的分裂，他們作出了主教，為他們的小眾在羅馬，從而得到了，看來，對山外的城市，有"的名義montenses " 。 This antipapal "succession with a beginning" was frequently ridiculed by Catholic writers.這antipapal "繼承與一個開端" ，經常被嘲笑，由天主教作家。 The series included Felix, Boniface, Encolpius, Macrobius (c. 370), Lucian, Claudian (c. 378), and again Felix in 411.該系列包括菲利克斯，博尼法斯， encolpius ，克羅比亞斯（長370 ） ，喬治，克勞迪安（長378 ） ，並再次菲利克斯在411 。
THE CIRCUMCELLIONS該circumcellions
The date of the first appearance of the Circumcellions is uncertain, but probably they began before the death of Constantine.之日起的第一次亮相的circumcellions是不確定的，但也許是他們開始前死亡的君士坦丁。 They were mostly rustic enthusiasts, who knew no Latin, but spoke Punic; it has been suggested that they may have been of Berber blood.他們大多質樸發燒友，他們知道沒有拉丁語，但以匿;曾有人建議，他們可能已經到柏柏爾人的血液。 They joined the ranks of the Donatists, and were called by them agnostici and "soldiers of Christ", but in fact were brigands.他們行列的donatists ，被稱為他們agnostici和兵"基督受難記" ，但實際上被brigands 。 Troops of them were to be met in all parts of Africa.部隊的人得到滿足，在所有非洲部分地區。 They had no regular occupation, but ran about armed, like madmen.他們沒有正規職業，但開工率大約為武裝起來，像瘋子。 They used no swords, on the ground that St. Peter had been told to put his sword into its sheath; but they did continual acts of violence with clubs, which they called "Israelites".他們用無刀劍，理由是聖彼得曾經告訴過把他的劍，其鞘，但他們卻不斷的暴力行為，與俱樂部，而他們所謂的"猶太人" 。 They bruised their victims without killing them, and left them to die.他們青腫其受害者沒有殺害他們，並給他們留下死亡。 In St. Augustine's time, however, they took to swords and all sorts of weapons; they rushed about accompanied by unmarried women, played, and drank.在聖奧古斯丁的時候，但是，他們走上刀劍和各種武器，他們趕到約陪同未婚女性，發揮了，並喝了。 They battle-cry was Deo laudes, and no bandits were more terrible to meet.他們身經百戰哭是迪奧laudes ，並沒有強盜更可怕的會面。 They frequently sought death, counting suicide as martyrdom.他們經常尋求死刑，計數自殺殉道。 They were especially fond of flinging themselves from precipices; more rarely they sprang into the water or fire.它們特別喜歡flinging自己從懸崖;更為罕見，他們興起到水中或火警。 Even women caught the infection, and those who had sinned would cast themselves from the cliffs, to atone for their fault.連婦女引起感染，而那些曾犯罪，將投自己從懸崖上，從1945年，為他們的過錯。 Sometimes the Circumcellions sought death at the hands of others, either by paying men to kill them, by threatening to kill a passer-by if he would not kill them, or by their violence inducing magistrates to have them executed.有時circumcellions尋求死在別人的手裡，無論是由支付男人要殺死他們，威脅殺害，由途人，如果他不會殺死他們，或由他們的暴力誘使裁判把他們處決。 While paganism still flourished, they would come in vast crowds to any great sacrifice, not to destroy the idols, but to be martyred.而paganism仍蓬勃發展，他們將在廣大的人群並沒有很大的犧牲，而不是摧毀偶像，而是要成為烈士。 Theodoret says a Circumcellion was accustomed to announce his intention of becoming a martyr long before the time, in order to be well treated and fed like a beast for slaughter. theodoret說circumcellion習慣地宣布，他打算成為烈士之前很久的時間，為了得到良好的待遇和美聯儲像一個野獸屠宰。 He relates an amusing story (Haer. Fab., IV, vi) to which St. Augustine also refers.他涉及一個有趣的故事（ haer.晶圓一，四，六） ，其中聖奧古斯丁，也泛指。 A number of these fanatics, fattened like pheasants, met a young man and offered him a drawn sword to smite them with, threatening to murder him if he refused.上述的一些狂熱分子，養肥像山雞，遇到一位年輕男子，並提供了他得出的劍打他們，揚言要謀殺他，如果他拒絕了。 He pretended to fear that when he had killed a few, the rest might change their minds and avenge the deaths of their fellows; and he insisted that they must all be bound.他裝出害怕的時候，他曾殺害數，其餘可能會改變他們的思想和報仇的死亡及其研究員以及他堅持認為，他們都必須受其約束。 They agreed to this; when they were defenceless, the young man gave each of them a beating and went his way.他們同意這個看法;時，他們手無寸鐵，青年男子送給他們每人落後就要挨打，到他的去路。
When in controversy with Catholics, the Donatist bishops were not proud of their supporters.當在爭議與天主教徒來說，多納圖派的主教們並沒有感到自豪，他們的支持者。 They declared that self-precipitation from a cliff had been forbidden in the councils.他們聲稱，自我沉澱，從懸崖已被禁止在議會。 Yet the bodies of these suicides were sacrilegiously honoured, and crowds celebrated their anniversaries.但機構的這些自殺者sacrilegiously榮幸和人流慶祝週年紀念活動。 Their bishops could not but conform, and they were often glad enough of the strong arms of the Circumcellions.他們的主教，怎能不符合的，他們往往是高興夠強大武器的circumcellions 。 Theodoret, soon after St. Augustine's death, knew of no other Donatists than the Circumcellions; and these were the typical Donatists in the eyes of all outside Africa. theodoret後不久，聖奧古斯丁的死，不知道沒有其他donatists比circumcellions ;這些都是典型donatists在眼裡，都在非洲之外。 They were especially dangerous to the Catholic clergy, whose houses they attacked and pillaged.他們特別危險的，以天主教神職人員，他們的房子，他們的攻擊和掠奪。 They beat and wounded them, put lime and vinegar on their eyes, and even forced them to be rebaptized.他們毆打，在毆打受傷，把石灰和食醋對自己的眼睛，甚至迫使他們必須rebaptized 。 Under Axidus and Fasir, "the leaders of the Saints" in Numidia, property and roads were unsafe, debtors were protected, slaves were set in their masters' carriages, and the masters made to run before them.根據axidus和fasir ， "領袖們的聖人" ，在numidia ，財產和道路不安全，借款人的保護，奴隸被設置在主人的車廂，和主人取得了運行在他們的眼前。 At length, the Donatist bishops invited a general named Taurinus to repress these extravagances.在長度，多納圖派的主教們邀請了一般命名taurinus壓制這些extravagances 。 He met with resistance in a place named Octava, and the altars and tablets to be seen there in St. Optatus's time testified to the veneration given to the Circumcellions who were slain; but their bishops denied them the honour due to martyrs.他遇到了阻力，在一個地方命名octava ，和神壇片待觀察，有在聖optatus的時間證明本敬仰考慮到circumcellions人被殺害，但他們的主教剝奪他們的榮譽，由於烈士。 It seems that in 336-7 the proefectus proetorio of Italy, Gregory took some measures against the Donatists, for St. Optatus tells us that Donatus wrote him a letter beginning: "Gregory, stain on the senate and disgrace to the prefects".看來，在336-7該proefectus proetorio的意大利，格雷戈里採取了一些措施，以防donatists ，聖optatus告訴我們，給了他寫的信開宗明義： "格雷戈里，玷污了參議院和恥辱向省長" 。
THE "PERSECUTION" OF MACARIUS "受迫害"的米加利阿斯
When Constantine became master of the East by defeating Licinius in 323, he was prevented by the rise of Arianism in the East from sending, as he had hoped, Eastern bishops to Africa, to adjust the differences between the Donatists and the Catholics.當君士坦丁成了師父的東打敗李錫尼在323 ，他被阻止的崛起arianism在東部派遣，因為他曾希望，東區主教向非洲，適應新的差異donatists和天主教徒。 Caecilian of Carthage was present at the Council of Nicea in 325, and his successor, Gratus, was at that of Sardica in 342.無足目的迦太基是目前在安理會的nicea在325 ，和他的繼任者， gratus ，在那次的薩爾迪卡在342 。 The conciliabulum of the Easterns on that occasion wrote a letter to Donatus, as though he were the true Bishop of Carthage; but the Arians failed to gain the support of the Donatists, who looked upon the whole East as cut off from the Church, which survived in Africa alone.該conciliabulum的easterns那一次寫了一封信給給了，因為他雖然被真主教迦太基，但arians未能獲得支持的donatists ，誰又將整個地區作為其切斷，教堂，其中倖存下來，僅在非洲。 The Emperor Constans was an anxious as his father to give peace to Africa In 347 he sent thither two commissioners, Paulus and Macarius, with large sums of money for distribution.皇帝CONSTANS的是一個焦急，他的父親給和平以非洲在347派人上去兩名專員，鮑魯斯和米加利阿斯，大量的錢用於分配。 Donatus naturally saw in this an attempt to win over his adherents to the Church by bribery; he received the envoys with insolence: "What has the emperor to do with the Church?"給了，自然看到了這一企圖爭取超過他的信徒向教會通過賄賂，他收到了駐華使節與狂悖： "什麼皇帝不與教會" ？ said he, and he forbade his people to accept any largess from Constans.他說，他禁止他的人民接受任何largess從CONSTANS的。 In most parts, however, the friendly mission seems to have been not unfavourably received.在大多數零件，然而，友好的使命似乎已經不低。 But at Bagai in Numidia the bishop, Donatus, assembled the Circumcellions of the neighbourhood, who had already been excited by their bishops.但在bagai在numidia主教，給了，聚集circumcellions的鄰里，他們已經被激發他們的主教。 Macarius was obliged to ask for the protection of the military.米加利阿斯不得不問，為保障軍隊。 The Circumcellions attacked them, and killed two or three soldiers; the troops then became uncontrollable, and slew some of the Donatists.該circumcellions攻擊，並殺害兩名或三名士兵;部隊，然後失控，並轉換部分的donatists 。 This unfortunate incident was thereafter continually thrown in the teeth of the Catholics, and they were nicknamed Macarians by the Donatists, who declared that Donatus of Bagai had been precipitated from a rock, and that another bishop, Marculus, had been thrown into a well.這個不幸的事件是在此後不斷地扔在牙齒的天主教徒，他們被人暱稱macarians由donatists ，他宣布給了的bagai已沉澱從岩石和另一名主教， marculus ，已被扔進一個。 The existing Acts of two other Donatist martyrs of 347, Maximian and Isaac, are preserved; they apparently belong to Carthage, and are attributed by Harnack to the antipope Macrobius.現有行為的其他兩個多納圖派烈士347名，瑪西緬和Isaac ，也保存了，他們顯然屬於迦太基，並歸因的Harnack向對立教宗克羅比亞斯。 It seems that after violence had begun, the envoys ordered the Donatists to unite with the Church whether they willed or no.看來，以後的暴力已經開始，使節團下令donatists團結與教會他們是否意志或根本沒有。 Many of the bishops took flight with their partisans; a few joined the Catholics; the rest were banished.許多主教起飛升空，與他們的黨派;幾句加入天主教;其餘的放逐。 Donatus the Great died in exile.給了偉大死於流亡。 A Donatist named Vitellius composed a book to show that the servants of God are hated by the world. 1多納圖派命名vitellius組成，一本書，這表明了公務員的上帝是深惡痛絕的世界。
A solemn Mass was celebrated in each place where the union was completed, and the Donatists set about a rumour that images (obviously of the emperor) were to be placed in the altar and worshipped.一個莊嚴的大規模的慶祝活動，在每一個地方，聯盟完成，並開始了donatists設置一個謠言圖像（很明顯的皇帝）被放置在神龕供奉。 As nothing of the sort was found to be done, and as the envoys merely made a speech in favour of unity, it seems that the reunion was effected with less violence than might have been expected.因為根本沒有這回事，發現做的，並作為特使只是發表了講話，贊成團結的時候，它似乎是團聚是影響較少暴力較預期的。 The Catholics and their bishops praised God for the peace that ensued, though they declared that they had no responsibility for the action of Paulus and Macarius.天主教徒和他們的主教稱讚上帝為和平裡，雖然他們宣稱，他們沒有責任感，為行動的鮑魯斯和米加利阿斯。 In the following year Gratus, the Catholic Bishop of Carthage, held a council, in which the reiteration of baptism was forbidden, while, to please the rallied Donatists, traditors were condemned anew.可以在下一年度gratus ，天主教主教的迦太基舉行了一個會議，其中重申洗禮被禁止，同時，為了討好反彈donatists ， traditors譴責重新註冊。 It was forbidden to honour suicides as martyrs.它被禁止榮譽自殺為烈士。
THE RESTORATION OF DONATISM BY JULIAN恢復donatism由朱利安
The peace was happy for Africa, and the forcible means by which it was obtained were justified by the violence of the sectaries.和平是幸福，為非洲，並強行手段，它得到的理由是暴力的sectaries 。 But the accession of Julian the Apostate in 361 changed the face of affairs.但加入朱利安的叛教者，在361個顯著變化的內政。 Delighted to throw Christianity into confusion, Julian allowed the Catholic bishops who had been exiled by Constantius to return to the sees which the Arians were occupying.高興扔基督教陷入了混亂，朱利安允許天主教主教團曾流亡由constantius返回到看到其中arians被佔領。 The Donatists, who had been banished by Constans, were similarly allowed to return at their own petition, and received back their basilicas.該donatists ，將已被流放由CONSTANS的，同樣允許返回他們自己的請願書，並收到回他們basilicas 。 Scenes of violence were the result of this policy both in the East and the West.場面暴力都是這個政策的結果無論是在東方和西方。 "Your fury", wrote St. Optatus, "returned to Africa at the same moment that the devil was set free", for the same emperor restored supremacy to paganism and the Donatists to Africa The decree of Julian was considered so discreditable to them, that the Emperor Honorius in 405 had it posted up throughout Africa for their shame. "你的憤怒" ，寫聖optatus ， "回到非洲在同一時刻，我與魔鬼訂定免費" ，為同一恢復天皇至高無上的paganism和donatists向非洲法令的朱利安被認為是使失信對他們來說，即皇帝honorius 405 ，它已經張貼在整個非洲為他們感到羞愧。 St. Optatus gives a vehement catalogue of the excesses committed by the Donatists on their return.聖optatus給出了強烈的目錄中的過激行為，由donatists對他們的回報。 They invaded the basilicas with arms; they committed so many murders that a report of them was sent to the emperor.他們入侵basilicas與武器，他們致力於使許多謀殺案的報告，他們被送往皇帝。 Under the orders of two bishops, a party attacked the basilica of Lemellef; they stripped off the roof, pelted with tiles the deacons who were round the altar, and killed two of them.下訂單的兩位主教，攻擊黨的Basilica的lemellef ，他們剝去了屋頂，投擲牌執事者輪壇，並造成2人死亡，他們的。 In Maruetania riots signalized the return of the Donatists.在maruetania暴動燈號交還該donatists 。 In Numidia two bishops availed themselves of the complaisance of the magistrates to throw a peaceful population into confusion, expelling the faithful, wounding the men, and not sparing the women and children.在numidia兩位主教利用自己的complaisance的裁判扔和平居民陷入了混亂，驅逐忠實，打傷兩人後，並沒有全力婦女和兒童。 Since they did not admit the validity of the sacraments administered by traditors, when they seized the churches they cast the Holy Eucharist to the dogs; but the dogs, inflamed with madness, attacked their own masters.由於他們不承認的有效性聖禮經管traditors ，當他們抓住教堂，他們投下神聖的聖體聖事對狗，但狗，紅腫與瘋狂，攻擊自己的主人。 An ampulla of chrism thrown out of a window was found unbroken on the rocks.一個壺腹部chrism拋出的一個窗口，被發現綿延不絕於岩石。 Two bishops were guilty of rape; one of these seized the aged Catholic bishop and condemned him to public penance.兩位主教分別犯有強姦罪;之一，這些檢獲老年天主教會主教，並譴責他公