A Catechism is a manual of Christian doctrine drawn up in the form of questions and answers, especially one for religious instruction.一理講授是一種手動的基督教教義制定了在形式上的問題與答案，特別是一個宗教的指示。 The first such manual was compiled by the English scholar Alcuin in the 8th century and was followed in the next 100 years by many others, among them those of Notker Labeo, monk of the Abbey of Saint Gall, in Switzerland, and of the German monk Otfried of Weissenburg in Alsace.首先這種手冊是由英語學者阿爾昆在第八世紀，其後是，在未來100年，由許多其他國家，其中包括那些notker labeo ，和尚的修道院聖膽，在瑞士和德國的和尚otfried的魏森堡，在阿爾薩斯。 At an early period in the history of the Reformation, catechisms became important because of Martin Luther's insistence on the religious instruction of children.在較早的時期，在歷史上的改革， catechisms成為重要的，因為馬丁路德的堅持，對宗教教育的兒童。 After Luther published his primer of religion, A Brief Explanation of the Ten Commandments, the Creed, and the Lord's Prayer (1520), several catechisms were prepared by leading Protestant theologians.經過路德出版了他引的宗教， 向客人簡要介紹了十大戒律，教義，和主禱文 （ 1520 ） ，幾個catechisms編寫了領導新教神學家。 Luther's visitation of the Saxon churches in 1528 led to preparation of his Larger and Smaller Catechisms (1529).路德的探視的撒克遜人，在教會第1528主導，以準備他的較多或較少catechisms （ 1529 ） 。 The Reformed churches also published catechisms.改革後的教會也發表catechisms 。 The most noteworthy are the Geneva and Heidelberg catechisms, and those of the German theologian Johannes Oecolampadius, in Basel in 1526, and of the Swiss reformer Heinrich Bullinger, in Zürich in 1555.最值得一提的是日內瓦和海德堡catechisms ，和那些對德國神學家約翰內斯厄科蘭帕迪烏斯，在巴塞爾1526 ，以及瑞士改革者海因里希布凌格，在蘇黎世在1555年。 The Geneva Catechisms, Larger and Smaller, were the work of the French Protestant theologian John Calvin. 日內瓦catechisms ，較多或較少，分別是工作的法國新教神學家約翰卡爾文。 The Smaller was published in French in 1536; the Larger appeared in French in 1541 or 1542, was translated into various languages, and became an acknowledged standard of the Reformed churches.規模較小的是法文發表在1536年;較大出現在法國，在1541年或1542年，被翻譯成各種語言，並成為一個公認的標準，改革後的教堂。
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In the Roman Catholic church, the first official catechism, prepared by the Council of Trent and published in 1566, was known as the Roman Catechism, or the Catechism of Pius V. It was not a textbook, but a compendium of doctrine for the guidance of pastors and teachers.在羅馬天主教會，首次官式問答，準備由理事會的遄達，並刊登在1566年，被稱為羅馬講授，或講授的比約五，它不是一本教科書，而是一個彙編的學說為指導牧師和教師。 Catechisms for popular use were prepared by the German Jesuit Peter Canisius and published in 1555-58. catechisms普及運用準備，由德國耶穌會彼得法爾斯，並刊登在1555年至1558年。 In the United States, a committee of American bishops of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, Maryland, published the Baltimore Catechism in 1885.在美國的一個委員會，美國主教團的第三次全體會議，會議的馬里蘭州巴爾的摩市，公佈了巴爾的摩講授於1885年。
The catechism of the Church of England in the smaller form, published in the Book of Common Prayer, is in two parts.該講授的英國教會在較小的形式，刊登在這本書的共同祈禱，是分為兩部分。 The first contains and explains the Baptismal Covenant, the Creed, the Ten Commandments, and the Lord's Prayer; and the second explains the two sacraments, baptism and the Eucharist.首載，並解釋洗禮盟約，信條，十誡，主禱文和第二次解釋了兩個聖禮，洗禮和聖體聖事。 The catechism was originally published in the reign of King Edward VI, was condemned as heretical in the reign of Queen Mary I and underwent several modifications from 1549 to 1661.該講授原本刊登在統治英國國王愛德華六世被譴責為異端，在腥風血雨的瑪麗，我和經歷過幾次修改，從1549年至1661年。 The first part of the catechism, once known as the Shorter Catechism, at the Hampton Court Conference (1604) was considered too short.第一部分的問答，曾經被稱為越短問答，在漢普頓法院會議（ 1604 ）被認為是太短。 Accordingly, at the suggestion of King James I, the explanation of the two sacraments that now form the second part of the church catechism was added.因此，在建議的國王詹姆斯一世的解釋，這兩個聖禮說，現在組成的第二部分教會理講授是補充。
The Larger and Shorter Catechisms, which, with the Westminster Confession of Faith, are the standard catechisms of the Presbyterian churches throughout the countries of the former British Empire and the US, were compiled by the Assembly of Divines at Westminster (1645-52). 更大和更短的catechisms ，其中，與西敏寺招供的信念，是標準catechisms的長老教會在整個國家的前英帝國和美國，分別由大會divines在西敏寺（ 1645至1652年） 。 In July 1648, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland adopted both the Larger and Shorter Catechisms.在1648年7月，大會的教堂，蘇格蘭通過了這兩項更大和更短的catechisms 。
Emphasis on the use of a catechism, particularly its memorization by rote, has diminished in recent years.側重於使用一種理講授，特別是它的記憶背誦，已大為減少，在近幾年。
A catechism is a popular manual of instruction (Gr. Katecheo, to instruct) in Christian beliefs, normally in question and answer form.一理講授是一個流行手冊說明書（ gr. katecheo ，指示） ，在基督教信仰，通常在答問形式。 The word is not used in this sense until the early sixteenth century.字是不是用在這個意義上，直到16世紀初。
Catechesis originated very early as the teaching given to converts before baptism and developed into the formalized catechumenate (cf. Hippolytus, Apostolic Tradition).講授起源非常早的教學，以轉換前的洗禮，並發展成為正式的慕道（參見hippolytus ，使徒傳統） 。 It reached its heyday in the fourth and fifth centuries, incorporating quasiliturgical ceremonies like the oral transmission (traditio) by the catechist and rendition (redditio) by the catechumen of the Creed and Lord's Prayer.它達到了它的鼎盛時期，在第四次和第五次百年來，把quasiliturgical儀式一樣，口腔傳染（ traditio ）所講授和移交逃犯（ redditio ）由catechumen的信條和主禱文。 The system was designed to safeguard the integrity of the church and the secret discipline (disciplina arcani) of its inner life.該系統的設計是為了維護完整的地下教會和秘密的紀律（紀律arcani ） ，它的內在生命。 From the weeks of concentrated preparation prior to the baptism at Easter (the origin of Lent) there survive series of catechetical addresses by Cyril of Jerusalem, Ambrose, Chrysostom, and Theodore of Mopsuestia, Augustine wrote How to Catechize the Uninstructed and Gregory of Nyssa a summa for catechists, his Great Catechetical Oration.從這個星期的集中準備之前洗禮，在復活節（原產地借給） ，有生存的一系列catechetical地址西里爾耶路撒冷，劉漢銓，金口，和西奧多的摩普綏提亞，奧古斯丁寫道如何catechize該uninstructed和格雷戈里的nyssa 1總結為講授，他的偉大catechetical咨訊。
As infant baptism became the norm, the catechumenate declined.由於嬰兒的洗禮，成為規範，慕道下降。 During the medieval era no regular ecclesiastical catechesis was provided for children, but various forms of popular teaching materials, based chiefly on the Apostles' Creed, Decalogue, and Lord's Prayer, were produced, from Alcuin's question and answer explanation of the Creed and Lord's Prayer to John Gerson's ABC des simples gens.在中世紀時代，沒有定期講授教會的兒童提供的，但各種形式的普及教材，主要是基於對使徒們的信條，十誡，主禱文，製作，從阿爾昆的問題，並回答解釋的信條和主禱文約翰gerson的ABC萬簡單Gens表示。 In the late Middle Ages confessional manuals multiplied, eg, The Mirror of a Sinner (ca. 1470), requiring of penitents responsive participation.在中世紀後期自白手冊成倍增加，如鏡的罪人（約公元1470年） ，需要的penitents響應參與。 In these the Decalogue was dominant, but other formulas were involved, such as the Hail Mary, lists of virtues and vices or capital sins, works of charity, and sacraments.在這十誡是顯性的，但其他公式涉及，如冰雹瑪麗，名單美德和虎鉗或資本罪，工程的慈善活動，和聖禮。 Devotional dialogues, such as The Mirror of a Christian Man (Faith) of the 1480s, the first lay catechism in German, also used questions and answers.靈對話，如鏡的一個基督教的男人（信仰）的1480年代，第一次奠定講授德語，也用問題及答案。 The Waldensians had a cathechism in print by 1489, incorporating the traditional formulas but structured around faith, hope, and love (a pattern derived from Augustine's Enchiridion).該waldensians了cathechism在打印，由1489年，把傳統的配方，但圍繞著信，望，愛（一格局來自奧古斯丁的enchiridion ） 。 The Bohemian Brethren's Questions for Children (1522), which was known to Luther, was almost certainly based on the Waldensians' book.波西米亞弟兄的問題，為兒童（ 1522 ） ，這是眾所周知的路德，是幾乎可以肯定的基礎上， waldensians '的書。
With the Reformation an explosion of catechism production took place, with many a Lutheran pastor compiling his own.隨著改革的爆炸，講授生產發生的，與許多路德派牧師編纂自己的。 Thousands never got beyond manuscript form, and no listing has ever approached completeness.數千名沒有得到超越手稿的形式出現，並沒有上市，有接近完整性。 Most of them were detached from any precise connection with baptism or Communion.他們大多是脫離了任何精確的聯繫與洗禮或共融。 By far the most influential was Luther's Small Catechism of 1529, published a month after his Great Catechism, which was based on a series of sermons of 1528.目前為止最有影響力的是路德的小問答的1529年，出版了一本一個月後，他的偉大理講授，它是根據一系列的說教的第1528 。 Both were intended as aids to pastors.兩地均有意作為艾滋病的牧師。 The Small Catechism dealt with the Decalogue, Apostles' Creed, Lord's Prayer, and sacraments, the standard ingredients of subsequent Protestant catechisms.小理講授處理十誡，使徒們的信條，主禱文，並聖禮，標準成分隨後新教catechisms 。 In gestation since his popular exposition of the Decalogue beginning in 1516 and anticipated especially by A Short Form of the Ten Commandments ...在醞釀階段，因為他的民意博覽會的十誡開始，在1516年和預期的，尤其是有一個簡短的形式十誡... the Creed ...該信條... and the Lord's Prayer of 1520, it was also a response to the lamentable ignorance exposed by visitations in Saxony in 1528.和主禱文的1520 ，它也是為了回應可悲的無知，暴露出來的visitations在薩克森州在1528年。 Espousing the principle of habituation by verbal repetition, it represented a partial shift of conviction in Luther from the freedom of word and spirit to discipline and regulation.養的原則，習以口頭重複的，它體現了局部轉移信念路德從新聞自由的Word和精神，以紀律和規章。 He had no doubt of its significance: "I have brought about such a change that nowadays a girl or boy of fifteen knows more about Christian doctrine than all the theologians of the great universities used to know."他毫不懷疑，它的意義說： "我帶來了這樣一個轉變，現在的女孩或男孩的15個知道更多有關基督教的教義，比所有的神學家的偉大大學用來知道" 。 He was happy to remain forever "a child and a disciple of the catechism."他很高興永遠是"孩子和弟子的問答" 。 Teaching children recalled the gospel summons to become like little children, and these catechisms inculcated the Lutheran gospel, reflecting in content its law-faith-prayer sequence.教導孩子回憶福音傳票能成為像小孩子，而這些catechisms灌輸路德福音，反映在內容，其法律信仰祈禱序列。 They also stressed social behavior, especially on the fourth and seventh commandments, expanding the narrowly religious focus of late medieval manuals.他們還強調，社會行為，尤其是在第四和第七戒律，擴大狹窄的宗教重點中世紀晚期手冊。
Luther's productions had been preceded by some thirty Lutheran catechisms, notably by Johann Brenz, Melanchthon, Wolfgang Capito, Urbanus Rhegius, and Johann Agricola.路德的製作已之前，有大約30位香港信義catechisms ，尤其是由約翰brenz ，梅蘭希頓，沃爾夫岡凱彼托， urbanus rhegius ，約翰農業。 The first to be entitled "Catechism" was by Andreas Althamer of Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1528.首先被題為"問答" ，是由Andreas爾特馬爾的勃蘭登堡州- ansbach在1528年。 An extraordinary profusion followed Luther's example of 1529, until in the later sixteenth century his Small Catechism became the norm virtually everywhere in Lutheranism.不平凡的profusion其次是路德的例子， 1529年之前，在後來的16世紀他的小問答成了常態，幾乎無處不在，路德教。 Church ordinances normally legislated for the use of catechisms in church, especially compulsory Sunday afternoon classes for children, and in home and school.教會條例的立法通常為使用catechisms在教會，尤其是強制週日下午班，為兒童，並在家庭和學校。 They were turned into primers, dialogues, hymns, and pictures for use with children.他們變成了底漆，對話，讚美詩和照片用於兒童。 Other major target audiences were the rural populance and the urban hired laboring class.其他主要目標對象都是農村populance和城市聘請了勞動階級的。
Catechisms were anti-Roman from the outset. catechisms反羅馬，從一開始的。 From around 1530 a catechism for the young was regarded as a salient mark of the reform movement's break with the past, and was regularly one of the first innovations of reformed states and cities.從15時30分左右，一理講授，為青少年被視為是一個顯著標誌的改革運動中的與過去決裂，並定期的第一個創新的改革，國家和城市。 All this is observable in the Genevan Reformation.這一切都瞄在genevan改造。 Calvin produced a French catechism in 1537 (Latin 1538), but far more significant was its simpler 1541 successor (Latinized in 1545).卡爾文製作了法語講授，在1537 （拉丁語1538 ） ，但到目前為止，更重要的是它的簡單第1541繼任者（ latinized於1545年） 。 He claimed to be recovering ancient practice long corrupted.他聲稱在被收復古老的做法，只要腐敗了。 He reordered the four sections so that Decalogue followed Creed, indicating his understanding of the law as a guide for Christian life.他重新安排了四節，使十誡遵循的信條，表示他對法律的理解為指導，為基督徒的生活。 Despite the tendency to verbosity which became typical of Reformed catechisms, his catechism served as prototype of numerous others, such as John a Lasco's 1554 Emden Catechism, used in East Friesland until superseded by the Heidelberg Catechism of 1563, which has had the widest appeal of all Reformation catechisms.儘管傾向verbosity成為典型的改革catechisms ，他的講授作為原型的許多其他國家，如約翰一lasco的1554 emden講授，用在東friesland直至取代海德堡講授的1563年，全世界已有廣泛的吸引力所有改造catechisms 。 Produced at the order of Elector Frederick III by Zacharias Ursinus and Casper Olevianus, professors at Heidelberg University, for use in the churches and schools of the Palatinate, it is predominantly Calvinist but has enough of Luther in it to constitute a mediating document, "a happy blend of Calvinist precision and comprehensiveness with Lutheran warmth and humanity" (WA Curtis).生產秩序選民馮三所撒迦利亞ursinus卡斯帕爾和olevianus ，教授，在德國海德堡大學，用於在教堂和學校的皇帝行宮遺址，它主要是calvinist但也有足夠的路德在它構成一個調停文件"快樂交融calvinist精度和全面性與路德的溫暖和人性化" （佤柯蒂斯） 。 It has three parts: misery (brief), redemption (the Creed, including word and sacraments), and gratitude (including Decalogue and Lord's Prayer).它由三部分組成：苦難（摘要） ，贖回（信條，其中包括Word和聖禮） ，並感謝（包括十誡和主禱文） 。 It was approved unrevised by the Synod of Dort (1618), and has been widely used in numerous languages.它是未經批准，由主教的dort （ 1618 ） ，並已被廣泛應用於多種語文。
In Reformed Protestantism catechizing was often viewed as leading to an evangelically reformed confirmation (cf. Calvin, Institutes 4.19.4, 13).在改革新教catechizing是常常被看作導致一個evangelically改革確認（參見卡爾文學院4.19.4 ， 13 ） 。 This issued in part from a response, especially by Bucer, to Anabaptist criticisms of infant baptism.這發出了部分從一個反應，特別是由布策爾，以anabaptist批評，嬰兒的洗禮。 The reformed Anglican Catechism appeared simply as part of the confirmation service in the first Prayer Book of 1549.改革後的英國聖公會講授似乎只是部分的確認服務，在第一祈禱書1549 。 It was probably largely Cranmer's work, drawn partly from popular manuals such as the Bishops' Book (1537) and the King's Book (1543), and William Marshall's A Goodly Primer in English (1534), which contained material from Luther's Small Catechism.這或許在很大程度上克蘭默的工作，得出的，部分則來自流行手冊，例如主教團書（ 1537 ）和國王的一本書（ 1543宗） ，和威廉馬歇爾的良底漆在英語（第1534 ） ，其中含有從路德的小問答。 It had a shortened version of the commandments and, exceptionally, nothing on the sacraments.它有一個縮短版的誡命，在例外情況下，沒有對聖禮。 The full Decalogue appeared in 1552, a section of the sacraments was added after the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, and further minor changes took place by 1662.充分十誡出現在1552年，有一節的聖禮之後增加了漢普頓法院會議的1604年，並進一步未成年人發生變化之後，由1662年。 It retained a commendable brevity and a much less confessional tone than most sixteenth century catechisms and was well suited for worldwide use in the spread of Anglicanism.它保留了一個值得讚揚的簡潔和少得多自白口氣比大多數16世紀catechisms是非常適合用於在世界範圍內使用，在蔓延anglicanism 。
Continental productions such as Oecolampadius's and Bullinger's also circulated in England.大陸製作的，如厄科蘭帕迪烏斯的和布凌格的還流傳在英格蘭。 Cranmer translated in 1548 Justus Jonas's catechism for Brandenburg-Nuremberg, in successive editions diluting its Lutheranism and revealing his transition to Swiss Reformed theology.克蘭默翻譯，在1548年是Justus的Jonas的講授為勃蘭登堡-紐倫堡，在歷次版本稀釋其路德教，並揭示了他的過渡到瑞士改革神學。 A Short Catechism...一項簡短問答... for All Schoolmasters to Teach by John Ponet, Bishop of Winchester, was printed with versions of the Articles from 1553, and Alexander Nowell's two forms of 1570 and 1572 likewise met the need for a longer catechism than the Prayer Book provided.所有校長，教導約翰ponet ，主教溫徹斯特的，是印有不同版本的文章，從1553年，亞歷山大nowell的兩種形式的1570年和1572年同樣滿足了需要一個較長的問答比祈禱手冊提供的。 The Church of England approved a Revised Catechism in 1962.英國教會批准了一項修訂講授於1962年。
Catechisms came thick and fast in Scotland. catechisms來到厚，並快速在蘇格蘭。 Archbishop Hamilton's Catechism (1552) was a reforming Catholic document, giving too little too late.大主教漢密爾頓的問答（ 1552 ） ，是天主教改革的文件，給予太少，太遲了。 Already circulating were the metrical catechism sections of largely Lutheran origin published in The Gude and Godlie Ballatis, probably largely the work of John Wedderburn and his brothers.已經流傳有格律講授章節大致路德原產地刊登在gude和godlie ballatis ，可能主要是工作的約翰wedderburn和他的兄弟。 The 1541 Genevan Catechism was replaced by the Catechism of the Scottish Reformer John Craig (1581).在第1541 genevan講授被取代，所講授的蘇格蘭改革者約翰克雷格（ 1581 ） 。 This first successful Scottish production was superseded partly by the Heidelberg Catechism and conclusively by the Westminster Shorter Catechism.這第一次成功的蘇格蘭生產取代部分由海德堡講授，並得出結論，由西敏寺短問答。 Through lengthy, it is distinctive in presenting only oneline answers.經過漫長的，這是鮮明的，在提交只oneline答案。 Answers had tended to become either longer and longer or simply affirmatives responding to statements masquerading as questions.答案已趨於要么長或乾脆affirmatives回應陳述假扮的問題。 Craig's Short Catechism of 1592 was explicitly "A Form of Examination before Communion," indicating a distinctive role in a kirk which had no equivalent to confirmation.克雷格的簡短問答的第1592被明確"的形式，考試前共融" ，顯示出獨特的作用，在柯克已沒有相當於確認。
The Shorter and Larger Catechisms of the Westminster Assembly (1647) largely displaced all others in Reformed/Presbyterian churches.較短和較大catechisms的西敏寺議會（ 1647年） ，主要流離失所所有其他國家在改革/長老會教堂。 They abandon the Creed but incorporate other traditional ingredients, while purveying the Calvinists' distinctive Calvinism in matters such as God's decrees and the Christian Sabbath.他們放棄信仰，但將其他傳統配料，而發源地該calvinists '鮮明的加爾文等事項上帝的法令和基督教的安息日。 The Shorter Catechism is a work of great dignity, and has exercised unparalleled influence in Scotland.較短理講授是一個工作，具有十分重要的尊嚴，並行使了無與倫比的影響力在蘇格蘭。
The Catholic Counter-Reformation also stimulated the production of catechisms, although the Catechism of the Council of Trent (1566), while based on traditional formulas, is a polemical confession and manual for clerical use.天主教反改革，也刺激了生產catechisms ，雖然講授的安理會的遄達（ 1566 ） ，而基於傳統配方，是一個論辯供詞和手冊文書使用。 Among popular catechisms the most serviceable proved to be The Sum of Christian Doctrine (1555) of the Jesuit Peter Canisius.其中熱門catechisms最可維修證明是總和的基督教學說（ 1555 ）的耶穌彼得爾斯。 The Roman Church has produced normally local catechisms, with none attaining general use.羅馬教會已製作通常當地catechisms ，沒有達成普遍使用。 In the wake of Vatican Council II the General Catechetical Directory issued by Paul VI in 1971 laid down guidelines for local hierarchies to follow.在經歷了梵蒂岡理事會第二一般catechetical目錄發出的保祿六世於1971年訂定指引，為地方層次的遵循。 The controversial Dutch volume of 1968, A New Catechism, is not a catechism in the normal sense.備受爭議的荷蘭人量， 1968年，一個新的問答，是不是一個理講授，在正常的常識。
Other traditions have had their own catechisms.其他傳統，有自己的catechisms 。 Robert Browne's pioneer Statement of Congregational Principles (1582) consists of 185 questions and answers.羅伯特布朗的先驅聲明堂原則（ 1582 ）的185個問題和答案。 Robert Barclay's Catechism of 1673 reflects the convictions of the first Quakers, while William Collins and Benjamin Keach were responsible for the Baptist Catechism of 1693, often known as Keach's Catechism.羅伯特巴克利的問答1673反映出定罪的第一個公誼會，而William Collins和本傑明keach負責浸會理講授的1693年，往往被稱為keach的講授。 William Nast complied two popular nineteenth century Methodist catechisms.辯方律師威廉遵守兩個熱門十九世紀循道catechisms 。
In the Orthodox world Peter Mogilas, the metropolitan of Kiev, produced around 1640 in the form of a catechism the Orthodox Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Church, which from the Synod of Jerusalem (1672) became standard throughout the Greek and Russian churches.在東正教世界彼得mogilas ，大都會基輔，製作了16時40分左右，在形式的講授正統招供的天主教和使徒教會東部，從主教的耶路撒冷（ 1672 ） ，成為標準在整個希臘和俄羅斯教堂。 Directed against both Jesuit Romanism and Cyril Lucar's Calvinism, its three heads are faith (Nicene Creed), hope (Lord's Prayer and Beatitudes), and love (including the Decalogue).針對這兩個耶穌會romanism和西里爾lucar的加爾文教，其三國元首是信仰（尼西亞） ，希望（主禱文和beatitudes ） ，愛（包括十誡） 。 It was eventually superseded in the nineteenth century by the Christian Catechism of the Orthodox Catholic Eastern Greco-Russian Church complied in 1823 by Philaret, the scholarly and saintly metropolitan of Kiev.它最終被取代的是在19世紀由基督教的基本教義的正統天主教東方古典俄羅斯教會遵守在1823年由philaret ，學術和德雷克大都市的基輔舉行。 After revisions it was finally approved in 1839.修改後，它終於批准了1839年。 It follows the pattern of Mogilas's work.它遵循的模式mogilas的工作。 Philaret produced a shorter catechism in 1840. philaret產生了短問答1840年。
The formality of catechetical dialogue has scarcely survived the diversification of teaching methods in recent years.拘泥形式catechetical對話已經幾乎沒有生還的多樣化教學方式，在近幾年。 So far as their use persists, catechisms are more aids for teachers than precise patterns for learning.至目前為止，因為他們使用的持續， catechisms更艾滋病，為教師較精確的模式學習。
DF
Wright測賴特
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
參考書目
J. Danielou and
R. du Charlat, La Catechese aux premiers siecles; EW Kohls, Evangelische
Katechismen der Reformationszeit vor Luthers kleinem Katechismus; S. Ozment, The
Reformation in the Cities; G. Strauss, Luther's House of Learning; TF Torrance,
The School of Faith; H. Bonar, Catechisms of the Scottish Reformation; AF
Mitchell, Catechisms of the Second Reformation; P. Schaff, Creeds of
Christendom, 3 vols.; J. Geffcken, Bilderkatechismus des funfzehnten
Jahrhunderts; FE Brightman, The English Rite, I, 35-36, 120ff., 177ff., II,
779-91; JM Reu, Dr. Martin Luther's Small Catechism: A History of Its Origin,
Its Distribution and Its Use and Quellen zur Geschichte des kirchlichen
Unterrichts in der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands zwischen 1530 und 1600,
I. j. danielou和杜如虛charlat ，香格里拉catechese輔助總理史軼聞; EW向kohls ， evangelische
katechismen明鏡reformationszeit vor luthers kleinem katechismus ;第ozment ，改造中的城市;
g. Strauss表示，路德的眾議院學習;的TF托蘭斯，學校的信念;每小時bonar ， catechisms的蘇格蘭改造;自動對焦米切爾，
catechisms的第二次改革;頁schaff ，信仰的基督教， 3卷的J.格夫肯， bilderkatechismus萬funfzehnten
jahrhunderts ;鐵布萊曼，英語成年禮，我， 35-36 ， 120ff ， 177ff 。第一，二， 779-91 ; jm
reu博士，馬丁路德的小問答：史其產地，其分佈及利用和quellen zur歷史館萬kirchlichen
unterrichts在明鏡evangelischen kirche deutschlands zwischen 15時30 und 1600
，一。
This subject presentation in the original English language這一主題演講，在原有的英語
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