The term biblical archaeology refers to archaeological investigations that serve to clarify, enlighten, and enhance the biblical record.任期聖經考古指考古調查服務，以澄清，光照，並加強聖經記錄。 Its development, from the 19th century, has been largely tied to the history of research and excavation in ancient Palestine.它的發展，從19世紀，大部分已經綁在歷史的研究和發掘古代巴勒斯坦。
The American clergyman and biblical scholar Edward Robinson played a fundamental role in recognizing that an acquaintance with the Holy Land was essential to an understanding of biblical literature.美國牧師和聖經學者愛德華羅賓遜發揮了基礎性作用，認識到一個熟人與聖地必須了解聖經文學。 After traveling in Sinai and Palestine, he published Biblical Researches in Palestine (1841), which inspired many other scholars to follow his lead.行後，在西奈半島和巴勒斯坦，他發表了研究聖經的巴勒斯坦（ 1841 ） ，它激勵著許多其他學者來追隨他的領導。 The British founded the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) in 1865, and in 1867 the first PEF expedition was sent to Jerusalem to search for specific biblical sites, among them the location of Solomon's temple.英國創立了巴勒斯坦勘探基金（最大呼氣流速） ，在1865年，並在1867年首次最大呼氣流速加快，被送往耶路撒冷去尋找聖經中的具體地點，其中包括位置所羅門聖殿。
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By the early 1900s, American, German, and French archaeological teams also began excavations in Palestine, directed primarily toward those cities mentioned in the Bible.由20世紀初以來，美國，德國和法國的考古隊，也開始了挖掘工作，在巴勒斯坦，導演，主要是對那些城市中提到的聖經。 Pre-World War I excavations included work at Gezer, Jericho, Megiddo, Ta'anach, Samaria, and Beth-shemesh.一戰前發掘工作，包括在gezer ，傑里科，麥吉多， ta'anach ，撒馬利亞和Beth - shemesh 。 William Foxwell Albright directed the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem (founded 1910) in 1920-29 and 1933-36.威廉foxwell奧爾布賴特是針對美國學校的東方研究在耶路撒冷（ 1910年創立） ，在1920年至1929年和1933年至1936年。 His excavations at Tell Beit Mirsim (1926-32), supplied the framework for establishing the chronology of ancient Palestine based on ceramic typology, which is still used today with only minor changes.他的挖掘，告訴拜mirsim （ 1926至1932年） ，供應商的框架內建立時序巴勒斯坦古代陶瓷基類型，它仍然是使用的今天，只有輕微的變化。 The Palestine Department of Antiquities, established in 1918, played a major role in archaeological research until the state of Israel was formed in 1948.巴勒斯坦古蹟部，成立於1918年，發揮了重大作用，在考古學研究，直到以色列國成立於1948年。 Since then, Israeli archaeologists have conducted several important excavations, including Yigael Yadin's work at Hazor (1955-58 and 1968-70) and at MASADA (1963-65), Yohanon Aharoni and Ruth Amiran's work at Arad (1962-67), and Yigal Shiloh's finds at the City of David in Jerusalem (1978-85).自那時起，以色列考古學家進行了幾項重要的發掘工作，其中包括以色列學者也丁的工作hazor （ 1955年至1958年和1968年至1970年） ，並在馬薩達（ 1963至1965年） ， yohanon aharoni和羅思amiran的工作，在阿拉德（ 1962年至1967年） ，以及yigal希洛的認定，在市大衛在耶路撒冷（ 1978年至1985年） 。
Although biblical archaeology concentrates on excavating and interpreting biblical sites, archaeological material of either the pre- or post-biblical era is often uncovered as well.雖然聖經考古主要集中在挖掘和詮釋聖經遺址，考古材料，無論是前或後聖經時代，往往查出為好。 For example, the excavations of the American archaeologist James Pritchard at Gibeon, in addition to revealing the rock-cut water system mentioned in 2 Samuel, produced important pottery from a Bronze Age cemetery.舉例來說，發掘工作的美國考古學家詹姆斯普里查德在基遍，除了揭示了岩石切割水系統中提到的第2薩穆埃爾，產生了重要的陶器，從青銅時代墓地。 Excavation at the important biblical site of Jericho has revealed little of significance dating from later than the 2d millennium BC.發掘中的重要聖經網站的傑里科透露一點的意義，可以追溯到不遲二維公元前3000年。 Its remains from 6 millennia earlier, however, show a large walled city that is the oldest known settlement in the world.它仍然是由6幾千年來比較，但是，顯示一個大城寨，這是已知最古老的解決，在世界上。
An important function of biblical archaeology has been to describe a setting in which the stories of the Old and New Testaments achieve a new and vivid meaning.的一個重要功能，聖經考古一直是形容一個設置在其中的故事，舊約和新約所有實現新的和生動的含義。 Inevitably, however, more problems have been discovered than have been resolved.無可避免地，但是，更多的問題被發現比也得到了解決。 The question of the nature and date of the Exodus and the manner of the conquest of Palestine by the Israelites is still open to debate, despite the large number of excavated sites.問題的性質和日期的外流和方式征服巴勒斯坦的猶太人仍然是開放的辯論中，儘管有大量的出土地點。 Since the Israelites left no characteristic artifacts during the early years of their settlement, it is virtually impossible to determine whether the destruction of a site in the 13th century BC was the work of the Israelites or the Egyptians.因為以色列人沒有留下特徵的文物，在最初幾年他們的法律解決，幾乎是不可能的，以決定是否銷毀一工地，在13世紀，是在公元前的工作，以色列人或埃及人。 Sometimes the archaeological evidence seems to contradict the biblical record.有時，考古證據似乎違背了聖經的紀錄。 Thus, although the city of Ai is recorded as having been captured by Joshua, no remains dating from the appropriate period were found during its excavation, which suggests that the site was unoccupied at the time of the supposed conquest.因此，雖然該市的愛是有記錄視為已抓獲約書亞，不仍然可以追溯到適當時期被發現，在它的挖掘，這表明該網站是在無人居住的時候，假定征服。
Jonathan N. Tubb喬納森12月31日塔伯
Bibliography: Dever, William G., Archaeology and Biblical Studies (1974); Kenyon, Kathleen M., Archaeology in the Holy Land, 4th ed.參考書目： dever ，威廉g. ，考古學與聖經研究（ 1974年） ;肯揚，凱瑟琳米，考古聖地，第4版。 (1979); Negev, Avrahem, ed., Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (1974; repr. 1980); Millard, AR, Treasures from Bible Times (1985); Paul, Shalom, and Dever, William, eds., Biblical Archaeology (1973); Thomas, Winton D., Archaeology and Old Testament Study (1967); Wright, G. Ernest, Biblical Archaeology, rev. （ 1979年） ;內格夫， avrahem ，版，考古百科全書的聖地（ 1974年; repr 。 1980年） ; Millard法，氬，寶藏，從聖經時代（ 1985年） ;保羅，沙洛姆，並dever ，威廉合編，聖經考古學（ 1973 ） ，托馬斯，運通泰博士，考古與舊約研究（ 1967年） ;賴特g.歐內斯特，聖經考古，馮智活。 ed.教育署。 (1963). （ 1963 ） 。
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