The Order of Preachers (OP), or Dominicans, was founded (1215) by Saint Dominic during his preaching tours against the Albigenses in southern France.該命令的佈道者（ OP ）的，或者多米尼加人，成立（ 1215年）由聖多明在他的說教考察團對比根斯派在法國南部。 The Dominicans were friars, receiving rigorous theological training in order to preach and answer objections against the Christian faith.多米尼加人方濟各會士，接受嚴格的神學訓練，以宣講，並回答反對基督教信仰。 They were to be poor and to travel on foot.他們分別是窮人和旅遊步行巡邏。 The first house of friars was established at Toulouse; approval was given by Pope Honorius III.第一屆眾議院方濟各會士成立，在圖盧茲;給予批准，由教宗honorius三。 Earlier, Dominic had founded (1206) a community of nuns at Prouille, composed partly of former Albigenses.此前，星已建（ 1206 ）一所社區的尼姑在prouille組成部分的前比根斯派。 Later in the century, the Dominican third order began among the laity; it eventually included many communities of nuns who followed the Dominican third order rule. 20世紀晚些時候，多米尼加三階之間開始俗人，它最終包括許多社區的修女其次是多米尼加三階統治。
The Dominicans, who were closely associated with the development of Scholasticism during the 13th century, were prominent at the great universities of Europe.在多米尼加人，他們密切相關的發展，士林哲學在13世紀，分別突出了偉大大學的歐洲。 Saint Thomas Aquinas was one of their most important representatives.聖托馬斯阿奎那是他們的一項最重要的代表。 In medieval England, the Dominicans, dressed in a white tunic and scapular with a large black cloak and hood, were called Black Friars.在中世紀的英格蘭，多米尼加人，身穿白色中山裝和肩胛一個大型黑斗篷和引擎蓋，被稱為黑方濟各會士。 During the Middle Ages they were often chosen to head the Inquisition to track down heretics and bring them to trial. Today, the pope's theologian is always a Dominican. Saint Catherine of Siena was a Dominican who exerted great influence on 14th-century church history.在中世紀，他們往往選擇在頭部的調查，以追查異端，並把他們送上法庭。 今天表示，教宗的神學家始終是多米尼加聖凱瑟琳錫耶納是一個多米尼加人施加了巨大的影響，對14世紀的教會歷史。 Other famous Dominicans include Savonarola, Pope Pius V, Fra Angelico, St. Martin de Porres, and St. Rose of Lima.其他著名的多米尼加人，包括savonarola ，教宗比約五，法蘭克福機場Angelico " ，聖馬丁德porres ，和聖玫瑰利馬。
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Bibliography參考書目
Bennet, R., Early
Dominicans (1937; repr. 1971); Hinnebusch, W., The History of the Dominican
Order, 2 vols.貝內特，傳譯，早期多米尼加人（ 1937年; repr 。 1971年） ; hinnebusch
，總統，歷史上的多米尼加秩序， 2卷。 (1966-1973); Tugwell, Simon, ed., Early
Dominicans: Selected Writings (1982). （ 1966年至1973年） ; tugwell
，西蒙，版，早在多米尼加人：選定著作（ 1982年） 。
In accordance with the declared purpose of their foundation, the Dominicans have always been known as dedicated preachers and as combatants against any departure from the teaching of the Roman Catholic church. In the latter capacity they were entrusted with the supervision of the Inquisition as an ecclesiastical enterprise, and even in Spain, after the Inquisition became virtually a department of civil government, a Dominican was usually at its head.根據已宣布的目的，他們的基金會，多米尼加人，一直被稱為專用傳教士和作為戰鬥反對任何偏離教學的羅馬天主教會， 在後者的能力，他們被委託監督的宗教裁判所作為一個教會企業中，甚至在西班牙之後，宗教裁判所，幾乎成了一個部門的文官政府，多米尼加通常是在其頭部。 The office of master of the sacred palace, the pope's personal theologian, created for St. Dominic in 1218 and subsequently endowed with great privileges by Pope Leo X, has always been held by a member of the order.該辦公室掌握的神聖宮殿，教皇的個人和神學家，創造了聖星，在1218年和隨後賦有很大的特權，由羅馬教皇利奧十，一直是由一成員國的秩序。 After 1620, one of the duties of the position was to allow or forbid the printing of all religious books.之後， 1620年，其中一項職務的立場是允許或禁止印刷的所有宗教書籍。
Today the head of the entire order is the master general, whose term of office is 12 years; his residence is at Santa Sabina, in Rome.今天的首長，整個秩序，是主人一般，他們的任期是12年，他的住宅是在聖砂地，在羅馬。 The order is organized into geographic provinces, each with a provincial at its head.該命令是有組織納入地理省，每一個省在其頭部。 The chief apostolate of the order is educational.行政使徒的命令是教育性。 The Dominicans therefore retain their original characteristics as teachers and upholders of orthodoxy.多米尼加，因此保留其原有特色和師生upholders的正統。
Saint Dominic, bc1171, d.聖多明， bc1171 ，四 Aug. 6, 1221, was the founder of the Dominicans. 1221年8月6日，當時的創始人之一，多米尼加人。 A Castilian from a family of minor nobility, he received a clerical education and in his early 20s became a canon at the cathedral of Osma. 1 castilian從一個家庭的小貴族，他收到了一名文員的教育和在他20歲出頭，成為佳能在大教堂的osma 。 Here he was ordained a priest at about the age of 28 and was named assistant prior of the chapter of canons.在這裡他被祝聖司鐸在大約28歲時，被任命為助理之前，該章的大砲。 Dominic accompanied his bishop to Denmark on a diplomatic mission in 1203 and again in 1205.星陪同他的主教，以丹麥對外交代表團，在第1203和再1205 。 Traveling through southern France, they saw the problems caused by the Albigenses and the military and religious efforts made to suppress their heresy.穿過法國南部，他們看到了問題，造成了比根斯派和軍方和宗教所作的努力，以鎮壓異端。 With his bishop, Dominic began (c.1206) to preach to both the Albigenses and another dissident group, the Waldenses.與他的主教，多米尼克開始（ c.1206 ） ，以宣揚既比根斯派和另一組的持不同政見者，瓦勒度派。 He adopted the life-style of simplicity and poverty that these groups practiced.他通過生活方式的簡單和貧窮的是，這些團體實行。
After ten years of preaching, Dominic gathered around him a community of preachers, who would be both poor and learned in theology.經過十年的說教，星聚集在他的周圍社區的傳教士，他們將是既窮據悉，在神學。 This was the beginning (1215) of the religious order that bears his name.這是一開始（ 1215年）的宗教秩序，以他的名字命名。 Earlier he had organized (1206) women converts from the Albigensian movement into a religious community, the beginning of the Dominican nuns.此前，他曾組織（ 1206 ）婦女皈依從albigensian運動變成一個宗教社會，開始多米尼加尼姑。 In an inaccurate tradition, Dominic is also credited with instituting the popular devotion of the Rosary.在一個不準確的傳統，多米尼克也是貸實行全民奉獻的玫瑰。 In art, he is often pictured receiving a rosary from the Virgin Mary.在藝術，他常常一圖在接受念珠，從聖母瑪利亞。 Feast day: Aug. 8 (formerly Aug. 4).盛宴的日子： 8月8日（前身為8月4日） 。
Cyprian Davis, OSB塞浦路斯戴維斯，定向結構刨花板
Bibliography參考書目
Vicaire, Marie-Humbert, Saint Dominic and His Times, trans.維凱爾，瑪麗-洪博達，聖多明我和他的時代，跨國的。 by Kathleen Pond (1964).由凱瑟琳池（ 1964 ） 。
Founder of the Order of Preachers, commonly known as the Dominican Order; born at Calaroga, in Old Castile, c.創辦該命令的傳教者，即俗稱的多米尼加秩序;出生於calaroga ，在舊卡斯蒂利亞，長 1170; died 6 August, 1221. 1170年，死於1221年8月6日。 His parents, Felix Guzman and Joanna of Aza, undoubtedly belonged to the nobility of Spain, though probably neither was connected with the reigning house of Castile, as some of the saint's biographers assert.他的父母，菲利克斯古斯曼法官和喬安娜的字，無疑是屬於貴族的西班牙，雖然可能既不是與執政眾議院卡斯蒂利亞，由於部分聖人的傳記作者斷言。 Of Felix Guzman, personally, little is known, except that he was in every sense the worthy head of a family of saints.對菲利克斯古斯曼法官，我個人來說，所知甚少，除表示，他在每一種意義上當之無愧的頭一個家庭的聖人。 To nobility of blood Joanna of Aza added a nobility of soul which so enshrined her in the popular veneration that in 1828 she was solemnly beatified by Leo XII.以貴族的血液喬安娜的字增加了一個貴族的靈魂，因為這樣可以使她體現在流行的敬仰說，在1828年，她鄭重宣福由利奧十二。 The example of such parents was not without its effect upon their children.一個例子，如家長不無效果後，他們的子女。 Not only Saint Dominic but also his brothers, Antonio and Manes, were distinguished for their extraordinary sanctity.不僅聖多明而且是他的兄弟，安東尼奧和Manes認為，被尊敬，他們不平凡的神聖性。 Antonio, the eldest, became a secular priest and, having distributed his patrimony to the poor, entered a hospital where he spent his life ministering to the sick.安東尼奧，最年長者，成為一個世俗的牧師，並散發他的世襲財產給窮人，進入了醫院，但他用他的生命服事給生病了。 Manes, following in the footsteps of Dominic, became a Friar Preacher, and was beatified by Gregory XVI. Manes認為，在以下的腳步，多米尼克，成為弗萊爾佈道者，並宣福是由格雷戈里十六。
The birth and infancy of the saint were attended by many marvels forecasting his heroic sanctity and great achievements in the cause of religion.出生率和嬰兒的聖出席了許多奇蹟預測他的英雄的神聖和偉大成就，在事業的宗教。 From his seventh to his fourteenth year he pursued his elementary studies tinder the tutelage of his maternal uncle, the archpriest of Gumiel d'lzan, not far distant from Calaroga.從他的第七至第十四他今年他便去追尋初等研究打火監護他的舅， archpriest的古米耶爾-l zan，而不是遙遠，從c alaroga。 In 1184 Saint Dominic entered the University of Palencia.在1184年聖多明進入大學palencia 。 Here he remained for ten years prosecuting his studies with such ardour and success that throughout the ephemeral existence of that institution he was held up to the admiration of its scholars as all that a student should be.他在這裡停留了十年起訴他的研究，這種激情和成功，在整個短暫的存在，該機構他被關押起來，以敬佩的，其學者都認為，學生應該的。 Amid the frivolities and dissipations of a university city, the life of the future saint was characterized by seriousness of purpose and an austerity of manner which singled him out as one from whom great things might be expected in the future.中frivolities和耗散的一個大學城，生命的未來聖特點是嚴肅的目的和緊縮的方式把他作為一個人而偉大的東西，可以預料在未來。 But more than once he proved that under this austere exterior he carried a heart as tender as a woman's.但更不只一次證明了他就是根據這項緊縮外，他進行了心臟和投標作為一個女人的。 On one occasion he sold his books, annotated with his own hand, to relieve the starving poor of Palencia.有一次，他出售他的書，註明他自己的手，以緩解正在挨餓的窮人palencia 。 His biographer and contemporary, Bartholomew of Trent, states that twice he tried to sell himself into slavery to obtain money for the liberation of those who were held in captivity by the Moors.他的傳記作家和當代，巴爾多祿茂一世的遄達，國家兩次試圖將其出售全身心地投入到奴役獲得金錢，為解放那些在圈養的，由沼澤。 These facts are worthy of mention in view of the cynical and saturnine character which some non-Catholic writers have endeavoured to foist upon one of the most charitable of men.這些事實，都是值得一提的看法玩世不恭和saturnine字符，其中一些非天主教作家一直在努力foist後，其中一個最慈善的男人。 Concerning the date of his ordination his biographers are silent; nor is there anything from which that date can be inferred with any degree of certainty.有關日期，他的統籌他的傳記作者是無聲的，也不是有什麼從該日起，可以推斷出與任何程度的確定性。 According to the deposition of Brother Stephen, Prior Provincial of Lombardy, given in the process of canonization, Dominic was still a student at Palencia when Don Martin de Bazan, the Bishop of Osma, called him to membership in the cathedral chapter for the purpose of assisting in its reform.據沉積的弟弟斯蒂芬，事先省的倫巴第，由於在這一過程中的封聖，星仍是一個學生在palencia當唐馬丁德bazan ，這位主教的osma ，打電話給他的成員在主教堂為目的協助其改革。 The bishop realized the importance to his plan of reform of having constantly before his canons the example of one of Dominic's eminent holiness.主教意識到重要性，以他的改革計劃後，不斷在他門炮為例，其中一星的知名成聖。 Nor was he disappointed in the result.他也不失望的結果。 In recognition of the part he had taken in converting its members into canons regular, Dominic was appointed sub-prior of the reformed chapter.在承認部分，他已採取轉換其成員到門炮，經常化，星被任命為小組事先對改革後的篇章。 On the accession of Don Diego d'Azevedo to the Bishopric of Osma in 1201, Dominic became superior of the chapter with the title of prior.關於加入的唐迭戈-金之向b ishopric的o sma在1 201多米尼克成為卓越的一章，與標題之前。 As a canon of Osma, he spent nine years of his life hidden in God and rapt in contemplation, scarcely passing beyond the confines of the chapter house.作為佳能的osma ，他花了9年的他的生命隱藏在上帝和rapt在沉思，幾乎沒有及格超越局限的一章。
In 1203 Alfonso IX, King of Castile, deputed the Bishop of Osma to demand from the Lord of the Marches, presumably a Danish prince, the hand of his daughter on behalf of the king's son, Prince Ferdinand.在1203年阿方索九，國王的卡斯蒂利亞， deputed主教osma要求，從主的遊行，想必一名丹麥王子的手，他的女兒代表國王的兒子，王儲費迪南。 For his companion on this embassy Don Diego chose Saint Dominic.他的同伴就這個使館唐迭戈選擇了聖多明。 Passing through Toulouse in the pursuit of their mission, they beheld with amazement and sorrow the work of spiritual ruin wrought by the Albigensian heresy.途經圖盧茲，在追求自己的使命，他們看到驚奇和悲傷的工作精神，破壞所造成的albigensian異端。 It was in the contemplation of this scene that Dominic first conceived the idea of founding an order for the purpose of combating heresy and spreading the light of the Gospel by preaching to the ends of the then known world.這是在沉思的這一幕星首先就構想在建國命令為打擊邪教，傳播福音的光，由說教向兩端當時已知世界。 Their mission having ended successfully, Diego and Dominic were dispatched on a second embassy, accompanied by a splendid retinue, to escort the betrothed princess to Castile.他們的使命結束了成功，圣迭戈和星被派往關於第二個大使館，伴隨著燦爛的侍從，護送公主訂婚到卡斯蒂利亞。 This mission, however, was brought to a sudden close by the death of the young woman in question.這個使命，然而，被帶到突然關閉，由死亡的年輕女子在質詢。 The two ecclesiastics were now free to go where they would, and they set out for Rome, arriving there towards the end of 1204.兩個ecclesiastics現在免費去那裡，他們將和他們啟程前往羅馬，抵達接近年底時的1204年。 The purpose of this was to enable Diego to resign his bishopric that he might devote himself to the conversion of unbelievers in distant lands.這項議案的目的是讓迭戈辭去bishopric ，他可能在立志報國的轉化信的，在遙遠的國度。 Innocent III, however, refused to approve this project, and instead sent the bishop and his companion to Languedoc to join forces with the Cistercians, to whom he had entrusted the crusade against the Albigenses.無辜第三，但是，拒絕批准這個項目，而是派主教和他的同伴到朗格多合力與cistercians ，給誰，他已委託十字軍東征對比根斯派。 The scene that confronted them on their arrival in Languedoc was by no means an encouraging one.現場看到，他們面臨著對他們的到來，在朗格多，倒也不是一個令人鼓舞的。 The Cistercians, on account of their worldly manner of living, had made little or no headway against the Albigenses.該cistercians ，就到他們的世俗的方式生活，取得了很少或根本沒有進展，對比根斯派。 They had entered upon their work with considerable pomp, attended by a brilliant retinue, and well provided with the comforts of life.他們已經進入後，他們的工作取得相當隆重，參加的輝煌侍從，以及提供舒適的生活。 To this display of worldliness the leaders of the heretics opposed a rigid asceticism which commanded the respect and admiration of their followers.這種顯示器的世俗領導人對異教徒反對僵化的禁慾主義，其中指揮了尊重和敬佩他們的追隨者。 Diego and Dominic quickly saw that the failure of the Cistercian apostolate was due to the monks' indulgent habits, and finally prevailed upon them to adopt a more austere manner of life.迭戈和星很快看到了失敗的修道院中使徒，是由於僧人'姑息習慣，並最終說服他們採取更緊縮的方式生活。 The result was at once apparent in a greatly increased number of converts.其結果是，在一次明顯的一個很大的數目增加轉換。 Theological disputations played a prominent part in the propaganda of the heretics.神學disputations發揮了突出的部分，在宣傳的異端。 Dominic and his companion, therefore, lost no time in engaging their opponents in this kind of theological exposition.星和他的同伴，因此，失去了，沒有時間搞自己的對手，在這樣的神學思想建設的論述。 Whenever the opportunity offered, they accepted the gage of battle.每當這個機會，他們接受了蓋奇的戰役。 The thorough training that the saint had received at Palencia now proved of inestimable value to him in his encounters with the heretics.徹底培訓聖接受過palencia現在事實證明了難以估量的價值，他在他的遭遇與異教徒。 Unable to refute his arguments or counteract the influence of his preaching, they visited their hatred upon him by means of repeated insults and threats of physical violence.無法反駁他的論點或抵制的影響，他的說教，他們已訪問了他們的仇恨後，他通過反复的侮辱和威脅的身體暴力。 With Prouille for his head-quarters, he laboured by turns in Fanjeaux, Montpellier, Servian, Béziers, and Carcassonne.與prouille為他的頭部四分之三，他辛勞輪流在方若，蒙彼利埃， servian ， béziers ， carcassonne 。 Early in his apostolate around Prouille the saint realized the necessity of an institution that would protect the women of that country from the influence of the heretics.在他早期的使徒左右prouille聖實現的必要性一個機構將保護婦女說，從國家的影響的異端。 Many of them had already embraced Albigensianism and were its most active propagandists.他們中的許多人已經接受了albigensianism和被其最活躍的宣傳員。 These women erected convents, to which the children of the Catholic nobility were often sent-for want of something better-to receive an education, and, in effect, if not on purpose, to be tainted with the spirit of heresy.這些婦女豎立修道院，而兒童的天主教貴族往往被派出為想要的東西，更要接受教育，並在生效，如果不是有目的的，要沾染上的精神異端。 It was needful, too, that women converted from heresy should be safeguarded against the evil influence of their own homes.這是需要的，也認為女性轉換成從異端應受保障，反對邪惡的影響，他們自己的家園。 To supply these deficiencies, Saint Dominic, with the permission of Foulques, Bishop of Toulouse, established a convent at Prouille in 1206.為了供應這些缺陷，聖多明徵得foulques主教，圖盧茲，建立了一個修道院，在prouille 1206 。 To this community, and afterwards to that of Saint Sixtus, at Rome, he gave the rule and constitutions which have ever since guided the nuns of the Second Order of Saint Dominic.這個社會的貢獻，以及事後表示，聖Sixtus的，在羅馬，他給了法治和憲法，其中有自導修女二階聖多明。
The year 1208 opens a new epoch in the eventful life of the founder.今年1208年打開一個新的時代，在這個多事的生活中的創始人。 On 15 January of that year Pierre de Castelnau, one of the Cistercian legates, was assassinated. 1月15日表示，今年，皮埃爾德castelnau ，其中的修道院legates被暗殺。 This abominable crime precipitated the crusade under Simon de Montfort, which led to the temporary subjugation of the heretics.這一令人憎惡的犯罪沉澱討伐下，西蒙德montfort ，從而導致暫時征服的異教徒。 Saint Dominic participated in the stirring scenes that followed, but always on the side of mercy, wielding the arms of the spirit while others wrought death and desolation with the sword.聖多明我參加了悲壯的場面之後，但總是對的一邊，決不手軟，揮舞武器的精神，而另一些緊張得要命，死亡和荒涼與劍。 Some historians assert that during the sack of Béziers, Dominic appeared in the streets of that city, cross in hand, interceding for the lives of the women and children, the aged and the infirm.一些歷史學家認為，在一袋béziers ，星出現在街頭，該城，交叉在手，利益，為生活的婦女和兒童，老人和體弱者。 This testimony, however, is based upon documents which Touron regards as certainly apocryphal.這一證詞，但是，是基於文件touron視為當然猜測。 The testimony of the most reliable historians tends to prove that the saint was neither in the city nor in its vicinity when Béziers was sacked by the crusaders.證詞中最可靠的歷史學家往往以證明聖既不是在城市或在其附近時， béziers被解職，由十字軍。 We find him generally during this period following the Catholic army, reviving religion and reconciling heretics in the cities that had capitulated to, or had been taken by, the victorious de Montfort.我們發現他的，一般在這個時期之後，天主教軍隊，復興宗教和調和異端在城市中已經投降，或已採取了，戰勝國德montfort 。 It was probably 1 September, 1209, that Saint Dominic first came in contact with Simon de Montfort and formed with him that intimate friendship which was to last till the death of the brave crusader under the walls of Toulouse (25 June, 1218).這可能是1209年9月1日，即聖多明首先來到接觸西蒙德montfort ，並形成與他的親密友誼是直至死刑的勇敢鬥士，根據牆壁的圖盧茲（ 1218年6月25日） 。 We find him by the side of de Montfort at the siege of Lavaur in 1211, and again in 1212, at the capture of La Penne d'Ajen.我們發現他的，由一方的德montfort在圍困拉沃爾在1211 ，並再次在1212 ，在捕獲的香格里拉penne -a jen。 In the latter part of 1212 he was at Pamiers labouring, at the invitation of de Montfort, for the restoration of religion and morality.在後者的一部分， 1212年，他在pamiers勞苦的邀請，於德montfort ，為恢復宗教和道德。 Lastly, just before the battle of Muret, 12 September, 1213, the saint is again found in the council that preceded the battle.最後，臨戰前的muret ， 1213年9月12日，聖者，是又發現在安理會說，之前的戰鬥。 During the progress of the conflict, he knelt before the altar in the church of Saint-Jacques, praying for the triumph of the Catholic arms.在進度的衝突，他跪下前的祭壇上，在教會的聖-雅克，祈禱，為凱旋的天主教武器。 So remarkable was the victory of the crusaders at Muret that Simon de Montfort regarded it as altogether miraculous, and piously attributed it to the prayers of Saint Dominic.如此顯著的是勝利的十字軍在muret認為西蒙德montfort把它作為共有神奇的，並虔誠歸功於它祈禱聖多明。 In gratitude to God for this decisive victory, the crusader erected a chapel in the church of Saint-Jacques, which he dedicated, it is said, to Our Lady of the Rosary.在感謝上帝，為這一決定性勝利，十字軍矗立起一座小教堂，在教堂的聖-雅克，他總是盡心盡力，這是說，聖母玫瑰。 It would appear, therefore, that the devotion of the Rosary, which tradition says was revealed to Saint Dominic, had come into general use about this time.這樣看來，因此，在10年內，玫瑰，它的傳統，說是為了顯示聖多明，曾接觸到一般使用這個時間。 To this period, too, has been ascribed the foundation of the Inquisition by Saint Dominic, and his appointment as the first Inquisitor.這期間，也一直得益於該基金會的宗教裁判所聖多明，以及他被任命為第一砂鍋。 As both these much controverted questions will receive special treatment elsewhere in this work, it will suffice for our present purpose to note that the Inquisition was in operation in 1198, or seven years before the saint took part in the apostolate in Languedoc, and while he was still an obscure canon regular at Osma.由於這兩得多controverted問題都將得到特殊的待遇，在其他地方對這項工作，這就夠了，我們現在的目的，值得注意的是，這份調查是在行動中，第1198 ，或七年之前，聖參加了使徒在朗格多，而在他仍是一個晦澀的佳能定期在osma 。 If he was for a certain time identified with the operations of the Inquisition, it was only in the capacity of a theologian passing upon the orthodoxy of the accused.如果他是為某一個確定的時間，與業務的宗教裁判所，它只是在能力的神學家合格後，正統的被告人。 Whatever influence he may have had with the judges of that much maligned institution was always employed on the side of mercy and forbearance, as witness the classic case of Ponce Roger.什麼影響，他可能曾與法官的那麼多中傷機構一直受聘於一邊憐憫和寬容，作為見證經典案例龐塞羅傑。
In the meantime, the saint's increasing reputation for heroic sanctity, apostolic zeal, and profound learning caused him to be much sought after as a candidate for various bishoprics.在此期間，聖日益增長的聲譽，為英雄的神聖性，使徒熱情，深刻學習，使他成為萬眾後，為候選人為各bishoprics 。 Three distinct efforts were made to raise him to the episcopate.三個截然不同作出了努力，以提高他的主教。 In July, 1212, the chapter of Béziers chose him for their bishop.今年7月， 1212 ，一章béziers提拔他為自己的主教。 Again, the canons of Saint-Lizier wished him to succeed Garcias de l'Orte as Bishop of Comminges.又比如，大砲聖利齊耶預祝他成功加西亞斯德l' orte作為主教科曼日。 Lastly, in 1215 an effort was made by Garcias de l'Orte himself, who had been transferred from Comminges to Auch, to make him Bishop of Navarre.最後，在1215年作出努力加西亞斯德l' orte自己，他們已被轉移，從科曼日至auch ，使他的主教納瓦爾。 But Saint Dominic absolutely refused all episcopal honours, saying that he would rather take flight in the night, with nothing but his staff, than accept the episcopate.但聖多明我絕對拒絕了所有主教榮譽，他說，他寧可在飛行夜，什麼也沒有了，但他的工作人員，在接受主教。 From Muret Dominic returned to Carcassonne, where he resumed his preaching with unqualified success.由MURET星返回carcassonne ，在那裡他恢復了他的說教與成功，不容置疑。 It was not until 1214 that he returned to Toulouse.但直到1214年，他返回圖盧茲。 In the meantime the influence of his preaching and the eminent holiness of his life had drawn around him a little band of devoted disciples eager to follow wherever he might lead.在這段時間的影響，他的說教和知名成聖他的生活模式，並得出在他的周圍小波段的專門弟子急於跟隨在何處，他可能領先。 Saint Dominic had never for a moment forgotten his purpose, formed eleven years before, of founding a religious order to combat heresy and propagate religious truth.聖多明我從來沒有一個時刻，忘記了他的目的，形成了十一年前，應建立一個沒有宗教秩序，打擊邪教，宣揚宗教真理。 The time now seemed opportune for the realization of his plan.時間，現在看來時機，為實現他的計劃。 With the approval of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, he began the organization of his little band of followers.經批准的主教foulques的圖盧茲後，他開始安排他的小樂隊的追隨者。 That Dominic and his companions might possess a fixed source of revenue Foulques made him chaplain of Fanjeaux and in July, 1215, canonically established the community as a religious congregation of his diocese, whose mission was the propagation of true doctrine and good morals, and the extirpation of heresy.這星和他的同伴們可能擁有一個固定的收入來源， foulques使他成為牧師的方若，並在7月， 1215 ， canonically成立了社區作為一種宗教的會眾，他教區的，其使命是傳播的真正教義和良好的職業道德，以及摘除的異端。
During this same year Pierre Seilan, a wealthy citizen of Toulouse, who had placed himself under the direction of Saint Dominic, put at their disposal his own commodious dwelling.在此同時，今年皮埃爾seilan ，一位十分富有的公民圖盧茲，曾置於自己的領導下聖多明付諸表決，在處置自己的commodious住所。 In this way the first convent of the Order of Preachers was founded on 25 April, 1215.這樣，第一修道院的秩序傳教士創建於1215年4月25日。 But they dwelt here only a year when Foulques established them in the church of Saints Romanus.但他們白景富在這裡只有一年的時候， foulques確立他們在教會中的聖人romanus 。 Though the little community had proved amply the need of its mission and the efficiency of its service to the Church, it was far from satisfying the full purpose of its founder.雖然小社會已充分證明了的需要，其使命與效率的服務，以教會，這是遠遠不能滿足全部的目的，其創辦人。 It was at best but a diocesan congregation, and Saint Dominic had dreamed of a world-order that would carry its apostolate to the ends of the earth.這是在最好的，而是由拔萃聚集，並聖多明我曾夢想的一個世界秩序，將進行它的使徒向兩端地球。 But, unknown to the saint, events were shaping themselves for the realization of his hopes.但是，不知聖，事件被塑造自己，為實現他的希望。 In November, 1215, an ecumenical council was to meet at Rome "to deliberate on the improvement of morals, the extinction of heresy, and the strengthening of the faith".在十一月， 1215 ，四海一家理事會，以滿足在羅馬" ，以故意，對改善道德，有文化，有滅絕的異端，並加強該信仰" 。 This was identically the mission Saint Dominic had determined on for his order.這是相同的使命聖多明我已決心對他的命令。 With the Bishop of Toulouse, he was present at the deliberations of this council.與主教圖盧茲，他出席了審議本會。 From the very first session it seemed that events conspired to bring his plans to a successful issue.從第一屆會議上，似乎事件的陰謀，使他的計劃，一個成功的問題。 The council bitterly arraigned the bishops for their neglect of preaching.安理會強烈提審主教們為他們忽視的說教。 In canon X they were directed to delegate capable men to preach the word of God to the people.在佳能x人為導演的代表，有能力的男子，以宣揚上帝的話要向人民負責。 Under these circumstances, it would reasonably appear that Dominic's request for confirmation of an order designed to carry out the mandates of the council would be joyfully granted.在這種情況下，將合理的，似乎星的要求確認的命令，旨在貫徹落實的任務，安理會將喜氣洋洋理所當然的。 But while the council was anxious that these reforms should be put into effect as speedily as possible, it was at the same time opposed to the institution of any new religious orders, and had legislated to that effect in no uncertain terms.不過，儘管會著急認為，這些改革應付諸實施，儘速，它是在同一時間，反對該機構的任何新的宗教命令，並已通過立法，即行生效毫不含糊。 Moreover, preaching had always been looked upon as primarily a function of the episcopate.此外，說教一直期待後，作為主要職能的主教。 To bestow this office on an unknown and untried body of simple priests seemed too original and too bold in its conception to appeal to the conservative prelates who influenced the deliberations of the council.賜給這個辦事處對未知和未經考驗的身體簡單的祭司似乎太原始，太大膽構想，呼籲保守派主教誰影響了安理會的審議。 When, therefore, his petition for the approbation of his infant institute was refused, it could not have been wholly unexpected by Saint Dominic.當，因此，他的請願書，為的讚許，他的嬰兒學會但遭到拒絕，它已經不能完全意想不到的，由聖多明。
Returning to Languedoc at the close of the council in December, 1215, the founder gathered about him his little band of followers and informed them of the wish of the council that there should be no new rules for religious orders.回到朗格結束時，安理會去年12月， 1215的創始人，收集有關他的小樂隊的追隨者，並通知了他們的意願，安理會不應該有新的規定，宗教命令。 Thereupon they adopted the ancient rule of Saint Augustine, which, on account of its generality, would easily lend itself to any form they might wish to give it.於是他們採取了古代法治的聖奧古斯丁，其中就考慮到它的通用性，很容易會借給自己，以任何形式，他們可能是想給它。 This done, Saint Dominic again appeared before the pope in the month of August, 1216, and again solicited the confirmation of his order.這一做，聖多明又出現之前，教宗在8月份， 1216並再次徵求了確認他的命令。 This time he was received more favourably, and on 22 December, 1216, the Bull of confirmation was issued.這個時候，他收到了更有利的，並於1216年12月22日，牛市的確認，簽發日期。
Saint Dominic spent the following Lent preaching in various churches in Rome, and before the pope and the papal court.聖多明我用了以下借給說教，在各教會在羅馬，和前教皇和教皇法庭。 It was at this time that he received the office and title of Master of the Sacred Palace, or Pope's Theologian, as it is more commonly called.正是在這個時候，他已經接到辦公室和頭銜大師的神聖宮殿，或教皇的神學家，因為這是較常見的所謂。 This office has been held uninterruptedly by members of the order from the founder's time to the present day.這個辦公室一直在不間斷地舉行，由委員組成，為了從創辦的時間到今天。 On 15 August, 1217, he gathered the brethren about him at Prouille to deliberate on the affairs of the order.於1217年8月15日，他收集了兄弟們對他在prouille ，商議事務的命令。 He had determined upon the heroic plan of dispersing his little band of seventeen unformed followers over all Europe.他已決心後，英雄的計劃分散他的小樂隊的十七年未信徒超過所有歐洲。 The result proved the wisdom of an act which, to the eye of human prudence at least, seemed little short of suicidal.結果證明是明智的行為，到眼睛的人的謹慎，至少，似乎很少短自殺。 To facilitate the spread of the order, Honorius III, on 11 Feb., 1218, addressed a Bull to all archbishops, bishops, abbots, and priors, requesting their favour on behalf of the Order of Preachers.為了有利於傳播秩序， honorius三，對1218年2月11日，處理了牛市向所有大主教，主教，方丈都很，先驗，要求他們贊成代表議事程序的傳教士。 By another Bull, dated 3 Dec., 1218, Honorius III bestowed upon the order the church of Saint Sixtus in Rome.另一牛市，日期為1218年12月3日， honorius三賜予後，為了教會聖徒Sixtus在羅馬。 Here, amid the tombs of the Appian Way, was founded the first monastery of the order in Rome.在此之際，該墓葬的阿庇安的方式，是創建了第一個修道院的命令在羅馬。 Shortly after taking possession of Saint Sixtus, at the invitation of Honorius, Saint Dominic began the somewhat difficult task of restoring the pristine observance of religious discipline among the various Roman communities of women.不久後，以藏聖Sixtus的邀請，於honorius ，聖多明我開始有點困難的任務，恢復原始遵守紀律，宗教之間的各種羅馬社區的婦女。 In a comparatively short time the work was accomplished, to the great satisfaction of the pope.在比較短的時間內工作完成之際，向偉大的滿意度的教宗。 His own career at the University of Palencia, and the practical use to which he had put it in his encounters with the Albigenses, as well as his keen appreciation of the needs of the time, convinced the saint that to ensure the highest efficiency of the work of the apostolate, his followers should be afforded the best educational advantages obtainable.他自己的職業生涯，在大學palencia ，並經實際使用，因為他已經把它放在他的遭遇與比根斯派，以及他渴望讚賞有需要的時候，說服聖表示，為確保效率最高的工作的使徒，他的信徒們應該得到最好的教育優勢索取。 It was for this reason that on the dispersal of the brethren at Prouille he dispatched Matthew of France and two companions to Paris.正是基於這個原因，就在疏散的弟兄，在prouille他派出馬修法國和兩位同伴前往巴黎。 A foundation was made in the vicinity of the university, and the friars took possession in October, 1217.基金會曾在附近的大學，和方濟各會士了藏在10月， 1217 。 Matthew of France was appointed superior, and Michael de Fabra was placed in charge of the studies with the title of Lecturer.馬修的法國被任命為上級，邁克爾德fabra被放置在負責這項研究的名稱講師。 On 6 August of the following year, Jean de Barastre, dean of Saint-Quentin and professor of theology, bestowed on the community the hospice of Saint-Jaques, which he had built for his own use. 8月6日的次年，讓德barastre ，院長聖昆丁和教授神學，賜予的，對社會安寧的聖- jaques ，這是他建造的，供其本人自用。 Having effected a foundation at the University of Paris, Saint Dominic next determined upon a settlement at the University of Bologna.經實現了基金會在巴黎大學，聖星明年確定後，解決在博洛尼亞大學。 Bertrand of Garrigua, who had been summoned from Paris, and John of Navarre, set out from Rome, with letters from Pope Honorius, to make the desired foundation.貝特朗的garrigua ，已召見，從巴黎，約翰納瓦拉載列從羅馬，與來信教宗honorius ，作出理想的基礎。 On their arrival at Bologna, the church of Santa Maria della Mascarella was placed at their disposal.對他們的到來，在博洛尼亞，教堂Santa Maria della mascarella被放置在其處置。 So rapidly did the Roman community of Saint Sixtus grow that the need of more commodious quarters soon became urgent.如此之快卻羅馬社會的聖徒Sixtus成長，這需要更多的commodious宿舍很快就成了緊迫。 Honorius, who seemed to delight in supplying every need of the order and furthering its interests to the utmost of his power, met the emergency by bestowing on Saint Dominic the basilica of Santa Sabina. honorius ，他們似乎樂於提供一切必要的秩序和促進其利益，以最大的權力，滿足了緊急賜予對聖多明大教堂的聖圓柏。
Towards the end of 1218, having appointed Reginald of Orléans his vicar in Italy, the saint, accompanied by several of his brethren, set out for Spain.接近年底時的1218 ，具有任命（ Reginald奧爾良他的副主教，在意大利，聖陪同他的幾個兄弟，而訂出的西班牙。 Bologna, Prouille, Toulouse, and Fanjeaux were visited on the way.博洛尼亞， prouille ，圖盧茲，方若與被訪對未來路向。 From Prouille two of the brethren were sent to establish a convent at Lyons.從prouille的兩個兄弟，分別被送往建立一個修道院，在里昂。 Segovia was reached just before Christmas.塞哥維亞達成了聖誕節前。 In February of the following year he founded the first monastery of the order in Spain.在次年2月，他創建了第一個修道院的命令在西班牙。 Turning southward, he established a convent for women at Madrid, similar to the one at Prouille.至於南下，他建立了一個修道院，為婦女在馬德里，一個類似在prouille 。 It is quite probable that on this journey he personally presided over the erection of a convent in connexion with his alma mater, the University of Palencia.這是很可能的，在這個征途上，他親自主持了豎立一個修道院就此與他的母校，大學palencia 。 At the invitation of the Bishop of Barcelona, a house of the order was established in that city.在邀請的主教，巴塞羅那，一所房子的命令成立，在這個城市。 Again bending his steps towards Rome he recrossed the Pyrenees and visited the foundations at Toulouse and Paris.再次彎曲他的步驟羅馬他recrossed比利牛斯山，並參觀了基金會在圖盧茲和巴黎。 During his stay in the latter place he caused houses to be erected at Limoges, Metz, Reims, Poitiers, and Orléans, which in a short time became centres of Dominican activity.訪問期間，他在後者的地方，他所造成的房子被豎立在利摩日，梅斯，蘭斯，普瓦捷，奧爾良，在較短的時間裡，成為中心的多米尼加活動。 From Paris he directed his course towards Italy, arriving in Bologna in July, 1219.從巴黎，他指揮他的，當然對意大利，抵達博洛尼亞今年7月， 1219 。 Here he devoted several months to the religious formation of the brethren he found awaiting him, and then, as at Prouille, dispersed them over Italy.他在這裡專門討論數個月來的宗教形成的弟兄，他發現等待他，然後，截至prouille ，分散他們超過意大利。 Among the foundations made at this time were those at Bergamo, Asti, Verona, Florence, Brescia, and Faenza.各基金會取得在這個時候被那些在貝加莫， Asti的，維羅納，佛羅倫薩，布雷西亞，並faenza 。 From Bologna he went to Viterbo.從博洛尼亞，他到維泰博。 His arrival at the papal court was the signal for the showering of new favours on the order.他在抵達羅馬教皇法院信號為洗澡新主張對秩序。 Notable among these marks of esteem were many complimentary letters addressed by Honorius to all those who had assisted the Fathers in their vinous foundations.其中值得注意的這些商標的自尊被許多互補信訪處理honorius向那些曾協助父親在其vinous基金會。 In March of this same year Honorius, through his representatives, bestowed upon the order the church of San Eustorgio in Milan.在3月的這一年honorius ，通過他的代表，賦予該命令教會的聖歐斯托希奧在米蘭。 At the same time a foundation at Viterbo was authorized.在同一時間，基金會在維泰博被認可。 On his return to Rome, towards the end of 1219, Dominic sent out letters to all the convents announcing the first general chapter of the order, to be held at Bologna on the feast of the following Pentecost.他返回羅馬，在接近年底時1219 ，星去信給所有修道院公佈第一章總的一聲令下，即將舉行的博洛尼亞對節日以下五旬。 Shortly before, Honorius III, by a special Brief, had conferred upon the founder the title of Master General, which till then he had held only by tacit consent.不久之前， honorius三，由一個特別簡短，已賦予創始人稱號大師一般，直到當時他只舉行，由默示同意。 At the very first session of the chapter in the following spring the saint startled his brethren by offering his resignation as master general.在第一屆的一章，在第二年春天聖錯愕他的兄弟提供辭去碩士一般。 It is needless to say the resignation was not accepted and the founder remained at the head of the institute till the end of his life.這是不用說了辭呈不被接受，並創辦人留在頭部的研究所到年底了他的命。
Soon after the close of the chapter of Bologna, Honorius III addressed letters to the abbeys and priories of San Vittorio, Sillia, Mansu, Floria, Vallombrosa, and Aquila, ordering that several of their religious be deputed to begin, under the leadership of Saint Dominic, a preaching crusade in Lombardy, where heresy had developed alarming proportions.盡快結束後，對該章的博洛尼亞， honorius三寫信給修道院和priories聖vittorio ， sillia ，萬壽， floria ，瓦隆布羅薩，雕，訂購它們的若干宗教被deputed開始的領導下，聖星，鼓吹十字軍東征，在倫巴第，而異端制定了令人震驚的程度。 For some reason or other the plans of the pope were never realized.出於某種原因或其他計劃的教宗若望保祿二世一直沒有實現。 The promised support failing, Dominic, with a little band of his own brethren, threw himself into the field, and, as the event proved, spent himself in an effort to bring back the heretics to their allegiance to the Church.所承諾的支持，否則，多米尼克，帶著一絲帶他自己的弟兄們，全身心地投入到現場，並為事件證明，用自己的努力，帶回了異端，以效忠教會。 It is said that 100,000 unbelievers were converted by the preaching and the miracles of the saint.有消息稱， 10萬信的人轉為由說教和奇蹟的聖人。 According to Lacordaire and others, it was during his preaching in Lombardy that the saint instituted the Militia of Jesus Christ, or the third order, as it is commonly called, consisting of men and women living in the world, to protect the rights and property of the Church.據拉科代爾和其他人，那是在他的講道倫巴第表示，聖提起民兵的耶穌基督，或三階，因為這是俗稱，其中男性和女性生活在世界上，以保護他們的權利和財產該教堂。 Towards the end of 1221 Saint Dominic returned to Rome for the sixth and last time.接近年底時的1221聖多明回到羅馬為第六和最後一次。 Here he received many new and valuable concessions for the order.在此，他收到了許多寶貴的新的讓步，為秩序。 In January, February, and March of 1221 three consecutive Bulls were issued commending the order to all the prelates of the Church.在1月， 2月和3月， 1221年連續三年被公牛發出讚揚，以各主教的教會。 The thirtieth of May, 1221, found him again at Bologna presiding over the second general chapter of the order.第三十5月， 1221年，發現他又在博洛尼亞主持第二章一般的命令。 At the close of the chapter he set out for Venice to visit Cardinal Ugolino, to whom he was especially indebted for many substantial acts of kindness.在結束一章，他訂出的威尼斯參觀樞機ugolino ，給誰，他特別感激很多實質性的行為仁慈。 He had scarcely returned to Bologna when a fatal illness attacked him.他很少回到博洛尼亞時，一個致命的疾病襲擊了他。 He died after three weeks of sickness, the many trials of which he bore with heroic patience.他去世後， 3個星期的病假，也出現了許多試驗，其中他無端背負了英雄的忍耐力。 In a Bull dated at Spoleto, 13 July, 1234, Gregory IX made his cult obligatory throughout the Church.在牛市月在斯波萊托， 1234年7月13日，格雷戈里九大取得他的邪教組織義不容辭的整個教堂。
The life of St. Dominic was one of tireless effort in the, service of god.生命的聖星是一個不懈的努力，在服務的上帝。 While he journeyed from place to place he prayed and preached almost uninterruptedly.雖然他旅地方他祈禱，並鼓吹幾乎不間斷。 His penances were of such a nature as to cause the brethren, who accidentally discovered them, to fear the effect upon his life.他penances人的這樣一種性質，以引起弟兄，他們偶然發現了他們的聲音，害怕影響他的生命。 While his charity was boundless he never permitted it to interfere with the stern sense of duty that guided every action of his life.而他的慈善事業是無限的，他從來沒有允許它干擾與斯特恩職責意識指導一切行動聽他的生命。 If he abominated heresy and laboured untiringly for its extirpation it was because he loved truth and loved the souls of those among whom he laboured.如果他abominated異端，並努力不懈，其摘除，那是因為他熱愛真理和愛的亡靈，那些其中他的辛勞。 He never failed to distinguish between sin and the sinner.他還從未失敗過，以區分罪和罪人。 It is not to be wondered at, therefore, if this athlete of Christ, who had conquered himself before attempting the reformation of others, was more than once chosen to show forth the power of God.這是不容質疑的，因此，如果這個運動員的基督，他們已經征服了自己，才能改造別人，更不止一次地選擇顯示了上帝的力量。 The failure of the fire at Fanjeaux to consume the dissertation he had employed against the heretics, and which was thrice thrown into the flames; the raising to life of Napoleone Orsini; the appearance of the annals in the refectory of Saint Sixtus in response to his prayers, are but a few of the supernatural happenings by which God was pleased to attest the eminent holiness of His servant.失敗的大火方若食用了論文，他曾聘請反對異端，並先後三次被扔進火焰;提高生命的拿波洛恩奧西尼;外表而載入史冊，在refectory聖Sixtus的回應他祈禱，但也有少數的超自然現象，其中神高興地證明了著名的成聖他的僕人。 We are not surprised, therefore, that, after signing the Bull of canonization on 13 July, 1234, Gregory IX declared that he no more doubted the saintliness of Saint Dominic than he did that of Saint Peter and Saint Paul.我們並不感到驚訝，因此，在後，簽署牛氣沖天的冊封於1234年7月13日，格雷戈里九宣稱，他不懷疑saintliness聖多明我比他表示，聖彼得和聖保羅。
Publication information Written by John B. O'Connor.出版信息撰稿年11月，奧康納。 Transcribed by Martin Wallace, OP.轉錄馬丁華萊士，作品。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V. Published 1909.天主教百科全書，體積訴公佈1909年。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.紐約：羅伯特Appleton還公司。 Nihil Obstat, May 1, 1909. nihil obstat ， 1909年5月1日。 Remy Lafort, Censor.人頭馬lafort ，檢查員。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York +約翰米farley ，大主教紐約
As the Order of the Friars Preachers is the principal part of the entire Order of St. Dominic, we shall include under this title the two other parts of the order: the Dominican Sisters (Second Order) and the Brothers of Penitence of St. Dominic (Third Order).由於該命令的方濟各會士傳教士是主要的一部分，整個秩序的聖星，我們應包括根據這個稱號其他兩個部分的順序為：多米尼加姐妹（二階）和兄弟的懺悔聖星（三階） 。 First, we shall study the legislation of the three divisions of the order, and the nature of each.首先，我們將研究這些法例的三個師的一聲令下，和大自然的每一個。 Secondly, we shall give an historical survey of the three branches of the order.其次，我們應當給予歷史調查的3家分行，該命令。
I. LEGISLATION AND NATURE一，立法和性質
In its formation and development, the Dominican legislation as a whole is closely bound up with historical facts relative to the origin and progress of the order.在它的形成和發展，多米尼加的法律作為一個整體是息息相關，與歷史事實相對的起源和進步的秩序。 Hence some reference to these is necessary, the more so as this matter has not been sufficiently studied.因此一些參考這些是必要的，更何況這件事並沒有得到充分的研究。 For each of the three groups, constituting the ensemble of the Order of St. Dominic, we shall examine: A. Formation of the Legislative Texts; B. Nature of the Order, resulting from legislation.三年中的每群體，他們構成了樂團的命令聖星，我們應審查：甲形成的法律文本;乙性質的一聲令下，所造成的立法。
A. FORMATION OF THE LEGISLATIVE TEXTS答：形成的法律文本
In regard to their legislation the first two orders are closely connected, and must be treated together.對於其立法前兩個命令是緊密相連的，必須處理一起。 The preaching of St. Dominic and his first companions in Languedoc led up to the pontifical letters of Innocent III, 17 Nov., 1205 (Potthast, "Reg., Pont., Rom.", 2912).該鼓吹的聖星和他的同伴首次在朗格率領多達宗座信件的無辜第三， 1205年11月17日（波特哈斯特， "分級規定， pont ，光碟" ， 2912年） 。 They created for the first time in the Church of the Middle Ages the type of apostolic preachers, patterned upon the teaching of the Gospel.他們創造的，為第一次在教堂的中世紀的類型宗座傳教者，一經圖案教學的福音。 In the same year, Dominic founded the Monastery of Prouille, in the Diocese of Toulouse, for the women whom he had converted from heresy, and he, made this establishment the centre of union of his missions and of his apostolic works (Balme-Lelaidier, "Cartulaire ou Histoire Diplomatique de St. Dominic", Paris, 1893, I, 130sq.; Guiraud, "Cart. de Notre Dame de Prouille," Paris, 1907, I, CCCXXsq).在同一年內，星創辦修道院prouille ，在教區圖盧茲，為婦女的人，他轉化，從異端的，他作此設立該中心的聯盟，他的使命和他的使徒工程（ balme -勒萊迪耶" cartulaire歐歷史和外交德聖星" ，巴黎， 1893年，我和130sq ; guiraud ， "車。德聖母德prouille ， "巴黎， 1907年，我和cccxxsq ） 。 St. Dominic gave to the new monastery the Rule of St. Augustine and also the special Institutions which regulated the life of the Sisters, and of the Brothers who lived near them, for the spiritual and temporal administration of the community.聖星送給新寺法治的聖奧古斯丁，也特別機構，規範了生活的姐妹們，和兄弟住在附近，為精神文明建設和顳政府的社會。 The Institutions are edited in Balme, "Cart."該機構是在剪輯balme ， "購物車" 。 II, 425; "Bull. Ord. Præd.", VII, 410; Duellius, "Misc.", bk.二， 425 " ;牛市。霍德。 præd " ，第七章， 410 ; duellius ， "雜項" ，交通銀行。 I (Augsburg, 1723), 169; "Urkundenbuch der Stadt.", I (Fribourg, Leipzig, 1883), 605.我（奧格斯堡， 1723年） ，共有169個; " urkundenbuch明鏡stadt " ，我（弗里堡，萊比錫， 1883年） ， 605 。 On 17 Dec., 1219, Honorius III, with a view to a general reform among the religious of the Eternal City, granted the monastery of the Sisters of St. Sixtus of Rome to St. Dominic, and the Institutions of Prouille were given to that monastery under the title of Institutions of the Sisters of St. Sixtus of Rome.於1219年12月17日， honorius三，以期一般改革當中，宗教的永恆之城，授予修道院的修女聖Sixtus的羅馬聖星，和各院校的prouille給這寺的名稱下機構的修女聖Sixtus的羅馬。 With this designation they were granted subsequently to other monasteries and congregations of religious.這個指定他們分別獲准隨後到其他寺廟和教會的宗教。 It is also under this form that we possess the primitive Institutions of Prouille, in the editions already mentioned.這也是根據此表表示，我們所擁有的原始機構prouille ，在該版本中已經提及。 St. Dominic and his companions, having received from Innocent III authorization to choose a rule, with a view to the approbation of their order, adopted in 1216, that of St. Augustine, and added thereto the "Consuetudines" which regulated the ascetic and canonical life of the religious.聖星和他的同伴們，收到了從無辜三授權，以選擇一個規則，以期使讚許，他們的命令，通過在1216說的聖奧古斯丁，並補充說，有所" consuetudines " ，其中規定了苦修和典型的生命的宗教。 These were borrowed in great part from the Constitutions of Prémontré, but with some essential features, adapted to the purposes of the new Preachers who also renounced private possession of property, but retained the revenues.這些都是借來的，在大部份是來自於憲法的prémontré ，但是隨著一些本質特徵，適應施行新的傳教士，他們也放棄了，私人擁有的財產，但保留了收入。 The "Consuetudines" formed the first part (prima distinctio) of the primitive Constitutions of the order (Quétif-Echard, "Scriptores Ord. Præd.", L 12-13; Denifle, "Archiv. für Literatur und Kirchengeschichte", I, 194; Balme, "Cart.", II, 18). " consuetudines " ，形成了第一部分（表面distinctio ）的原始憲法秩序（ quétif -埃沙爾， " scriptores霍德。 præd " ，升12-13 ;德尼夫勒， " archiv 。 f黵文學und kirchengeschichte " ，我想， 194個; balme ， "購物車" ，二， 18 ） 。 The order was solemnly approved, 22 Dec., 1216.該命令是莊嚴批准， 1216年12月22日。 A first letter, in the style of those granted for the foundation of regular canons, gave the order canonical existence; a second determined the special vocation of the Order of Preachers as vowed to teaching and defending the truths of faith.第一次信中，在作風上的那些理所當然為基礎的經常門炮，一聲令下典型的存在;第二次定特別的天職秩序傳教士作為發誓要教學和捍衛真理的信念。 "Nos attendentes fratres Ordinis tui futuros pugiles fidei et vera mundi lumina confirmamus Ordinem tuum" (Balme, "Cart." II, 71-88; Potthast, 5402-5403). "不attendentes fratres ordinis吊futuros pugiles信等渾世界之露明納confirmamus ordinem tuum " （ balme ， "購物車" 。二， 71-88 ;波特哈斯特， 5402年至5403年） 。 (Expecting the brethren of your order to be the champions of the Faith and true lights of the world, we confirm your order.) On 15 Aug., 1217 St. Dominic sent out his companions from Prouille. （期待兄弟，你為了得到冠軍的信念和真實燈的世界，我們確認您的訂單） ，對1217年8月15日，聖星發出了他的同伴們從prouille 。 They went through France, Spain, and Italy, and established as principal centres, Toulouse, Paris, Madrid, Rome, and Bologna.他們經歷了法國，西班牙和意大利，並確立為主要的金融中心，圖盧茲，巴黎，馬德里，羅馬和博洛尼亞。 Dominic, by constant journeyings, kept watch over these new establishments, and went to Rome to confer with the Sovereign Pontiff (Balme, "Cart." II, 131; "Annales Ord. Præd.", Rome, 1756, p. 411; Guiraud, "St. Dominic", Paris, 1899, p. 95).星中，不斷journeyings ，一直監視著這些新的場所，並到羅馬賦予與主權教宗（ balme ， "購物車" 。二， 131 " ;年鑑霍德。 præd " ，羅馬， 1756年， 411頁; guiraud ， "聖星" ，巴黎， 1899年，第95頁） 。 In May, 1220, St. Dominic held at Bologna the first general chapter of the order.今年5月， 1220名，聖星舉行博洛尼亞第一章一般的命令。 This assembly drew up the Constitutions, which are complementary to the "Consuetudines" of 1216 and form the second part (secunda distinctio).這次大會，制定了憲法，這是相輔相成的，以" consuetudines " ， 1216年形成全國第二部分（塞康達distinctio ） 。 They regulated the organization and life of the order, and are the essential and original basis of the Dominican legislation.他們規範了組織生活的秩序，是必要的，並在原有的基礎上的多米尼加立法。 In this chapter, the Preachers also gave up certain elements of the canonical life; they relinquished all possessions and revenues, and adopted the practice of strict poverty; they rejected the title of abbey for the convents, and substituted the rochet of canons for the monastic scapular.在這一章中，傳教士們也放棄了某些內容的典型生活方式，他們放棄了所有的財產和收入，並通過實踐的嚴格貧窮，他們拒絕的標題修道院為修道院，並取代了rochet的門炮，為寺院肩胛骨。 The regime of annual general chapters was established as the regulative power of the order, and the source of legislative authority.該政權的股東週年大會章確立為調節功率的秩序，從源頭上立法權威。 ("Script. Ord. Præd.", I, 20; Denifle, "Archiv.", I, 212; Balme, "Cart.", III, 575). （ "腳本。霍德。 præd " ，我和20名;德尼夫勒， " archiv 。 " ，我想， 212 ; balme ， "購物車" ，三， 575頁） 。 Now that the legislation of the Friars Preachers was fully established, the Rule of the Sisters of St. Sixtus was found to be very incomplete.現在的立法工作方濟各會士傳教士，是完全建立，法治的修女聖Sixtus的發現是非常不完整。 The order, however, supplied what was wanting by compiling a few years after, the Statuta, which borrowed from the Constitutions of the Friars, whatever might be useful in a monastery of Sisters.一聲令下，不過，供應什麼，是要通過編制，幾年後， statuta ，這借來的，從憲法的方濟各會士，不管可能是有用的一個修道院的姐妹。 We owe the preservation of these Statuta, as well as the Rule of St. Sixtus, to the fact that this legislation was applied in 1232 to the Penitent Sisters of St. Mary Magdalen in Germany, who observed it without further modification.我們有責任保存這些statuta ，以及法治的聖Sixtus的，這一事實，即這條法例適用於在1232年至懺悔姐妹的聖瑪麗magdalen在德國，他們觀察到，它沒有進一步的修改。 The Statuta are edited im Duellius, "Misc.", bk.該statuta編輯的IM duellius ， "雜項" ，交通銀行。 I, 182.一， 182 。 After the legislative work of the general chapters had been added to the Constitution of 1216-20, without changing the general ordinance of the primitive text, the necessity was felt, a quarter of a century later, of giving a more logical distribution to the legislation in its entirety.之後，立法工作的一般章節已被列入憲法的1216年至1220年，不改變一般條例的原始文本中，必須有人認為，在四分之一個世紀後，給予一個更合乎邏輯的分佈，以立法在其全貌。 The great canonist Raymond of Penaforte, on becoming master general of the order, devoted himself to this work.偉大canonist雷蒙德佩納福特，就成為掌握一般的一聲令下，一直致力於這方面的工作。 The general chapters, from 1239 to 1241, accepted the new text, and gave it the force of law.一般章節，從1239年至1241年，接受了新的文本，並使它具有法律效力。 In this form it has remained to the present time as the official text, with some modification, however, in the way of suppressions and especially of additions due to later enactments of the general chapters.在這種形式，它一直保持到現在的時間為正式文本，對一些修改，但是，在方式suppressions尤其是增補由於後來頒布的一般章節。 It was edited in Denifle, "Archiv.", V, 553; "Acta Capitulorum Generalium", I (Rome, 1898), II, 13, 18, in "Monum. Ord. Præd. Hist.", bk.這是編輯在德尼夫勒， " archiv 。 " ，第五章， 553 " ;學報capitulorum generalium "時，我（羅馬， 1898年） ，二，十三，十八，在" monum 。霍德。 præd 。歷史" ，交通銀行。 III.三。
The reorganization of the Constitutions of the Preachers called for a corresponding reform in the legislation of the Sisters.重組憲法的傳教士呼籲建立一個與之相適應的改革，在立法的姐妹。 In his letter of 27 Aug., 1257, Alexander IV ordered Humbert of Romans, the fifth master general, to unify the Constitutions of the Sisters.他在信中對1257年8月27日，亞歷山大四下令洪博達的入鄉隨俗，第五大師一般，以統一憲法的姐妹。 Humbert remodelled them on the Constitutions of the Brothers, and put them into effect at the General Chapter of Valenciennes, 1259.洪博達改造，他們對憲法的兄弟，並付諸實施，在一般的篇章已經推遲， 1259 。 The Sisters were henceforth characterized as Sorores Ordinis Prdicatorum.修女們從此被定性為sorores ordinis prdicatorum 。 The Constitutions are edited in "Analecta, Ord. Præd."憲法是主編的" analecta ，霍德。 præd " 。 (Rome, 1897), 338; Finke, "Ungedruckte Dominicanerbriefe des 13 Jahrhunderts" (Paderborn, 1891), D. 53; "Litterae Encyclicae magistrorum generalium" (Rome, 1900), in "Mon. Ord. Praed. Hist.", V, p. （羅馬， 1897年） ， 338 ; finke ， " ungedruckte dominicanerbriefe萬13 jahrhunderts " （帕德博恩， 1891 ） ，四53 " ; litterae encyclicae magistrorum generalium " （羅馬， 1900 ） ，在"星期一。霍德。 praed 。歷史" 。 ，第五頁 513. 513 。 To this legislation, the provincials of Germany, who had a large number of religious convents under their care, added certain admonitiones by way of completing and definitely settling the Constitutions of the Sisters.這條法例， provincials的德國，他們進行了大量的宗教修道院下，他們的照顧，加上某些admonitiones的方式完成，並肯定解決憲法的姐妹。 They seem to be the work of Herman of Minden, Provincial of Teutonia (1286-90).他們似乎已成為工作的赫爾曼minden ，省的teutonia （ 1286至1290年） 。 He drew up at first a concise admonition (Denifle, "Archiv.", II, 549); then other series of admonitions, more important, which have not been edited (Rome, Archives of the Order, Cod. Ruten, 130-139).他制定了在第一簡明諫（德尼夫勒， " archiv 。 " ，第二章， 549頁） ，然後其他系列的訓誡，更重要的是，其中並沒有被剪輯（羅馬，檔案館的一聲令下，化學需氧量。 ruten ， 130-139 ） 。 The legislation of the Friars Preachers is the firmest and most complete among the systems of law by which institutions of this sort were ruled in the thirteenth century.該立法的方濟各會士傳教士，是最堅定，最徹底當中的法律制度，由哪些機構的這種被排除在13世紀。 Hauck is correct in saying: "We do not deceive ourselves in considering the organization of the Dominican Order as the most perfect of all the monastic organizations produced by the Middle Ages" ("Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands", part IV, Leipzig, 1902, p. 390). Hauck先生是正確的說： "我們不要欺騙自己，在考慮組織的多米尼加秩序作為當前最完美的所有寺院組織所產生的中世紀" （下稱" kirchengeschichte deutschlands " ，第四部分，萊比錫， 1902年，頁第390頁） 。 It is not then surprising that the majority of the religious orders of the thirteenth century should have followed quite closely the Dominican legislation, which exerted an influence even upon institutions very dissimilar in aim and nature.這不是那麼令人驚訝的是，大多數的宗教命令， 13世紀應該遵循相當密切多米尼加立法，其中一個施加影響，甚至經機構非常相似，在目的和性質。 The Church considered it the typical rule for new foundations.教會認為它是典型的統治，為新的基礎。 Alexander IV thought of making the legislation of the Order of Preachers into a special rule known as that of St. Dominic, and for that purpose commissioned the Dominican cardinal, Hugh of St. Cher (3 Feb., 1255), but the project encountered many obstacles, and nothing came of it.亞歷山大四思想作出的立法工作秩序的傳教士成為一個特殊的規則被稱為是聖星，並為此委託多米尼加樞機，休聖cher （ 1255年2月3日） ，但該項目所遇到的許多障礙，並不了了之。 (Potthast, n. 1566; Humberti de Romanis, "Opera de vita regulari", ed., Berthier, I, Rome, 1888, n. 43) （波特哈斯特， 12月31日第1566 ; humberti德romanis ， "歌劇德履歷表regulari "版， berthier ，我，羅馬， 1888年12月31日43 ）
B. NATURE OF THE ORDER OF PREACHERS乙自然的秩序佈道者
(1) Its Object （ 1 ）對象
The canonical title of "Order of Preachers", given to the work of St. Dominic by the Church, is in itself significant, but it indicates only the dominant feature.典型的標題"命令的佈道者" ，考慮到工作的聖星由教會，這本身就是重要的，但它表明，只有佔主導地位的特點。 The Constitutions are more explicit: "Our order was instituted principally for preaching and for the salvation of souls."憲法中有更明確的說： "我們的秩序是建立了主要為說教，並為救贖的靈魂" 。 The end or aim of the order then is the salvation of souls, especially by means of preaching.年底或目的的命令，然後是救贖的心靈，特別是通過說教。 For the attainment of this purpose, the order must labour with the utmost zeal -- "Our main efforts should be put forth, earnestly and ardently, in doing good to the souls of our fellow-men."為實現這一目的，該命令必須勞工我們以極大的熱情-"我們的主要精力應經提出，在認真解決人民熱烈，在這樣做的好處亡靈，我們的同胞-男人"
(2) Its Organization （ 2 ）其組織
The aim of the order and the conditions of its environment determined the form of its organization.目的次序和條件的，其環境決心的形式，其組織。 The first organic group is the convent, which may not be founded with less than twelve religious.