The general philosophical concept of transcendence, or belief in a higher reality not validated by sense experience or pure reason, was developed in ancient times by Parmenides and Plato.一般哲学概念的超越性，或信仰，在更高的现实，未经审定通过的意识经验或纯粹理性，是在远古时代，由巴门尼德和柏拉图。 Plato referred to a realm of ideal Forms that was unknowable through the senses, and theologians since have spoken of God in the same way.柏拉图提到一种境界的理想形式，那是不可知透过感官，和神学家，因为曾经说过，上帝在以同样的方式。 The term transcendentalism is sometimes used to describe Immanuel Kant's philosophy and the philosophies of later German Idealists influenced by Kant.任期验有时被用来形容康德的哲学与哲学的后来德国理想主义者受康德。
New England Transcendentalism was a religious, literary, and philosophical movement that flourished especially between 1836, when Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay Nature was published, and 1844, when the semiofficial journal of the movement, the Dial, ceased publication.新英格兰超验主义是一个宗教，文学和哲学运动的蓬勃发展，特别是1836年之间，当拉尔夫waldo爱默生的散文性质的出版， 1844年，当半的Journal of the运动，拨号，停止出版。 Influenced by Unitarianism, Transcendentalists denied the existence of miracles, preferring a Christianity that rested on the teachings of Christ rather than on his supposed deeds. Many Transcendentalists, in fact, were Harvard - educated Unitarian ministers who were dissatisfied with their conservative Unitarian leaders as well as with the general conservative tenor of the time.受unitarianism ， transcendentalists否认存在的奇迹，喜欢基督教即在于对教义的基督教，而不是对他的假定的事迹，许多transcendentalists ，事实上，在被哈佛-受过教育的统一部长者表示不满其保守的统一领导以及作为与一般保守男高音的时间。
| BELIEVE 相信 Religious 宗教 Information 资讯 Source 源 web-site 网址： |
| Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects 我们所列出的1000名宗教科目 |
| E-mail 电子邮箱 |
Although philosophically based on Kant, the Boston - centered movement was more influenced by the romantic literary movement than by the systematic methodologies of philosophical Idealism.虽然理论上基于康德，波士顿-围绕运动更多地受到浪漫主义文学运动较有系统的方法，哲学唯心主义。 That is, Transcendentalism owed more to Goethe, Coleridge, and Carlyle than to Hegel and Schelling.即是超验欠下更多的歌德，柯勒律治，卡莱尔比黑格尔和谢林。 The mysticism of Emanuel Swedenborg also fed into the ideology of the movement.神秘主义的伊曼纽尔swedenborg也反馈到意识形态的运动。
Bibliography
参考书目
L Buell, Literary
Transcendentalism (1973); OB Frothingham, Transcendentalism in New
England(1876); WR Hutchison, The Transcendentalist Ministers (1959); P Miller,
ed., American Transcendentalists (1957); RA Smyth, Forms of Intuition: An
Historical Introduction to the Transcendental Aesthetic (1978).升布依尔，文学超验（
1973年） ;转播弗罗辛厄姆，先验主义，在新英格兰地区（ 1876年） ，西铁和记黄埔， transcendentalist部长（ 1959年） ;
p米勒版，美洲transcendentalists （ 1957年） ;类风湿性关节炎兰克史密斯，形式的直觉：历史介绍先验美学（ 1978 ） 。
Transcendentalism is an idealistic philosophy that in general emphasizes the spiritual over the material.超验主义是一个理想的理念，在一般强调精神比物质。 By its very nature, the movement is hard to describe and its body of beliefs hard to define.就其性质而言，运动是很难描述和其身体的信念，很难界定。 Its most important practitioner and spokesman in the New England manifestation, Ralph Waldo Emerson, called it "the Saturnalia or excess of Faith."其最重要的实践者和发言人，在新英格兰的表现，拉尔夫waldo埃莫森，它称作是" saturnalia或过多的信仰" 。 That which is "popularly called Transcendentalism among us," he wrote, "is Idealism; Idealism as it appears in 1842."这就是"全民所谓的超验主义在我们中间， "他写道， "是唯心主义;唯心主义，因为它出现在1842年" 。 That description mentions two of the very elements, an emphasis upon heightened spiritual awareness and an interest in various types of philosophical idealism, that make transcendentalism so difficult to describe.这说明中提到的两个极分子，在强调提高后，精神的认识和兴趣，在不同类型的哲学唯心主义，使超验主义，所以很难形容。
In actuality, we cannot speak of a well organized and clearly delineated transcendentalist movement as such.实际上，我们不能谈论一个组织良好的和清楚界定transcendentalist运动等。 Instead, we find a loosely knit group of authors, preachers, and lecturers bound together by a mutual loathing of Unitarian orthodoxy, a mutual desire to see American cultural and spiritual life freed from bondage to the past, and a mutual faith in the unbounded potential of American democratic life.相反，我们找到一个松散的针织集团作家，传教士，讲师地联系在一起，由一个相互厌恶统一的正统，相互愿望，他们希望看到美国的文化和精神生活，摆脱束缚，过去如此，相互信任中无限潜力美国的民主生活会。 Located in the Concord, Massachusetts, area in the years between 1835 and 1860, the transcendentalists formed not a tight group but, rather, a loose federation.设在康科德，马萨诸塞州，区，在未来几年间1835年和1860年， transcendentalists形成不是一个紧迫集团，而是一个松散的联邦。
Though a movement such as transcendentalism cannot be said to have had one distinct leader, Emerson (1803 - 82) was clearly its central figure.虽然一场运动，如验不能说具备了一个鲜明的领导者，艾默生（ 1803 -8 2） ，显然其核心人物。 The publication of his Nature in 1836 is generally considered to mark the beginning of an identifiable movement.出版他的本性，在1836年被普遍认为是为了纪念年初可识别运动。 The next two decades were to see numerous new works from Emerson and poems, essays, and books from other transcendentalist figures, such as Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 62), Orestes Brownson (1803 - 76), Amos Bronson Alcott (1799 - 1888), Margaret Fuller (1810 - 50), George Ripley (1802 - 80), and Theodore Parker (1810 - 60).在未来的20年看到了许多新的工程，从爱默生和诗歌，散文，图书，从其他transcendentalist人物，如亨利大卫梭罗（ 1817 -6 2） ，瑞斯忒斯b rownson（ 1 803- 76 ），阿莫斯布朗森奥尔科特（1 7 99-1 88 8 ） ，吴更充分地（ 1810 -5 0分） ，乔治r ipley（ 1 802- 80 ），和西奥多帕克（1 8 10-6 0） 。 Never forming an official affiliation, these figures and others associated with them banded together for the formation of an informal discussion group called the Transcendental Club; the publication of the transcendentalist literary and philosophical journal, The Dial; and the establishment of an experiment in utopian communal living, Brook Farm.从来没有形成一个官方背景的，这些数字和其他与他们有联系的联结起来，为形成一个非正式的讨论小组叫做先验俱乐部;公布该transcendentalist文学和哲学杂志，拨号上网，并建立了一个实验，在乌托邦式的社区生活，不容农场。
One thing almost all those associated with the movement did share, however, was a common heritage of Unitarianism.一件事，几乎所有与之相关的运动并分享，不过，是一个共同的遗产unitarianism 。 Perhaps more than anything else, this fact helps to explain the development of transcendentalism and its later and larger significance for American culture.也许比任何事情都重要，这一事实有助于解释的发展，超验主义及其后和更大的意义是美国文化。 The transcendentalists broke with Unitarianism for two reasons.该transcendentalists打破unitarianism的原因有两个。 First, they objected to the Unitarian desire to cling to certain particulars of Christian history and dogma.首先，他们反对以统一的愿望，以固守某些基督教的历史和教条。 Emerson called this clinging a "noxious" exaggeration of "the personal, the positive, the ritual," and he asked instead for a direct access to God, unmediated by any elements of Scripture and tradition.艾默生称这是死抱着一个"有毒"夸张"的个人，积极的，礼仪" ，他问，而是一个直接进入上帝，由中间人的任何内容的经文和传统。 And second, the transcendentalists lamented the sterility of belief and practice they found in the Unitarian faith.第二， transcendentalists哀叹，不育的信仰与实践，他们发现，在统一的信念。
According to Thoreau, it is not man's sin but his boredom and weariness that are "as old as Adam."根据梭罗的，它不是人类的罪过，但他的无聊和厌倦是"老亚当" 。 The American Adam needs to exchange his bondage to tradition for a freedom to experiment: "old deeds for old people, and new deeds for new."美国亚当需要，以交换他的枷锁，以传统为自由实验： "旧事旧人，而新的先进事迹，为新的" 。
In some ways transcendentalism attempted to recapture for the American spirit the fervor of the original Puritan enterprise.在某些方面，超验主义，企图夺回来，为美国精神的热潮原清教徒企业。 That zeal, with its attendant bliss and agony, had been suppressed or exiled to the wilderness of the American religious experience by the end of the eighteenth century.这热情，以及伴随而来的幸福和痛苦，已被抑制或流放到荒无人烟的戈壁滩上的美国宗教体验到去年底的18世纪。 Transcendentalism was one of the first and most dramatic protests against civil religion in America.超验主义是最早和最戏剧性的抗议，民间宗教在美国。 Though it did not live up to the expectations of its adherents, many of them expected nothing less than a total regeneration of social and spiritual life through the application of the principles of idealism in America, transcendentalism has had a lasting impact.尽管它没有辜负总书记的期望，其拥护者，他们中的许多人没有预料不到总复兴社会和精神生活通过原则的应用唯心主义在美国超验主义产生了持久的影响。 In the years immediately preceding the Civil War, several of the transcendentalists were important participants in the abolitionist movement, and in the decades to follow, widely divergent individuals and movements would find inspiration in the transcendental protest against society.在未来数年前内战期间，几本transcendentalists的重要参与者，在废除死刑的运动，并在数十年来遵循，大相径庭的个人和动作是寻找灵感，在先验抗议社会。
For example, Henry Ford, who once said "history is bunk" and declared Emerson's essays to be his favorite reading, dwelt upon the transcendentalists' disdain for convention and their exaltation of self reliant power, while both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King drew deeply upon the resources of Thoreau's famous essay, "Civil Disobedience."例如，亨利福特，他曾经说过： "历史是双格" ，并宣布爱默生的散文是他的最爱读，白景富后， transcendentalists '蔑视公约，并提升他们的自力更生的权力，而圣雄甘地和马丁路德金提请深当资源的梭罗的著名文章， "公民抗命" 。
Perhaps even more significantly, transcendentalism marked the first substantial attempt in American history to retain the spiritual experience and potential of the Christian faith without any of the substance of its belief.或许更重要的是，超验，标志着第一次实质性尝试，在美国历史上，以保持精神的经验和潜力的基督教信仰，没有任何实质内容，其信仰。 By claiming an essential innocence for man, by substituting a direct intuition of God or truth for any form of revelation, and by foreseeing a future of ill defined but certain glory for humankind, transcendentalism paved the way for the many romantic notions about human nature and destiny that have become such a central part of the American experience in the last hundred years.所声称的一个重要无罪推定就人类总体而言，即以直接直觉的上帝或真理为任何形式的启示，并通过预见的未来不明确的，但在一定的荣耀为人类，先验主义铺平了道路，为许多浪漫的理念，对人性和命运，这已经成为这样一个中央的一部分，美国的经验，在过去一百年。
R Lundin r
lundin
(Elwell
Evangelical Dictionary) （ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
P Miller, "From
Edwards to Emerson," NEQ 13:587 - 617, and (ed.) The Transcendentalists: An
Anthology; OB Frothingham, Transcendentalism in New England: A History; FO
Matthiessen, American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and
Whitman; L Buell, Literary Transcendentalism: Style and Vision in the American
Renaissance; J Myerson, The New England Transcendentalists and The Dial.
p苗" ，从爱德华兹向埃莫森， " neq 13:587 -6 17， （编） t
ranscendentalists：选集;转播弗罗辛厄姆，先验主义，在新英格兰地区：历史; m
atthiessen，美国文艺复兴：艺术和表达，在年龄爱默生和惠特曼;升布依尔，文学验：作风和高瞻远瞩，在美国文艺复兴; j myerson
，新英格兰transcendentalists和拨号。
The terms transcendent and transcendental are used in various senses, all of which, as a rule, have antithetical reference in some way to experience or the empirical order.该条款超越性和超越性，是用于各种感官，所有这些问题，作为一项规则，有对立的参考以某种方式与经验或实证秩序。
(1) For the Scholastics, the categories are the highest classes of "things that are and are spoken of". （ 1 ）为scholastics ，类别是最高阶层"的事，那是口语的" 。 The transcendentals are notions, such as unity, truth, goodness, being, which are wider than the categories, and, going beyond them, are said to transcend them.该transcendentals是概念，如团结，真，善，正，这是较广泛的分类，并超越了他们，是说，要超越他们。 In a metaphysical sense transcendent is opposed by the Scholastics and others to immanent; thus, the doctrine of Divine Transcendence is opposed to the doctrine of Divine Immanence in the Pantheistic sense., Here, however, there is no reference to experience.在形而上的意义上的超越，是反对由scholastics和他人的内在，因此，这个学说是神圣的超越性，反对中庸之道的神圣内涵，在pantheistic意识，在这里，不过，目前并无参考经验。 (See IMMANENCE.) （见内在） 。
(2) In the loosest sense of the word any philosophy or theology which lays stress on the intuitive, the mystical, the ultra-empirical, is aid to be transcendentalism. （ 2 ）在loosest意义上的字，任何一种哲学，神学，其中侧重于直观的，神秘的，超实证，是急救被验。 Thus, it is common to refer to the New England School of Transcendentalism, of which mention is made further on.因此，它是常见的是指新英格兰学校的超验，其中一提的是，取得了进一步的。
(3) In a stricter sense transcendentalism refers to a celebrated distinction made by Kant. （ 3 ）在严格的意义上先验主义指的是一个著名的区分作出康德。 Though he is not consistent in the use of the terms transcendent and transcendental, Kant understands by transcendent what lies beyond the limits of experience, and by transcendental he understands the non-empirical or a priori elements in our knowledge, which do not come from experience but are nevertheless, legitimately applied to the data or contents of knowledge furnished by experience.虽然他并不一致，在使用该条款超越和超越性，康德的理解超越什么谎言超越界限的经验，并超越他能理解非实证或先验元素就我们所知，这不是来自经验但尽管如此，合法地应用到的数据或知识含量出具的经验。 The distinction is somewhat subtle, Yet, it may be made clear by an example.区别是有点微妙，但它可以清楚地表明了一个例子。 Within the limits of experience we learn the uniform sequence of acorn and oak, heat and expansion, cold and contraction, etc., and we give the antecedent as the cause of the consequent.内部界限的经验，我们了解统一序列的橡子和柞木，热膨胀，冷收缩等，我们给前因为病因的后果。 If, now, we go beyond the total of our experience and give God as the cause of all things, we are using the category "cause in a transcendent sense, and that use is not legitimate. If, however, to the data of sequence furnished by experience we apply the a priori form causation, we are introducing a transcendental element which elevates our knowledge to the rank of universal and necessary truth: "Every effect has its cause." Kant, as has been said, does not always adhere to this distinction. We may, then, understand transcendent and transcendental to refer to those elements or factors in our knowledge which do not come from experience, but are known a priori. Empirical philosophy is, therefore, a philosophy based on experience alone and adhering to the realm of experience in obedience to Hume's maxim, "'Tis impossible to go beyond experience." Transcendental philosophy, on the contrary, goes beyond experience, and considers that philosophical speculation is concerned chiefly, if not solely, with those things which lie beyond experience.如果，现在，我们超越了总认为我们的经验，并给予上帝的事业，所有的东西，我们是利用类"的事业在一个超越意识，并利用不合法的。但是，如果以数据的序列出具的经验，我们运用先验形式的因果关系，我们引入先验因素提升了我们的知识，以职级的普及和必要的真理： "每一个效果有其原因。 "康德，正如人们所说的，并不一定会坚持这个区别，我们可能的话，明白超越性和超越性是指这些要素或因素，在我们的文化知识，不是来自经验，但已知先验。实证哲学，因此，哲学，根据以往经验，并独自坚持这个境界的经验，在服从休谟的一句格言： " '运输资讯系统是不可能超越经验， "先验哲学，与此相反，它超越了经验，并认为哲学投机而言，主要是，如果不是单凭这些东西在于超越经验。
(4) Kant himself was convinced that, for the theoretical reason, the transcendental reality, the thing-in-itself, is unknown and unknowable. （ 4 ）康德本人深信，为理论理性，超越现实的，这件事在其本身就是未知和不可知。 Therefore, he defined the task of philosophy to consist in the examination of knowledge for the purpose of determining the a priori elements, in the systematic enumeration of those elements, for forms, and the determination of the rules for their legitimate application to the data of experience.因此，他确定了哲学的任务将包括在考试的知识为目的，确定先验要素，在系统枚举的这些内容，为形式而形式，并确定了议事规则，为自己的合法应用的数据经验。 Ultra-empirical reality, he taught, is to be known only by the practical reason.超实证而实际上，他教导，是被称为只能由实践理性。 Thus, his philosophy is critical transcendentalism.因此，他的哲学是关键验。 Thus, too he left to his successors the task of bridging over the chasm between the theoretical and the practical reason.因此，过于他留给他的继任者的任务是过渡性的鸿沟之间的理论和实践的理由。 This task they accomplished in various ways, eliminating, transforming, or adapting the transcendent reality outside us.这项任务的完成，他们以各种方式，从根本上消除转化，或改编超越现实之外。 the thing-in-itself, and establishing in this way different transcendentalisms in place of the critical transcendentalism of Kant.这件事在本身，并建立在这样不同transcendentalisms到位的关键先验主义的康德。
(5) Fiche introduced Egoistic Transcendentalism. （ 5 ）菲切介绍了极端个人主义验。 The subject, he taught, or the Ego, has a practical as well as a theoretical side.这个问题，他的教导，或自我，有一个实际的，也是一个理论方面。 to develop its practical side along the line of duty, obligation, and right, it is obliged to posit the non-Ego.以发展其实际侧线沿线的职责，义务和权利，它有义务要把非自我。 In this way, the thing-in-itself as opposed to the subject, is eliminated, because it is a creation of the Ego, and, therefore all transcendental reality is contained in self.这样一来，事情在自己反对这一课题，是消除，因为它是一个创造自我，因此，所有的超越现实是载于自我。 I am I, the original identity of self with itself, is the expression of the highest metaphysical truth.我，我原来的身份与自我本身，是表达最高的形而上的真理。
(6) Schelling, addressing himself to the same task, developed Transcendental Absolutism. （ 6 ）谢林，对着镜头向同样的任务，制定了先验绝对性。 He brought to the problems of philosophy a highly spiritual imaginativeness and a scientific insight into nature which were lacking in Kant, the critic of knowledge, and Fiche, the exponent of romantic personalize.他带来的问题，哲学的高度精神文明imaginativeness和科学洞察本质，其中缺乏康德，影评人的知识，并菲切，该指数的浪漫个性。 He taught that the transcendental reality is neither subject or object, but an Absolute which is so indeterminate that it may be said to be neither nature nor spirit.他告诉我们，超越现实情况是，既没有主语或宾语，但绝对是不确定的，所以说，它可以说是既不自然也不精神。 Yet the Absolute is, in a sense, potentially both the one and the other.但绝对的，在一定意义上的，可能均是一个与其他。 For, from it, by gravity, light and organization, is derived spirit, which slumbers in nature, but reaches consciousness of self in the highest natural organization, man.因为从它，靠重力，轻工和组织，是源自精神，即slumbers性质，而且达到意识的自我中的最高自然组织的人。 There is here a hint of development which was brought out explicitly by Hegel.有此暗示他的发展，这是带出了明确的，由黑格尔。
(7) Hegel introduced Idealistic Transcendentalism. （ 7 ）黑格尔介绍理想化验。 He taught that reality is not an unknowable thing in itself, nor the subject merely, nor an absolute of indifference, but an absolute Idea, Spirit, or Concept (Begriff), whose essence is development (das Werden), and which becomes in succession object and subject, nature and spirit, being and essence, the soul, law, the state, art, science, religion, and philosophy.他告诉我们，现实情况是，不是一个不可知的事本身，也不是纯粹的主题，也不是一个绝对的冷漠，而是一种绝对理念，精神或概念（ begriff ） ，其实质就是发展（之werden ） ，它已经成为我们在继承对象和议题，性质和精神，正与本质，灵魂，法律，对国家，艺术，科学，宗教和哲学。
In all these various meanings there is preserved a generic resemblance to the original signification of the term transcendentalism.在所有这些不同的意义，有保存了通用相似的原始意义的任期验。 The transcendentalists one and all, dwell in the regions beyond experience, and, if they do not condemn experience as untrustworthy, at least they value experience only in so far as it is elevated, sublimated, and transformed by the application to it of transcendental principles.该transcendentalists一和，住在该地区以外的经验，而且，如果他们不谴责经验言而无信，至少他们的经验值只有这么远，因为这是提高，升华，并转化应用到它的先验原则。 The fundamental epistemological error of Kant, that whatever is universal and necessary cannot come from experience, runs all through the transcendentalist philosophy, and it is on epistemological grounds that the transcendentalists are to be met.根本的认识论错误的康德，无论是普遍的和必要的，不能来自经验，违背了所有通过transcendentalist哲学，它是对认识论，理由是transcendentalists都得到满足。 This was the stand taken in Catholic circles, and there, with few exceptions, the doctrines of the transcendentalists met with a hostile reception.这是所采取的立场，在天主教界，并在那里，除了少数例外，该学说的transcendentalists见了一个敌对的接待。 The exceptions were Franz Baader (1765-1841), Johann Frohschammer (1821-1893), and Anton Günther (1785-1863), who in their attempt to "reconcile" Catholic dogma with modern philosophical opinion, were influenced by the transcendentalists and overstepped the boundaries of orthodoxy.例外的Franz baader （ 1765至1841年） ，约翰弗罗沙默（ 1821至1893年） ，以及安东吻（ 1785至1863年） ，他在自己的企图"调和"天主教教义与现代哲学认为，人受transcendentalists与超越边界的正统。 It may without unfairness be laid to the charge of the German transcendentalists that their disregard for experience and common sense is largely accountable for the discredit into which metaphysics has fallen in recent years.它可能没有不公平的规定，向主管该德语transcendentalists他们无视经验和普通常识，主要是为如何抹黑成，其中形而上学已跌至近年来的。
New England transcendentalism, sometimes called the Concord School of Philosophy, looks to William Ellery Channing (1780-1842) as its founder.新英格兰超验主义，有时被称为和谐学校的理念，期待着威廉ellery发生后（ 1780年至1842年） ，其创办人。 Its principal representatives are Amos Bronson Alcott (1799-1888), Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), Theodore Parker (1810-1860), Frederick Henry Hedge (1805-890), George Ripley (1802-1880), and Margaret Fuller (1810-1850).其主要代表是阿莫斯布朗森奥尔科特（ 1799至1888年） ，拉尔夫waldo爱默生（ 1803至1882年） ，西奥多帕克（ 1810年至1860年） ，冯检亨利对冲（ 1805-890 ） ，乔治ripley （ 1802至1880年） ，和玛格丽特更充分（ 1810年至1850年） 。 It had its inception in the foundation of the Transcendental Club in 1836.它成立的基础，先验俱乐部在1836年。 The chief influences discernible in its literary output are German philosophy, French sociology, and the reaction against the formalism of Its sociological and economic theories were tested in the famous Brook Farm (1841), with which the names just mentioned and those of several other distinguished Americans were associated.行政可察觉的影响，在其文学输出是德国哲学，法社会学，反应反对形式主义，它的社会学和经济学理论进行了测试，在著名的布鲁克农场（ 1841 ） ，其中姓名刚才所说的那些其他几个杰出美国人联系在一起的。
Publication information Written by William Turner.出版信息写威廉特纳。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV.天主教百科全书，体积十五。 Published 1912. 1912年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1912. nihil obstat ， 1912年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
For the history of German transcendentalism see Ueberweg, Hist.为历史上的德国超验见ueberweg ，历史。 of Philosophy, tr.哲学的TR 。 Morris (New York, 1892); Falckenberg, Hist.莫里斯（纽约， 1892年） ; falckenberg ，历史。 of Modern Philosophy, tr.现代哲学的TR 。 Armstrong (New York, 1893); Turner, Hist.阿姆斯壮（纽约， 1893年） ;特纳历史。 of Philosophy (Boston, 1903); Stöckl, Gesch.哲学（波士顿， 1903年） ;斯特克尔， gesch 。 der Phil.明镜菲尔。 (Mainz, 1888). （美因茨， 1888 ） 。 For New England transcendentalism see Frothingham, Transcendentalism in New England (New York, 1876); Codman, Brook Farm (Boston, 1894).对于新英格兰超验见弗罗辛厄姆，先验主义，在新英格兰地区（纽约， 1876年） ; codman ，布鲁克农场（波士顿， 1894年） 。
This subject presentation in the original English language这一主题演讲，在原有的英语
Send an e-mail question or comment to us: E-mail邮件发送问题或意见给我们： 电子邮箱
The main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is at http://mb-soft.com/believe/beliecha.html主要相信网页（和索引科目） ，是在http://mb-soft.com/believe/beliecha.html