In its narrowest sense millenarianism refers to belief in the Second Coming Of Christ and the establishment of his kingdom on earth as predicted in the Book of Revelation. More generally, the term refers to any religious movement that prophesies the imminent destruction of the present order and the establishment of a new order, usually reversing the relative status of the oppressed and the oppressor. 在其最窄的责任感millenarianism指信仰耶稣第二次来，并建立了他的王国在地球上预言的那样，在这本书的启示。一般来说，是指任何宗教运动，预言即将销毁目前治安建立新的秩序，通常是倒车的相对地位的被压迫者和压迫者。
Christian millenarian beliefs were derived from Jewish apocalyptic traditions current in the centuries before and after Jesus Christ.千禧年的基督教信仰源自犹太世界末日的传统，目前在几个世纪之前和之后的耶稣基督。 Some scholars have, in fact, suggested that in its origins Christianity was related to such millenarian groups as the Essenes.一些学者，事实上，提议，在其起源基督教有关，例如千禧年集团为essenes 。 As Christianity developed into a stable community in the centuries after Jesus, millenarian activity became primarily a fringe movement, associated with such reform movements as Montanism and, in the 13th and 14th centuries, Joachimism and radical Franciscan movements.作为基督教发展成为一个稳定的社会，在几百年后的耶稣，千禧年活动成为基本上是一个边缘运动，与这些改革运动作为montanism ，并在13和14世纪， joachimism和激进的方济各动作。 With the upheavals brought on by the Reformation in the 16th century, millenarianism increased and was found, for example, among the Anabaptists.与动荡带来的，由改造早在十六世纪， millenarianism增加被发现，例如，其中anabaptists 。
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Bibliography
参考书目
M Barkum,
Disaster and the Millennium (1986); KOL Burridge, New Heaven, New Earth: A Study
of Millenarian Activities (1969); N Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (1970);
JW Davidson, The Logic of Millennial Thought: Eighteenth Century New England
(1977); RA Doan, The Miller Heresy: Millennialism and American Culture (1987);
DL Russell, The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic, 200 BC - AD 100
(1964); A Taylor, Visions of Harmony: A Study in 19th Century Millenarianism
(1987); TP Weber, Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American
Premillennialism, 1875 - 1925 (1979).米barkum ，灾害和千年（ 1986年） ; " Kol
burridge ，新天堂，新的地球：一项研究的千禧年活动（ 1969 ）氮科恩，追求千年（ 1970年） ;李钟郁戴维森，逻辑千年思想：
18世纪新英格兰地区（ 1977年） ;类风湿性关节炎doan ，米勒异端： millennialism与美国文化（ 1987 ） ;
dl罗素，方法和信息的犹太世界末日， 200公元前-公元1 00（ 1 964） ;泰勒，理想的和谐：一项研究在19世纪millenarianism （
1987 ） ;总磷韦伯，生活在阴影下的第二次来：美国premillennialism ， 1875 -1 925（ 1 979） 。
In various Christian doctrines, millennium refers to a 1,000-year period foretold in the Bible's Book of Revelation, involving the apocalypse (the end of the world) and the reign of Jesus Christ on earth.在各个基督教教义，千禧年是指1000年期间预言在圣经中的书的启示，其中涉及的启示（续完的世界） ，以及在位耶稣基督的地球。 The concept of the millennium is not only associated with Christian thought, however.的概念，千禧年是不仅与基督教思想，但。 Many cultures of the world have similar beliefs about the imminent transformation or end of the world and the creation of an age in which human suffering and violence will be eliminated.许多文化中的世界也有类似的信念注意即将到来的转型或结束时，世界和创造的时代，人类的苦难和暴力将被淘汰。 Thus, Western scholars commonly use the term millennium to refer generally to any new age of holiness, harmony, and earthly perfection. Similarly, the word millennialism is used to describe beliefs about an imminent apocalypse, the salvation of the world, or the creation of an earthly paradise.因此， 西方学者普遍使用该词千年来泛指任何新时代的圣洁，和谐与俗世的完美，同样地，这个词millennialism是用来形容信念是一个迫在眉睫的启示，拯救了世界，或建立一个人间天堂。 Such beliefs have existed throughout history and are still held by millions of people today.这种观念已经存在，在整个历史上，而且还在举行，由数百万人的今天。
The year 2000 had sparked widespread feelings that something monumental was going to occur with the flip of the calendar page. 2000年曾引起广泛的情感，不朽的东西去发生与倒装的日历一页。 Although the year 2000 is a subjective marking of the passage of time, in popular culture it has enormous symbolic and conceptual power.虽然， 2000年是一个很主观的标记时间的推移，在流行文化，它有巨大的象征性和概念性的权力。 For many people, it represents a pivotal moment in history, a time to reflect on the past thousand years or imagine a thousand years to come.对许多人而言，这代表着一个关键时刻，在历史上，由于时间，以反映对过去1000年或想象是1000年来的。
For the past several hundred years, people in Western cultures have marked time in terms of 10-year periods (decades) and 100-year periods (centuries).在过去的几百年里，人们在西方文化有显着的时间来看， 10年期（ 20年）和100年的时间（世纪） 。 Westerners tend to associate eras with decades and centuries.西方人往往联想到时代的几十年和几个世纪。 For example, many Americans think of the 1920s as the Roaring Twenties, and they frequently associate the 1960s with protests and social activism.举例来说，许多美国人认为，对20世纪20年代作为呼啸而来的二十多岁，与他们经常联系，与20世纪60年代的抗议和社会活动。 Many people attach special significance to years that end in a zero, because these years seem to signal a transition from one era to another.许多人的重视有着特殊的意义，以多年为此，在一个零，是因为这些年来，似乎预示着转型，从一个时代到另一个地方。 A year that ends in triple zeros, then, suggests an even greater change.这一年结束三重零点，然后，表明一个更大的变化。 Thus, the year 2000 had evoked hope for transformation and the birth of a new age, as well as fears about potential global catastrophes.因此，到2000年已诱发希望为改造和诞生一个新的时代，以及担心潜在的全球性大灾难。
According to the Gregorian calendar, the millennium did not begin until January 1, 2001.按公历，千禧年并没有展开，直至2001年1月1日。 The Gregorian calendar follows the AD (Latin anno Domini, "in the year of our Lord") system introduced by Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus in the 6th century AD.公历如下专案（拉丁语标注多米尼" ，在今年我们的主" ）制度推出的基督教僧侣狄奥尼修斯exiguus在西元六世纪。 The AD system counts time from the year Jesus Christ was born.专案系统计数时间，从今年耶稣基督诞生了。 Dionysius dated Jesus' birth in the year AD 1 rather than in AD 0, because Roman numerals, which were still in use, had no symbol for zero.狄奥尼修斯日为耶稣诞生在今年专案一日，而不是在AD 0 ，因为罗马数字，而仍在使用，没有任何标志为零。 In this dating system, each century begins with a year ending in 01 and ends with a year ending in 00.在此约会制度，每世纪伊始，与前一年结束，在01及两端与前一年结束，在00 。 For example, the 19th century began in 1801 and ended in 1900.举例来说， 19世纪始于1801年，结束于1900年。 Therefore, December 31, 2000, ended the old millennium, and January 1, 2001, marked the start of the new millennium in this dating system.因此， 2000年12月31日，结束了旧千年， 2001年1月1日，标志着新千年的开始，在此约会制度。
Some people believe the new millennium, as marked by the birth of Jesus, began several years earlier than 2001.有些人认为，新千年之际，作为标志，耶稣诞生，就开始数年前就超过2001年。 According to many scholars, Dionysius made various errors in calculating Jesus' birth date.根据许多学者，狄奥尼修斯提出了各种不同的错误，在计算耶稣的出生日期。 Historical evidence indicates that Jesus was actually born in 4 BC or earlier.历史证据表明，耶稣其实是出生于公元前四或更早的版本。 As a result, the 2,000-year anniversary of the birth of Jesus may have occurred sometime in the 1990s.因此， 2000年的年诞辰纪念耶稣可能已经发生了一段时间，在20世纪90年代。
Other people believe that the change to the new millennium lasts a period of 33 years, corresponding to the life span of Jesus.其他人认为，这种转变，以新的千禧年为止，为期33年，相对应的使用年限为耶稣。 According to some historians, the year 1033 - regarded by many people as the 1,000-year anniversary of Jesus' death - resulted in widespread millennial fervor in which people made pilgrimages to Jerusalem and anticipated the destruction or renewal of the world.据一些史学家，较上年同期1033 -被许多人作为1 000年纪念耶稣的死因-造成了普遍的千年侃侃而谈，使人们作出朝圣耶路撒冷和预期的破坏或重建的世界。 Some people have predicted that the year 2033 [or maybe 2029, due to Dionysius' errors] will have millennial significance as well and will be viewed as the date that marks the beginning of the new millennium.一些人预测说，今年的2033年[或者2029年，由于狄奥尼修斯'错误] ，将有千年意义，因为这和将来都会被看成日期为标志，进入新的千年。
About two-thirds of the people in the world use religious or ceremonial calendars in addition to the Gregorian calendar.大约有三分之二的人在世界上利用宗教或礼仪挂历除了公历。 For example, January 1, 2000, on the Gregorian calendar was the year 1420 on the Islamic calendar, 5760 on the Jewish calendar, and 4697 on the Chinese calendar.例如， 2000年1月1日，公历是，今年有1420对伊斯兰日历， 5760年就犹太历法， 4697年对中国历法。 However, even people who use these other calendars are aware of the global significance of the Gregorian calendar years 2000 and 2001.但是，即使人们使用这些其他的日历也意识到了这一全球性意义的阳历年， 2000年和2001年。
Millennialist ideas are concerned with the destiny and destruction of the world, the end of time, the end of evil and suffering, and the creation of a perfect age. millennialist理念所关注的命运和世界将要毁灭的结束时间，结束罪恶和痛苦，并创造一个完美的年龄。 Millennialist belief systems have an enduring appeal because they assert that there is an underlying plan for history, that human existence is meaningful, and that a new world of peace and justice will be created. millennialist信仰体系都具有持久的吸引力，因为他们声称，有一个潜在的计划，为历史上，即人的存在是有意义的，并表示，一个新的世界的和平与正义的良好风气。
However, most historians argue that the accounts of millennial hysteria are the romantic concoctions of overly imaginative writers.不过，大多数历史学家认为，帐目千年癔症是浪漫concoctions的过于富有想象力的作家。 These historians note that the doctrines of the Catholic Church at the end of the 1st millennium were opposed to any teachings about imminent apocalypse. Furthermore, most people living in the years 999 and 1000 were not even aware that it was the end of the 1st millennium. However, there is considerable historical evidence that after the year 1000, millennialism became more widespread.这些历史学家注意到，该学说的天主教教会在去年底的首届千年反对任何教诲，对即将发生的启示，而且，大多数人都生活在999年和1000人甚至不知道它是去年底第1千年但是 ，有相当多的历史证据后， 1000年， millennialism变得更为普遍。 It gained followers during the Crusades (wars between Western European Christians and Muslims that began in 1095) and throughout the latter part of the Middle Ages.它获得的追随者，在十字军东征（战争与西欧基督教徒和回教徒开始于1095年）和整个下半年的中世纪。
Adventism is another Protestant branch that holds millennialist views (see Adventists). adventism是另一个新教科表示，持有millennialist意见（见复临安息日会） 。 Adventist groups grew out of the religious Millerite movement, led by American Baptist preacher William Miller, who predicted that the world would end by 1843 or 1844.台安集团前身的宗教millerite运动，导致了美国浸信会传教士威廉米勒，他就预言，世界将结束，由1843年或1844年。 After his predictions proved false, some disenchanted Millerites formed into various Adventist groups, such as the Seventh-day Adventists. Adventists maintain that various apocalyptic predictions have been fulfilled and that Christ will return in the near future. The Seventh-day Adventists assert that an invisible, spiritual apocalypse occurred in 1844 with the "cleansing of heaven," and they believe that it will eventually be followed by world destruction in which only the faithful will be saved.之后，他的预言证明是虚假的，有些幻想millerites形成各种台安群体，如第七届-基督复临安息日会。 复临安息日会保持各世界末日的预言已经得到履行，并表示，基督会在不久的将来返回。第七届-基督复临安息日会断言一个无形的，精神的启示发生在1844年与"洁净天堂" ，他们认为，它最终必将被随后世界毁灭，只有忠实地将被保存。
Jehovah's Witnesses, another group formed from the Millerite movement, claim the spiritual, invisible Second Coming of Christ occurred in 1874 and that Christ's invisible reign started in 1914.耶和华见证人，另一批人，形成从millerite运动，索赔精神的，无形的耶稣第二次来发生在1874年和基督的无形统治开始于1914年。 The group believes an apocalypse will come in the near future.该集团认为，一个启示会在不久的将来。 The religious group's founder, Charles Taze Russell, declared that the fulfillment of Christ's millennial kingdom would be completed only after the foreordained destruction of nations, governments, churches, and world leaders, all of which Russell considered representations of Satan's rule.宗教集团的创办人，查尔斯taze罗素宣称，实现基督的千禧年王国将会完成后，才foreordained的破坏，各国政府，教会，以及世界各国领导人，所有这些罗素考虑交涉撒旦的统治。 The Jehovah's Witnesses rejected formal religious and governmental organizations, and they developed the practice of door-to-door evangelism in an attempt to convert nonbelievers.耶和华见证人拒绝正式宗教和政府组织，他们开发的实践门到门传道中，企图转换nonbelievers 。
Millennial beliefs are also an important part of the theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, better known as Mormonism.千年信仰也是一个重要部分的神学教会耶稣基督后期圣徒，更好地称为mormonism 。 The religion was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830.宗教创始人约瑟夫史密斯在1830年。 Smith claimed an angel told him that Christ's Second Coming was imminent, and Smith believed he had been chosen to prepare humanity for the millennium.史密斯声称，一个天使向他表示，耶稣的第二次来临是迫在眉睫，史密斯认为他已被选定准备，为人类的新纪元。 According to Smith's visions, the millennial kingdom will be established in the United States.根据史密斯的愿景，千禧年王国将设在美国。 Today, Mormonism does not stress millennialism as much as it did in the past.今天， mormonism并不强调millennialism高达过去那样。 However, many Mormons interpret some world events as the fulfillment of prophecies that foretell an apocalyptic period.然而，许多摩门教解释一些世界大事，作为实现的预言说，预知世界末日的一个时期。
Many other contemporary religious groups have millennialist views.其他许多当代宗教群体millennialist意见。 These include the Unification Church, Hare Krishna, Baha'i, Rastafarianism, and other religious movements.这些措施包括统一教会，克利须那，巴哈教， rastafarianism ，和其他的宗教运动。 Millennialist prophecy, once central to the early Jewish faith, continues today among members of the Chabad Lubavitch movement, an Orthodox Hasidic sect of Judaism. millennialist预言，一旦中央到早期犹太信仰，一直持续到今天成员之间的chabad卢巴维特奇运动，是一个正统教派哈西德派犹太教。 In the late 1980s and early 1990s many followers of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson of Brooklyn, New York, believed that he was the Messiah who would bring about the redemption of the world.在20世纪80年代末和90年代初，许多信徒的拉比贝京孟德尔schneerson的纽约布鲁克林，认为他是弥赛亚的人会带来赎回对世界的看法。 Schneerson never claimed to be the Messiah, but he interpreted current events as apocalyptic signs that foretold the Messiah's appearance in the near future. schneerson从未自称为弥赛亚，但他的解释，目前发生的事件作为世界末日的迹象，预示着弥赛亚的外观，在不久的将来。
Millennialist beliefs also exist at a grassroots level as a form of popular or folk belief, apart from the sanction of formal religious institutions. millennialist信仰，也存在于基层作为一种形式的流行或民间信仰，除了有关制裁的正式宗教机构。 For instance, there is popular interest in the apocalyptic predictions of Nostradamus, a 16th-century French physician and astrologer, and Edgar Cayce, an American who lived in the early 20th century and claimed to have psychic and healing abilities.例如，现在有一些受欢迎感兴趣，在世界末日的预言家诺查丹马斯，一座16世纪法国内科医生和算命，并埃德加cayce ，美国一位住在20世纪初，并声称有心理和愈合的能力。 Some people also believe that alleged apparitions of the Virgin Mary warn of imminent worldly destruction.有些人还认为，被指控的幻影的圣母玛利亚，警告即将发生的人间毁灭。
Although these groups differ in their doctrines, aspects of their belief systems share certain common ideas.虽然这些群体不同，他们的学说，这方面他们的信仰体系都有一些共同的想法。 These ideas include a sense of fatalism for a world regarded as completely evil and doomed, and a desire for planetary escape and salvation.这些设想包括责任感宿命论为世界视为彻底邪恶的，注定，并渴望行星逃生和救赎。 Some people predict that the dawning of the 3rd millennium may motivate other apocalyptic groups with similar beliefs to embrace and enact violent scenarios as well.有人预言，曙光的第三届千年可激励其他世界末日群体具有类似信仰的怀抱，并制定暴力情景一样。
The creation of nuclear weapons in particular has fundamentally altered contemporary apocalyptic thought, evoking widespread fatalism about the future of humanity.会制造核武器，特别是从根本上改变了当代世界末日的思路，引起了广泛的宿命论对人类的未来。 When the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945, the event initiated an era of fear about global destruction.当美国投下原子弹轰炸广岛和长崎，日本，在1945年8月，这项活动发起一个时代的恐惧，全球销毁。 Despite the end of the Cold War, concerns about the possibility of nuclear annihilation persist today, stemming from fear that nuclear weapons will be developed and used by hostile nations or extremist organizations.尽管冷战结束后，关注的可能性，核毁灭的坚持，今天产生的，免于恐惧的核武器将得到发展和使用的敌对国家或极端组织。
Specific secular beliefs about catastrophe occurring at the beginning of 2000 were associated with what was known as the year 2000 computer problem, the Y2K problem, or the millennium bug.具体的世俗信仰的灾难发生在2000年初，都与被称为计算机2000年问题， Y2K问题，或千年虫。 Many [older] computers were programmed to recognize the year by the last two numbers of the year instead of by all four digits.许多[旧]计算机编程的人认识到这一年的最后两个数字的一年，而是由所有四个数字。 On January 1, 2000, these computers registered the year as the digits 00.对2000年1月1日，这些电脑注册了一年，因为该位00 。 Computers that had not been fixed, understood these digits as representing the year 1900 and generated some error messages or shut down.电脑，没有固定的，相互理解，这些数字代表了1900年，并产生了一些错误讯息或关机。 Some people believed that many computer systems worldwide would crash when the date changed from 1999 to 2000.有些人相信，许多计算机系统，将全世界坠毁时的日期改为从1999年至2000年。 They feared these computer crashes would spark economic, political, and social catastrophes that would involve the malfunction of missile systems, hospital equipment, satellites, air transportation, and other major technologies.他们担心这些电脑当机，可能引发的经济，政治和社会灾难，将涉及故障的导弹系统，医院设备，卫星，空中运输和其他主要技术。
Daniel N Wojcik丹尼尔n wojcik
The word "millennium" is derived from the Latin for a thousand (at times the word "chiliasm" taken from the Greek and meaning the same thing is used).加上"千禧年" ，是源自于拉丁语，为1000名（有时用" chiliasm "取自希腊文的意思，同一件事，是用） 。 It denotes a doctrine taken from a passage in Revelation (20:1 - 10) in which the writer describes the devil as being bound and thrown into a bottomless pit for a thousand years.它是指一种理论，从一个通道中的启示（ 20:1 -1 0） ，其中，作者描述了魔鬼被捆绑，扔进一个无底洞，为1 000年。 The removal of Satanic influence is accompanied by the resurrection of the Christian martyrs, who reign with Christ during the millennium.清除撒旦的影响，是伴随着复活的基督教殉道者，他们的统治已经与基督同在的千年。 This period is a time when all of humankind's yearning for an ideal society characterized by peace, freedom, material prosperity, and the rule of righteousness will be realized.这一时期的时候，所有人类的向往理想社会的特点是和平，自由，物质繁荣和法治精神，正义的力量必将会实现。 The vision of the OT prophets who foretold a period of earthly prosperity for the people of God will find fulfillment during this era.远见的城市旅游局先知预言一段俗世的繁荣，为人民的上帝会找到圆满，在这个时代。
Millennialism addresses problems that are often overlooked in other eschatological views. millennialism地址的问题，往往忽略了其他eschatological意见。 Although most Christian theologians discuss death, immortality, the end of the world, the last judgment, the rewards of the just, and the punishment of the damned, they often limit themselves to the prospects for the individual in this world and the next.虽然大多数的基督教神学家，讨论死亡，不死的，世界的末了，最后的裁决，但奖励的公正，处罚的该死，他们常常限制自己的前景，让个人在这个世界和未来。 In contrast, millennialism is concerned with the future of the human community on earth. It is concerned with the chronology of coming events just as history is involved with the study of the record of the past.相比之下， millennialism是有关未来的人类社会，在地球上，它是与时序即将开展的活动，正如历史是参与研究的纪录只能说明过去。
Millennialism has appeared within both Christian and non Christian traditions. millennialism出现了两个基督教和非基督教传统。 Anthropologists and sociologists have found millennialist belief among non Western people, but they have debated as to whether or not these appearances of the teaching are based upon borrowing from the teaching are based upon borrowing from Christian preaching.人类学家和社会学家发现millennialist信仰之间的非西方的人，但他们的辩论，以决定是否或不是这些外表的教学是根据借款，从教学，是根据借款后，从基督教的说教。 Most Christian theologians believe that millennialism is based on material written by Judeo Christian authors, especially the books of Daniel and Revelation.大部分基督教神学家认为millennialism是根据书面材料，由犹太教基督教作家，尤其是书籍的丹尼尔和启示。 The ideas, events, symbols, and personalities introduced in these writings have reappeared countless times in the teachings of prophets of the end of the world.理念，活动，符号，及人物介绍，在这些著作都重新出现在无数次的遗训先知的世界的末了。 Each new appearance finds these motifs given fresh significance from association with contemporary events.每一个新的面貌认定，这些图案赋予新鲜的意义，由协会与当代盛事。
This exposure of evil is crushed by God, the non Christian dead are resurrected, the last judgment conducted, and the eternal states of heaven and hell established.这暴露了邪恶，是压死了上帝，非基督教死者复活，最后的审判进行的，永恒的国天堂与地狱成立。 Many premillennialists have taught that during the thousand years dead or martyred believers will be resurrected with glorified bodies to intermingle with the other inhabitants of the earth.许多premillennialists有教导说，在1000年死亡或烈属，信教的人将被复活与荣耀机构互与其他居民地球。
The book of Revelation, composed during a period of persecution in the first century, used the Jewish apocalyptic interpretation to explain the Christian era.这本书的启示，在组成一个时期的迫害，在第一世纪，用犹太世界末日的解释，解释基督教时代。 Daniel's Son of man was presented as Christ, numerological formulas were restated, and the dualistic world of good and evil was provided with a new set of characters.丹尼尔的人子是作为基督， numerological公式重，二元世界的善良与邪恶提供了一个新的字符集。 Despite these changes the essential apocalyptic message remained as the book taught the living hope of the immediate direct intervention of God to reverse history and to overcome evil with good.尽管这些变化的本质世界末日的讯息，仍是这本书教的生活，希望立即进行直接干预的上帝，以扭转历史，并克服以善胜恶。 Such an outlook brought great comfort to believers who suffered from persecution by the forces of Imperial Rome.这样的前景带来了极大的安慰信徒遭受迫害的力量，罗马帝国。 Expressed in a form that has been called historic premillennialism, this hope seems to have been the prevailing eschatology during the first three centuries of the Christian era, and is found in the works of Papias, Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Hippolytus, Methodius, Commodianus, and Lactantius.表达形式，也被称为历史性premillennialism ，这个希望似乎已被普遍末世在首三个世纪的基督教时代的制高点上，被发现在该工程的papias ，爱任纽，贾斯汀烈士，戴尔都良， hippolytus ， methodius ， commodianus ， lactantius 。
Several forces worked to undermine the millennialism of the early church.几个部队工作，以削弱millennialism的初期教会。 One of these was the association of the teaching with a radical group, the Montanists, who placed a great stress on a new third age of the Spirit which they believed was coming among their number in Asia Minor.其中之一是该协会的教学与激进集团， montanists ，谁把一个很大的压力就新的第三个时代的精神，他们相信这是他们之间的未来，他们的人数在亚洲未成年人。 Another influence which encouraged a change of eschatological views was the emphasis of Origen upon the manifestation of the kingdom within the soul of the believer rather than in the world.另一个影响鼓动下改变eschatological意见的重点渊源后，体现了英国内部的灵魂，信仰，而不是在世界上。 This resulted in a shift of attention away from the historical toward the spiritual or metaphysical.这就产生了一个转移注意力，从历史走向精神或形而上学。 A final factor that led to a new millennial interpretation was the conversion of the Emperor Constantine the Great and the adoption of Christianity as the favored Imperial religion.最后一个因素导致了一个新的千年的解释是转换皇帝君士坦丁大，并通过了基督教青睐帝国宗教。
Augustine's allegorical interpretation became the official doctrine of the church during the medieval period.奥古斯丁的寓言诠释成了官方学说的教会在中世纪时期。 However, in defiance of the main teaching of the church the earlier apocalyptic premillennialism continued to be held by certain counterculture groups.然而，在藐视主要教学教会早前世界末日premillennialism继续举行，由某些反传统群体。 These millenarians under charismatic leaders were often associated with radicalism and revolts.这些millenarians下，有魅力的领袖，往往与激进主义和反抗。 For example, during the eleventh century in regions most affected by urbanization and social change thousands followed individuals such as Tanchelm of the Netherlands, causing great concern to those in positions of power.例如，在11世纪的地区，受影响最严重的，由城市化和社会变革的数千其次是个人如tanchelm的荷兰，造成了极大的关注，对那些在权力地位的。 In the twelfth century Joachim of Fiore gave fresh expression to the millennial vision with his teaching about the coming third age of the Holy Spirit.在12世纪约阿希姆的胡世忠了新鲜的，体现了千年的远见与他的教学，未来第三年龄的圣灵。 During the Hussite Wars in fifteenth century Bohemia the Taborites encouraged the resistance to the Catholic Imperial forces by proclaiming the imminent return of Christ to establish his kingdom.在胡斯派战争在15世纪波希米亚的taborites鼓励抵抗天主教皇国部队宣布即将回归基督建立他的王国。 These outbreaks of premillennialism continued during the Reformation era and were expressed most notably in the rebellion of the city of Munster in 1534.这些疫情的premillennialism继续在改革时代，并表示，最引人注目的是在暴动的城市明斯特在第1534 。
Jan Matthys gained control of the community, proclaiming that he was Enoch preparing the way for the second coming of Christ by establishing a new code of laws which featured a community of property and other radical reforms.扬matthys控制了社区，宣称他是伊诺克准备，就是为耶稣第二次来设立一个新的法典，其中精选的社会财产和其他激进的改革。 He declared that Munster was the New Jerusalem and called all faithful Christians to gather in the city.他宣称，明斯特是新的耶路撒冷，并呼吁所有忠实的基督徒聚集在城市。 Many Anabaptists answered his summons, and most of the original inhabitants of the town were forced to flee or to live in a veritable reign of terror.许多anabaptists回答了他的传票，而且大部分的原镇居民被迫逃离或生活在一个名副其实的恐怖统治。 The situation was so threatening to other areas of Europe that a combined Protestant and Catholic force laid siege to the place and after a difficult struggle captured the town, suppressing the wave of millennial enthusiasm.局势如此严峻，威胁到其他地区，欧洲的一个联合新教和天主教的力量包围的地点和经过艰难的斗争，抓获城市，压制波的千年热情。
Perhaps the Munster episode led the Protestant Reformers to reaffirm Augustinian amillennialism.也许明斯特插曲领导新教改革者重申augustinian amillennialism 。 Each of the three main Protestant traditions of the sixteenth century, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican, had the support of the state and so continued the same Constantinian approach to theology.每三个主要的新教传统， 16世纪，路德会， calvinist ，圣公会，有国家的支持，因此继续同constantinian办法神学。 Both Luther and Calvin were very suspicious of millennial speculation.双方路德和卡尔文非常可疑的千年投机活动。 Calvin declared that those who engaged in calculations based on the apocalyptic portions of Scripture were "ignorant" and "malicious."卡尔文说得很清楚，那些从事计算的基础上，世界末日的部分经文被"无知"和"恶意" 。 The major statements of the various Protestant bodies such as the Augsburg Confession (1, xvii), the Thirty nine Articles (IV), and the Westminister Confession (chs. 32, 33), although professing faith in the return of Christ, do not support apocalyptic millenarian speculation.主要陈述了许多新教团体，例如作为奥格斯堡自白（ 1 ，第十七章） ， 39条（四） ，以及westminister自白（ chs. 32 ， 33 ） ，虽然自称信仰在返回基督的，不支持世界末日千禧年的投机活动。 In certain respects, however, the Reformers inaugurated changes which would lead to a revival of interest in premillennialism.在某些方面，但是，改革者上台变化，这将导致死灰复燃兴趣premillennialism 。 These include a more literal approach to the interpretation of Scripture, the identification of the papacy with Antichrist, and an emphasis on Bible prophecy.这些措施包括更字面的方法来解释经文，确定教宗与箴，并着重对圣经预言。
As the popularity of premillennialism wanted, postmillennialism rose to prominence.随着人气的premillennialism通缉， postmillennialism上升到突出的位置。 First expressed in the works of certain Puritan scholars, it received its most influential formulation in the writings of the Anglican commentator Daniel Whitby.首先表现在工程的某些清教徒的学者，它收到了其最有影响力的提法，著述圣公会评论员丹尼尔whitby 。 It seemed to him that the kingdom of God was coming ever closer and that it would arrive through the same kind of effort that had always triumphed in the past.在他看来，神的国度，是未来任何时候都更加密切，并表示将通过到达同一种工作，一直胜利，在过去的。 Among the many theologians and preachers who were convinced by the arguments of Whitby was Jonathan Edwards.在众多神学家和传教士的人信服的论点whitby是乔纳森爱德华兹。 Edwardsean postmillennialism also emphasized the place of America in the establishment of millennial conditions upon the earth. edwardsean postmillennialism还强调了地方的，在美国设立的条件千年后，地球。
During the nineteenth century premillennialism became popular once again.在十九世纪premillennialism成为热门一遍。 The violent uprooting of European social and political institutions during the era of the French Revolution encouraged a more apocalyptic climate of opinion.暴力拔除欧洲社会和政治机关在时代的法国大革命，鼓励更多的世界末日的舆论环境。 There was also a revival of interest in the fortunes of the Jews.此外，还有复活感兴趣，在命运的犹太人。 A new element was added to premillennialism during this period with the rise of dispensationalism.一项新的内容加入premillennialism在此期间与崛起dispensationalism 。 Edward Irving, a Church of Scotland minister who pastored a congregation in London, was one of the outstanding leaders in the development of the new interpretation.爱德华伊荣，一所教堂的苏格兰部长pastored聚集在伦敦，是一个悬而未决的领导人在发展新的诠释。 He published numerous works on prophecy and organized the Albury Park prophecy conferences, thus setting the pattern for other gatherings of premillenarians during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.他出版了许多作品就预言，并组织阿尔伯里公园预言会议，因此设置模式，为其他聚会的premillenarians在十九世纪和二十世纪。 Irving's apocalyptic exposition found support among the Plymouth Brethren and led many in the group to become enthusiastic teachers of dispensational premillennialism.欧文的世界末日的论述，发现支持了普利茅斯弟兄，并导致许多人在集团成为热心的教师dispensational premillennialism 。
Perhaps the leading early dispensational expositor among the Brethren was John Nelson Darby.也许领导的早期dispensational expositor之间的兄弟是约翰纳尔逊那美。 He believed that the second coming of Christ consisted of two stages, the first a secret rapture or "catching away" of the saints which would remove the church before a seven year period of tribulation devastates the earth, and the second when Christ appears visibly with his saints after the tribulation to rule on earth for a thousand years.他相信耶稣第二次来构成项目分两个阶段进行，第一个秘密破裂或"捉掉"的圣人，这将消除教堂前七年期的磨难摧毁地球，第二次当基督出现明显的同他的圣人后磨难统治地球上是1000年。 Darby also taught that the church was a mystery of which only Paul wrote and that the purposes of God can be understood as working through a series of periods, or dispensations, in each of which God dealt with people in unique ways.那美，也教导说，教会是一个谜，其中只有保罗写道，并施行神，可以理解为工作，通过一系列的时期，或者dispensations ，在其中的每神处理人的独特方式。
Most premillennialists during the early nineteenth century were not dispensationalists, however.最premillennialists在19世纪初没有dispensationalists ，不过。 More typical of their number was David Nevins Lord, who edited a quarterly journal, The Theological and Literary Review, which appeared from 1848 to 1861.更具有典型的数字是大卫nevins主，谁主编的季刊，神学和文学评论，似乎从1848年至1861年。 This periodical contained articles of interest to premillennialists and helped to elaborate a nondispensational system of prophetic interpretation.这期刊载文章，有兴趣的premillennialists并协助拟订一项nondispensational系统的先知性的解释。 Lord believed that a historical explanation of the book of Revelation was preferable to the futurist outlook which characterized the dispensational view.勋爵认为，历史交代，这本书的启示是，最好到未来的前景极有特点dispensational看法。 This approach was followed by most premillennialists in the United States until after the Civil War, when dispensationalism spread among their number.这种做法是其次，最premillennialists在美国直到内战结束后，当dispensationalism分散其数量。 Darby's interpretation was accepted because of the work of individuals such as Henry Moorhouse, a Brethren evangelist, who convinced many interdenominational speakers to accept many interdenominational speakers to accept dispensationalism.那美的解释是接受的，因为这项工作的个人，如亨利moorhouse ，一个弟兄，传道者，他们深信许多interdenominational发言者接受许多interdenominational发言者接受dispensationalism 。
Typical of those who came to believe in Darby's eschatology were William E Blackstone, "Harry" A Ironside, Arno C Gaebelein, Lewis Sperry Chafer, and CI Scofield.典型的人士前来，相信在那美的末世人威廉e黑石， "哈利" ironside ，在Arno c gaebelein ，刘易斯斯佩里金龟子，与词史高菲。 It is through Scofield and his works that dispensationalism became the norm for much of American evangelicalism.它是通过史高菲和他的作品dispensationalism成为规范的大部分时间，美国evangelicalism 。 His Scofield Reference Bible, which made the new eschatological interpretation an integral part of an elaborate system of notes printed on the same pages as the text, proved so popular that it sold over three million copies in fifty years.他的史高菲参考圣经，这使得新eschatological解释的一个组成部分，是一个复杂系统的笔记印载于同一网页的文本，证明是非常受欢迎，销量超过3万册，在五十年。 Bible schools and seminaries such as Biola, Moody Bible Institute, Dallas Theological Seminary, and Grace Theological Seminary, along with the popular preachers and teachers who have utilized the electronic media, have made this interpretation popular among millions of conservative Protestants.圣经学校和神学院等biola ，穆迪圣经学院，达拉斯神学院，和恩典神学院，随流行的传教士和教师已利用电子媒体，有这样的解释，深受千百万保守的新教徒。 The new view replaced the older premillennial outlook to such an extent that when George Ladd restated the historic interpretation in the midtwentieth century it seemed like a novelty to many evangelicals.新观点取代旧premillennial展望到这样的程度，当乔治雷德重申了历史性的诠释，在midtwentieth世纪好像新鲜事了，许多新教徒。
While the various forms of premillennialism competed for adherents in nineteenth century America, a form of postmillennialism that equated the United States with the kingdom of God became very popular.而各种形式的premillennialism竞相争取的信徒，在十九世纪的美国，一种形式的postmillennialism即等同于美国与英国的上帝成为很受欢迎。 Many Protestant ministers fed the fires of nationalism and Manifest Destiny by presenting the coming of the golden age as dependent upon the spread of democracy, technology, and the other "benefits" of Western civilization.许多新教徒部长助长了大火的民族主义和命运所介绍来的黄金时代取决于民主的传播，技术，和其他一些"实惠"的西方文明。 Perhaps the most complete statement of this civil millennialism was presented by Hollis Read.也许最完整的陈述，这民间millennialism是由霍利斯阅读。 Ordained to the Congregational ministry in Park Street Church, Boston, he served as a missionary to India but was forced to return to the United States because of his wife's poor health.晋堂部在公园街教堂，波士顿，他曾担任过宣教士到印度，但被迫返回美国，因为他的妻子的健康状况不佳。 In a two volume work, The Hand of God in History, he attempted to prove that God's millennial purposes were finding fulfillment in America.在一项为期两卷工作，上帝的手，在历史上，他试图证明上帝的千年目的是寻求实现在美国。 He believed that geography, politics, learning, the arts, and morality all pointed to the coming of the millennium to America in the nineteenth century.他表示相信，地理，政治，学习，艺术，道德都指出，以未来的千禧年，美国在十九世纪。 From this base the new age could spread to the entire earth.从这个基地的新时代可能蔓延到整个地球。
As Ps.由于聚苯乙烯。 22:27 stated, "All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to the Lord; and all the families of the nations shall worship before him." 22:27指出， "所有的两端地球应记住并转入主及所有家属表达最应按照联合国崇拜他面前的" 。 In order to accomplish the purpose of global evangelism Read favored imperialism because the extension of Anglo Saxon control over other nations ensured the spread of the gospel.为了完成这个目的，全球传道阅读最惠国待遇，因为帝国主义的延伸盎格鲁撒克逊人控制的其他国家，保证了传播福音。 He cited the prevalence of the English language, which made it easier to preach the Word and to teach the native people the more civilized Western culture, as one example of the benefits of Western control.他举流行的英语能力，使得它更容易宣讲Word和教导母语的人越多，文明的西方文化，作为一个例子的好处，西方控制的。 Technological improvements such as the steam press, the locomotive, and the steamship were also given by God to spread enlightenment and the Christian message to all peoples.改良技术，如蒸汽新闻界，机车，轮船也被上帝所散布的启示和基督信仰信息，以所有人民。
Whenever the United States has faced a time of crisis, there have been those who have revived civil postmillennialism as a means to encourage and comfort their fellow citizens.每当美国面临危机时刻，有那些复活民间postmillennialism作为一种手段，以鼓励和安慰他们的同胞。 The biblical content of this belief has become increasingly vague as the society has become more pluralistic.圣经中的内容，这个信念已越来越模糊，随着社会变得更加多元化。 For example, during the period of the Civil War many agreed with Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic," which described God as working through the Northern forces to accomplish his ultimate purpose.举例来说，这期间的内战，许多国家同意与朱莉娅沃德豪的"战斗圣歌的共和国" ，其中叙述了上帝作为工作通过北方势力，以完成他的最终目的。 President Wilson's crusade to "make the world safe for democracy," which led his country into World War I, was based upon a postmillennial vision that gave American ideals the major role in establishing peace and justice on earth.威尔逊总统的十字军东征" ，使世界安全民主" ，而导致他的国家变成世界战争，我是基于一项postmillennial眼光了美国理想主要角色，在建立和平与正义的地球。 Since World War II several groups have revived civil millennialism to counter communism and to resist domestic changes such as those brought about by the moves for equal rights for women.自第二次世界大战以来，有几批有死灰复燃民间millennialism为了对付共产主义，并抵制国内的变化，例如那些所带来的举动，为妇女的平等权利。
In addition to the premillennial, amillennial, and postmillennial interpretations there have been groups such as the Shakers, the Seventh Day Adventists, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Latter day Saints (Mormons) who tend to equate the activities of their own sect with the coming of the millennium.除上述premillennial ， amillennial ， postmillennial表述有群体，如摇动，基督复临安息日会，耶和华见证人的，而后者天圣徒教会（摩门教）的人往往等同于活动，他们自己的教派与未来联合国千年。 There are also movements including the Nazis and the Marxists who teach a kind of secular millennialism when they speak of the Third Reich or the classless society.也有一些动作，包括纳粹党和马克思主义者，教导的一种世俗millennialism当他们发言的第三帝国或无类别的社会。
RG
Clouse丽晶花园clouse
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
RG Clouse, ed.,
The Meaning of the Millennium: Four Views; ER Sandeen, The Roots of
Fundamentalism; GE Ladd, The Blessed Hope; A Reese, The Approaching Advent of
Christ; N West, Studies in Eschatology; R Anderson, The Coming Prince; WE
Blackstone, Jesus Is Coming; R Pache, The Return of Jesus Christ; CC Ryrie,
Dispensationalism Today; JF Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom; L Boettner, The
Millennium; D Brown, Christ's Second Coming; JM Kik, An Eschatology of Victory;
OT Allis, Prophecy and the Church; AA Hoekema, The Bible and the Future; P
Mauro, The Seventy Weeks and the Great Tribulation; G Vos, The Pauline
Eschatology.丽晶花园clouse
，版，意思千年：四点看法;呃俄勒冈，根部的原教旨主义;葛雷德，有福了希望;雷斯，即将到来的来临，基督氮西，研究在末世与r安德森，未来王子，我们黑石，耶稣是未来与r
pache ，送回耶稣基督;消委会ryrie ， dispensationalism今天;怡富walvoord ，千禧年王国;升boettner ，千年;
d褐色，基督的第二次来临; jm kik ，末世胜利酒店allis ，预言和教会;机管局赫克玛，圣经和未来; p莫罗，
70个星期和大磨难的100你，宝莲末世。
The fundamental idea of millenarianism, as understood by Christian writers, may be set forth as follows: At the end of time Christ will return in all His splendour to gather together the just, to annihilate hostile powers, and to found a glorious kingdom on earth for the enjoyment of the highest spiritual and material blessings; He Himself will reign as its king, and all the just, including the saints recalled to life, will participate in it.基本理念millenarianism ，所理解的基督教作家，可以阐述如下：去年底的时候耶稣会返回他在所有冠冕堂皇地凝聚起来，以公正，以消灭敌对的权力，并发现一名光荣的英国地球对于享受最高的精神上和物质上的祝福，他本人也将统治作为国王，以及所有正义，包括圣人召回生活中，将参加辩论。 At the close of this kingdom the saints will enter heaven with Christ, while the wicked, who have also been resuscitated, will be condemned to eternal damnation.结束时，这个英国圣徒将进入天国与基督，而恶人，他们也已复苏，将注定永恒damnation 。 The duration of this glorious reign of Christ and His saints on earth, is frequently given as one thousand years.期限这一光荣的统治基督和他的圣人，在地球上，是经常给予千年。 Hence it is commonly known as the "millennium", while the belief in the future realization of the kingdom is called "millenarianism" (or "chiliasm", from the Greek chilia, scil. ete).因此，这是俗称的"千禧年" ，而相信在未来实现的王国，是所谓的" millenarianism " （或" chiliasm " ，从希腊chilia ， scil 。酬酢及交通开支） 。 This term of one thousand years, however, is by no means an essential element of the millennium as conceived by its adherents.这一届千年，但绝不是台湾的一个基本要素千年构想及其党羽。 The extent, details of the realization, conditions, the place, of the millennium were variously described.程度，细节的实现，条件，地点，千年受到不同程度形容。
Essential are the following points:重要的是以下几点：
the early return of Christ in all His power and glory,尽早返回基督在他的所有权力和荣耀，
the establishment of an earthly kingdom with the just,建立一个俗世的英国与公正，
the resuscitation of the deceased saints and their participation in the glorious reign,复苏的死者圣人，并参与在辉煌时期，
the destruction of the powers hostile to God, and,销毁的权力敌视神，并且，
at the end of the kingdom, the universal resurrection with the final judgment,在结束对英国，普遍复活，与最后裁决，
after which the just will enter heaven, while the wicked will be consigned to the eternal fire of hell.之后，刚刚将进入天堂，而恶人将委托给日本的永恒之火地狱。
The roots of the belief in a glorious kingdom, partly natural, partly supernatural, are found in the hopes of the Jews for a temporal Messiah and in the Jewish apocalyptic.根的信念，在光荣的英国，这部分是自然的，这部分是超自然的，是发现在希望的，犹太人为颞弥赛亚，并在犹太人世界末日。 Under the galling pressure of their political circumstances the expectation of a Messiah who would free the people of God had in the Jewish mind, assumed a character that was to a great extent earthly; the Jews longed above all for a saviour who would free them from their oppressors and restore the former splendour of Israel.根据难堪的压力，他们的政治情况下，期望一个救世主，他们将自由人民的上帝在犹太人心目中，假设一个人物，这是一个在很大程度上俗世;犹太人期盼上述所有为救世主，他们将免除他们的他们的压迫者，并恢复前的辉煌以色列。 These expectations generally included the belief that Jehovah would conquer all powers hostile to Himself and to His chosen people, and that He would set up a final, glorious kingdom of Israel.这些期望一般包括相信耶和华会战胜一切权力敌视本人和他所选择的人，他将成立一个决赛中，英国光荣的以色列。 The apocalyptic books, principally the book of Henoch and the fourth book of Esdras, indicate various details of the arrival of the Messiah, the defeat of the nations hostile to Israel, and the union of all the Israelites in the Messianic kingdom followed by the renovation of the world and the universal resurrection.世界末日的书籍，主要