Methodism is the name given to a group of Protestant churches that arose from the 18th century Wesleyan movement in England led by John and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield. methodism是名字给一组新教教堂，是由18世纪的卫斯理运动，在英国为首的约翰和查尔斯韦斯利和乔治Whitefield的。 Although centered in the British Isles and North America, Methodism has spread worldwide.虽然为本，在英伦三岛和北美， methodism已蔓延世界各地。 The total world community is estimated at more than 38 million; the largest single group is the United Methodist Church in the United States, with about 10 million members.占世界社区，估计超过38万人;最大单一集团，是美国基督教卫理公会在美国，大约有1000万成员。
The origins of Methodism are inseparable from the careers of the Wesley brothers.起源methodism是分不开的，从职业的韦斯利兄弟。 In 1738, influenced by the Moravians, they organized small "societies" within the Church of England for religious sharing, Bible study, prayer, and preaching.在1738年，受moravians ，他们就组织了小规模的"社团"与英国教会的宗教交流，研究圣经，祈祷，及传教。 Doctrine was based on an Arminian interpretation of the Thirty Nine Articles but emphasized personal experience of conversion, assurance, and sanctification.学说，是基于对arminian解释的39条，但强调个人经验的转换，保证和成圣。 The Wesleys and their associate Whitefield traveled widely, preaching to large and enthusiastic crowds of working people.该wesleys及其协理Whitefield的走过广泛，鼓吹大和热心群众的劳动人民。 The movement spread through most of England.运动传遍大部分英格兰。 A striking growth took place in Ireland, and to lesser extent in Wales and Scotland.一个突出的增长发生在爱尔兰，并在较小程度上在威尔士和苏格兰。 To preserve personal fellowship, "bands" and "class meetings" were formed, and the whole was brought together (1744) by John Wesley in the British Conference.维护个人团契， "阶" ， "主题班会"的形成，以及整个被聚集在一起（ 1744 ） ，由约翰韦斯利在英国会议。
| BELIEVE 相信 Religious 宗教 Information 资讯 Source 源 web-site 网址： |
| Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects 我们所列出的1000名宗教科目 |
| E-mail 电子邮箱 |
A number of divisions soon took place among the Methodists.一些师即将发生的各卫。 The Methodist New Connection, the Primitive Methodist Church, and the Bible Christians separated from the Conference between 1797 and 1815.循道卫理新的方面，原始基督教卫理公会，与圣经的基督徒脱离会议之间的1797年和1815年。 They were reunited in two mergers (1907, 1932) with the main branch to form the Methodist Church in Britain, which today has a membership of about 800,000.他们团圆，在两项合并（ 1907年， 1932年）与主要分支形成循道卫理联合教会在英国，其中今天有会员约80万人。 The central organization is the British Conference.中央组织是英国会议。 This church has recently engaged in ecumenical negotiations with the Church of England.这个教会最近从事合一谈判与英国教会。
Whitefield conducted several preaching tours in North America and was an influential figure in the Great Awakening. Whitefield的进行了多次大规模布道之旅，在北美和是一个有影响力的人物，伟大的觉醒。 Wesleyan Methodism was later established in America by unofficial lay missionaries such as Philip Embury, Barbara Heck, Robert Strawbridge, and Thomas Webb; and by missionaries appointed by John Wesley, of whom the chief were Francis Asbury, Richard Boardman, Joseph Pilmore, and Thomas Rankin.卫斯理methodism后来被确立在美国由非官方奠定传教士如弘恩伯里，芭芭拉heck ，罗伯特strawbridge ，托马斯韦伯，并通过任命传教士约翰韦斯利名，其中行政人弗朗西斯asbury ，理查德Boardman同时，约瑟夫pilmore ，和托马斯伦肯。 In 1784, Wesley's actual ordination of two missionaries and appointment of Thomas Coke as "superintendent" for America led to the formation of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore.可以追溯到1784年，韦斯利的实际运作两个传教士，并任命托马斯焦炭为"警" ，为美国主导，以形成对卫理公会在巴尔的摩。 (Coke's adoption of the title bishop was not approved by Wesley; the British church did not adopt an episcopal structure.) （焦的通过标题主教不获批准，由韦斯利;英国教会没有采取主教结构） 。
In 1830, in a controversy over episcopal authority, the Methodist Protestant Church was formed by a strongly liberal minority.在1830年，在争议主教管理局，循道卫理基督教教会形成了强有力的自由党少数。 In 1843 the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America was started by a group of antislavery Methodists.在1843年的卫斯理循道卫理教会的美国是一个由一群antislavery循道。 The next year the General Conference split over issues related to slavery and episcopal authority, and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was formed at the Louisville convention in 1845.下一年度大会分裂有关问题的奴役和主教的权力，并在卫理公会，南，形成于路易斯维尔公约于1845年。 In 1860 came the Free Methodist Church, which was antislavery and theologically perfectionist.在1860年来到自由循道卫理教会，这是antislavery和theologically完美主义者。 The Methodist Episcopal Church was troubled by controversy over sanctification and interpretation of the Bible (fundamentalism).循道卫理圣公会是困扰争议成圣和解释圣经（原教旨主义） 。 Three large black churches were also organized, largely in protest against racial prejudice: the African Methodist Episcopal Church (1816), the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (1820), and the Colored (later Christian) Methodist Episcopal Church (1870). 3个大型黑人教堂还组织了，这主要是为了抗议种族偏见：非洲卫理公会（ 1816 ） ，非洲卫理主教锡安堂（ 1820 ） ，以及有色（后来基督教）卫理公会（ 1870年） 。
With the formation of the Methodist Church in 1939 by the Northern and Southern branches and the Methodist Protestants, reunion was achieved.与成立卫理公会于1939年由该国北部和南部分行及循道卫理新教徒，留尼汪岛达到了。 A racially identified central jurisdiction remained a source of controversy until its abolition in 1968.一个种族中央确定的司法管辖权仍然是一个来源的争议，直至取消其在1968年。 In that year the church merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church to form the United Methodist Church.正是这一年，教会合并与美国福音教会的弟兄组成联合卫理公会。 The church maintains a large Methodist publishing house, Abingdon Press, hospitals and homes, and institutions of higher learning, including 13 theological seminaries.教会保持着一个大循道卫出版社， abingdon记者，医院和居所，并为高等院校，其中包括13名神学修道院。
Both the British Methodist Missionary Society and the American Board of Global Ministries have conducted worldwide missionary efforts.中英双方循道传教士协会和美国全球教会理事会进行了世界各地的传教努力。 The Methodist churches stand in close relation to each other in the World Methodist Conference, which elects the World Methodist Council, as well as in the World Council of Churches.循道卫理教会的立场，密切相互关系，在世界循道卫理会议，选出新的世界循道会中，以及在世界基督教协进会。
Frederick A Norwood冯一诺伍德
Bibliography
参考书目
F Baker, From
Wesley to Asbury (1976); CS Bucke, ed., The History of American Methodism
(1964); RE Davies, Methodism (1976); RE Davies, ed., A History of the Methodist
Church in Great Britain (1965); FA Norwood, The Story of American Methodism
(1974); H Richardson, Dark Salvation (1976); B Semmel, The Methodist Revolution
(1973). f贝克，从韦斯利到asbury （ 1976年） ;政务司司长bucke ，版，历史上美国methodism （ 1964 ）
;重新戴维斯methodism （ 1976年） ;再度戴维斯版，史卫理公会在大不列颠（ 1965年） ;发诺伍德，故事美洲methodism （ 1974年）
; h理查森，黑暗救赎（ 1976条） ， b semmel ，循道卫理革命（ 1973年） 。
Methodism is a name designating several Protestant groups. methodism是一个名称，指定几个新教团体。 Methodism has its roots in the work of John and Charles Wesley, sons of an Anglican rector and his wife, Susannah. methodism ，其根源在于工作的约翰和查尔斯韦斯利，儿子的圣公会大学校长和他的妻子， susannah 。 A friend and Oxford classmate of the Wesleys, George Whitefield, was also instrumental in forming the Holy Club (c. 1725), which stressed "inward religion, the religion of the heart."朋友和牛津大学的同班同学的wesleys ，乔治Whitefield的，还帮助组建圣地俱乐部（长17时25分） ，其中强调， "外来宗教的自由，宗教的心" 。 These awakenings coupled with the club's insistence on exacting discipline in scholastic as well as spiritual matters earned its members the jeering title of "Methodists" by 1729.这些awakenings再加上俱乐部的坚持严格的纪律，在学校以及属灵的事情上赢得了大家嘲笑的标题： "循道" ， 1729 。
In 1735 the Wesleys sailed to America as missionaries, but not before John, a somewhat troubled young Anglican priest, noted: "My chief motive is the hope of saving my own soul."在1735年该wesleys驶往美国的传教士，不过在此之前，约翰，有点困扰，年轻的英国圣公会牧师，指出： "我国的行政动机，是希望挽救我自己的灵魂" 。 In the spring of 1738 John Wesley returned to England filled with a troubled sense of failure.在春季的1738年约翰韦斯利回到英格兰充满了一种不安感，失败的。 He was attracted to the piety and feelings of inward assurance so notably evidenced among the Moravians.他被吸引到了孝道和感受外来保证，所以特别是明证之一moravians 。 Wesley knew this was lacking in his own life despite his outward discipline.韦斯利知道这是缺乏珍惜自己的生命，尽管他的外向纪律。 He saw himself failing to bear fruits of "inward holiness."他看到自己未能开花结果的"外来成圣" 。 Convinced of the necessity for faith and the inner witness, Wesley passed through a torturous spring, fearing that at the advanced age of thirty five both life and God were passing him by.深信有必要为信仰和党内证人，韦斯利走过曲折的春天，他们担心在先进年龄35无论生活和上帝路过他的。
Unwillingly, he writes later, he was persuaded to attend a Bible study meeting on May 24, 1738, in Aldersgate Street, where an unknown layman was expounding on Luther's commentary on Romans.情愿，他写道，他后来被说服参加一个圣经学习会议上， 1738年5月24日，在aldersgate街，那里是一个未知的门外汉，是阐述路德的评入乡随俗。 There, Wesley writes, "I felt my heart strangley warmed. I felt I did trust Christ, Christ alone for salvation; and an assurance was given me that He had taken away my sins."在那里，韦斯利写道， "我觉得我的心strangley回暖，我觉得我确实相信基督，基督是不够的救赎;保证给我说，他拿走我的罪过" 。 The Aldersgate experience, definitely a turning point in Wesley's life, was not so much an outright conversion experience of the type that came to be associated with the revival movements of England and America as it was a firm receiving of assurance of this priest's own salvation.该aldersgate经验，绝对是一个转折点，韦斯利的生活，就没有那么多彻头彻尾转换的经验，该类型来被认为是与复兴运动的英格兰和美国，因为这是一个坚定的接收保证本祭司自己的救赎。 Aldersgate was what Wesley needed. aldersgate是什么韦斯利需要。
By 1739 the distinct and aggressively evangelistic and highly disciplined Methodist movement spread like wildfire through field preaching, lay preaching, bands, and societies.由1739年的独特和积极的福音和高度纪律循道卫理运动的蔓延，像野火一样通过实地传道，奠定说教，乐队，和社会作出贡献。 The "Rules of Bands" demanded a highly disciplined life, an exacting schedule of meetings in which the society members were expected to share intimate details of their daily lives, to confess their sins to one another, to pray for each other, and to exhort members of the class toward inner holiness and good works. "规则的乐队"的要求，高度纪律的生活，是一个艰辛的会议日程，其中社会成员可望分享亲密的详细介绍他们的日常生活中，供认自己的罪孽给对方，祈求对方，并为了告诫成员阶级对党内成圣和好的作品。 The enthusiasm of the revivals came under the control of the bands or societies.热情的复苏来控制之下的乐队或社团。 The weekly prayer meetings; the use of an itinerary system of traveling preachers; the annual conferences; the establishment of chapels; the prolific outpouring of tracts, letters, sermons, and hymns; and the general superintendency of John Wesley became the hallmark of what emerged as a worldwide Methodist movement.每周祈祷会;使用一个行程系统的旅行传教士;年度会议;设立教堂;多产流露的传单，信件，布道，和圣诗及一般监管局约翰韦斯利成了标志，出现了什么作为一个世界性的循道卫理运动。
Beginning with Church of England congregations banning John Wesley from their pulpits in 1738, before Aldersgate, tensions with the Established Church were inevitable and eventually disruptive.首先是英国教会的教友禁止约翰韦斯利从他们pulpits在1738年之前， aldersgate ，紧张与既定教会是不可避免的，并最终造成干扰。 Wesley's penchant for organization and discipline likely hastened the series of breaks that gave the people called Methodists their several denominations.韦斯利的嗜好组织纪律观念可能催生出一系列的休息，这给人们称为卫理他们几个教派。
As the revivalistic awakening came to include Methodism, work extended from England to Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, where a Calvinistically oriented minority formally established themselves in 1764.作为revivalistic觉醒来包括methodism ，延长工作从英格兰，爱尔兰，苏格兰和威尔士的地方， calvinistically面向少数民族正式成立了自己在1764年。 Soon lay preachers were active in America, establishing circuits along the midAtlantic states under the supervision of Francis Asbury, sent by Wesley in 1771.尽快打下传教士们积极在美国，建立集成电路沿midatlantic国的监督下，弗朗西斯asbury ，派出由韦斯利于1771年。 In 1744 a conference was held in London and standards for doctrine, liturgy and discipline were adopted.在1744年举行了一次会议，在伦敦和标准的学说，教会礼仪和纪律获得通过。 The Wesleys maintained their personal ties (ordination) and devotion to the Church of England with its emphasis on the sacraments and its antipopery views.该wesleys保持自己的人脉关系（协调）和献身英国教会，其重点是圣礼和其antipopery意见。 Episcopal in its organization, the Methodist Connexion was autocratically controlled by John Wesley.主教在其组织，循道卫理方面是独裁控制的约翰韦斯利。
By 1784 Wesley concluded that no one individual would be a suitable successor.由追溯到1784年韦斯利得出结论认为，没有任何一个单独的将是一个合适的继任者。 He therefore moved to record a "Deed of Declaration" in which he declared a group of one hundred of his most able leaders (the "Legal Hundred") his legal successor.因此，他提出，以创纪录的"契约宣言" ，其中他宣布一组100的，他最能领导（所谓"法律百" ）表示，他的合法继承者。 This established that Methodist societies were now duly constituted as legal entities, conceived of as ecclesicla in ecclesia but formally separate entities from the Church of England.这确立循道卫理社团人，现在正式组成的法律实体，构想作为ecclesicla在Ecclesia的，但正式单独的实体，从英国教会。 This also established the Annual Conference as the primary authority in the Methodist system.这也确立了届年会成为该公司的主要权力机构在循道卫理制度。
In September of that same year Wesley yielded to American pressure to have his preachers administer the sacraments by ordaining two lay helpers as elders and Thomas Coke as general superintendent without consulting with his conference.在9月的同一年，韦斯利屈服于美国的压力，让他的布道者管理圣礼由ordaining两名业外人士助理作为长辈和托马斯焦炭作为一般警没有征询他的招待会。 He was persuaded to this act by Peter King's Account of the Primitive Church (1691) that presbyters held the same spiritual authority as bishops to ordain in the early church and by the Bishop of London's refusal in 1780 to ordain any of Methodism's preachers in America.他说服了这个法案是由彼得国王的帐的原始教会（ 1691 ）表示，众长老持相同的精神权威的主教，以阿拉维在早期教会和主教的伦敦，拒绝在1780年向阿拉维任何methodism的传教士在美国。 The three newly ordained men were dispatched to build up the full work of Methodism in America.三位新受戒官兵被派往建立起充分的工作methodism在美国。 At the Christmas Conference in Baltimore in 1784 Coke ordained Asbury, and the Methodist Episcopal Church was organized.在圣诞节会议在巴尔的摩可以追溯到1784年焦炭受戒asbury ，和卫理公会主办。 Coke and Asbury were elected general superintendents. A Sunday Service based on the Book of Common Prayer and Twenty five Articles of Religion abridged by Wesley from the Thirty nine Articles were adopted by the new denomination.焦炭和asbury当选为总警司， 一个周日服务的基础上，本书的共同祈祷和25条宗教缩写，由韦斯利从39条被采纳新的面额。
Continuing his work among the various societies, Wesley ordained a number of presbyters in Scotland and England, and for the mission field.继续他的工作中的各种社团，韦斯利受戒的一些长老在苏格兰和英格兰，并为团场。 Unlike Methodism in America, no formal separation was consummated in England until after Wesley's death in 1791.不像methodism在美国，并没有正式的分离是委托英国后，才韦斯利的死亡1791年。 A conciliar effort by the Church of England in 1793 prompted a formal "Plan of Pacification" in 1795. 1 conciliar努力，由英国教会在1793年促使一个正式的"规划安抚" ，在1795年。 But final separation occurred in 1797, as the Rubicon had been crossed in 1784, and the formal organization of Methodism was well under way by the beginning of the nineteenth century.但最后的分离发生在1797 ，由于卢比孔河已经跨过可以追溯到1784年，并正式组织的methodism正在顺利进行，由19世纪初叶。
In England a number of Methodist bodies splintered from the main Methodism movement.在英国的一些循道卫理机构分散，从主要methodism运动。 The Ecumenical Methodist Conferences formalized a renewed conciliar spirit.基督教卫理会议正式重新conciliar精神。 From 1907 to 1933 various groups united to become part of the Methodist Church.从1907年至1933年各团体团结起来，成为部分循道卫理联合教会。 On July 8, 1969, a plan calling for merger of the Methodist and Anglican communions faced defeat at the hands of the Anglican Convocations where the concept of historic episcopacy as an office and not an order proved unacceptable.对1969年7月8日，一项计划，要求合并的循道卫理和英国圣公会communions面对败在手中圣公会convocations那里的概念，历史之故，作为办公室，而不是为了证明，是不能接受的。 In Canada the Methodist Church of Canada joined with the Presbyterian Church and selected Union Churches together with the Congregational Churches to form the United Church of Canada.在加拿大循道卫理教会的加拿大加入与长老教会和选定的联盟教堂连同堂教堂，以形成统一教会加拿大。
In the United States numerous Methodist - oriented bodies exists.在美国众多的循道卫理-面向机构存在。 Some came into being in disputes over doctrinal issues.一些应运而生，在纠纷的理论问题。 Others arose out of social concerns.别人也引发出社会问题。 The Wesleyan Methodist Church, organized in the 1840s, drew its inspiration from Orange Scott, a New Englander lacking formal education but committed to the Abolitionist movement.该卫斯理卫理公会，有组织的，在19世纪40年代，提请其灵感来自Orange斯科特，新englander缺乏正规教育，而要致力于废除死刑的运动。 The Methodist Protestant Church, opposing the episcopacy, separated in 1828.循道卫理新教教会，反对之故，分居在1828年。 By 1860 both doctrinal and social tensions were intense, and the Free Methodist Church was founded, largely under the inspiration of BT Roberts. 1860年，由这两个理论和社会紧张局势加剧，自由卫理公会成立时，主要是根据故事的灵感Bt基因罗伯茨。 In 1844 the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was formed over the slavery issue.在1844年的卫理公会，南，形成了奴隶制问题。
Other significant Methodist denominations in the United States are the African Methodist Episcopal (1816), the African Methodist Episcopal Zion (1820), and the Christian Methodist Episcopal (1870), all black, totaling more than 2.5 million members.其他重大循道面额的，在美国是非洲卫理主教（ 1816 ） ，非洲卫理主教锡安（ 1820 ） ，和基督教卫理主教（ 1870年） ，全黑色，共计超过250万成员。 The year 1939 brought the reunion of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, the Methodist Protestant Church, and the Methodist Episcopal Church to form The Methodist Church.今年， 1939年带来了团聚的卫理公会，南，循道卫理基督教教会及循道卫理圣公会形成循道卫理联合教会。
A group of German pietists under Jacob Albright were attracted to Methodism and in 1807 organized the Newly Formed Methodist Conference or the German Methodist Conference.一组德国虔诚根据雅各布奥尔布赖特被吸引到methodism ，并于1807年举办了新成立的循道卫理会议或德语循道卫理会议。 The English speaking Methodist lay preachers were unable to serve this German speaking immigrant group, so the Evangelical Association was formed in 1816.在以英语为母语的循道卫理奠定传教士无法服务于这个德语发言移民集团，使福音协会成立于1816年。 During this same period Phillip Otterbein, friend of Asbury, together with Martin Boehm founded the United Brethren in Christ among German speaking immigrants with its organizing General Conference in 1815.在同一期间内菲利普奥特伯恩，朋友asbury ，加上马丁boehm创立美国弟兄，在基督其中德国移民及其组织大会于1815年。 In 1946 these two German immigrant churches merged to form the Evangelical United Brethren (EUB) Church.在1946年，这两名德国移民教会合并组建为福音事工促进会联合兄弟（ eub ）教堂。 With its ethnic distinctiveness on the wane, and clearly Methodist in polity and theology, the EUB merged in 1968 with The Methodist Church to form The United Methodist Church.其民族独特性就减弱，并明确循道在政体和神学， eub合并，在1968年与卫理公会组成联合卫理公会。
Active in social concerns, Methodism has followed in the footsteps of the Wesleys and Richard Watson.活跃在社会的关注， methodism一直遵循的脚步，该wesleys和理查德沃森。 The theological mandate espoused in the 1908 Social Creed continues as a challenge to Methodists and other Christian fellowships in the struggle for social justice.神学主张的任务，在1908年的社会信条仍然是一个挑战，以卫理和其他基督教奖学金在争取社会公义。 In ecumenical circles G Bromley Oxnam (1891 - 1963) and Frank Mason North (1850 - 1935) were instrumental in developing the Federal and National Council of Churches.在基督教界克bromley oxnam （ 1891 -1 963年）和弗兰克梅森北（ 1 850- 19 35）分别在发展，联邦和民族教会理事会。 E Stanley Jones (1894 - 1973), evangelist extraordinary, was also instrumental in the worldwide ecumenical and evangelistic efforts of Methodism. e斯坦利琼斯（ 1894 -1 973） ，传道者不平凡的，也是在世界范围内基督教和福音的努力m ethodism。 Former EUB bishop Reuben H Mueller (1897 - 1982) and Glenn R Phillips (1894 - 1970) were principals in the formative days of the Consultation on Church Union.前eub主教reuben h穆勒（ 1897 -1 982年）和格伦r菲利普斯（ 1 894- 19 70）被校长形成几天的协商，对教会联盟。 John R Mott (1865 - 1955) figured prominently in the formation of the World Council of Churches, and Methodist Philip Potter is current general executive secretary of the council.约翰r的Mott （ 1865 -1 955）占有突出地位，在形成世界基督教协进会，循道卫理弘波特是目前一般行政理事会的秘书。 Within Methodism, the World Methodist Council meets at five year intervals and is composed of some fifty delegates representing some fifty million Methodists.内部methodism ，世界循道会会见在五年时间间隔和组成，约五十名代表出席了一些50000000循道。
Long distinguished by an emphasis on practical faith, Methodism and its various offshoots have sought to avoid a strict confessionalism.只要尊敬的是强调实践信念， methodism及其各个分支都设法规避严格的自白。 The addition of a new section to the 1972 Discipline, "Our Theological Task," which formalizes a posture of doctrinal pluralism that appeals to Wesley's sermon "Catholic Spirit", was an acknowledgment of the wide diversity of views within modern Methodism over the proper balance of Wesleyan orthodoxy and a theology of experience.加入一项新条文， 1972年的纪律， "我们的神学思想建设的任务" ，正式拉开架势的理论多元论，上诉到韦斯利的说教， "天主教精神" ，是一种认同的种种不同的看法与现代methodism超过了适当的平衡卫斯理的正统和神学的经验。
Concurrent with this development North American Methodism is undergoing the emergence of a neo Wesleyan theology associated with J Robert Nelson, Albert Outler, Robert Cushman, and Carl Michalson.并行与这一发展北美methodism正在出现一个新卫斯理神学的联系与J罗伯特纳尔逊，何俊仁outler ，罗伯特cushman ，和卡尔michalson 。 African Methodist Episcopal minister James Cone combines the insights of black theology with his Methodist heritage.非洲卫理主教部长詹姆斯锥相结合的见解黑色神学与他的循道卫理遗产。 John B Cobb, Jr, and Schubert M Ogden explore their Wesleyan theology from the perspective of process modes of thought.人John B科布，红外光谱，及舒伯特米奥格登探索其卫斯理从神学的角度过程中的思维方式。 Finally, the Methodist Federation for Social Action urges Methodism to retain its social conscience, and the Good News movement, an evangelically based Methodist renewalist group, seeks to call Methodism to its traditional Wesleyan theological heritage.最后，循道卫理联合会社会行动敦促methodism以保存其社会良知，好消息运动， evangelically基于循道renewalist组，其目的是号召methodism其传统卫斯理神学遗产。
PA Mickey坝米奇
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) （ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
FA Norwood, ed.,
Sourcebook of American Methodism; ES Bucke, ed., The History of American
Methodism; H Bett, The Spirit of Methodism; H Carter, The Methodist Heritage; WJ
Townsend, HB Workman, G Eayrs, eds., A New History of Methodism; CH Crookshank,
History of the Methodist Church in Ireland; G Smith, History of Wesleyan
Methodism; WF Swift, Methodism in Scotland; WW Sweet, Methodism in American
History; M Simpson, ed., Cyclopedia of Methodism; M Edwards, Methodism and
England; GG Findlay and W W Holdsworth, The History of the Wesleyan Methodist
Missionary Church; FF MacLeister, History of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of
America; R Chiles, Theological Transition in American Methodism; TA Langford,
Practical Divinity.发诺伍德版，原始资料的美国methodism ;中文bucke ，版，历史上美国methodism ;
h更好的，精神methodism ; h卡特，循道卫理遗产; WJ通信公司汤森，血红蛋白工人地下埃尔斯合编，一个新的历史methodism
;甲烷克鲁克香克，史卫理公会在爱尔兰的100史密斯，史卫斯理methodism ; WF号迅速， methodism在苏格兰;第一次世界大战甜，
methodism在美国历史;米辛普森版， cyclopedia的methodism ;米爱德华兹，
methodism和英格兰;千吨范达和W瓦特holdsworth ，历史的卫斯理循道卫理教会的传教;法郎macleister
，历史的卫斯理循道卫理教会的美国与r chiles ，神学过渡，在美国methodism ;电讯局长弗朗西斯，实用神。
A religious movement which was originated in 1739 by John Wesley in the Anglican Church, and subsequently gave rise to numerous separate denominations.是一个宗教运动，它是在1739年由约翰韦斯利在圣公会，并随后引起了许多独立的教派。
I. DOCTRINAL POSITION AND PECULIARITIES一，学说上的地位和特殊性
The fact that John Wesley and Methodism considered religion primarily as practical, not dogmatic, probably accounts for the absence of any formal Methodist creed.事实上，约翰韦斯利和methodism考虑宗教，主要是由于实际的，而不是教条式的，大概占了没有任何正式的循道卫理信条。 The "General Rules", issued by John and Charles Wesley on 1 May, 1743, stated the conditions of admission into the societies organized by them and known as the "United Societies". "一般规则" ，所发出的约翰和查尔斯韦斯利于1743年5月1日，申明的条件加入社团组织，他们被称为"美国社会" 。 They bear an almost exclusively practical character, and require no doctrinal test of the candidates.他们承担了一个几乎完全是实践品格，而且无需理论测试的候选人。 Methodism, however, developed its own theological system as expressed in two principal standards of orthodoxy. methodism ，但是，开发出了自己的神学体系表现在两个主要标准的正统。
The first is the "Twenty-five Articles" of religion.首先是" 25条"的宗教。 They are an abridgment and adaptation of the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, and form the only doctrinal standard strictly binding on American Methodists.它们是abridgment和改编了39条的英国教会，并形成唯一的教义标准严格约束美国卫理。 Twenty-four of these articles were prepared by John Wesley for the Church in America and adopted at the Conference of Baltimore in 1784. 2004年的这些物品是准备由约翰韦斯利对于教会在美国，并通过在这次会议上的巴尔的摩可以追溯到1784年。 The article which recognizes the political independence of the United States (Article XXIII) was added in 1804.文章承认政治独立的美国（第二十三条）的补充，在1804年。 The second standard is the first fifty-three of Wesley's published sermons and his "Notes on the New Testament".第二个标准是首个53的韦斯利公布的说教和他的"债券在新约全书" 。 These writings were imposed by him on the British Methodists in his "Deed of Declaration" and accepted by the "Legal Hundred".这些著作被强加给他的英国卫理在他的"契约宣言" ，并接受由"法律百" 。 The American Church, while not strictly bound to them, highly esteemed and extensively uses them.美国教堂，而没有严格的约束，他们高度评价和广泛的用途。
More fundamental for all Methodists than these standards are the inspired Scriptures, which are declared by them to be the sole and sufficient rule of belief and practice.更根本的，为所有循道超过这些标准，是激励着经文，这是他们所申报的，以成为唯一和足够的法治信仰和实践。 The dogmas of the Trinity and the Divinity of Jesus Christ are upheld.该教条的三位一体和神性的耶稣基督是坚持。 The universality of original sin and the consequent partial deterioration of human nature find their efficacious remedy in the universal distribution of grace.普遍性的原罪和相应局部恶化人性找到自己的有效的补救办法，在世界分布的恩典。 Man's free co-operation with this Divine gift is necessary for eternal salvation, which is offered to all, but may be freely rejected.人的自由合作事宜，共与这个神圣的礼物是必要的，为永恒的救赎，这是提供给所有的，但可以自由地拒绝了。 There is no room in Methodism for the rigorous doctrine of predestination as understood by Calvinism.有没有空间，在methodism为严格教义的宿命理解加尔文。 While the doctrine of justification by faith alone is taught, the performance of good works enjoined by God is commended, but the doctrine of works of supererogation is condemned.虽然该理论的因信称义，仅是教导，表现好的作品是受命于上帝，是赞扬，但该学说的作品supererogation是谴责。 Only two sacraments are admitted: Baptism and the Lord's Supper.只有两个圣礼都承认：洗礼和主的晚餐。 Baptism does not produce sanctifying grace in the soul, but strengthens its faith, and is the sign of a regeneration which has already taken place in the recipient.洗礼，并不会产生sanctifying恩典在灵魂的，但强化了其信仰，是签署一项再生已发生了收件人。 Its administration to infants is commanded because they are already members of the Kingdom of God.其政府向婴儿是指挥者，因为他们已经参加的神的国度。 The Eucharist is a memorial of the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ, who is not really present under the species of bread and wine, but is received in a spiritual manner by believers.圣体圣事是一个纪念的激情和死亡的耶稣基督，他是不是真的下，目前该品种的面包和酒，但收到的是一个精神的方式，由信众。 The sacrament is administered under both kinds to the laity.圣事是管理下的两种向俗人。 The "witness of the Spirit" to the soul of the individual believer and the consequent assurance of salvation are distinctive doctrines of Methodism. "证人的精神"的灵魂，个人的信奉者和相应的保证救恩是有明显区别的学说methodism 。 This assurance is a certainty of present pardon, not of final perseverance.这项保证是必然的，目前赦免，而不是最终的毅力。 It is experienced independently of the sacraments through the immediate testimony of the Holy Spirit, and does not preclude the possibility of future transgressions.这是经验丰富的独立的圣礼渡过当前的证词圣灵，不排除可能性，未来的越轨。 Transgressions of an involuntary character are also compatible with another characteristic doctrine of Methodism, that of perfection or complete sanctification.越轨的一个自愿性质还与另一个特点是中庸methodism ，完美的或完全成圣。 The Christian, it is maintained, may in this life reach a state of holiness which excludes all voluntary offence against God, but still admits of growth in grace.基督教，它是保持下去，可能这辈子达到一国的圣德是卸除所有自愿冒犯天主，但仍坦承增长的恩典。 It is therefore a state of perfectibility rather than of stationary perfection.因此，它是国家的完善，而不是静止的完善。 The invocation of saints and the veneration of relics and images are rejected.援引圣人和敬仰的遗物和图片都是拒绝。 While the existence of purgatory is denied in the Twenty-five Articles (Article XIV), an intermediate state of purification, for persons who never heard of Christ, is admitted today by some Methodists.虽然存在炼狱，是无可否认，在2005年的文章（第十四条） ，是一个中间状态的净化，为的人从未听说过基督的，是承认今天的一些卫。 In its work of conversion Methodism is aggressive and largely appeals to religious sentiment; camp-meetings and revivals are important forms of evangelization, at least in America.在其工作中的转化methodism具有侵略性，并在很大程度上呼吁宗教情操;难民营会议和复苏的重要形式的福传事业，至少在美国。 Among the practices which Wesley imposed upon his followers were the strict observance of the Lord's Day, the use of few words in buying and selling, and abstinence from all intoxicating drinks, from all purely worldly amusements and from costly apparel.其中做法韦斯利强加给他的追随者被严格遵守上帝的一天后，其使用的几句话，在买一卖，和禁欲都陶醉的饮品，从各个方面，纯粹世俗的娱乐和从昂贵的服装。 The church service which he prepared for them was an abridgment and modification of the Book of Common Prayer, but it never came into universal use, sentiment among Methodists being rather unfavourable to any set form of liturgy.教会服务，他愿意为他们是一个abridgment和修改这本书的共同祈祷，但它从未进入普及使用，情绪循道正颇为不利，以订定任何形式的礼拜仪式。 In America the ministry is divided into two orders; the deacons and the elders or presbyters; in Great Britain and her colonies only one order exists, the elders.在美国财政部是分为两个命令;执事和长老或长老，在英国和她的殖民地，只有一个秩序存在，长老们。 The name of bishop used in the episcopal bodies is a title of office, not of order; it expresses superiority to elders not in ordination, but in the exercise of administrative functions.姓名的主教在主教机构是一个所有权的办公室，而不是程序问题，它体现了优势，以长辈不顾，但在行使行政职能。 No Methodist denomination recognizes a difference of degree between episcopal and presbyterial ordination.没有循道卫理教派承认差别的程度之间的主教和presbyterial统筹。 A characteristic institution of Methodism are the love-feasts which recall the agape of Christian antiquity.一个特点，学会methodism是爱宴，其中记得爱德基督教古物。 In these gatherings of believers bread and water are handed round in token of brotherly union, and the time is devoted to singing and the relating of religious experiences.在这些聚会的信徒面包和水交给轮在象征性的兄弟联盟，时机和场合，是专门唱歌和有关的宗教体验。
II.二。 ORGANIZATION组织
Admission to full membership in the Methodist bodies was until recently usually granted only after the successful termination of a six months' probationary period.接纳正式成员的循道卫理机构，是直到最近，通常只批准后，顺利终止了为期6个月的试用期。 The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, has completely done away with this system.循道卫理圣公会，南，已经完全摆脱了这种系统。 Both probationers and full members are divided into small bands known as "classes".既感化和正式成员分为小乐队被称为"班" 。 These hold weekly meetings under the direction of the "class-leader".这些举行每周一次的会议上的指示下， "一流的领导者" 。 They secure for each member individual spiritual care and facilitate the collection of church funds.他们争取到每个成员的个人精神关怀和方便收集教会资金。 The financial contributions taken up by the class-leader are remitted to the "stewards" of the society, which is the next administrative unit.财政贡献，采取了由工人阶级领导的是汇给"董事"的社会，这将是未来的行政单位。 The "society" corresponds to the parish or local church in other denominations. "社会"的对应教区或地方教会在其他教派。 The appropriateness of the term will readily appear, if it be remembered that Methodism was originally a revival movement, and not a distinct denomination.是否恰当的任期将随时出现，如果它记住methodism本来是一个复兴运动，而不是一个独特的面额。 Several societies (or at times only one) form a "circuit".几个社团（或有时只有一个） ，形成"电路" 。 Among the officially recognized officers of this twofold division are: (1) the "exhorters", who are commissioned to hold meetings for exhortation and prayer; (2) the "local preachers", laymen who, without renouncing their secular avocation, are licensed to preach; (3) the "itinerant preachers", who devote themselves exclusively to the ministry.其中正式承认的人员的这种双重分工是： （ 1 ） " exhorters " ，他们是受委托召开会议嘱咐和祈祷; （ 2 ）条的规定， "地方布道者" ，是外行的人，没有放弃他们的世俗业余爱好，是领有牌照传教; （ 3 ） "巡回宣讲员" ，他们专门致力于财政部。 At the head of the circuit is the superintendent.在总的电路是警。 In some American Methodist branches the "circuit", in the sense described, does not exist.但在美国一些循道卫理党支部"电路" ，在某种意义上所描述，是不存在的。 But they maintain the division into "districts", and the authority over each of these is vested in a "presiding elder", or "district superintendent".但他们保持分设成"区" ，并有权超过上述各属于一个"老主持" ，或"区警司" 。 In the Methodist Episcopal Church his appointment is limited to a period not exceeding six years, and is in the hands of the bishop.在卫理公会他的任命是有限的，以期不超过6年，是在政府手中的主教。 The latter is the only church official who is named for life.后者是唯一的官方教会的人名字命名的生活。 The permanent character of his position is the more remarkable from the fact that "itinerancy" has from the very beginning been a distinctive feature of Methodism.常设性质的地位却显得格外出色，从一个事实： " itinerancy " ，从一开始就得到的一个显着特点methodism 。 This peculiarity denotes the missionary character of the Wesleyan movement, and calls for the frequent transfer of the ministers from one charge to another by the bishop or the stationing committee.这种特殊性是指传教性质的卫斯理运动，并呼吁为频繁转移的部长们从一个负责向另一名由主教或派驻委员会。 In the English Wesleyan Church ministers cannot be continued for more than three years in the same charge.在英语卫斯理教会部长不能继续三年以上在同一收费。 In the Methodist Episcopal Church the pastoral term, originally for one year in the same place, was successively extended to two years (1804), three years (1864), and five years (1888).在卫理公会牧区来说，原本为一年，在同一地点，先后被延长至两年（ 1804年） ，三年（ 1864 ） ，和五年（ 1888 ） 。 In 1900 all limit was removed.在1900年所有这些都限制已被取消。
The administrative authority is mainly exercised by a system of assemblies, called meetings or conferences.行政机关，主要是行使由一个系统的集会，呼吁会议或大会。 Among English Methodists they are: (1) "the quarterly meeting of the circuit", composed of all the ministers, local preachers, class-leaders, steward, Sunday-school superintendents of the circuit; (2) "the district meeting", consisting of all the ministers of the subordinate circuits, some lay delegates, and, for financial matters, the stewards and such officials; (3) the "Annual Conference", which in 1874 legally succeeded John Wesley in the direction of the Methodist movement and was originally composed of one hundred itinerant preachers (the Legal Hundred") At present it includes lay delegates and meets in two sections: (a) the "pastoral session", which settles pastoral and disciplinary questions, and from which laymen are excluded; (b) the "representative session" in which clergy and laity discuss financial affairs and external administrative questions. In the American Methodist Episcopal bodies the administrative system is organized as follows: (1) the "Quarterly Conference" similar in composition to the circuit-meeting. It controls the affairs of every individual church, and holds its deliberations under the direction of the "district superintendent" or his representative; (2) the "Annual Conference", at which several "districts" are represented by their itinerant preachers under the presidency of the bishop. It elects preachers, pronounces upon candidates for ordination, and enjoys disciplinary power; (3) the "Quadrennial General Conference", endowed with the highest legislative and judicial authority and the right of episcopal elections. In recent years the holding of Ecumenical Methodist conferences has been inaugurated. They are representative assemblies of the various Methodist denominations, but have no legislative authority. The first conference of this type convened in London in 1881, the second met in Washington in 1891, and the third again in London in 1901. Toronto, Canada, was to be the meeting place of the fourth conference in 1911.其中英语卫理，他们是： （ 1 ） "按季召开的电路"组成，所有的部长，地方的宣讲员，班主任领袖，斯图尔德，周日与学校督导员制度的电路; （ 2 ） "的区会议" ，构成的所有部长的下属线路，一些业外人士代表，并为财务事项，董事等官员; （ 3 ） "的年度会议" ，其中在1874年成功地在法律上约翰韦斯利在方向的循道卫理运动和原本组成的百巡回宣讲员（法律百" ） ，目前它包括打下代表和会见，在两个部分： （一） "的牧灵会议" ，解决了牧民和纪律问题，并从其中外行都排除在外; （二） "代表会议" ，在这教士和俗人讨论财经事务及对外行政问题，在美国循道卫理主教机构行政系统的组织结构如下： （ 1 ） "季刊大会" ，在类似的组成，以电路会议它控制的事务，每一个人教会，并认为其审议的领导下， "警区"或其代表（ 2 ） "的年度会议" ，在这几个"大区"是代表他们的巡回宣讲员下担任的主教由它选举产生的宣讲员，判决后，候选人排序，并享有惩戒权; （ 3 ）的"四年大会" ，它赋予最高的立法和司法权力和权利的主教选举，在近年举行普世循道卫理会议已宣誓就职，他们是代表大会的各项循道面额的，但没有法律依据。第一次会议这种类型的召开，在伦敦，在1881年，第二次在华盛顿举行会议，在1891年，第三次又在伦敦在1901年，多伦多，加拿大，是为了会场的第四次会议于1911年。
III.三。 HISTORY历史
(1) In the British Isles （ 1 ）在英伦三岛
The names of three ordained clergymen of the Anglican Church stand out prominently in the early history of the Methodist movement: John Wesley, its author and organizer, Charles Wesley, his brother, the hymn-writer, and George Whitefield, the eloquent preacher and revivalist.姓名三名受戒神职人员的圣公会站出来突出，在早期历史上的循道卫理运动：约翰韦斯利，其作者和组织者，查尔斯韦斯利，他的弟弟，圣歌-作家，和乔治Whitefield的，雄辩的布道者和复兴。 John and Charles Wesley were born at Epworth, Lincolnshire, the former on 17 June, 1703, and the latter on 18 December, 1707 (OS).约翰和查尔斯韦斯利分别出生于epworth ，林肯郡，前对1703年6月17日，而后者于1707年12月18日（ OS ）的。 In 1714 John entered the Charterhouse School in London, and in 1720 went to Oxford to continue his studies.在1714年约翰进入charterhouse学校在伦敦，并在17时20分前往牛津大学，继续他的研究工作。 He was ordained to the diaconate in 1725, and chosen fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, in the following year.他受戒向diaconate在17时25分，并选择研究员林肯学院，牛津，可以在下一年度。 His ordination on 22 September, 1728, was both preceded and followed by a period of ministerial activity in his father's parish at Epworth.他的排序就1728年9月22日，是双方之前和之后一个时期的部长级活动，在他父亲的教区在epworth 。 On his return to Oxford (22 November 1729) he joined the little band of students organized by his brother Charles for the purpose of studying the Scriptures, and practising their religious duties with greater fidelity.他返回牛津（ 1729年11月22日）他加入了小乐队的学生组织，他的弟弟查尔斯为目的的学习经文，并实行自己的宗教职责，有更大的保真度。 John became the leader of this group called in derision by fellow-students "the holy club", "the Methodists".约翰成为领导这个小组的要求，在揶揄由老乡学生"圣地俱乐部" ， "卫" 。 It is to this that Methodism owes its name, but not its existence.它是如此methodism欠它的名字，但没有它的存在。 When in 1735 the association disbanded, John and Charles Wesley proceeded to London where they received a call to repair as missionaries to the Colony of Georgia.当在1735年该协会被解散，约翰和查尔斯韦斯利接着前往伦敦，他们接到电话维修作为传教士，以殖民地的格鲁吉亚。 They sailed from Gravesend on 21 October, 1735, and on 5 February, 1736, landed at Savannah.他们的一艘由Gravesend于1735年10月21日，并于1736年2月5日，降落在萨凡纳。 The deep religious impression made upon John by some Moravian fellow-voyagers and a meeting with their bishop (Spangenberg) in Georgia were not without influence on Methodism.该深厚的宗教印象约翰后，由一些摩拉维亚老乡Voyagers公司和会议，与主教（施潘根贝格） ，在格鲁吉亚人不无影响methodism 。 Returning to England in 1738, whither his brother had preceded him, he openly declared that he who had tried to covert others was himself not yet converted.回到英格兰，在1738年，着他的哥哥曾在此之前他时，他公开宣称，他的人曾试图秘密别人是自己尚未转化。 In London he met another Moravian, Peter Boehler, attended the meetings of the Moravian Fetter Lance Society, and was converted (ie, obtained and experienced saving faith) on 24 May, 1738.在伦敦，他遇到另外摩拉维亚，彼得伯勒尔，出席会议的摩拉维亚束缚兰斯社会，并转换成（即获得和经验丰富的储蓄信仰） ，对1738年5月24日。 He then proceeded to Herrnhut in Saxony to make a study of the chief settlement of the Moravians.他接着以herrnhut在萨克森州，以作研究的首席解决这一moravians 。
In 1739 Wesley organized the first Methodist Society, laid the foundation of the first separate place of worship at Bristol, and also opened a chapel (The Foundry) in London.在1739韦斯利举办了首次循道卫理的社会，奠定了基础，首次单独礼拜场所，在布里斯托，还开设了一个小礼拜堂（代工）在伦敦。 As the pulpits of the Established Church were closed against the Wesleys and Whitefield, the latter took the decisive step of preaching in the open air in the colliery district of Kingswood near Bristol.作为pulpits所建立的教堂被关闭，对wesleys和Whitefield ，后者采取决定性步骤的说教，在露天进行，在煤矿区的嘉湖英国布里斯托附近。 His success was enormous, and the Wesleys almost immediately followed his example.他的成功是巨大的，和wesleys几乎紧接着他的榜样。 At the very inception of the Methodist movement an important doctrinal difference arose between Whitefield and John Wesley regarding predestination.在一开始的循道卫理运动的一个重要的理论差异之间出现了Whitefield和约翰韦斯利关于宿命。 The former held Calvinistic views, believing in limited election and salvation, while the latter emphasized the doctrine of universal redemption.前举行calvinistic的看法，认为在有限的选举和救赎，而后者则强调中庸普遍赎回权。 The difference in opinion placed a permanent characteristic doctrinal difference between Arminian Methodism and the Calvinistic Lady Huntingdon Connection.分歧意见放置一个永久的特征教义区别arminian methodism和calvinistic夫人亨廷顿连接。 Whitefield gave his support to the latter movement which owed it name to the protection and liberal financial assistance of the Countess of Huntingdon (1707-91). Whitefield的给予他支持，后者运动，其中欠它的名字，以保护和自由经济援助的countess亨廷顿（ 1707至1791年） 。 Although Wesley always intended to remain within the Church of England, circumstances gradually led him to give his evangelistic movement a separate organization.虽然韦斯利总是打算继续留在英国教会的情况下，逐步促使他给他的福音运动的一个独立的组织。 The exclusion of his followers from the sacraments by the Anglican clergy in 1740 overcame his hesitation to administer them in his own meeting-rooms.排除他的信徒由圣礼由圣公会神职人员在1740年克服了，他毫不犹豫地来管理这些在他自己的会议室。 The increase in the number of Societies led the following year to the institution of the lay preachers, who became an important factor in the success of the Methodist propaganda.人数的增加，社会的主导下一年该机构的裁员传教士，成为一个重要因素，在取得成功的循道卫理的宣传。 The year 1742 saw the creation of the "class" system, and two years later the first annual conference was held.今年1742认为，建立"一类"的制度，并在两年后的第一次年度会议召开。 Desirous of ensuring the perpetuation of his work, he legally constituted it his successor in 1784.切望确保延续他的工作，他在法律上构成了他的继任者可以追溯到1784年。 By a deed of declaration filed in the High Court of Chancery, he vested the right of appointing ministers and preachers in the conference composed of one hundred itinerant preachers.由契约宣言提出，在高等法院的chancery ，他的既得利益有权任命部长和传教士在会议组成的百巡回宣讲员。 This "Legal Hundred" enjoyed, in respect to the conference, the power of filling vacancies and of expelling unworthy members.这种"法律百"的丰硕成果，在尊重该会议中，电源的，填补空缺，并驱逐卑微的成员。 On the refusal of the Bishop of London to ordain two ministers and a superintendent for America, Wesley, convinced that bishop and presbyter enjoyed equal rights in the matter, performed the ordination himself (1784).对拒不主教伦敦阿拉维的两名部长和一名警司为美国，韦斯利，深信主教和presbyter享有平等的权利，在这一问题上履行自己作出（ 1784 ） 。
Important problems calling for solution arose immediately after Wesley's death.重要的问题，要求解决出现后，立即韦斯利的死因。 In the first place the want of his personal direction had to be supplied.摆在首位，本想他的个人方向都必须供应。 This was effected in 1791 by the division of the country into districts and the institution of the district committees with full disciplinary and administrative power under the jurisdiction of the conference.这是影响1791年，由该司在该国成为地区和机构的地区委员会，在充分的纪律和行政权力的管辖之下了会议。 As the administration of the sacraments by Methodist clergymen had not yet become the universal rule, the churches that did not enjoy this privilege insisted upon its concession.由于政府当局的圣礼，由循道卫理基督教广大教牧尚未成为普遍规则，教会认为，当年未享受这项特权，坚持要其让步。 The question was permanently settled by the "Plan of Pacification" in 1795.问题是永久定居的，由"计划的绥靖" ，在1795年。 It granted the right of administering the sacraments to all churches in which the majority of the trustees, stewards, and leaders pronounced in favour of such practice.它理所当然的权利管理圣礼所有教会当中，多数的受托人，董事等领导同志，突出赞成这种做法。 The insistent demand of Alexander Kilham (1762-98) and his followers for more extensive rights for the laity received a temporary and partly favourable answer at the important conference of Leeds in 1797.该坚持的要求，亚历山大基勒姆（ 1762至1798年）和他的追随者，为更广泛的权利，为俗人收到暂时和局部有利的答案，在这次重要的会议利兹在1797 。 Lay representation in the conference was, however, emphatically refused and Kilham seceded.奠定派代表参加会议，但是，强调拒绝，并基勒姆跟着退出。 Since 1878 they have been admitted as delegates. 1878年以来，他们已被接纳为代表。
The spread of liberal opinions was also at the bottom of several controversies, which were intensified by the dissatisfaction of some members with the preponderating influence of Dr. Jabez Bunting (1779-1858) in the denomination.传播的自由意见，又在底部的几次争论，而被激化，由不满的一些成员与preponderating影响叶文日Xiaobian鹀（ 1779至1858年）在面额。 The introduction of an organ in Brunswick Chapel at Leeds (1828) and the foundation of a theological school for the formation of young preachers (1834) were merely occasions which brought to a head the growing discontent with Bunting and the central authority.引进一种器官在布伦瑞克礼拜堂在利兹（ 1828 ）和基础神学学校成立青年传教者（ 1834年）只是其中的场合带至头部日益不满鹀和中央权威。 The controversies which resulted in these two cases were of but minor importance, when compared with the agitation of the years 1849-56.争议，而导致这两个案件的，但小规模的重要性，与激荡，多年的1849年至1856年。 This period of strife witnessed the circulation of the so-called "Fly-Sheets", directed against Bunting's personal rule, the expulsion of the persons responsible for their publication, and the loss of at least 100,000 members to the Wesleyan Methodist Connection.这一时期的内乱目睹流通的，所以所谓的"飞单" ，针对鹀的个人统治，驱逐负责人，为他们的出版物，以及失去至少10万名成员向卫斯理循道卫理方面。 Some of these affiliated with minor branches, but the majority was lost to Methodism.部分这些附属小分支，但多数是输给methodism 。 These controversies were followed by a period of more peaceful evolution extending to our own day.这些争议之后进行了一段更加和平演变延伸到我们自己的一天。 The increase in the number of theological seminaries among British Methodists has emphasized the distinction between clergy and laity and points to more complete internal organization.人数的增加，神学修道院中英卫强调区分神职人员及平信徒和点，以较完整的内部组织。 A fact which reveals a similar tendency is the institution of deaconesses.这一事实揭示了类似的趋势，是该机构的deaconesses 。 They were introduced in the Wesleyan Methodist Church in 1890.他们分别介绍了在卫斯理卫理公会于1890年。
(2) Methodism in the United States （ 2 ） methodism在美国
The history of Methodism in the United States does not date back to the visit of John and Charles Wesley to Georgia, but begins only in 1766.历史methodism在美国并不可追溯至访问的约翰和查尔斯韦斯利，以格鲁吉亚，而且开始只有1766年。 In that year Philip Embury, a local preacher, at the request of Mrs. Barbara Heck, delivered his first sermon in his own house at New York.在这一年弘恩伯里，当地的传道者的请求，于夫人芭芭拉heck ，发表了他的第一次讲道中，在自己的房子在纽约举行。 They had both come to America in 1760 from Ireland, whither their Palatine ancestors had fled from the devastating wars of Louis XIV.他们都来美国在1760年从爱尔兰，他们向何处去腭祖先逃离了毁灭性战争的路易十四。 Only four persons were present at the first sermon, but the number soon increased, especially after the arrival of Captain Thomas Webb, another local preacher.只有4人出席了第一次讲道中，但是数量增加很快，尤其是入住后队长托马斯韦伯，另一个地方的布道者。 The latter displayed a stirring zeal, and in 1768 the first Methodist chapel in America was dedicated.后者表现出一种震撼人心的热情，那么在1768年第一卫理教堂，在美国专门讨论。 Almost simultaneous with this introduction of Methodism into New York was its planting in Maryland.几乎同时发生的，这与引进methodism到纽约，其种植在美国马里兰州。 Webb introduced it in Philadelphia, and it spread to New Jersey and Virginia.韦伯介绍，它在费城，并蔓延至新泽西州和维吉尼亚州。 In 1769 Wesley, in response to repeated appeals for helpers, sent over two preachers, Joseph Pilmoor and Richard Boardman; others followed, among them Francis Asbury (1771) and Thomas Rankin (1772). 1769年韦斯利，为响应一再呼吁，为助理员，派遣了两名传教士，约瑟夫pilmoor和Richard Boardman同时，其他其次，其中弗朗西斯asbury （ 1771年）和托马斯伦肯（ 1772 ） 。 The first conference convened at Philadelphia in 1773, recognized the authority of John Wesley, and prohibited the administration of the sacraments by Methodist preachers.第一次会议召开，在费城1773年，公认的权威约翰韦斯利，并禁止政府当局的圣礼，由循道卫理的宣讲员。 The total membership reported was 1160.该会员总数据报道，这是第1160 。 An increase was recorded in the two succeeding conferences, also held at Philadelphia, in 1774 and 1775 respectively.录得升幅，在两次成功的会议，还举行了在费城，在1774年和1775年分别。 But the Revolution impeded the progress of Methodism.但革命阻碍进步的methodism 。 Owing to the nationality of most of its preachers and to the publication of Wesley's pamphlet against the independence of the colonies, it was looked upon as an English product and treated accordingly.由于国籍，其大部分的传教士，并出版韦斯利的小册子，反对独立的殖民地，它被看作为一个英语产品，并进行相应治疗。 When peace was restored, the need of a separate church organization made itself felt.当和平恢复，需要有一个独立的教会组织作出自己的感受。 Wesley now heeded Asbury's appeal for an independent ecclesiastical government and the administration of the sacraments by Methodist ministers.韦斯利现在听从asbury的呼吁，为一个独立的教会和政府当局的圣礼，由循道卫理部长。 In 1784 he ordained the preachers Whatcoat and Vasey as elders, and Dr. Thomas Coke as superintendent for America.可以追溯到1784年他受戒的讲道whatcoat和雀稗，作为长辈，博士和托马斯焦炭作为警为美国。
Coke arrived in New York on 3 November, 1784, and that same year what has become known as the Christmas conference was convened at Baltimore.焦炭抵达纽约1784年11月3日，并在同一年已经成为众所周知的，因为圣诞召开，会议在巴尔的摩。 From it dates the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church.从它的日期组织的卫理公会。 Wesley's plans and instructions were laid before this assembly, and his articles of faith and his liturgy adopted.韦斯利的部署和指示，乃在此之前，集会与他的文章的信仰和他的礼仪中通过。 As Asbury refused to be ordained without previous election he was unanimously chosen superintendent, a title for which, against Wesley's will, that of bishop was substituted in 1788.作为asbury拒绝被祝圣上次大选中，他被一致选定的警司，这个名称，其中，对韦斯利的意志为转移，即主教取代了在1788年。 The rapid increase of the denomination about this time is indicated by the membership of 66,000 reported to the conference of 1792.急速增加的面额大约在这个时候，是表示，由成员66000向会议报告了1792年。 The growth of the Church continued with the increase in population; but questions of expediency, race, and government caused secessions.生产总值的增长率相教会继续与人口的增加，但问题的权宜之计，种族，和政府造成secessions 。 The slavery agitation especially resulted in momentous consequences for the denomination.奴隶制激荡，尤其是造成重大后果的，为面值。 It began at a very early date, but reached a crisis only towards the middle of the nineteenth century.它开始在非常早的日期，但到了危机不仅对十九世纪中叶。 At the general conference held in New York in 1844, Bishop JO Andrew was suspended from the exercise of his office owing to his ownership of slaves.出席大会在纽约举行，在1844年，主教，然后安德鲁被暂停行使他的办公室，由于他拥有奴隶。 This decision met with the uncompromising opposition of the Southern delegates, but was just as staunchly upheld by its supporters.这一决定遭到了不妥协的反对南方代表，但只是作为坚守其支持者。 The withdrawal of the slave-holding states from the general body now appeared unavoidable, and a "Plan of Separation" was elaborated and accepted.撤回奴隶控股国从一般的身体，现在看来不可避免， "计划分离" ，是阐述和接受。 The Southern delegates held a convention at Louisville, Kentucky, in 1845, at which the "Methodist Episcopal Church, South" was formed.南方代表们进行了一项公约，在肯塔基州路易斯维尔，在1845年，在其中"卫理公会，南方"的形成。 The new organization, after a period of progress, suffered heavily during the Civil War.这个新组织的，经过一段时间的进展情况，遭受沉重内战期间。 Since then the relations between the Northern and Southern branches of Episcopal Methodism have assumed a very friendly character.自那时以来，两国关系的北部和南部分支主教methodism都摆出了非常友好的性格。 There is a large measure of co-operation particularly in the foreign mission field.现在有大量的措施，协调行动，特别是在外国使团场。 A joint commission on federation is in existence and in May, 1910, it recommended the creation of a federal council (ie, a joint court of last resort) to the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.一个联合委员会，对联邦，是在生存和今年5月， 1910年，它建议设立一个联邦委员会（即一个联合法庭的最后手段）向大会提交的卫理公会，南。
(3) Methodism in Other Countries （ 3 ） methodism在其他国家
(a) American （一）美国
The first apostle of Methodism in Newfoundland was Lawrence Coughlan, who began his work there in 1765.第一使徒的methodism在纽芬兰是劳伦斯coughlan ，他开始了他的工作，有1765年。 It was only in 1785, however, that the country received a regular preacher.它仅是在1785年，但是，该国政府是否接受定期的布道者。 The evangelization of Nova Scotia, where the first Methodists settled in 1771, was begun later (1781), but was carried on more systematically.在福传事业的新斯科舍，那里的第一卫理解决，在1771年开始实施之后（ 1781 ） ，而且进行了较系统地进行。 In the year 1786 a provincial conference was held in Halifax.在1786年的省举行这次会议是在新斯科舍省。 In spite of their early relations with American Methodism, Newfoundland and the eastern provinces of Canada were after 1799 supplied with preachers from England, and came under English jurisdiction.尽管他们早日与美国methodism ，纽芬兰和东部省份的加拿大分别为1799年之后供应的传教士从英国，并于下英语管辖权。 In 1855 they were constituted a separate conference, the Wesleyan Methodist Conference of Eastern British America.在1855年，他们构成了一个单独的会议中，卫斯理循道卫理会议东区英国，美国。 The Provinces of Ontario and Quebec received Methodism at an early date from the United States.省，安大略省和魁北克省methodism收到早日在一个来自美国。 Philip Embury and Barbara Heck moved to Montreal in 1774, and William Losee was in 1790 appointed preacher to these provinces by the New York Conference.弘恩伯里和芭芭拉heck搬到蒙特利尔，在1774年，威廉losee于1790年获委任为布道者这些省份由设在纽约的会议。 The War of 1812-14 interrupted the work undertaken by the Methodist Episcopal Church in this section.战后的1812年至1814年中断的工作，由卫理公会在这一节。 The settlement of numerous English Methodists in these provinces after the restoration of peace brought about difficulties respecting allegiance and jurisdiction between the English and American branches.解决众多英语循道在这些省份后，恢复该国的和平所带来的困难，尊重效忠和管辖权之间的英语和美国分行。 The result was that the Methodists Episcopal Church organized its congregations into a separate conference in 1824, and two years later granted them complete independence.其结果是，该卫理圣公会组织的毕业典礼成为一个单独的会议，在1824年，两年后给予他们完全的独立性。 Immigration also brought members of the minor Methodist bodies to Canada: The Wesleyan New Connection, the Bible Christians, and the Primitive Methodists.入境事务处也带来了大家的未成年人的循道卫理机构，以加拿大：卫斯理新的连接，圣经的基督徒，与原始卫理。 But in 1874 the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Wesleyan New Connection combined.但在1874年该卫斯理循道卫理教会和卫斯理新连接的总和。 The other separate bodies joined the union a little later (1883-4), thus forming the "Methodist Church of Canada", which includes all the white congregations of the Dominion.其他独立机构加入联盟有点迟（ 1883-4 ） ，从而形成"循道卫理教会的加拿大" ，其中包括了所有的白人教会的统治。 The "British Methodist Episcopal Church", which still maintains a separate existence, has only coloured membership. "英国卫理公会" ，即仍然保持着一个单独的存在，只是颜色会籍。 It was formerly a part of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and gained complete independence in 1864.它的前身是一部分非洲卫理公会，并获得完全独立于1864年。 Bermuda, where George Whitefield preached in 1748 and J. Stephenson appeared as first regular preacher in 1799, forms at present a district of the Methodist Church of Canada.百慕大，而乔治Whitefield的鼓吹，在1748年及J斯蒂芬森出现第一次定期的布道者在1799年形式，目前有一区的循道卫理教会的加拿大。 South American was entered in 1835, when the Rev. FE Pitts visited Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Ayres, and other places, and organized several societies.南美是进入1835年，当牧师铁皮茨访问了里约热内卢，布宜诺斯艾利斯艾培德等地，并举办了数个社团。 The special South American Conference was established in 1893, and supplemented in 1897 by the Western South American Mission Conference.特别南美会议成立于1893年，并补充了1897年由西方南美团会议。 Missionary work was inaugurated in Mexico in 1873 by William Butler.传教工作创刊于墨西哥，在1873年由威廉巴特勒。
(b) European （二）欧洲
Methodism was introduced into France in 1790, but it has never succeeded in getting a strong foothold there. methodism是引进法国， 1790年，却从来没有成功地得到了一个强有力的立足点。 In 1852 France was constituted a separate conference affiliated to British Methodism. 1852年法国是构成一个单独的会议隶属于英国methodism 。 In 1907 the American Church organized a mission there.在1907年，美国教会组织了一个代表团。 From France Methodism spread to Italy in 1852.由法国methodism蔓延到意大利在1852年。 Some years later (1861) two missionaries, Green and Piggot, were sent from England to Florence and founded several stations in Northern Italy.一些年后（ 1861年）两个传教士，绿色和皮戈特，被送往从英国到佛罗伦萨创立了几站，在意大利北部。 The Methodist Episcopal Church started a missionary enterprise in Italy in 1871, but has never attained great success.循道卫理圣公会开始传教企业在意大利在1871年，但从来没有取得巨大的成功。 The first Methodist missionary to Germany was G. Mueller.第一卫理宣教士到德国是g.米勒。 He started his preaching in 1830 and gained some adherents mainly in Wurttemberg.他开始了他的说教，在1830年，并取得了一些信徒们主要是在符腾堡州。 Methodist missions are maintained also in Switzerland, Scandinavia, Russia, Bulgaria, Spain, and Portugal.循道卫理任务是保持亦在瑞士，斯堪的那维亚，俄罗斯，保加利亚，西班牙和葡萄牙。
(c) Australasian, Asiatic and African （三）澳大利亚，亚洲和非洲
Methodism has had considerable success in Australasia. methodism产生了相当大的成功，在澳大利西亚。 It appeared at an early date, not only on the Australian continent but also in some of the South Sea Islands.它出现在早日实现，而不是只对澳洲大陆，而且在一些南海群岛。 The first class was formed in Sydney in 1812, and the first missionary in the country was S. Leigh.第一类是成立于悉尼在1812 ，和第一次传教，在该国的美国的速度增长。 Methodism spread to Tasmania in 1820, to Tonga in 1822, to New Zealand in 1823, and in 1835 Cargill and Cross began their evangelistic work in the Fiji Islands. methodism蔓延到塔斯马尼亚州在1820年，汤加1822年，新西兰在1823年，并于1835年嘉吉公司和跨开始其传教工作，在太平洋岛国斐济。 In 1854 Australian Methodism was formed into an affiliated conference of England, and in 1876 became independent.在1854年澳大利亚methodism是形成了一个附属会议的英格兰，并在1876年成为独立的。 The foundation of the first Methodist missions in Asia (1814) was due to the initiative of Thomas Coke.该基金会的第一卫理任务，在亚洲（ 1814年）是由于主动的托马斯焦炭。 Embarking on 30 December, 1813, at the head of a band of six missionaries, he died on the voyage, but the undertaking succeeded.走出了1813年12月30日，在头一个带6个传教士，他的去世对航程，但事业的成功。 The representatives of English Methodism were joined in 1856 by William Butler of the Methodist Episcopal Church.代表英语methodism一起于1856年由威廉巴特勒的卫理公会。 In 1847 this same Church sent JD Collins, MC White, and RS Maclay to China.在1847年，这同样会发出联合声明柯林斯，管委会白色，和RS maclay中国。 Stations have also been founded in the Philippine Islands and in Japan, where the Methodist Church of Japan was organized in 1907.车站还成立于菲律宾群岛，并在日本，循道卫理教会的日本举办了1907年。
George Warren left England for Sierra Leone in 1811.乔治华伦离开英格兰，为塞拉利昂提供1811 。 The American Church entered the field in 1833.美国圣公会进入场1833年。 South Africa, where Methodism is particularly well represented, was erected in 1882 into an affiliated conference of the English Wesleyan Church.南部非洲，那里的methodism是特别好代表，是建于1882年成为一个附属会议的英语卫斯理教堂。
IV.四。 OTHER METHODIST BODIES其他循道卫理机构
Secessions from the main bodies of Methodism followed almost immediately upon Wesley's death. secessions从主体methodism紧接着后，韦斯利的死因。 The following originated in England:以下发源于英格兰：
The Methodist New Connection was founded at Leeds in 1797 by Alexander Kilham (1762-98); hence its members are also known as "Kilhamites".循道卫理新的连接创建于利兹在1797由Alexander基勒姆（ 1762至1798年） ，因此其成员也被称为" kilhamites " 。 It was the first organized secession from the main body of English Methodism, and started its separate existence with 5000 members.这是第一次有组织脱离主体的英语methodism ，并开始单独存在与现有会员5000家。 Its foundation was occasioned by the conference's refusal to grant laymen the extensive rights in church government claimed for them by Kilham.其基础是由裁谈会的拒绝给予外行了广泛的权利，在教会政府宣称，他们所基勒姆。 The sect never acquired any considerable importance.该教派从来没有获得任何有相当的重要性。
The Primitive Methodists, who met with greater success than the New Connextion, were organized in 1810.原始卫理，谁见了更大的成功，而非新connextion ，举办了1810年。 Camp-meetings had been introduced into England from America, but in 1807 the conference pronounced against them.在难民营的会议已被引入英格兰分别来自美国，但1807年裁谈会宣判对付他们。 Two local preachers, Hugh Bourne and William Clowes, disregarding this decision, publicly advocated the holding of such meetings and were expelled.两名当地传教士，休看起来和威廉clowes ，无视这一决定，公然鼓吹举行这样的会议和被驱逐。 They then established this new body, characterized by the preponderating influence it grants laymen in church government, the admission of women to the pulpit, and great simplicity in ecclesiastical and private life.然后，他们建立了这一新的机构，其特点是由preponderating影响它的赠款是外行，在教会政府，对妇女讲坛，伟大的简易性，在教会和私人生活。 According to the "Methodist Year-book" (1910) it has 219,343 members.要按照"循道一年书" （ 1910 ）有219343成员。 The Irish Primitive Wesleyan Methodists must not be confounded with the "Primitive Methodists" just spoken of.爱尔兰的原始卫斯理卫理不容混淆与"原始卫理" ，刚才发言的。 The former were founded in 1816 by Adam Averell, and in 1878 again united with the Wesleyan Methodists.前者是成立于1816年，由亚当averell ，而在1878年，美国再次与卫斯理循道。
The Bible Christians, also called Bryanites from the name of their founder William O'Bryan, were organized as a separate sect in Cornwall in 1816.圣经的基督徒，也称为bryan