Lutheranism is the branch of Protestantism that generally follows the teachings of the 16th century reformer Martin Luther.路德教是分行的基督新教，一般遵循的遗训16世纪的改革家马丁路德。 The Lutheran movement diffused after 1517 from Saxony through many other German territories into Scandinavia.路德运动扩散后， 1517份来自萨克森州通过其他许多德国领土上到斯堪的纳维亚半岛。 In the 18th century it spread to America and, thereafter, into many nations of the world, and it has come to number more than 70 million adherents.在十八世纪传入美国，此后，为许多世界民族之林，而且已经到了人数7000多万附和。 As such, it lays claim to being the largest non Roman Catholic body in the Western Christian church.因此，它规定了索赔，以作为世界上最大的非罗马天主教团体在西方的基督教教堂。
Lutheranism appeared in Europe after a century of reformist stirrings in Italy under Girolamo Savonarola, in Bohemia under John Huss, and in England under the Lollards.路德教出现在欧洲一个世纪之后的改革派stirrings在意大利下girolamo savonarola ，在波西米亚根据约翰胡斯进行，并在英国下lollards 。 The personal experience of the troubled monk Luther gave shape to many of the original impulses of the Protestant Reformation and colors Lutheranism to the present.亲身经历了多事之秋和尚路德从而形成了许多原始的冲动的新教改革和颜色路德教到现在。 Like many people of conscience in his day, Luther was disturbed by immorality and corruption in the Roman Catholic church, but he concentrated more on reform of what he thought was corrupt teaching.像许多人的良心，他在一天，路德感到不安的不道德和腐败现象在罗马天主教会，但他更集中于改革，他的想法是腐败的教学。 After he experienced what he believed to be the stirrings of Grace, he proclaimed a message of divine promise and denounced the human merits through which, he feared, most Catholics thought they were earning the favor of God.之后，他经历了什么，他相信被stirrings的恩典，他宣布了一项讯息的神圣诺言，并谴责人类的优点，通过它，他担心，大多数天主教徒认为他们赢得了上帝的恩赐。
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The Lutheran movement gained popularity quickly in Germany at a time of rising nationalism among people who resented sending their wealth to Rome.路德运动普及很快，在德国举行的时候，民族主义上升当中的人反感，将自己的财富去罗马。 The early Lutherans were strongly based in the universities and used their learning to spread the faith among an international community of scholars.早期lutherans强烈设在大学，用他们的学习，以传播信仰之间的国际学者。 By 1530 they were formulating their own Confessions of Faith and proceeding independently amid the non Lutheran reform parties that proliferated across most of northern Europe.由15时30分，他们分别制定自己的供述中的信仰和独立诉讼中，非路德改革各方繁衍全国最北部的欧洲。 By 1580 and through the next century, these confessions became increasingly rigid scholastic expressions, designed to define the church in formal terms. Ever since, Lutheranism has been known as a doctrinal and even dogmatic church.由1580年，并通过了下个世纪，这些供词成为日益僵化的学业表现形式，旨在确定教堂正式条款。 此后，在路德教已被称为是一种学理上的，甚至教条式的教堂。
Lutheranism did not and could not live only by the teaching of its professors.路德教没有也不可能只生活所教学的教授。 In the late 17th century its more gentle side, which grew out of the piety of Luther, appeared in the form of a movement called Pietism.在晚17世纪它更温柔的一面，它的前身是对虔诚的路德，的形式出现，一个运动，所谓pietism 。 Nominally orthodox in belief and practice, the Pietists stressed Bible reading, circles of prayer and devotion, and the works of love.名义上和东正教信仰与实践，虔诚强调圣经读，圈子的祈祷和奉献精神，以及作品的热爱。 This pietism was somewhat unstable; in its downgrading of doctrine it helped prepare Lutherans for the age of Enlightenment, when many leaders and some of the faithful turned to rationalism.这pietism有点不稳，在降级的学说，它对于准备lutherans为启蒙时代的时候，许多领导和部分忠实转向理性主义。 Subsequently, theology under Lutheran influence has often taken on a radical character, especially in Germany.后来，神学根据路德的影响，往往采取激进的性格，尤其是在德国。 As a result, there is often a considerable gap between intellectual expressions of Lutheranism and the liturgy and preaching of its congregations.因此，经常存在着相当大的差距之间的智力表现路德教和礼仪，并鼓吹其毕业典礼。
From the beginning, Lutheranism had to wrestle with the problem of its relation to civil authorities.从一开始，路德教不得不角力与问题，它关系到民事当局。 Although Luther was a rebel against papal teaching, he was docile about reforming the civil order and rejected radical revolts by the peasants (Peasants' War).虽然路德是一个反抗教皇教学中，他被驯服，对改革民事秩序和拒绝激进反抗，由农民（农民战争） 。 Fearing anarchy more than authoritarianism, the Lutherans gravitated to biblical teachings that stressed the authority of the state more than the civil freedom of its citizens.不怕无政府状态以上的威权， lutherans gravitated以圣经的教义，它强调了国家的权力，比民间的自由，它的公民。 Most of them were content not to separate church and state, and in the Peace of Augsburg (1555) approved the principle that the ruler determined the faith of the ruled.他们大多是内容不分开教会与国家，在和平的奥格斯堡（ 1555 ）核定的原则是：统治者决定了信仰的统治。 Later Lutherans have enthusiastically embraced republican and democratic government as applications of the principle that God is active in different ways through the two realms of civil and churchly authority.后来lutherans热情拥抱的共和党政府和民主党政府作为应用的原则，即上帝是活跃在以不同的方式，通过这两个领域的民事及churchly权威。 Many German Lutherans were silent or cooperative, however, when the Nazi regime took over the church; only the Confessing Church, led by Martin Niemoller, opposed the regime outright.许多德国lutherans保持沉默或合作的，但是，当纳粹政权接管了教堂，只有承认的教会，带领马丁尼默勒，反对该政权买断。
Lutherans have been more ready than many other Christians to see the permanence of evil in the powers of the created and fallen world, that is, the world under the influence of sin. lutherans已准备就绪，更比其他许多基督徒看到耐久性邪恶的，在权力范围，创造了大跟头世界，那就是，世界的影响下单。 Consequently, they have put more of their energies into works of welfare and charity - into orphanages, hospitals, and deaconesses' movements - than into social schemes to transform the world.因此，他们把更多的精力到工程的社会福利和慈善-到孤儿院，医院，并d eaconesses'运动-比纳入社会计划，以改造世界。
In Europe most Lutheran churches are episcopal, that is, ruled by bishops, and the churches of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden are established.在欧洲最路德教会主教，也就是统治的主教，和教会的丹麦，芬兰，冰岛，挪威和瑞典都成立。 In North America and elsewhere Lutherans prefer congregational and synodical forms of government, in which local churches link together for common purposes.在北美和其他地区的lutherans宁愿堂和synodical形式的政府，在这种地方教会联系在一起，为共同的目的。 In the United States, Lutherans have united in three main bodies: the Lutheran Church in America (membership, 2.9 million), the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (2.6 million), and the American Lutheran Church (2.3 million).在美国， lutherans曾在美国三个主要机构：路德教会在美国（会员2.9万美元） ，路德教会-密苏里州主教（ 2 .6万美元） ，和美国路德教会（ 2 .3万美元） 。 The American Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church in America, and a third group, The Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, united in 1987 to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America.美国路德教会，路德教会，在美国，第三组，该协会的基督教香港信义教会，联合国在1987年成立了基督教香港信义会的报道。
Lutheranism is generally friendly to the Ecumenical Movement, and with some exceptions, Lutheran churches have participated in worldwide gatherings of Christians across confessional and denominational boundaries. Lutherans consider themselves to be both evangelical and catholic because they have points in common with the other Protestant churches on the one hand, and with Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Anglican Christians on the other. In the ecumenical age, however, they have kept a very distinct identity through their general loyalty to the teachings of 16th century Lutheranism.路德教是一般的友好，向基督信仰合一运动，并有一些例外，路德会教堂参加聚会，世界各地的基督徒跨教派和教会的界限。 lutherans认为自己既是福音派和天主教的，因为他们有共同点，与其他基督教一方面，并与东正教，罗马天主教和圣公会教徒对其他在合一的年龄，不过，他们都保持了非常独特的身份，通过他们的一般忠诚的教诲， 16世纪的路德教。
Martin E Marty马丁e马蒂
Bibliography
参考书目
ET / M Bachmann,
Lutheran Churches in the World: A Handbook (1989); C Bergendoff, The Church of
the Lutheran Reformation (1967); E Lueker, ed., Lutheran Cyclopedia
(1987).内皮素/米巴赫曼，路德教会在世界上：一本手册（ 1989条） ， c伯根多夫，教会的路德改革（ 1967 ） ;电子lueker
，教育署，香港信义cyclopedia （ 1987 ） 。
This term, or "Lutheranism," is employed to refer to the doctrine and practices authoritative in the Lutheran Churches and as a broad term for those churches throughout the world in general.这个名词，即"路德教" ，是用来指理论和实践的权威，在路德教会和作为一个广义的名词，对于那些教会整个世界一般。 The name "Lutheran" was not self chosen but was initially applied by the enemies of Martin Luther in the early 1520s.命名为"路德派" ，并不是自我选择的，但最初是适用的敌人马丁路德在1520年代初。 Only when he felt that the identification was understood to mean recognition of the truth of his teaching did Luther suggest, "If you are convinced that Luther's teaching is in accord with the Gospel,...then you should not discard Luther so completely, lest with him you discard also his teaching, which you nevertheless recognize as Christ's teaching."只有当他认为这个鉴定的理解，就是承认真理，他的教学路德建议， "如果你确信路德的教学是符合福音， … …那么，你不应该抛弃路德须彻底，以免与他，你也抛弃他的教学，你不过承认基督对他的教诲" 。
This teaching of Luther, forged from his discovery that the righteousness of God is not a righteousness that judges and demands but the righteousness given by God in grace, found its systematic expression in the formularies incorporated in the Book of Concord.这种教学的路德，伪造，从他发现了正义的，神是不是一个正义的法官和要求，但义所给予的上帝的恩典，发现其系统性表现在处方药纳入该书的和谐。 All these documents, with the exception of the Formula of Concord, were written between 1529 and 1537 by Luther and Philip Melanchthon.所有这些文件，除公式的康科德，写之间的第1529和1537年由路德和菲利普梅兰希顿。 They reflect the emphasis on justification by grace and the correction of abuses in the life of the church while at the same time "conserving" the church's catholic heritage (through explicit commitment to the ancient creeds, traditional forms of worship, church government, etc.).他们反映，强调理由，由恩典和纠正滥用，在教会生活中，而在同一时间， "节约"教会的天主教文物（通过明确承诺古老信条，传统形式的崇拜，教会，政府等。 ） 。
During the years following Luther's death in 1546, theological conflicts increasingly plagued his followers.在随后几年中路德的死亡在1546 ，神学冲突日益困扰他的追随者。 The Formula of Concord, composed of the Epitome of the Articles in Dispute and the Solid Declaration of Some Articles of the Augsburg Confession, sought to resolve those disputes in terms of the authentic teaching of Luther.该公式的康科德组成的一个缩影条款争议和固体宣言的一些文章的奥格斯堡供述，设法解决这些纷争的角度真实教学路德。 Subscription to these "symbolical" writings of the Book of Concord as true expositions of the Holy Scriptures has historically marked the doctrinal positions of Lutheranism.订阅这些"具有象征意义"的著作这本书的康科德作为真正的论述圣经历来标志着学说上的立场路德教。
The theology of Lutheranism is first a theology of the Word. Its principle of sola Scriptura affirms the Bible as the only norm of Christian doctrine. The Scripture is the causa media by which man learns to know God and his will; the Word is the one and the only source of theology.神学路德教首先是一名神的字， 其原理唯独圣经申明圣经为唯一的规范，基督教的教义。圣经，是起因媒体，其中男子得知知道上帝和他的意志;一词，是一个而且唯一来源神学。 Lutheranism pledges itself "to the prophetic and apostolic writings of the Old and New Testaments as the pure and clear fountain of Israel, which is the only norm according to which all teachers and teachings are to be judged and evaluated" (Formula of Concord, Epitome).To be sure, the authority of Scripture had been emphasized prior to Luther and the Reformation.路德教承诺本身" ，以先知书和使徒的著作旧约及新约，因为纯粹而明确的喷泉的以色列，因为这是唯一的准则，根据这是所有教师和教诲，是衡量和评价" （公式康科德，缩影） ，可以肯定的是，权力的经文中已强调，之前路德和改造。 However, when Lutheranism referred to the Bible as the divine Word, brought to man through the apostles and prophets, it spoke with a new conviction regarding the primacy of the Word.然而，当路德教转介到圣经，因为神的一句话，使男子透过使徒和先知，它以一种新的信念，就至高无上的字眼。 Luther recognized that the authority of Scripture was valid even where it was opposed by pope, council, or tradition.路德承认的权威经文是有效的，即使它反对由罗马教皇，理事会，或传统。
The Lutheran understanding of this principle should be distinguished from bibliolatry.路德了解这一原则应有别于bibliolatry 。 Historic Lutheranism viewed Scripture as the organic foundation of faith.历史路德教看经文作为有机基础的信仰。 It is the source of theology in an instrumental sense.它的根源在于神学在器乐常识。 It is not the cause of the being of theology; that would truly be a deification or worship of a book.这是不是导致了目前的神学，这将真正成为神化或崇拜的一本书。 Rather, God is the first cause of theology; he is the principium essendi, its foundation, its beginning, and its end.相反，上帝是第一个原因的神学;他是essendi原理，它的地基，它的开端，但它的尽头。 The Scripture is the principium cognoscendi, for from Scripture theology is known and understood.圣经是cognoscendi原理，从圣经神学的认识和了解。 Furthermore, the Lutheran view of the Bible is to be distinguished from a legalistic orientation.此外，路德会期的圣经，是有所区别，从法律上的定位。 Christ is at the center of the Bible.基督是在该中心的圣经。 Essential to understanding the Word of God is accepting the promises of the gospel by faith.有必要了解上帝的话，正是接受了许诺的福音信仰。 If this faith is lacking, the Scriptures cannot be correctly understood.如果这种信仰是匮乏的，念经，不能正确理解。
The second doctrinal distinctive of Lutheranism is the doctrine of justification. According to Luther there are two kinds of righteousness, an external righteousness and an inner righteousness. 第二个理论鲜明的路德教是中庸的理由，据路德有两种，一种是正义的，正义的外在和内在正义。 External righteousness, or civil righteousness, may be acquired through just conduct or good deeds.对外正气，或民事义，可通过收购刚刚行为或好人好事。 However, inner righteousness consists of the purity and perfection of the heart.不过，党内正义构成的纯度和完善的心脏。 Consequently, it cannot be attained through external deeds.因此，它不能达到通过外部事迹。 This righteousness is of God and comes as a gift of his fatherly grace.这是正义的，是上帝的，并且作为礼物，他慈父般的恩典。 This is the source of justification.这是从源头上的理由。
The ground for justification is Christ, who by his death made satisfaction for the sins of mankind. The Apology of the Augsburg Confession defines justification as meaning "to absolve a guilty man and pronounce him righteous, and to do so on account of someone else's righteousness, namely, Christ's." 地面为理由，是基督，谁对他的逝世作出满意为罪孽的人类。道歉的奥格斯堡供认界定的理由为"为开脱心虚男子，并宣告他的正义，这样做是考虑到别人的正义，即基督的" 。 Thus God acquits man of all his sins, and he does this not because man is innocent; rather God justifies us and declares man to be righteous for Christ's sake, because of his righteousness, his obedience to God's law, and his suffering and death.因此上帝acquits男子的他的所有罪过，而他这样做，因为人是无辜的，而是上帝证明我们并宣布男子被正义为基督的缘故，是因为他的正义感，他服从真主的法律，以及他的痛苦和死亡。 When God justifies, he not only forgives sins, but he also reckons to man Christ's perfect righteousness. God declares sinners to be righteous, apart from human merit or work, for the sake of Christ (forensic justification).当上帝的理由，他不仅宽恕罪孽，但他也研判，以人为基督的完美正义， 上帝宣告罪人受到正义的，除了人的优点或工作，为了基督的 （法医理由） 。
Related to this teaching is the third significant hallmark of Lutheranism: sola fide. 与此相关的教学是第三个显着标志，路德教：索拉诚意。 The means whereby justification accrues to the individual is faith. The gospel, as Lutheranism confessed it, made faith the only way by which man could receive God's grace. 该方法的理由，归个人信仰。福音，因为路德教供述，作了真诚的唯一途径，由哪些人可以得到上帝的恩典。 In the medieval scholastic tradition theologians spoke of faith as something that could be acquired through instruction and preaching (fides acquisita).在中世纪的学术传统神学以信仰为东西可以后天通过指令和说教（惹人获得性） 。 This was distinguished from infused faith (fides infusa), which is a gift of grace and implies adherence to all revealed truth.这是有别于注入信仰（惹人infusa ） ，它是一个礼物的宽限期，并且意味着遵守所有发现的真理。 Lutheranism repudiated this distinction.路德教推翻了这种区别。 The faith which comes by preaching coincides with that which is justifying; it is wholly a gift of God. Justifying faith is not merely a historical knowledge of the content of the gospel; it is acceptance of the merits of Christ.信仰，这是由说教，刚好与这其中的理由是，它是全天主的恩宠。 辩护信仰不单单是一个历史知识的内容福音，它是接受的优点基督。 Faith, therefore, is trust in the mercy of God for the sake of his Son. 信仰，因此，这是信任，在慈悲的上帝，为他的儿子。
Lutheranism has persistently refused to see faith itself as a "work". Faith is receptivity, receiving Christ and all that he has done. It is not man's accomplishment that effects his justification before God.路德教坚持不肯见信仰本身作为一个"工作" 。 信仰是感受性，接受基督和所做的一切，这是不是人为的成果，影响他的理由上帝面前。 Faith is instead that which accepts God's verdict of justification: "Faith does not justify because it is so good a work and so God - pleasing a virtue, but because it lays hold on and accepts the merit of Christ in the promise of the holy Gospel" (Formula of Concord, Solid Declaration).信仰是说，而是接受上帝的判决理由： "信念没有理由，因为它是那么好一项工作，所以上帝-令人欣慰的是一种美德，但是，因为它规定，坚持和接受的优点，在基督的许诺圣福音" （公式康科德，固体宣言） 。
The article of justification by grace through faith challenged the Roman Catholic tradition, which asserted that faith was pleasing to God only if it were accompanied by good works and perfected by love. At the Council of Trent in 1545 the Lutheran view was condemned and the medieval Roman Church reiterated its doctrine that justification is a state of grace in which human good works have merit. For Lutheranism, faith and works certainly cannot be separated; however, they must be distinguished. The righteousness of faith refers to man in his relation to God (coram Deo). 这篇文章的理由，由恩典透过信仰的挑战罗马天主教的传统，宣称信仰是令人高兴的上帝只有当它伴随着好的作品并完善了由爱在安理会的遄达于1545年路德的看法是谴责和中世纪罗马教会重申了其学说的理由是一个国家的宽限期，在这人类的优秀作品有其可取的。路德教，信仰和工程肯定不能分开，但是，他们必须有所区别。正义的信念，是指男子在他的天主间的关系（ coram迪奥） 。 The righteousness of good works refers to man in relation to his neighbor (coram hominibus).该公义的好工程，是指男子在与他的邻居（ coram hominibus ） 。
These must not be confused so as to intimate that man will seek to become just in the sight of God on the strength of his good deeds, nor in such a way that he will attempt to conceal sin with grace.这些绝不能混淆等，以体内，该名男子将谋求成为刚刚在神看对强度，他的善行，也以这样一种方式说，他将试图掩盖罪恶与恩典。 Thus, with respect to justification strictly speaking, good works must be clearly distinguished.因此，恕我直言，以理由严格来说，好的作品必须有明确的区分。 But faith cannot be apart from works. Where there is faith in Christ, love and good works also follow.但是，信仰不能除了工程。 只要有信心，在基督里，爱情和好的作品也跟进。
In one way or another the three fundamental doctrines of Lutheranism, sola Scriptura, sola gratia, sola fide, determine the shape of other distinctive teachings.一种或另一种方式的三个基本教义路德教，唯独圣经，索拉特惠，索拉真正的，确定的形状等独特的教义。 For example, the position of Lutheranism on man's free will is understood in the light of the doctrine of justification.举例来说，地位路德教对人的自由意志了解，在参照该学说的理由。 Man is completely without a free will with respect to the "spiritual sphere" (that which concerns salvation).男子是完全没有自由意志与尊重，以"精神领域" （即涉及救赎） 。 Salvation depends exclusively on the omnipotent divine will of grace.救赎完全取决于全能的神的意志的恩典。 Man does not have freedom to do the good in the spiritual sense.男子没有自由，这样做很好，在精神意义。 Similarly, the Lutheran understanding of the Lord's Supper must be viewed in light of the principle of sola Scriptura.同样，路德的认识主的晚餐都必须被结合的原则，唯独圣经。 Lutheranism has consistently battled against every denial of the real and essential presence of Christ's body and blood in the Supper.路德教一贯争夺对每剥夺了真正的和必要驻留的基督身体和血液中的晚餐。
An important element of Lutheran biblical interpretation is that one takes words of command and promise literally unless there is some compelling reason for not doing so. If the words of institution at the Supper were to be taken figuratively, simply because they appear to conflict with reason or common sense (eg, the Reformed axiom of the finite being incapable of the infinite), one could do so with any command or promise of God. 的一个重要因素路德圣经的解释是一个单词的指挥系统，并承诺从字面上来看，除非有一些令人信服的理由，认为不应该如此做，如果说话的机构在晚饭都是将要采取的形象，只是因为他们似乎有冲突原因或常识（例如，在改革公理有限被无能的无限） ，就可以这样做任何指挥或承诺的上帝。 Thus, Lutheranism has insisted on the doctrine of the "real presence" on the basis of Christ's plain words.因此，路德教，坚持中庸的"真实存在"基于基督的平原话。 Also, the Lutheran view of grace contributed to the retention of infant baptism.此外，路德会期的宽限期有助于保留婴儿的洗礼。 Baptism expresses the participation of the Christian in the death and resurrection of Christ.洗礼，表达了参与的基督教在死亡与复活的基督。 Baptism, like the gospel, is powerful to confer the very faith it calls for with its promises, and in each case the Holy Spirit works faith through the instruments of his choosing, namely baptism and the gospel.洗礼，像福音，是强大的，授予十分真诚地呼吁大家与自己的诺言，并在每一种情况下圣灵工程通过真诚的文书，他的选择，即洗礼和福音。 In Lutheran understanding it is no more difficult for him to work faith in infants through the gospel promise attached to the water of baptism than in adults alienated from God through the proclamation of the gospel in preaching.在路德会了解它已不再是他难以工作，真诚地在婴儿透过福音的承诺，重视水的洗礼，比成人疏离上帝通过文告的福音传道。
The dogmatic works of the orthodox period were based on the principle of sola Scriptura.教条式的作品，正统时期的原则基础上唯独圣经。 There was an effort to systematize an objective form of theology (theology defined as a "teaching about God and divine things").有努力，系统化的客观形式的神学（神学界定为"教学上帝和神圣的东西" ） 。 Revelation, as codified in the Bible, provided the point of departure for the orthodox theologians.启示，编纂成圣经，只要出发点是为东正教神学家。 The chief representatives of this period of Lutheranism included Johann Gerhard, Nikolaus Hunnius, Abraham Calov, and David Hollaz.首席代表在此期间的路德教包括约翰总理， nikolaus亨尼厄斯，亚伯拉罕卡洛夫，和大卫hollaz 。
The period of Lutheran orthodox gave way to the pietist movement in the latter part of the seventeenth century.期间，路德正统作了方式向虔信运动中的一部分，后者的17世纪。 Pietism was a reaction to what was perceived as an arid intellectualism in the orthodox theologians. pietism是一个反应是什么感觉是一个干旱知识分子在东正教神学家。 Philipp Jakob Spener's Pia desideria called for a reform movement within Lutheranism.菲利普雅各布spener的软脑膜desideria要求进行的改革运动与路德教。 According to Spener, experience is the basis of all certainty.据spener ，经验是基础，所有确定性。 Therefore, the personal experience of the pious is the ground of certainty for theological knowledge.因此，个人经验的虔诚，是地面上的确定性神学知识。 This led to the pietist critique of the metaphysical questions treated by the orthodox fathers as well as their traditional philosophical underpinnings.这导致了以虔信批判形而上学的问题，处理由东正教的父亲以及他们的传统的哲学依据。 For the pietist Lutherans inner spiritual phenomena and individual experiences elicited the greatest interest.为虔信lutherans内在精神现象和个人的遭遇引起了极大的兴趣。 Since Spener and his followers assumed that theological knowledge could not be acquired apart from the experience of regeneration, their theological expositions dealt mainly with empirical religious events.自spener和他的追随者假定神学知识不能被收购，除了从经验中的再生，他们的神学论述，主要处理与实证的宗教活动。
In the eighteenth century theological rationalism appeared in Germany.在十八世纪的神学理性主义出现在德国。 Christian Wolff, utilizing the Leibnizian principle of "sufficient reason," argued that learning must be based on clear and distinct concepts and that nothing should be set forth without proof.基督教沃尔夫，利用leibnizian原则的"充足的理由" ，认为学习的基础必须是坚定和清楚的概念，并没有什么应该定出来，没有一个证明。 Wolff's thought had a great impact on theological activity.沃尔夫的思想产生了很大的影响，对神学的活动。 Harmony between faith and reason was assumed, and the natural knowledge of God led to the idea of special revelation while the rational proofs for the truth of Scripture demonstrated that the Bible is the source of this revelation.和谐信仰与理性之间的假设是，人与自然知识的上帝导致的想法特别启示，而理性的证明为真理的经文证明圣经的根源在于这个启示。 While Wolff intended to defend traditional doctrine, the consequence of his method was the acceptance of reason as a final authority.而沃尔夫打算捍卫传统学说认为，其后果的，他的方法是接受的理由，作为一个最终的权力。 This conclusion was extended by Johann Semler, who applied a historicocritical method to the Bible and inserted it totally into the framework of human development.这个结论是延长两个月semler ，他们应用了historicocritical方法圣经，并插入它完全纳入框架的人的发展。
Many Lutherans saw the influence of rationalism behind the Prussian Union of 1817.许多lutherans看到的影响，理性的背后，普鲁士联盟， 1817 。 Frederick William III announced the union of the Lutherans and the Reformed into one congregation at his court in celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the Reformation and appealed for similar union throughout Prussia.冯威廉三宣布，该联盟的lutherans和改革成一个聚集在他的法庭在庆祝的第三百周年，改革，并呼吁类似的联盟在整个普鲁士。 The union was the impetus for a revival of Lutheran confessionalism which reacted to an increasing doctrinal indifference in some quarters of German Lutheranism as well as a growing interest in biblical criticism that threatened to remove the doctrinal foundations of Luther's church.该联盟是推动复苏的路德自白这反应了越来越学说上的冷漠在一些宿舍的德国路德教以及越来越感兴趣圣经的批评，扬言要罢免理论基础路德教会。 Prominent figures in the effort to restore historical Lutheranism were CP Caspari, EW Hengstenberg, and CFW Walther.头面人物在努力恢复历史路德教被处长caspari ，电子战韩斯坦堡，并cfw Walther称。 Walther joined an emigration of Saxons to the United States in 1838 to escape the theological legacy of rationalism and the union. Walther称加入移民的撒克逊人到美国， 1838年为了躲避神学遗产的理性主义和欧洲联盟。
Apart from Germany, where two thirds of the population had accepted Lutheranism by the end of the sixteenth century, the expansion of Lutheranism through Sweden, Denmark, and Norway left national churches that have endured in strength.除了德国，在那里三分之二的人口已经接受了路德教到去年底的16世纪，扩大路德教通过瑞典，丹麦和挪威等国家留下的教堂已经忍受了实力。 From these nations Lutherans migrated to the United States and Canada.从这些国家的lutherans移民到美国和加拿大。 The earliest Lutherans in America can be traced back to the seventeenth century.最早lutherans在美国可以追溯到17世纪。 In Delaware, Swedish Lutherans had settled as early as 1638.在美国特拉华州，瑞典语lutherans已经解决了，因为早在1638年。 In Georgia, almost a hundred years later, a group of refugee Lutherans from Salzburg established residence.在佐治亚州，将近百年后，一群难民lutherans从萨尔茨堡成立的居住地。 Colonies of Lutherans also settled in upper New York and in Pennsylvania by the time of the Revolution.菌落lutherans也定居在上纽约和宾夕法尼亚州的，由当时的革命。 Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg organized the first synod of Lutherans on American soil.亨利melchoir muhlenberg举办了第一次主教会议的lutherans在美国的国土上。
Contemporary Lutheranism seems to have entered on an age of unification.当代路德教似乎已经进入了上一个时代的统一。 The various waves of immigrants to America led to a proliferation of Lutheran bodies.各种波的移民到美国，引发了一场扩散路德机构。 However, there have been a number of mergers between these groups, which are now mainly included in the Lutheran Church in America (1962), the American Lutheran Church (1960), and the Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod (1847).但也有一些兼并这些集团之间，而现在主要包括在路德教会在美国（ 1962年） ，美国路德教会（ 1960 ） ，和路德教会，密苏里州主教会议（ 1847年） 。 The Lutheran World Federation, founded in 1947.世界路德教会联合会，成立于1947年。 cultivates world unity and mutual assistance among its fifty or more member churches.培育世界团结，互助第五十二或更多的教会成员。 Lutheranism throughout the world constitutes the largest of the churches that have come out of the Reformation, numbering some seventy million members, of whom between nine and ten million live in the United States and Canada.路德教在整个世界构成了最大的教堂，已走出了改造，约七千万名成员组成，其中9至一千万人住在美国和加拿大。
JF
Johnson怡富约翰逊
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
W Elert, The
Structure of Lutheranism; EW Gritsch and RW Jenson, Lutheranism; B Hagglund,
History of Theology; CP Krauth, The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology;
RD Preus, The Theology of Post - Reformation Lutheranism; TG Tappert, ed., The
Book of Concord; RC Wolf, ed., Documents of Lutheran Unity in America; EC
Nelson, ed., The Lutherans in North America.瓦特elert ，结构路德教;
EW向gritsch和rw简森，路德教， B期hagglund ，历史上的神学;处长krauth
，保守的改革及其神学;号普罗伊斯，神学的职位-改造路德教;甘油三酯t appert，版，这本书的康科德;钢筋狼，版，文件的路德会团结在美国;欧共体纳尔逊版，
lutherans在北美。
Lutheranism is a major Protestant denomination, which originated as a 16th-century movement led by Martin Luther.路德教是一个重大的新教教派，它最初是作为一本16世纪的运动为首的马丁路德。 Luther, a German Augustinian monk and professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony (Sachsen), originally had as his goal the reformation of the Western Christian church.路德，一个德国augustinian和尚及教授神学在大学的维滕贝格在萨克森州（ sachsen ） ，原本为他的目标改造西方的基督教教堂。 Because Luther and his followers were excommunicated by the pope, however, Lutheranism developed in a number of separate national and territorial churches, thus initiating the breakup of the organizational unity of Western Christendom.因为路德和他的追随者被驱逐由教宗，不过，路德教发达，在一些单独的国家和领土的教堂，从而开创了解体组织统一的西方基督教的。
The term Lutheran was deplored by Luther, and the church originally called itself the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession or simply the Evangelical Church.任期路德是痛惜路德，和教会最初叫本身福音派教会的奥格斯堡认罪，或干脆福音派教会。 Scandinavian Lutherans adopted the names of their countries for their churches (for example, the Church of Sweden).斯堪的纳维亚lutherans通过的名字，他们的国家为他们的教会（例如，教会瑞典） 。 As a result of the missionary movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, Lutheranism has become a worldwide communion of Christians and the largest Protestant denomination in the world, with about 80 million members.由于传教运动的18世纪和19世纪，路德教已成为一个世界性的共融的基督信徒和世界上最大的新教教派，在世界上大约80万成员。
Opponents claimed that this position failed to do justice to the Christian responsibility to do good works, but Lutherans have replied that faith must be active in love and that good works follow from faith as a good tree produces good fruit.反对者称，这一立场没有做到，正义，以基督教的责任，要切实做好工作，但效果lutherans都回答说，信念，必须积极参与爱心和良好的后续工程，从信仰是一个好树产生良好的成果。
In the Lutheran celebration of the Eucharist, the elements of bread and wine are given to all communicants, whereas Roman Catholics had allowed the wine only to priests.在路德会庆祝圣体中，元素的面包和葡萄酒是给所有communicants ，而罗马天主教会曾允许葡萄酒只有神父。 In contrast to other Protestants, particularly the Anabaptists, however, Lutherans affirm the real bodily presence of Christ "in, with, and under" the elements of bread and wine at the Lord's Supper.相比之下其他新教徒，尤其是anabaptists ，不过， lutherans申明真正身体在场的基督" ，并根据"分子的面包和酒，在主的晚餐。 Christ is sacramentally present for the communicant in the bread and the wine because of the promise he gave at the institution of Holy Communion, when he said, "This is my body" and "This is my blood" (Matthew 26:26-28).基督是sacramentally目前为communicant在面包和酒，因为承诺了，他在该机构的圣餐时，他说： "这是我的身体" ， "这是我的血" （马太26:26 ） 。
Beginning in the late 17th century, the reform movement called Pietism, which stressed individual conversion and a devout way of life, revitalized Lutheranism in Germany and spread to other countries.开始，在晚17世纪，改革运动中的所谓pietism ，即强调个人的转化率和是一个虔诚的生活方式，振兴路德教在德国和蔓延到其他国家。 Lutheran theology, during the 18th century, reflected the rationalism of the Enlightenment.路德神学的，在18世纪，这也反映了理性主义的启蒙运动。 During the 19th century, the German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, who emphasized universal religious experience, exercised a major influence on liberal Lutheran theologians.在十九世纪，德国神学家弗里德里希施莱尔马赫，他强调，世界宗教的经验，实行了一项重大的影响，对自由路德神学家。 At the same time, idealism, the dominant movement of modern German philosophy, had a profound effect on Lutheran theological thought.在同一时间内，唯心论，主导运动的近代德国哲学产生了深刻影响，对路德的神学思想。 In the 20th century, the neoorthodoxy of the Swiss theologian Karl Barth and existentialism have been the most prominent theological developments.在刚刚过去的二十世纪里， neoorthodoxy的瑞士神学家卡尔巴特和存在主义，一直是最突出的神学思想建设的发展。
The political ascendancy of Prussia among the German states by the early 19th century led to the establishment (1817) of the Church of the Prussian Union, which united Calvinists and millions of German Lutherans into one church.政治向上提升的普鲁士之间德语国家最迟于19世纪初，导致成立（ 1817年）的教会的普鲁士联盟，其中美国calvinists和数以百万计的德国lutherans成一个教会。 This development was bitterly opposed by a large number of Lutherans, some of whom broke away to establish a separate church.这一事态发展，寒风反对大量lutherans ，其中有些人打破，以建立一个独立的教会。 The crisis of German politics in the 20th century gravely affected German Lutheranism.这场危机对德国政治的，在20世纪严重影响了德国路德教。 Hitler's attempt to control German churches led to the split of the German Lutheran Church and to the internment of some Lutherans (such as Martin Niemöller) in concentration camps and the execution of others (notably the theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer).希特勒试图控制德国教会造成分裂的德国路德教会，并以该拘留的一些lutherans （如李柱铭niemöller ）关进集中营，并执行其他（尤其是神学家迪特里希朋霍费尔） 。 Lutheran leaders in Norway and Denmark took major roles in the resistance to Nazi occupation of their countries, and the German Confessing Church, which had resisted Hitler, made an important contribution to the reconstruction of West Germany (now part of the united Federal Republic of Germany) after World War II.路德教会领袖在挪威和丹麦发生重大作用，在抵抗纳粹占领他们的国家，以及德国忏悔教会，其中有反抗希特勒，作出了重要贡献，有助于推动重建的西德（现为美国的一部分，德意志联邦共和国）在第二次世界大战后。
In 1997 the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America agreed to share full communion with three other Protestant denominations - the Presbyterian Church (USA), the United Church of Christ, and the Reformed Church in America. 1997年，基督教香港信义会在美国同意共享，充分交流，与其他三间新教教派-基督教长老会（美国） ，美国基督教会，并经过改革的教会在美国。 The agreement meant that the churches could exchange clergy and that members could worship and receive sacraments at the other churches.该协议意味着教会可以交换神职人员和大家能崇拜，并接受圣礼在其他教会。
George Wolfgang Forell乔治沃尔夫冈forell
The religious belief held by the oldest and in Europe the most numerous of the Protestant sects, founded by the Wittenberg reformer, Martin Luther.宗教信仰举行，由最年长的，在欧洲是最众多的新教教派，创办维滕贝格的改革者，马丁路德。 The term Lutheran was first used by his opponents during the Leipzig Disputation in 1519, and afterwards became universally prevalent.任期路德首次被他的反对者在莱比锡纠纷1519 ，后来就成了普遍盛行。 Luther preferred the designation "Evangelical", and today the usual title of the sect is "Evangelical Lutheran Church".路德推荐指定的"福音" ，而今天惯常的标题该教派是"基督教香港信义会" 。 In Germany, where the Lutherans and the Reformed have united (since 1817), the name Lutheran has been abandoned, and the state Church is styled the Evangelical or the Evangelical United.在德国，那里lutherans和改革，有美国（自1817年） ，其名称路德已被废弃，和国家的教堂是风格的福音派或福音派团结。
I. DISTINCTIVE TEACHINGS一，鲜明的教诲
In doctrine official Lutheranism is part of what is called orthodox Protestantism, since it agrees with the Catholic and the Greek Churches in accepting the authority of the Scriptures and of the three most ancient creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed).在学说官方路德教的一部分，是所谓的正统基督教，因为它同意与天主教和希腊教会在接受权威的经文和三个最古老的信条（使徒们的信条，尼西亚，以及亚他那修信经信条） 。 Besides these formulæ of belief, Lutheranism acknowledges six specific confessions which distinguish it from other churches:除了这些formulã |信仰路德教承认六项具体的自白书，其中区别于其他教堂：
the unaltered Augsburg Confession (1530),原有的奥格斯堡自白（ 1530 ） ，
the Apology of the Augsburg Confession (1531),该道歉的奥格斯堡自白（ 1531 ） ，
Luther's Large Catechism (1529),路德的大问答（ 1529 ） ，
Luther's Catechism for Children (1529),路德的讲授儿童（ 1529 ） ，
the Articles of Smalkald (1537), and该文章的smalkald （ 1537 ） ，以及
the Form of Concord (1577).形式康科德（ 1577 ） 。
These nine symbolical books (including the three Creeds) constitute what is known as the "Book of Concord", which was first published at Dresden in 1580 by order of Elector Augustus of Saxony (see FAITH, PROTESTANT CONFESSIONS OF).这9个具有象征意义的书籍（包括三个信条）的构成什么是被称为"书和谐" ，这是首次公布于德累斯顿1580年以命令的选民奥古斯萨克森（见信仰新教的供词） 。 In these confessions the Scriptures are declared to be the only rule of faith.在这些供词圣经被宣布为唯一的法治信仰。 The extent of the Canon is not defined, but the bibles in common use among Lutherans have been generally the same as those of other Protestant denominations (see CANON OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES).程度佳能是没有界定，但圣经，在共同使用lutherans已大致相同，因为相对于其他新教教派（见佳能的圣经） 。 The symbols and the other writings not contained in Scripture do not possess decisive authority, but merely show how the Scriptures were understood and explained at particular times by the leading theologians (Form of Concord).符号和其他著作中不包含的经文不拥有决定性的权力，而只是显示如何念经人的理解和解释，在特定的时代所领导的神学家（形式的康科德） 。
The chief tenet of the Lutheran creed, that which Luther called "the article of the standing and falling Church", has reference to the justification of sinful man.行政特尼特的路德派教义，其中路德所谓的"的文章，对常委会和属于教会" ，已提及的理由罪孽深重的人。 Original sin is explained as a positive and total depravity of human nature, which renders all the acts of the unjustified, even those of civil righteousness, sinful and displeasing to God.原罪是解释，是一个积极和彻底堕落的人性，使得所有的行为无理，甚至那些民间正义，罪孽深重不快上帝。 Justification, which is not an internal change, but an external, forensic declaration by which God imputes to the creature the righteousness of Christ, comes only by faith, which is the confidence that one is reconciled to God through Christ.理由的，而不是一个内部的变化，而是一个外来的，法医宣言，其中神责难向受造物了正义的救世主，只能由信仰，这是有信心，一个是调和向上帝透过基督。 Good works are necessary as an exercise of faith, and are rewarded, not by justification (which they presuppose), but by the fulfilment of the Divine promises (Apology Aug. Conf.).好的作品都是必要的，因为这是一次信念，并获得报偿的，而不是由理由（即它们预先假定） ，但所履行的神圣诺言（道歉8月conf设置） 。
Other distinctive doctrines of the Lutheran Church are:其他独特的教义，路德教会是：
consubstantiation (although the symbols do not use this term), ie the real, corporeal presence of Christ's Body and Blood during the celebration of the Lord's Supper, in, with, and under the substance of bread and wine, in a union which is not hypostatic, nor of mixture, nor of local inclusion, but entirely transcendent and mysterious; consubstantiation （虽然符号不使用这个词） ，即真实的，有体存在于基督的身体和血液在庆祝主的晚饭，在， ，而根据物质的面包和酒，在一个联盟，这是不本质的，也不是混合物，也对当地的包容性，但完全是超越性和神秘;
the omnipresence of the Body of Christ, which is differently explained by the commentators of the Symbolical Books.无处不在的基督的身体，这是有不同的解释，由评论家的象征意义的书籍。
Since the official formulæ of faith claim no decisive authority for themselves, and on many points are far from harmonious, the utmost diversity of opinion prevails among Lutherans.由于官方formulã |信仰声称没有决定性的权力，为自己，对许多问题的看法是远远和谐的，极其不同见解之间普遍存在lutherans 。 Every shade of belief may be found among them, from the orthodox, who hold fast to the confessions, to the semi-infidel theologians, who deny the authority of the Scriptures.每一个遮荫的信仰可能会发现，其中从正统的，他们坚守在供述中，以半异教徒的神学家，他否认的权威会念经。
II.二。 HISTORY历史
Lutheranism dates from 31 October, 1517, when Luther affixed his theses to the church door of the castle of Wittenberg.路德教的日期从1517年10月31日，当路德贴在他的论文送到教堂的门城堡维滕贝格。 Although he did not break with the Catholic Church until three years later, he had already come substantially to his later views on the plan of salvation.虽然他没有打破天主教教会，直到三年后的今天，他已开始大幅向他的意见，后来就救恩计划。 The new teachings, however underwent a great change after Luther's return from Wartburg (1521).新的教义，但经历了巨大的变革之后，路德的回报wartburg （ 1521 ） 。 Before he died (18 Feb., 1546), his teachings had been propagated in many states of Germany in Poland, in the Baltic Provinces, in Hungary, transylvania, the Netherlands, Denmark and Scandinavia.去世前（ 1546年2月18日） ，他的教诲一直宣扬的，在许多国家的德国在波兰，波罗的海省份，在匈牙利， Transylvania的，荷兰，丹麦和斯堪的纳维亚。 From these European countries Lutheranism has been carried by emigration to the New World, and in the United States it ranks among the leading Protestant denominations.从这些欧洲国家路德教已进行了由移民到新的世界，并在美国，它跻身于领先的新教教派。
(1) The Lutherans in Germany （ 1 ） lutherans在德国
(a) First Period: From the appearance of Luther's Theses to the adoption of the Formula of Concord (1517-80) （一）第一期：从外表路德的论文，以通过该公式的康科德（ 1517至1580年）
Favoured by the civil rulers, Lutheranism spread rapidly in Northern Germany.赞成由民间统治者，路德教迅速蔓延，在德国北部。 After the Diet of Speyer (1526) the Elector of Saxony and other princes established Lutheran state Churches.经过国会的斯派尔（ 1526 ）选民萨克森州政府和其他王子建立了路德教会国家。 An alliance between these princes was concluded at Torgau in 1526, and again at Smalkald in 1531.结盟的关系，这些王公得出的结论是，在托尔高，在1526 ，并再次smalkald在1531年。 The Protestant League was continually increased by the accession of other states, and a religious war broke out in 1546, which resulted in the Peace of Augsburg (1555).新教联盟正在不断增加，所加入的其他国家，和一个宗教战争爆发，在1546 ，结果在和平的奥格斯堡（ 1555 ） 。 This treaty provided that the Lutherans should retain permanently what they then possessed, but that all officials of ecclesiastical estates, who from that time forth should go over to Protestantism would be deposed and replaced by Catholics.这一条约规定，该lutherans应保留永久什么然后，他们拥有的，但所有官员的教会屋的，他们从这个时候提出要到基督教会被废黜，取而代之的天主教徒。 This latter provision, known as the "Reservatum Ecclesiasticum", was very unsatisfactory to the Protestants, and its constant violation was one of the causes that lead up to the Thirty Years War (1618-48).后一项规定，被称为" reservatum ecclesiasticum " ，是十分不理想，以新教徒，其不断侵犯的原因之一，这导致了向三十年战争（ 1618年至1648年） 。 At the time of the Peace of Augsburg Lutherans predominated in the north of Germany, while the Zwinglians or Reformed were very numerous in the south.在当时的社会安宁的奥格斯堡lutherans为主，在北方的德国，而zwinglians或改革的人十分众多，在南方。 Austria, Bavaria, and the territories subject to spiritual lords were Catholic, although many of these afterwards became Protestant.奥地利，巴伐利亚州和领土受到精神上议院天主教，虽然许多这些后来成为新教徒。 Several attempts were made to effect a reunion.几次尝试了效果与亲人团聚。 In 1534 Pope Paul III invited the Protestants to a general council.在第1534教皇保罗三，请新教徒向总理事会。 Emperor Charles V arranged conferences between Catholic and Lutheran theologians in 1541, 1546, and 1547.皇帝查尔斯五世安排会议之间的天主教和路德神学家，在第1541 ，第1546 ，第1547和。 His successor, Ferdinand I (1556-64), and many private individuals such as the Lutheran Frederick Staphylus and Father Contzen, laboured much for the same end.他的继任者，费迪南德（ 1556至1564年） ，以及许多个人如路德冯staphylus和父亲康岑，辛劳花太多时间作同样的下场。 All these efforts, however, proved fruitless.所有这些努力，但事实证明徒劳无功。 Melanchthon, Crusius, and other Lutheran theologians made formal proposals of union to the Greek Church (1559, 1574, 1578), but nothing came of their overtures.梅兰希顿，克鲁修斯和其他路德神学家提出正式的建议，联盟向希腊教会（ 1559 ，第1574 ， 1578 ） ，但仍然没有自己的序曲。 From the beginning bitter hostility existed between the Lutherans and the Reformed.从一开始的痛苦敌意之间存在lutherans和改革。 This first appeared in the Sacramentarian controversy between Luther and Zwingli (1524).这首先出现在sacramentarian之间争议的路德和zwingli （ 1524 ） 。 They met in conference at Marburg in 1529, but came to no agreement.他们会见了在招待会上马尔堡1529年，但最后并没有达成协议。 The hopes of union created by the compromise formula of 1536, known as the Concordia Wittenbergensis, proved delusive.希望联盟制造出来的折衷办法的1536 ，命名为协和wittenbergensis ，证明过于一厢情愿了。 Luther continued to make war on the Zwinglians until his death.路德继续做出战争对zwinglians直到逝世。 The Sacramentarian strife was renewed in 1549 when the Zwinglians accepted Calvin's view of the Real Presence.该sacramentarian争斗延续，在1549年时zwinglians接受卡尔文的角度真实的存在。 The followers of Melanchthon, who favoured Calvin's doctrine (Philippists, Crypto-Calvinists), were also furiously denounced by the orthodox Lutherans.信徒梅兰希顿，主张卡尔文的教义（ philippists ，隐calvinists ） ，还拼命谴责，也遭到正统lutherans 。 During these controversies the State Church of the Palatinate, where Philippism predominated, changed from the Lutheran to the Reformed faith (1560).在这些争议的国家教会的皇帝行宫遗址，那里philippism为主，改为由路德向改革信仰（ 1560 ） 。 From the beginning Lutheranism was torn by doctrinal disputes, carried on with the utmost violence and passion.从一开始路德教被拆除，由教义纠纷，进行了以最大的暴力和激情。 They had reference to the questions of sin and grace, justification by faith, the use of good works, the Lord's Supper, and the Person and work of Christ.他们提到的问题，单仲偕和恩典，因信称义后，其使用的优秀作品，上帝的晚饭，和网站负责人及工作的喊声。 The bitterest controversy was the Crypto-Calvinistic.在痛苦的争论是隐calvinistic 。 To effect harmony the Form of Concord, the last of the Lutheran symbols, was drawn up in 1577, and accepted by the majority of the state Churches.对和谐的形式，和谐，最后的路德符号，制订了在1577 ，并接受大多数国家教堂。 The document was written in a conciliatory spirit, but it secured the triumph of the orthodox party.该文件是写在怀柔精神，但它获得的胜利正统党。
(b) Second Period: From the Adoption of the Form of Concord to the Beginning of the Pietistic Movement (1580-1689) （二）第二个时期：从通过形式的和谐，以年初的pietistic运动（ 1580至1689年）
During this period Lutheranism was engaged in bitter polemics with its neighbours in Germany.在此期间，路德教是从事激烈论战同其邻国德国。 Out of these religious discords grew the horrors of the Thirty Years War, which led many persons to desire better relations between the churches.从这些宗教discords增长可怕的三十年战争，这使得很多人的愿望，更好地关系的教堂。 A "charitable colloquy" was held at Thorn in 1645 by Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist theologians, but nothing was accomplished. "慈善座谈会"举行眼中钉1645年由天主教会，路德会，并calvinist神学家，但没有完成。 The proposal of the Lutheran professor, George Calixtus, that the confessions organize into one church with the consensus of the first five centuries as a common basis (Syncretism), aroused a storm of indignation, and, by way of protest, a creed was accepted by the Saxon universities which expressed the views of the most radical school of Lutheran orthodoxy (1655).建议路德教授，乔治卡利克斯特斯，认为自白书，组织成一个教会与共识的首五个世纪以来作为一个共同的基础（合） ，引起一场风波的愤慨，并透过抗议，一个信条被接受由撒克逊人所大学表达了意见，最激进的学校的路德派的正统（ 1655 ） 。 The Lutheran theologians of this period imitated the disorderly arrangement of Melanchthon's "Loci Theologici", but in spirit they were with few exceptions loyal supporters of the Form of Concord.路德神学的这一时期模仿无序的安排梅兰希顿的"轨迹theologici " ，但在精神上，他们除了少数例外的忠实支持者形式的和谐。 Although the writings of Luther abound with diatribes against the speculative sciences, his followers early perceived the necessity of philosophy for controversial purposes.虽然写的路德比比皆是与谩骂打击投机性科学，他的追随者早期知觉的必要性哲学为具争议性的目的。 Melanchthon developed a system of Aristoteleanism, and it was not long before the Scholastic method, which Luther had so cordially detested, was used by the Evangelical theologians, although the new Scholasticism was utterly different from the genuine system.梅兰希顿开发出一种系统的aristoteleanism ，篇幅不长前，在学术上的方法，即路德有这么亲切憎恶的，是用由基督教神学家，虽然新士林哲学是迥然有别，从真正的制度。 Lutheran dogmatics became a maze of refined subtleties, and mere logomachy was considered the chief duty of the theologian.路德dogmatics成为迷宫的精致微妙之处，而仅仅logomachy被认为是行政责