Fundamentalism is a term popularly used to describe strict adherence to Christian doctrines based on a literal interpretation of the Bible.原教旨主义是一个词，常用来形容严格遵守基督教教义的基础上的字面解释圣经。 This usage derives from a late 19th and early 20th century transdenominational Protestant movement that opposed the accommodation of Christian doctrine to modern scientific theory and philosophy.这种用法来自于晚19世纪末20世纪初transdenominational新教运动，反对住宿的基督教教义，以现代科学理论和哲学。 With some differences among themselves, fundamentalists insist on belief in the inerrancy of the Bible, the virgin birth and divinity of Jesus Christ, the vicarious and atoning character of his death, his bodily resurrection, and his second coming as the irreducible minimum of authentic Christianity.与一些分歧，他们之间的原教旨主义，坚持信念，在inerrancy的圣经，维尔京诞生与神的耶稣基督，替代和atoning性格，他死后，他的身体复活，和他第二次来作为不可最低的正宗基督教。 This minimum was reflected in such early declarations as the 14 point creed of the Niagara Bible Conference of 1878 and the 5 point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly of 1910.这种起码的是反映在这种早期报关单为14点信条的尼亚加拉圣经会议， 1878年的5点声明的长老大会的1910 。
Two immediate doctrinal sources for fundamentalist thought were Millenarianism and biblical inerrancy.两个即时教义来源原教旨主义思想的人millenarianism与圣经inerrancy 。 Millenarianism, belief in the physical return of Christ to establish a 1,000 year earthly reign of blessedness, was a doctrine prevalent in English speaking Protestantism by the 1870s. millenarianism ，信仰是在身体回到基督建立一个千年尘世间的幸福，这是一个普遍存在的学说在以英语为母语的新教由19世纪70年代。 At the same time, powerful conservative forces led by Charles Hodge and Benjamin Warfield opposed the growing use of literary and historical criticism in biblical studies, defending biblical inspiration and the inerrant authority of the Bible.在同一时间内，强大的保守势力为首的查尔斯霍奇和本杰明沃菲尔德反对越来越多地使用文学和史学批评，在圣经研究，捍卫圣经的启示和inerrant权威的圣经。
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As fundamentalism developed, most Protestant denominations in the United States felt the division between liberalism and fundamentalism.至于原教旨主义发达国家，大多数新教教派，在美国感受到了分工，自由主义和原教旨主义。 The Baptists, Presbyterians, and Disciples of Christ were more affected than others.在浸信会， presbyterians ，弟子基督的人更受影响比其他人。 Nevertheless, talk of schism was much more common than schism itself.不过，谈的分裂更为普遍比裂本身。 Perhaps the lack of a central organization and a normative creed, certainly the caricature of fundamentalism arising from the Scopes Trial (1925), the popularization of the liberal response by representatives like Harry Emerson Fosdick, well publicized divisions among fundamentalists themselves, and preoccupations with the Depression of the 1930s and World War II curtailed fundamentalism's appeal.也许是缺乏一个中央机构，并规范信条，肯定漫画的原教旨主义所带来的范围审判（ 1925 ） ，普及自由的反应一样，代表哈利爱默生fosdick ，广为宣传的分歧原教旨主义本身，也关切与抑郁症的20世纪30年代和二战削弱原教旨主义的呼吁。 By 1950 it was either isolated and muted or had taken on the more moderate tones of Evangelicalism. 1950年，它不是孤立和平淡或已采取了较温和的声调evangelicalism 。
In the 1970s and 1980s, however, fundamentalism again became an influential force in the United States.在七十年代和八十年代，不过，原教旨主义再度成为一个有影响力在美国销售。 Promoted by popular television evangelists and represented by such groups as the Moral Majority, the new politically oriented "religious right" opposes the influence of liberalism and secularism in American life.推动受欢迎的电视传道士，并派等群体道德多数，新的政治导向的"宗教右翼" ，反对的影响，自由主义和世俗主义，在美国生活。 The term fundamentalist has also been used to describe members of militant Islamic groups.任期原教旨主义，也被用来形容成员的伊斯兰好战团体。
Paul Merritt Bassett保罗梅里巴塞特
Bibliography
参考书目
LJ Averill,
Religious Right, Religious Wrong (1989); SG Cole, History of Fundamentalism
(1931); N Furniss, The Fundamentalist Controversy, 1918 - 1931 (1954); B
Lawrence, Defenders of God (1989); G Marsden, Fundamentalism and American
Culture (1980); ER Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism (1970). LJ
，为Averill ，宗教权利，宗教是错误的（ 1989年） ;秘书长科尔，历史的原教旨主义（ 1931 ）氮尼斯，原教旨主义的争论， 1918年-1 931（
1 954） ， B期劳伦斯，维护者的神（ 1 989） 1 00马斯登认为，原教旨主义与美国文化（ 1980年） ;呃俄勒冈，根部的原教旨主义（ 1970年）
。
Christian Fundamentalism is an extremely different concept from the Islamic Fundamentalism that motivates some Islamic terrorists.基督教原教旨主义是一个非常不同的概念，来自伊斯兰原教旨主义，这样可以激励一些伊斯兰恐怖分子。 They each carry a great intensity about the specific beliefs, but are otherwise quite different.他们均携有很大的强度有关具体信仰，但在其他方面完全不同了。
Fundamentalism is a movement that arose in the United States during and immediately after the First World War in order to reaffirm orthodox Protestant Christianity and to defend it militantly against the challenges of liberal theology, German higher criticism, Darwinism, and other isms regarded as harmful to American Christianity.原教旨主义是一种运动出现的，在美国期间和紧接第一次世界大战后，以重申东正教，基督教新教和捍卫它militantly对挑战的自由神学，德语更高的批评，达尔文主义，和其他主义视为有害美国基督教。 Since then, the focus of the movement, the meaning of the term, and the ranks of those who willingly use the term to identify themselves have changed several times.自那时起，重点运动，一词的含义，和广大那些心甘情愿地使用该词，以确定自己已改变了几倍。 Fundamentalism has so far gone through four phases of expression while maintaining an essential continuity of spirit, belief, and method.原教旨主义至今已经历了四个阶段的表达，同时维持一个基本的连续性，精神，信仰和方法。
The series of twelve volumes called The Fundamentals (1910 - 15) provided a wide listing of the enemies, Romanism, socialism, modern philosophy, atheism, Eddyism, Mormonism, spiritualism, and the like, but above all liberal theology, which rested on a naturalistic interpretation of the doctrines of the faith, and German higher criticism and Darwinism, which appeared to undermine the Bible's authority.一连串的十二卷称为基本面（ 1910年-1 5） ，提供了广泛的上市敌人， r omanism好，社会主义好，现代哲学，无神论e ddyism， m ormonism，唯心论，等等，但最自由神学，而在于对自然主义的解释，教条的信仰，以及德国更高的批评和优胜劣汰机制，这似乎破坏了圣经的权威。 The writers of the articles were a broad group from English speaking North America and the United Kingdom and from many denominations.作家的文章了广泛组由以英语为母语的北美和联合王国政府以及来自许多不同面值。 The doctrines they defined and defended covered the whole range of traditional Christian teachings.该学说，他们的界定和捍卫涵盖整个一系列传统的基督教教义。 They presented their criticisms fairly, with careful argument, and in appreciation of much that their opponents said.他们介绍了他们的批评，以公正，慎重论调，并在欣赏得多，他们的对手说。
Almost immediately, however, the list of enemies became narrower and the fundamentals less comprehensive.几乎马上，不过，名单上的敌人成了窄和基本面不够全面。 Defenders of the fundamentals of the faith began to organize outside the churches and within the denominations.捍卫者的基本信念开始组织外，教会及面额。 The General Assembly of the northern Presbyterian Church in 1910 affirmed five essential doctrines regarded as under attack in the church: the inerrancy of Scripture, the virgin birth of Christ, the substitutionary atonement of Christ, Christ's bodily resurrection, and the historicity of the miracles.大会的北部长老教会于1910年确认了五个基本教义视为攻击下，在教会： inerrancy的经文，维尔京耶稣的诞生，替代赎罪的基督，基督的身体复活，并历史性的奇迹。 These were reaffirmed in 1916 and 1923, by which time they had come to be regarded as the fundamental doctrines of Christianity itself.这些重申，在1916年和1923年，到那个时候，他们已经到了被视为基本教义的基督教本身。 On a parallel track, and in the tradition of Bible prophecy conferences since 1878, premillenarian Baptists and independents founded the World's Christian Fundamentals Association in 1919, with William B Riley as the prime mover.对一个平行的轨道，并在传统的圣经预言的会议，自1878年， premillenarian浸信会和独立人士创立了世界的基本面基督教协会于1919年，与William b莱利作为原动机。 The premillennialists tended to replace the miracles with the resurrection and the second coming of Christ, or even premillenarian doctrine as the fifth fundamental.该premillennialists倾向，以取代与奇迹复活与耶稣第二次来，甚至premillenarian学说作为第五个根本性的。 Another version put the deity of Christ in place of the virgin birth.另一种版本把神的基督代替维尔京诞生。
The term "fundamentalist" was perhaps first used in 1920 by Curtis Lee Laws in the Baptist Watchman - Examiner, but it seemed to pop up everywhere in the early 1920s as an obvious way to identify someone who believed and actively defended the fundamentals of the faith.而言， "原教旨主义" ，也许是第一次使用，在1920年由寇蒂斯李法律在浸会看-考官，但它似乎弹出无处不在，早在1 920年，作为一个明显的途径来识别的人相信并积极地捍卫了基本面的信仰。 The Baptist John Roach Straton called his newspaper The Fundamentalist in the 1920s.施洗约翰罗奇straton所谓他的报纸原教旨主义在20世纪20年代。 The Presbyterian scholar J Gresham Machen disliked the word, and only hesitantingly accepted it to described himself, because, he said, it sounded like a new religion and not the same historic Christianity that the church had always believed.该长老会的学者j格雷沙姆machen不喜欢这个词，而只有hesitantingly接受它形容自己，因为，他说，这听起来像一个新的宗教和不一样的历史性基督教说，教会一直相信。
Through the 1920s the fundamentalists waged the battle in the large northern church denominations as nothing less than a struggle for true Christianity against a new non Christian religion that had crept into the churches themselves.经过1920年的基本教义派发动战役在大北方教会面额只不过是不到一个奋斗的真实基督教对一个新的非基督教宗教已经悄悄进入教堂本身。 In his book Christianity and Liberalism (1923), Machen called the new naturalistic religion "liberalism," but later followed the more popular fashion of calling it "modernism."在他的书中基督教和自由主义（ 1923 ） ， machen所谓的新自然主义宗教"自由主义" ，后来跟随更流行时尚的把它称为"现代主义" 。
Even though people like Harry Emerson Fosdick professed to be Christian, fundamentalists felt they could not be regarded as such because they denied the traditional formulations of the doctrines of Christianity and created modern, naturalistic statements of the doctrines.尽管人们喜欢哈利爱默生fosdick自称为基督徒的，原教旨主义认为，他们不能被看作是这样的，因为他们否认传统剂型的教条的基督教和创造现代的，自然报表的教条。 The issue was as much a struggle over a view of the identity of Christianity as it was over a method of doing theology and a view of history.这个问题既是一个奋斗期的身分，基督教，因为这是一个方法，开展神学和历史观点。 Fundamentalists believed that the ways the doctrines were formulated in an earlier era were true and that modern attempts to reformulate them were bound to be false.原教旨主义认为，该办法的教条制订较早时代属实，并表示，现代力求改变，他们必然是错误的。 In other words, the fundamentals were unchanging.在换句话说，基本面不变的。
Church struggles occurred in the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Protestant Episcopal Church, and even in the southern Presbyterian Church, but the grand battles were fought in the northern Presbyterian and northern Baptist denominations.教会的斗争发生在卫理公会，基督教圣公会，甚至在南部长老教会，但盛大共作战，在北部长老及北部浸信会教派。 Machen was the undisputed leader among Presbyterians, joined by Clarence E Macartney. machen是无可争议的领导者之一presbyterians ，加入由克拉伦斯e马戛尔尼。 Baptists created the National Federation of the Fundamentalists of the Northern Baptists (1921), the Fundamentalist Fellowship (1921), and the Baptist Bible Union (1923) to lead the fight.浸信会创造了全国工商联的基本教义派的北浸信会（ 1921 ） ，原教旨主义团契（ 1921 ） ，和浸会圣经联盟（ 1923 ）带领扑灭。 The battles focused upon the seminaries, the mission boards, and the ordination of clergy.战斗集中后，修院，任务议会，并统筹神职人员。 In many ways, however, the real strongholds of the fundamentalists were the Southern Baptists and the countless new independent churches spread across the south and midwest, as well as the east and west.在许多方面，然而，真正的据点的原教旨主义者在美南浸信会和无数新的独立教会遍布美国南部和中西部，以及东部和西部。
In politics fundamentalists opposed the teaching of Darwinian evolution in public schools, leading up to the famous Scopes trial (1925) in Dayton, Tennessee.在政治上，反对原教旨主义的教学达尔文进化在公立学校中，领导了以著名的范围审判（ 1925 ）在代顿，田纳西州。 William Jennings Bryan, a Presbyterian layman and three times candidate for the American presidency, was acknowledged leader of the antievolution battle.威廉詹宁斯布赖恩，一个长老会门外汉倍以上3倍的人选为美国总统，是公认的领导人对antievolution仗。
In several cases in the north fundamentalists created new denominations in order to carry on the true faith in purity apart from the larger bodies they regarded as apostate.在若干情况下，在北部原教旨主义创造了新的不同面值，以履行对真正信仰的纯洁，除了规模较大的机构，他们被视为叛教。 They formed the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (1932), the Presbyterian Church of America (1936), renamed the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, the Bible Presbyterian Church (1938), the Conservative Baptist Association of America (1947), the Independent Fundamental Churches of America (1930), and many others.他们形成了总商会的定期浸信会教堂（ 1932年） ，美国长老教会（ 1936年） ，改名为东正教长老教会圣经长老教会（ 1938 ） ，保守派浸信会联会，美国（ 1947年） ，独立的根本教堂美国（ 1930年） ，以及其他许多人。 In the south fundamentalists dominated the huge Southern Baptist Convention, the southern Presbyterian Church, and the expanding independent Bible church and Baptist church movements, including the American Baptist Association.在南部的基本教义派为主的庞大的美南浸信会的公约，南部长老教会，并扩大独立圣经教会与浸信教会运动，其中包括美国浸信会联会。 Across the United States fundamentalists founded new revival ministries, mission agencies, seminaries, Bible schools, Bible conferences, and newspapers.美国全国各地的原教旨主义创立新的复兴部委，团机构，神学院，圣经学校，圣经会议，和报纸。
During this period the distinctive theological point that the fundamentalists made was that they represented true Christianity based on a literal interpretation of the Bible, and that de facto this truth ought to be expressed organizationally separate from any association with liberals and modernists.在此期间，鲜明的神学之点就是原教旨主义是，他们所代表的真正基督教的基础上的字面解释圣经，而且事实上这个真理应该是表示，组织上独立于任何协会与自由派和现代派。 They came to connect a separatist practice with the maintenance of the fundamentals of the faith.他们来到连接的一个分离主义实践与维护的基本信念。 They also identified themselves with what they believed was pure in personal morality and American culture.他们还确定了自己是什么，他们认为是纯粹的个人道德与美国文化。 Thus, the term "fundamentalist" came to refer largely to orthodox Protestants outside the large northern denominations, whether in the newly established denominations, in the southern churches, or in the many independent churches across the land.因此， "原教旨主义"来指主要是东正教基督徒外大面额的北方，无论是在新成立的面额，在南部的教堂，还是在许多独立教会神州大地。
Organizationally this spilt among largely northern fundamentalists was expressed on one hand by the American Council of Christian Churches (1941), which was ecclesiastically separatist in principle, and on the other by the National Association of Evangelicals (1942), which sought to embrace orthodox Protestants as individuals in all denominations.在组织上，这泼其中主要是北部的原教旨主义有人表示，一方面，由美国基督教教会理事会（ 1941 ） ，这是ecclesiastically分裂主义原则，另一方面，由国家协会的新教徒（ 1942 ） ，它试图拥抱东正教基督徒作为个人，在所有的教派。 The term "fundamentalist" was carried into the 1950s by the ACCC as well as by a vast number of southern churches and independent churches not included in either body.而言， "原教旨主义"进行到20世纪50年代由澳大利亚竞争和消费者以及一个数量庞大的华南教会及独立教会不包括在这两个机构。 It was proudly used by such schools as Bob Jones University, Moody Bible Institute, and Dallas Theological Seminary, and by hundreds of evangelists and radio preachers.这是自豪地用这样的学校作为鲍勃琼斯大学，穆迪圣经学院和达拉斯神学院，以及数以百计的传道士和电台的宣讲员。 The International Council of Christian Churches (1948) sought to give the term worldwide currency in opposition to the World Council of Churches.国际基督教教会理事会（ 1948年）旨在让全世界来说，货币在反对世界基督教协进会。
The term "fundamentalist" took on special meaning in contrast with evangelical or neoevangelical, rather than merely in contrast with liberalism, modernism, or neo orthodoxy.而言， "原教旨主义"了特殊的意义，相比之下，与福音派或neoevangelical ，而不是只是相比之下，与自由主义，现代主义，或新的正统。 Fundamentalists and evangelicals in the 1950s and 1960s shared much; both adhered to the traditional doctrines of Scripture and Christ; both promoted evangelism, revivals, missions, and a personal morality against smoking, drinking, theater, movies, and card playing; both identified American values with Christian values; both believed in creating organizational networks that separated themselves from the rest of society.原教旨主义者和新教徒在1950年代和1960年代共同得多;都是坚持传统教义的经文和基督既促进了传道，复苏，任务，内容和个人道德反对吸烟，饮酒，戏剧，电影，并卡玩，既确定了美国价值观与基督教的价值观;都认为，在创建组织网络失散自己从其余的社会。
However, fundamentalists believed they differed from evangelicals and neoevangelicals by being more faithful to Bible believing Christianity, more militant against church apostasy, communism, and personal evils, less ready to cater to social and intellectual respectability.不过，原教旨主义认为，他们不同于新教徒和neoevangelicals通过更忠实于圣经信仰基督教，更激进反对教会变节，共产主义，以及个人的丑恶的东西，那么准备，以配合社会和知识尊严。 They tended to oppose evangelist Billy Graham, not to read Christianity Today, and not to support Wheaton College or Fuller Theological Seminary.他们倾向于反对传道者Billy Graham ，不要读基督教今天，不支持威敦学院或更详尽的神学院。 Instead they favored their own evangelists, radio preachers, newspapers, and schools.相反，他们主张自己的福音使者，传教士电台，报纸和学校等。 Fundamentalists tended to differ greatly among themselves and found it difficult to achieve widespread fundamentalist cooperation.原教旨主义倾向有很大差异，彼此之间并发现很难实现广泛的原教旨主义合作。
Meanwhile people in North America and Great Britain who were neither fundamentalist nor evangelical tended to regard both as fundamentalist, noting their underlying similarities.同时，在北美洲和大不列颠的人既不是原教旨主义也不是福音派倾向于视既作为原教旨主义者，注意到其背后的相似之处。
Leading this phase was a new generation of television and print fundamentalists, notably Jerry Falwell, Tim La Haye, Hal Lindsey, and Pat Robertson.领导这一阶段，是一个新世代的电视和平面媒体原教旨主义者，尤其是杰里福尔韦尔，添海牙， HAL和林赛，并帕特罗伯逊。 Their base was Baptist and southern, but they reached into all denominations.他们的基地被浸会和南部，但他们达成的所有面额的。 They benefited from three decades of post World War II fundamentalist and evangelical expansion through evangelism, publishing, church extension, and radio ministry.他们得益于30年后第二次世界大战的原教旨主义者和福音扩张传道，出版，教堂扩建，广播部。 They tended to blur the distinction between fundamentalist and evangelical.他们往往混淆了区分原教旨主义和福音。 Statistically, they could claim that perhaps one fourth of the American population was fundamentalist - evangelical.在统计上，他们可以声称也许四分之一的美国人口是原教旨主义-福音。 However, not all fundamentalists accepted these new leaders, considering them to be neofundamentalists.然而，并不是所有的原教旨主义接纳这些新的领导人，考虑到他们来的neofundamentalists 。
The fundamentalists of the early 1980s were in many ways very different people from their predecessors, and they faced many different issues.原教旨主义的八十年代的初期，在许多方面都非常不同的人，从他们的前辈，他们遇到了许多不同的问题。 But they continued important traits common to fundamentalists from the 1920s through the early 1980s.但他们的持续和重要的共同特质，以原教旨主义从20世纪20年代，通过80年代初。 They were certain that they possessed true knowledge of the fundamentals of the faith and that they therefore represented true Christianity based on the authority of a literally interpreted Bible.他们确信他们拥有真正的基本知识的信念，并因此，他们所代表的真正基督教的基础上，管理局的一个字面解释圣经。 They believed it was their duty to carry on the great battle of history, the battle of God against Satan, of light against darkness, and to fight against all enemies who undermined Christianity and America.他们认为这是他们的职责进行伟大斗争的历史，战役，上帝对撒旦，轻反对黑暗，并打击一切敌人，他们破坏了基督教和美国。 Faced with this titanic struggle they were inclined to consider other Christians who were not fundamentalists as either unfaithful to Christ or not genuinely Christian.面对这一巨大的斗争，他们愿意考虑其他的基督信徒们并没有原教旨主义，因为无论是不忠，以基督或不是真正的基督徒。 They called for a return to an inerrant and infallible Bible, to the traditional statement of the doctrines, and to a traditional morality which they believed once prevailed in America.他们呼吁建立一个返回一个inerrant和犯错的圣经，对传统声明的教条，并以传统的道德感，他们认为，一旦占了上风，在美国。 To do all this, they created a vast number of separate organizations and ministries to propagate the fundamentalist faith and practice.做了这一切，他们创造了数量庞大的独立组织和部委宣扬原教旨主义的信仰和实践。
CT
McIntire电脑断层mcintire
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
GW Dollar, A
History of Fundamentalism in America; R Lightner, Neo Evangelicalism; L Gasper,
The Fundamentalist Movement, 1930 - 1956; J Falwell, E Dobson, and E Hindson,
eds., The Fundamentalist Phenomenon; GM Marsden, Fundamentalism and American
Culture; CA Russell, Voices of American Fundamentalism; NF Furniss, The
Fundamentalist Controversy, 1918 - 1931; ER Sandeen, The Roots of
Fundamentalism; JI Packer, "Fundamentalism" and the Word of God; James Barr,
Fundamentalism.毛重美元，历史上的原教旨主义在美国与r lightner ，新evangelicalism ;升gasper
，原教旨主义运动， 1930年-1
956年j福尔韦尔，电子布森，电子商务欣德森合编，原教旨主义的现象;通用马斯登认为，原教旨主义和美国文化;钙罗素，声音美洲原教旨主义;的NF尼斯，原教旨主义的争论，
1918年-1 931;呃俄勒冈，根部的原教旨主义;纪封隔器， "原教旨主义"和上帝的话;詹姆斯巴尔原教旨主义。
This subject presentation in the original English language这一主题演讲，在原有的英语
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