Basically there are three types of church government, the episcopal, the presbyterian, and the congregational, each of which takes on features from the others.基本上有三种类型的教会，政府， 主教，长老，及堂，每一项都需特征，从别人的。 Episcopalianism, for example, finds a large place for presbyters in its synods and elsewhere, and its congregations have many functions of their own. episcopalianism ，举例来说，找到一个大的地方长老在其主教会议和其他地方，它的毕业典礼有很多功能他们自己的。 Presbyterian congregations also play a large part, while the appearance of moderators attests a movement toward episcopal supervision.长老会教友也发挥了很大一部分，而外观版主证明一个运动走向主教监督。 The very existence of such groupings as Congregational and Baptist Unions with their presidents shows that churches with a basically congregational polity are yet alive to the value of other elements in the Christian tradition.十分存在这样的集团的堂会和浸信工会与他们的总统表明教会与基本上堂政体尚未意识到的价值，其他元素在基督教传统。 Yet the general categories do apply.但一般类别适用。
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But there are objections.但也有反对意见。 There is no evidence that bishops differed from presbyters in NT days.目前并没有证据显示主教不同于众长老在新台币天。 It is going too far to say that all the ministry of these times was of apostolic origin.这是过犹不及地说，所有内政部这些时间是使徒的起源。 There were churches not of apostolic foundation, like that in Colossae, which do not seem to have lacked a ministry.有没有教会的使徒基金会一样，在科洛塞，这似乎并不缺少一个部。 Again, some of the early church orders, including the Didache, are congregational in outlook.再次，一些早期教会的命令，其中包括didache ，正堂在Outlook中。 The case is far from proven.此案是远远证明。
Nevertheless, episcopacy is undoubtedly early and practically universal.不过，之故，无疑是早期和实际上具有普遍性。 In time divisions appeared, notably the great schism in 1054 when the Orthodox Church in the East and the Roman Catholic Church in the West separated.在时间均告出现，尤其是大裂1054年时，东正教教会在该国东部和罗马天主教会在西方分开。 Both continue to be episcopal and hold to the doctrine of apostolic succession.双方继续成为主教，并举行以中庸的使徒继承。 But there are differences.但也存在分歧。 The Orthodox Church is a federation of self governing churches, each with its own patriarch.东正教是一个联邦的自治教会，每个国家都有它自己的主教。 The Roman Catholic church is more centralized, and its bishops are appointed by the pope.罗马天主教会是较集中，它的主教都是由教皇。 There are doctrinal differences, such as different views of the filioque clause in the Nicene Creed.有理论上的差异，如不同的看法，该filioque条款尼西亚。
At the Reformation there were further separations.在改革有进一步离职。 The Church of England rejected Roman supremacy but retained the historic episcopate.英国教会拒绝接受罗马至高无上的，但保留了历史性的主教。 Some of the Lutheran churches opted for an episcopal system but did not remain in the historic succession.一些路德教会选择了一种主教制，但没有停留在历史的继承。 In more recent times other churches have decided to have bishops, e., some Methodist churches, and these too have rejected the historic succession.在近期其他教会已决定设立主教，即一些循道卫理教会，而这些也都不愿接受历史的继承。 There have been other divisions, such as the separation of the Old Catholics when the dogma of papal infallibility was proclaimed.有其他分区，如分离的旧天主教徒当教条的教皇infallibility宣告成立。 More Christians accept episcopacy than any other form of church government, but episcopal churches are for the most part not in communion with one another.更多基督徒接受之比任何其他形式的教会政府，但圣公会大部分资料都是不共融与彼此。
In the subapostolic age the bishop developed at the expense of the presbyters.在subapostolic年龄主教发达国家在牺牲的长老。 This was due to such circumstances as the need for a strong leader in times of persecution and in the controversies against heretics and perhaps also to the prestige attaching to the minister who regularly conducted the service of Holy Communion.这是由于有这样的情况下，因为需要有一个强有力的领导者，在时代的迫害和在争议，对异教徒，而且还可能向威信依附部长，定期进行服务的圣餐。
There is much that is convincing in this case.有不少是有说服力的，在这种情况下。 But we must also bear in mind the considerations urged by upholders of the other ways of viewing church government.但是，我们也必须铭记考虑敦促upholders的其他方式的观景教会政府。 What is beyond doubt is that from the Reformation onward the presbyterian form of church government has been of very great importance.什么是无庸置疑的是，从改造起了长老会的形式，教会，政府一直十分重视。 John Calvin organized the four churches in Geneva on the basis of his understanding of the NT ministry as four fold: the pastor, the doctor (or teacher), the deacon, and the presbyter (or elder).约翰卡尔文组织了四个教会在日内瓦就根据他的了解，新台币部为四个方面：牧师，医生（或老师） ，执事，并presbyter （或长辈） 。 It was the pastor who had the care of the congregation.这是牧师曾照顾众。 This was not the full presbyterian system, but it laid the foundation for it, and presbyterianism developed in Switzerland, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and elsewhere.这是不是全部的长老会制度，但它奠定了基础，并且presbyterianism发达，在瑞士，德国，法国，荷兰，和其他地方。 On the continent the name "Reformed" is used for these churches.对大陆命名为"改革" ，是用于这些教堂。
Another important development in Geneva took place in a congregation of exiles from Queen Mary's England.另一项重要发展是，在日内瓦发生在聚集流亡分子从玛丽的英格兰。 They met under their elected pastors, John Knox and Christopher Goodman, and developed along presbyterian lines.他们下举行了会议，他们所选出的牧师约翰诺克斯和克里斯托弗古德曼，并制定沿长老线路。 After the accession of Elizabeth, Knox returned to Scotland, and his work led in time to the full emergence of the Presbyterian Church in that country, from where it spread to northern Ireland.加入后，黄钱其濂，诺克斯回到苏格兰，和他率领的工作，在时间，以充分涌现的长老教会在该国，从那里蔓延到北爱尔兰。 England for a number of reasons did not accept presbyterianism as wholeheartedly as did Scotland, but a presbyterian church emerged there also.英格兰基于多个原因，不接受presbyterianism作为全心全意像苏格兰，但长老教会出现的，也有。 From this church Welsh presbyterianism took its origin.从这个教堂威尔士语presbyterianism了它的起源。 From Europe, more particularly from Britain, the church spread to America, where it became one of the most significant groups of Christians.来自欧洲，特别是来自英国，教会传播到美国，在那里成为一个最显着的基督徒群体。 In the great missionary movement of modern times missionaries carried the presbyterian form of the church far and wide, and national presbyterian churches were formed in many parts of the world.在伟大的传教运动的近代传教士进行了长老会的形式，教会远且广，全国长老会教堂，形成了世界上许多地方。
Presbyterian churches are independent of one another, but they have in common that they accept such standards as the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, or the Westminister Confession and that they practice a presbyterial form of church government.长老教会是相互独立，但他们有一个共同点，即他们接受这种标准，作为belgic供述，海德堡讲授，或westminister忏悔与他们实行presbyterial形式的教会政府。 The local congregation elects its "session," which governs its affairs.当地教区的选举其"会话" ，而执政的事务。 It is led by the minister, the "teaching elder," who is chosen and called by the congregation.它是由农业部长说， "教学中的长老， "谁是选择，并呼吁由众。 He is, however, ordained by the presbytery, which consists of the teaching and ruling elders from a group of congregations over which it exercises jurisdiction.但是，他受戒由长老会，其中的教学水平和执政长老一群教友超过它行使管辖权。 Above it is a General Assembly.以上这是一个大会。 In all courts parity between teaching and ruling elders is important.在所有法庭平价之间的教学水平和执政长老是重要的。 There has been a tendency for smaller bodies of presbyterians to appear among those who are dissatisfied with the laxity (as they see it) in the way some of the larger churches hold to classic presbyterianism.有一种倾向，为规模较小的机构presbyterians出现那些不满与懈怠（在他们看来）的方式，一些较具规模的教堂举行，以经典presbyterianism 。
Added to this is the emphasis on the local congregation in the NT.加上这是侧重于当地聚集在新台币。 There, it is maintained, we see autonomous congregations, not subject to episcopal or presbyterial control.在那里，那是，我们看到自主教会，而不是受推崇或presbyterial控制。 The apostles, it is true, exercise a certain authority, but it is the authority of founders of churches and of the Lord's own apostles.使徒们，这是真的，行使一定的权力，但它是权威的奠基人教会和主自己的门徒。 After their death there was no divinely instituted apostolate to take their place.之后，他们的死是没有神提起使徒考虑自己的位置。 Instead the local congregations were still self governing, as we see from local church orders like the Didache.反之，地方教会仍然自治，因为我们看到，由地方教会的命令一样didache 。 Appeal is also made to the democratic principle.警方呼吁市民，也作出了民主的原则。 The NT makes it clear that Christians are all one in Christ and there is no room for any absolute human authority.新台币作出明确表示，基督信徒都是在基督里，不存在的余地，任何人的绝对权威。
Congregationalism as a system appeared after the Reformation.公理作为一个系统后出现的改革。 Some among the Reformed decisively rejected the idea of a state church and saw believers as forming a "gathered church," those who have heard the call of Christ and have responded.其中一些改革后，果断地拒绝了主意一国的教会和信徒看到，作为形成了一个"聚集在教堂， "那些听到呼叫的基督，并已作出回应。 An Englishman, Robert Browne, published in Holland a famous treatise, "Reformation Without Tarrying for Any" (1582), in which he affirmed the principle of the gathered church, its independence of bishops and magistrates, and its right to ordain its ministers.一个英国人罗伯特布朗，发表在荷兰著名的论述： "改革没有tarrying任何" （ 1582 ） ，其中他在肯定的原则，所收集的教会，并确保其独立性的主教和裁判，其权利阿拉维其部长。 Denied the freedom to put all this into practice in England, many crossed into Holland.剥夺了自由，把所有到这一点的做法，在英国，许多越过边界进入荷兰。 It was from the church at Leiden that the Pilgrims fathers sailed for America in 1620 and established congregationalism in the new world, where it became very important.这是由教会在莱顿表示，朝圣者的父亲驶往美国在1620年建立了公理，在新的世界里，它成了很重要的。
Congregationalism is much wider than the church that bears the name.公理是广泛得多，比教会熊的名字。 Baptists, for example, usually have congregational polity.浸信会，举例来说，通常是有公理的政体。 They see the local congregation as independent and not subject to any outside authority.他们看到这个地方聚集，为独立，并没有受到任何外界权威。 So it is with several other denominations.所以这是与其他几个教派。 In addition there are Christians who from time to time set up their own congregations with no links with anyone. Congregationalists generally oppose creedal tests. This leads to an admirable toleration.此外，还有基督教徒，他们不时成立了自己的毕业典礼，没有联系任何人。 称为"公理派"普遍反对creedal考验，这导致了令人钦佩的，严惩不贷。 But it also opens up the way to a distortion of NT Christianity, and some congregationalists have passed over into unitarianism.但它也开辟了道路，以扭曲的新台币基督教，有的称为"公理派"已通过到unitarianism 。 Nevertheless, congregationalism remains a widely held form of Christianity, and it undeniably points to important NT values.不过，公理仍是一个普遍的形式，基督教，它不可否认点，以重要新台币价值观。
L
Morris升莫里斯
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
RW Dale, Manual
of Congregational Principles; E Hatch, The Organization of the Early Christian
Churches; KE Kirk, ed., The Apostolic Ministry; JB Lightfoot, "The Christian
Ministry," Commentary on Philippians; TW Mason, The Church's Ministry; J
Moffatt, The Presbyterian Church; JN Ogilvie, The Presbyterian Churches of
Christendom; BH Streeter, The Primitive Church; HB Swete, ed., Essays on the
Early History of the Church and Ministry; W Telfer, The Office of a
Bishop. rw戴尔，手动的公理原则;电子舱口，该组织的早期基督教教堂;柯柯克，版，使徒部;了JB lightfoot ，
"基督教省"的评philippians ;星期日梅森，教会的部; j moffatt ，长老教会;若望奥利弗，长老教会的基督教;波黑streeter
，原始教会;血红蛋白swete ，版，散文对早期教会的历史和内政部;瓦特特尔弗，该办公室的一位主教。
Congregationalism
公理
Presbyterianism
presbyterianism
Episcopal
Church 圣公会
Belgic
Confession belgic自白
Heidelberg
Confession 海德堡自白
Westminster
Confession 西敏寺自白
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