The term Brethren identifies several Christian groups of common origin, at an earlier date frequently called "Dunkers," of which the Church of the Brethren is today the largest.任期兄弟确定几个基督教团体的共同起源，在一个较早的日期经常所谓的" dunkers " ，而该教会的弟兄，是今天最大的。 The movement began in Germany in 1708 as part of the spiritual awakening called Pietism.这项运动在德国，在1708年，作为其精神的觉醒所谓pietism 。 In that year a small group led by Alexander Mack (1679 - 1735) baptized one another by immersion, facedown, three times in a flowing stream: this form of Baptism became a distinctive practice.在这一年一小群为首的亚历山大麦克（ 1679 -1 735）的洗礼，又沉浸， f acedown的3倍，在急流：这种形式的洗礼，成为一个独特的做法。 Mack and his followers migrated to Pennsylvania from Germany in 1719.麦克和他的追随者移居宾夕法尼亚由德国在1640 。 Since then, small groups have broken away from the main body, either because it seemed too liberal or not liberal enough.自那时起，小团体已经脱离了主体，因为它似乎太自由或不自由不够的。 Among all Brethren, trine immersion is practiced and a pacifist witness maintained.各兄弟， trine浸没是实行一个和平主义者证人保持下去。 The Church of the Brethren lists 161,824 members in 1,044 congregations (1986). 教会的弟兄名单161824成员： 23701044毕业典礼（ 1986 ） 。 The Brethren Church and the Old German Baptist Brethren are much smaller. 兄弟教会和旧德语浸信会弟兄，是要少得多。
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Bibliography
参考书目
SL Bowman, Power
and Polity among the Brethren (1987); VS Fisher, The Story of the Brethren
(1957).晚上鲍曼，电力和政体之间的兄弟（ 1987年） ;队费舍尔，故事的兄弟（ 1957 ） 。
At the basis of
their belief is a commitment to peace.在根据他们的信仰是和平的承诺。 They enjoin plainness of dress, settle
difficulties among themselves without civil law, affirm instead of taking oath,
oppose secret societies, and advise against the use of tobacco and the
manufacture, sale, and use of
intoxicants.他们责成貌丑的着装，解决困难，在它们之间没有民法，肯定不是采取宣誓，反对秘密社团，并建议禁止使用烟草和制造，销售，使用的intoxicants
。 As early as 1782
the Brethren prohibited slavery and vehemently denounced the slave
trade.早在1782年的弟兄，禁止奴役，并强烈谴责奴隶贸易的。 A traditional ban on participation in
politics has been relaxed somewhat in recent
years.传统的禁止参与政治已经放宽了近年来有所回升。
The
Progressive Brethren divided again in 1939.
逐步弟兄分再次在1939年。 According to the latest available
statistics, one group, the Brethren Church (Ashland, Ohio) has 15,082
members in 122 churches; the second group, the National Fellowship of
Brethren churches, has 34,000 members in more than 275
churches.根据最新资料统计，一组， 兄弟教会（ Ashland公司，俄亥俄州） ， 15082会员在122个教堂;第二组，
国家团契的弟兄，教会，有34000名成员中超过275人的教堂。 Another Dunker sect is composed of the
Seventh Day Baptists (German) .另一dunker教派组成的第七天浸信会（德语）
。
(German tunken,
to dip) （德语屯垦，以浸）
A Protestant sect
thus named from its distinctive baptismal
rite.一名新教教派，因此命名为来自其独特的受洗仪式。 They are also called "Dunkards",
"Dunkers", "Brethren", and "German Baptists".他们也被称为" dunkards " ， "
dunkers " ， "兄弟" ， "德语浸信会" 。 This last appellation designates both
their national origin and doctrinal
relationship.最后这个称谓指定两个国家的起源与理论的关系。 In addition to their admission of the
teaching of the Baptists, they hold the following distinctive beliefs and
practices.他们除了接纳教学的浸礼会教友，他们拥有以下鲜明的信仰和习俗。 In the administration of baptism the
candidate is required to kneel in the water and is dipped forward three times,
in recognition of the three Persons of the
Trinity.在政府的洗礼的考生须跪在水和抹于，提出了3倍，在承认上述三种人的三位一体。 Communion after the manner of the
primitive church is administered in the evening; it is preceded by the
love-feast or agape, and followed by the kiss of
charity.后共融的方式原始教会是经管在傍晚，它是前面所爱的飨宴或爱德，其次是亲吻的慈善机构。 On certain occasions they also perform
the rite of foot-washing.在某些场合，他们也履行了成年礼的脚洗。 Their dress is characterized by unusual
simplicity.他们的服饰特点是不寻常的简单。 They refuse to take oaths, to bear
arms, and, in so far as possible, to engage in
lawsuits.他们拒绝宣誓，携带武器，并且在这样尽量让他们打得起官司。 Their foundation was due to a desire of
restoring primitive Christianity, and dates back to
1708.其基础是由于当局的愿望，恢复原始基督教，并追溯至1629 。 In that year their founder Alexander
Mack (1679-1735) received believers' baptism with seven companions at
Schwarzenau, in Westphalia.正是这一年，其创始人亚历山大麦克（
1679至1735年）获得信徒们的洗礼与七名同伴在施瓦策瑙，在威斯特伐利亚。 The little company rapidly made
converts, and congregations were established in Germany, Holland, and
Switzerland.小公司迅速作出转换，教友分别设在德国，荷兰和瑞士。 As they were subjected to persecution,
they all emigrated to America between the years 1719 and
1729.由于他们受到的迫害，他们都移民到美国之间的1719年和1729年。
The first
families settled at Germantown, Pennsylvania, where a church was organized in
1723.第一家庭定居在Germantown的，宾夕法尼亚州，那里的教堂举办了1723年。 Shortly after some members, led by
Conrad Beissel who contended that the seventh day ought to be observed as the
Sabbath, seceded and formed the "Seventh Day Baptists" (German; membership in
1911, 250).不久后，部分委员，率领由康拉德beissel人争辩说第七天应该遵守的安息日，分裂，形成了"第七天浸信会"
（德语;成员在1911年， 250页） 。 The Tunkers, nevertheless, prospered
and, in spite of set-backs caused by the Revolutionary and Civil Wars, spread
from Pennsylvania to many other states of the Union, and to
Canada.该tunkers ，不过，蓬勃发展，尽管集背部造成的革命和内战，遍布从宾西法尼亚到许多其他国家的联盟，并到加拿大。
Foreign missionary work and the
foundation of educational institutions were inaugurated in the decade
1870-1880.外国传教工作和基础教育机构就职，在1870年至1880年的十年。 About the same time the demands for the
adoption of a more progressive and liberal church policy became more and more
insistent, and in 1881-82 led to
division.大约同一时间，要求采取更进步和自由教会的政策，成为越来越多的坚持，并在1881年至1882年主导，以记名表决。
Two extreme parties, "the Progressives"
and the "Old Order Brethren", separated from the main body, which henceforth was
known as the "Conservative Tunkers".两种极端的党派， "进步"与"旧秩序兄弟"
，脱离主体，而从此就被称为"保守tunkers " 。 These obey the annual conference as the
central authority, and have a ministry composed of bishops or elders, ministers,
and deacons.这些服从届年会上，作为中央的权力，并有部组成的主教或长老，部长，和执事。 They maintain schools in various
states, own a printing plant at Elgin, Illinois, and publish the "Gospel
Messenger" as their official
organ.他们坚称学校在不同的州，自己的印刷厂，在埃尔金，伊利诺伊州，并公布"福音使者"作为自己的官方机构。 (Membership, 3006 ministers, 880
churches, 100,000 communicants.) The Progressives hold that the decisions of the
annual conference do not bind the individual conscience, that its regulations
concerning plain attire need not be observed, and that each congregation shall
independently administer its own affairs. （会员，第3006部长， 880教堂， 100000者。
）进步人士认为，该决定的年度会议上没有约束力的个人良知，它的规章，平原装束不必遵守，并表示，每一堂应独立管理自己内政。 (Statistics, 186 ministers, 219
churches, 18,607 communicants.) The Old Order Brethren are unalterably attached
to the old practices; they are opposed to high schools, Sunday schools, and
missionary activity; they have still, according to the long prevalent custom of
the sect, an unsalaried ministry and are extremely plain in dress.
（统计，有186部长， 219个教堂， 18607者。
）旧秩序兄弟的威信已经无可改变隶属旧习俗，他们是反对高中，周日学校和传教活动，他们还根据长期流行的传统风俗该教派，
unsalaried部和极为平原裙。 (228 ministers; 75 churches; 4000
communicants.) （ 228部长会议75个教堂;四千者。 ）
Publication
information Written by NA Weber.出版信息写娜韦伯。 Transcribed by Herman F.
Holbrook.转录由赫尔曼楼霍尔布鲁克。 Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem
peccatorum. confiteor教科文组织货币单位baptisma在remissionem peccatorum 。
The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume
XV.天主教百科全书，体积十五。 Published 1912. 1912年出版。
New York: Robert Appleton
Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1912.
nihil obstat ， 1912年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD,
Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。
+John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of
New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
The statistics
throughout are those of CARROLL in Christian Advocate (New York, 26 Jan.,
1911).统计全是那些对卡罗尔在基督教主张（纽约， 1911年1月26日） 。 Beside the minutes of the Annual
Meeting, consult on the doctrine: MACK, A Plain View of the Rites and Ordinances
of the House of God (Mt. Morris, 1888), and MILLER, Doctrine of the Brethren
Defended (Indianapolis, 1876); BRUMBAUGH, History of the German Baptist Brethren
in Europe and America (Elgin, 1899); FALKENSTEIN, History of the German Baptist
Brethren Church (Lancaster, 1901); HOLSINGER, History of the Tunkers and the
Brethren Churches (Oakland, 1901); GILLEN, The Dunkers (New York,
1906).旁边分钟的年度会议，征询对学说：麦克，一个浅显的看法礼仪和法令的上帝的家（东山莫里斯， 1888 ）
，和米勒，学说的兄弟辩护（印第安纳波利斯， 1876年） ; brumbaugh ，历史的德国浸信会弟兄，在欧洲和美洲（埃尔金， 1899 ）
;费尔肯斯坦，历史的德国浸信教会弟兄（兰开斯特， 1901年） ; holsinger ，历史的tunkers和兄弟教会（奥克兰， 1901年） ;吉伦，
dunkers （纽约， 1906年） 。
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Later
History后来历史
In 1881-83 the church lost about 8000
members by a division in its ranks; the split resulted in the secession of two
parties, known as the Old-Order Brethren and Progressive Brethren.
The former group objected to the attention the church was paying to educational,
missionary, and Sunday school work, and the latter insisted that the church was
too
conservative.在1881年至1883年，教会损失了大约8000名成员，进行记名表决时，其职级;分裂，导致在分裂国家的两党，被称为旧阶兄弟和渐进的谣言。前者反对该注意教会付费教育，宣教士，周日学校工作，而后者坚持认为教会是过于保守。
After several years of contention these
parties withdrew from the parent church and formed separate
organizations.经过数年的争论，这些政党退出父母教会，并形成独立的组织。 The parent church is known today as the
Church of the Brethren (Conservative Dunkers) and according to recent
statistics has 172,115 members in 1061
congregations.母公司教堂是众所周知的，今天由于教会的弟兄 （保守dunkers ）
，并根据最新的统计数字，有172115成员，在1061年的毕业典礼。
Tunkers
tunkers
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