The word Bible is derived from the Greek biblia, meaning "books," and refers to the sacred writings of Judaism and Christianity.字圣经，是源自于希腊语快报，意思是"书" ，是指以神圣的著作犹太教和基督教。 The Bible consists of two parts.圣经包括两部分。 The first part, called the Old Testament by Christians, consists of the sacred writings of the Jewish people and was written originally in Hebrew, except for some portions in Aramaic.第一部分，所谓旧约基督徒，包括神圣的著作犹太人民，并以书面原本以希伯来语，除某些部分在阿拉姆语。 The second part, called the New Testament, was composed in Greek and records the story of Jesus and the beginnings of Christianity.第二部分，所谓的新约圣经，是由希腊文，并记录了耶稣的故事，并开始了基督教。 Translated in whole or in part into more than 1,500 languages, the Bible is the most widely distributed book in the world. Its influence on history and culture, including literature and the other arts, is incalculable.翻译部分或全部纳入1500多名语言， 圣经是分布最广的书在世界上影响力的历史和文化，包括文学及其他艺术，是无法估量的。
The themes are the uniqueness and glory of God (Yahweh), the Covenants he made with Israel, the Law, God's control of history and Israel's special destiny, God's revelation through the Prophets, the nature of humanity, corporate and individual sin and its remedy, and the true worship of God. 主题是独特性和神的荣耀（雅威） ，盟约，他与以色列，法，上帝的控制的历史和以色列的特殊命运，上帝的启示是通过先知，但性质人性，企业和个人的单仲偕及补救和真正的崇拜上帝。
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Yahweh was different from all other deities. Israel was forbidden to worship any other god, and the Mosaic religion perhaps implied that no other existed, although this was not specifically emphasized until the time of the exile during the Babylonian Captivity (587 - 37 BC). 雅威不同于其他一切神灵，以色列禁止崇拜任何其他神，并且镶嵌宗教也许意味着没有其他存在的，尽管它不是特别强调，直至当时的流亡在巴比伦囚禁（ 587 -公元前3 7） 。 Other gods personified natural forces or tribes and nations, but Yahweh was supreme over everything.其他神人格化的自然力量或部落和国家，但雅威是最高人民法院压倒一切。 Because he controlled history, he could use Assyria or Babylonia to punish a rebellious Israel.因为他控制的历史，他可以利用assyria或巴比伦王国，以惩罚一个叛逆以色列。 Plentiful crops depended on his will alone and not on the magical rites by which the Baals of Canaan were worshiped. The concept of the Book of Leviticus was that the Hebrews were to be a holy people, separated from all defilement.丰富的作物取决于他的意愿，仅而不是神奇的仪轨，其中baals的迦南人崇拜。 概念，这本书的利未记是希伯来人是一个神圣的人，脱离一切污秽。
Many laws in the Pentateuch, or Torah, the first five books, were not different from those of surrounding nations.许多法律在pentateuch ，或律法，第一个五年书籍，没有什么不同，从这些周边国家。 However, some unique commandments were given, without specific rewards and punishments; most important were the Ten Commandments, which have a high ethical content. The Torah (Law) was a complete religious and civil law for the whole nation. It prescribed sacrifices and festivals similar to those of other nations, but the emphasis was on morality. Yahweh was a God of justice. All sin and injustice was an offense against him; and repentance could bring forgiveness.不过，一些较有特色的诫命获得，但无具体的奖惩;最重要的十个戒律，其中有一个很高的道德内容。 律法（法） ，是一个完整的宗教和民间法，为全民族的，它明的牺牲和节日类似相对于其他国家，但更多的是强调道德。 雅威是上帝的公义，一切罪恶和不公是一个进攻对他的;悔改可带来宽恕。
In the Book of Joshua, Yahweh is a God of war who commands the slaughter of the Canaanites, but the Hebrew religion gradually outgrew such a concept, as can be seen in the books of Jeremiah and Jonah. The prophets saw history as an interaction between the living God and his people, and its outcome depended on their obedience. Israel was destined to be a light to the nations, but it always had a special place in God's purpose and love, and the Hebrews always struggled with the two concepts of God's impartial justice and his love toward Israel. Late in the biblical period, writers of Apocalyptic Literature, unlike the earlier prophets, despaired of the normal forces of history and believed that God would put an end to the present age, bringing in a miraculous reign of righteousness.在该书中的约书亚，雅威是一个战争之神的人指挥屠杀的canaanites ，但希伯来宗教逐渐增速平均达6.6这样一个概念，可以看出，在帐簿耶利米和约拿。 先知们看到了历史上作为一个相互作用活着的上帝和他的人民，其结果取决于他们服从。以色列是注定要成为一盏灯，国家，但它始终有一个特殊的地位，在上帝的宗旨和恋爱，希伯来人总是挣扎与这两个概念的上帝的公正的司法和他的爱情，对以色列。 下旬在圣经时期，作家的世界末日的文学，不像先前先知，绝望的正常历史的力量，并认为上帝将结束当今时代，引进一个奇迹般的统治义。
These themes were not systematized into a theology but can be discerned from the literature as a whole, which expresses the hopes, fears, laments, thanksgivings, and even the doubts of the Hebrews. Thus the Book of Job criticizes the popular, facile doctrine of reward and punishment, and the Book of Ecclesiastes often approaches skepticism.这些主题均没有系统化，成为一个神学的，但可以分辨，从文学作为一个整体，它体现了希望，恐惧，感叹thanksgivings ，甚至怀疑的希伯来人， 所以这本书的工作，批评受欢迎，简易主义奖励和处罚，这本书的传道书通常的做法持怀疑态度。
Christian Bibles arrange the books differently. 基督教圣经，安排不同的书籍。 The Law, or Pentateuch, comes first, then all the historical books. 法律，或pentateuch ，至上，则所有的历史书籍。 These are followed by the poetical, or wisdom, books and finally the prophetic books. 这些都是其次是诗歌，或智慧，书籍和最后的先知书。 Thus Ruth, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther appear in the second group and Daniel and Lamentations in the fourth. 因此，罗思，地方志，以斯拉，尼希米记，和Esther出现在第二组和丹尼尔和悲叹在第四位。
[Editor's Note: Christian Bibles also generally divide apart all of the separate Books, so the Canon is described as being a total of 39 Books, but which are the same text as the 24 Books of the Hebrew Bible. [编者按：基督教圣经，也普遍隔膜除了所有的单独的书籍，所以佳能公司正在被描述为共出书39册，但属于同一文本作为24书籍的希伯来语圣经。 For example, where the Hebrew Bible counts the Twelve Minor Prophets as one Book, Christian Bibles almost universally count them as twelve Books.]例如，在希伯来语圣经计数十二小先知，因为一本书，基督教圣经，几乎普遍指望他们为12个图书。 ]
The Jews never ceased writing religious books. Several books composed in Hebrew or Greek after 300 BC are part of the Septuagint, or Old Greek version, and were regarded as Scripture by many Christians.犹太人从来没有停止过写作宗教书籍。 几本书组成的希伯来文或希腊后，公元前300年，是部分的septuagint ，还是旧的希腊语版本，及被视为经文许多基督徒。 Roman Catholics and the Orthodox include these books, called Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books, in the Bible. 罗马天主教徒和东正教包括这两本书，名为apocrypha或次经书，在圣经中。 Protestants omit them or print them as an appendix to the Bible. 新教徒略去他们或者打印出来，作为附录，以圣经。
The Pentateuch is based on four principal sources. The oldest, J, was perhaps written in Judah, the southern kingdom, about 950 BC. 该pentateuch基于四个主要来源：历史最悠久， J以来，也许是写在犹大，南部，英国，大约在公元前950 。 Between 900 and 750, another version from Israel, the northern kingdom, was woven in; this is called Ephraim (E) . 900至750人，是另一种版本，由以色列，英国北部，是编织在这就叫艾弗冷（五） 。 In the 7th century BC, Deuteronomy, or most of it (D) , was compiled.在公元前7世纪，申命记，或大部份资讯科技（四） ，汇编成。 About 550 BC, during the exile, the final edition of the Torah added a priestly source (P) , some parts of which are very old.约公元前550 ，在流亡，但最终版本的律法增添了圣源（ P ）的部分，这是很老的。
Ezra and Nehemiah were composed after the exile, when these two leaders restored Judaism in Palestine, and Nehemiah's own memoirs make up much of the latter book. 以斯拉和尼希米记者组成后，流亡海外，当这两位领导人恢复犹太教在巴勒斯坦，并尼希米记自己的回忆录中做出了很大的，后者的书。 The two Books of Chronicles cover Hebrew history from Ezra's priestly point of view but contain some valuable earlier traditions. Ruth is the story of a foreign woman who became loyal to Israel and was the ancestor of David. Esther is a tale of a Jewish queen of Persia who saved her people from persecution.该两本书的封面编年史希伯来历史，从以斯拉的司铎的角度来看，而是包含了一些宝贵的较早的传统。 罗思是故事的一个外国女子，她成为忠诚于以色列和被始祖大卫。 埃丝特是一个故事，一个犹太王后波斯的人救了她的人的迫害。
The remaining prophets followed the exile. Obadiah is strongly nationalistic; Jonah expresses God's concern for Gentiles as well as Jews. Haggai and Zechariah 1 - 8 reflect the rebuilding of a small temple in Jerusalem. Joel, Zechariah 9 - 14, and Malachi combine the themes of judgment and restoration and have apocalyptic elements. Daniel is an apocalypse from the Maccabean period (c. 164 BC) and promises God's help to the Jews in time of persecution.其余先知跟随流亡。 俄巴底亚书 ，是强烈的民族主义; 约拿感谢上帝的关心外邦人以及犹太人哈该书和zechariah 1 -8反映重建的一个小寺庙在耶路撒冷。的J oel， z echariah9日- 14日，玛拉基书结合起来主题的判断和修复，并已世界末日的元素。 丹尼尔是一个启示，从maccabean期限（长164 BC ）的，并承诺在上帝的帮助下向犹太人在当时的迫害。
In explaining and defending their faith, the disciples of Jesus found passages in the Old Testament that they believed were prophecies of his death, resurrection, and nature (for example, Psalm 110:1, Isaiah 53; Daniel 7:13 - 14). They also preserved Jesus' sayings and the stories of his life, which they interpreted in light of their faith. Jesus had proclaimed the gospel ("good news") of the coming reign, or kingdom, of God and carried on a ministry of teaching, forgiveness, and healing. Although much of his teaching agreed with that of other Jews, his more radical and prophetic sayings made enemies.在阐述和捍卫他们的信仰，弟子耶稣发现通道，在旧约中说，他们认为人的预言，他的死亡，复活，和性质（例如，诗篇110:1 ，以赛亚书第53条;丹尼尔7时13 -1 4） 。他们还保留了耶稣的语录和故事，他的生命，而他们的解释，根据他们的信仰。 耶稣宣告了福音（ "好消息" ）的未来统治，或英国，上帝就进行了一个部的教学，宽恕和医治，虽然他的大部分教学商定的，与其他犹太人，他更激进的预言果然熟语作出了敌人。 The high priest and his associates feared Jesus as a threat to the established order, and the Roman governor Pontius Pilate was persuaded to have Jesus crucified.高神父和他的助手们担心耶稣看成是一种威胁，以既定的秩序，罗马总督，祂比拉多被劝服有耶稣钉在十字架上。 Thus, the gospel tradition contains both the message of Jesus and the proclamation of his divine nature.因此，福音的传统，既包含的信息，耶稣以及宣布了他的神性。
Other new experiences of ecstasy and prophecy were interpreted as gifts of the Holy Spirit. Indeed, most books of the New Testament ponder the relation of the old and the new. 其他新的经验，摇头丸和预言被解释为圣灵的礼物。事实上，大部分书籍的新约圣经，思考有关的新和旧的。 Christians, and Jesus himself, believed in the same God as other Jews and recognized the authority of the Old Testament.基督教徒，与耶稣本人，相信是在同一个上帝的其他犹太人和公认的权威旧约。 Yet Jesus had made radical statements that undermined the separateness of Judaism and led logically to the admission of Gentiles into the community.然而，耶稣作出激进的声明说，破坏是分开的犹太教，并导致逻辑上，以接纳外邦人融入社会。 Thus, there emerged a Church embracing Jews and non Jews that was interpreted as based on a new covenant inaugurated by Jesus. Paul, the greatest apostle of the Gentile mission, defended his policies by teaching that the basis for acceptance by God is faith in Jesus Christ; yet Paul did not wish to break continuity with the old religion. 因此 ， 出现了一所教堂概括性的犹太人和非犹太人被解释为基于一种新的盟约开幕耶稣。保罗，最大的使徒的gentile使命，捍卫了他的政策，由教学的基础，接受神的信仰，是在耶稣基督，但保罗不希望打破连续性与旧宗教。
The New Testament contains a strong apocalyptic element.新约圣经包含一个强有力的世界末日的因素。 Jesus' parables and sayings regarding the coming reign of God are enigmatic, and it is not certain that he expected the early end of the world; but many original Christians believed they were living in the last age.耶稣' parables和熟语对于未来的统治是上帝的神秘，而不是肯定的是，他预期提前结束了整个世界，但许多原来的基督教徒相信，他们生活在过去的时代。 Nevertheless, much of the moral teaching of the New Testament is aimed at everyday life in this world, and Christian behavior is a constant theme. The New Testament reflects other concerns of community life, including public worship and church organization, but equal emphasis is placed on individual Prayer and communion with God.不过， 大部分的德育教学的新约圣经是针对日常生活中，在这个世界上，和基督教的行为是一个不断的主题。新约全书反映了其他令人关注的社会生活，包括公共崇拜和教会组织，而是平等的重点放在对个别祈祷，并与上帝。
The New Testament covers a much shorter period of time than the Old Testament, and its interests are fewer and more intense.新约圣经涵盖了短得多的时间内，比旧约中，它的利益是越来越激烈。 This is partly because Christians had access to the Old Testament and other Jewish books.这部分是因为基督徒已进入旧约和其他犹太人的书籍。 The New Testament was written concisely.新约圣经作者是言简意赅。 Almost no attempt was made to imitate the fashionable literature of the time; yet the writings have great rhetorical power.几乎没有尝试了模仿流行文学的时候，但写作有很大的话语权力。 Natural science had little influence.自然科学有多大的影响力。 The outlook is not unscientific but prescientific; these are writings of faith, not speculation.前景是不是不科学的，但prescientific ;这些著作的信仰，而不是投机。
The general, or catholic, Epistles are so called because they are directed to the church as a whole. The Epistle of James emphasizes the importance of good deeds against an empty type of belief that involves no right action. The first Epistle of Peter proclaims joy in the face of persecution and is addressed particularly to congregations with newly baptized members. The Epistles of John resemble the fourth Gospel.一般，或天主教，书信，是因为它是针对教会作为一个整体。坟墓的詹姆斯强调重要的好人好事，对一个空洞型的，相信不涉及权利的行动。首书信彼得宣告喜悦在面对迫害和处理，特别是教友与新成员的洗礼。书信的约翰肖四福音。 St. John teaches the intimate relationship between love of the brotherhood and the true doctrine about Christ; he also attacks division within the church. 圣约翰教导亲密关系，爱的兄弟之情和真正的教义耶稣，他也攻击分裂教会。
During the Middle Ages, parts of the Bible were put into Anglo Saxon and Middle English.在中世纪，部分圣经被放进盎格鲁撒克逊和中古英语。 The first English versions of the entire Bible were made (1380 - 93) by John Wycliffe and his associates who used the Latin text.第一个英语版本的整个圣经发了言（ 1380 -9 3） ，由约翰w ycliffe和他的同伙人用拉丁文字。 The Reformation gave further impulse to translations into modern languages, notably that of Martin Luther in German and William Tyndale in English.改革作了进一步的冲动翻译成现代语言，特别是马丁路德在德国和威廉tyndale英语。 Among later versions are the following: Miles Coverdale's Bible (1535), Matthew's Bible (1537), the Great Bible (1539), Geneva Bible (1560), Rheims - Douai Bible (1582, 1609), King James, or Authorized, Version (1611), English Revised Version (1881 - 85), American Standard Version (1946 - 57), New English Bible (1961 - 70), Jerusalem Bible (1966), New American Bible (1970), Today's English Version (1966 - 76), and the Revised Standard Version (1946 - 1971).其中后的版本有以下几方面：英里coverdale的圣经（ 1535 ） ，马修的圣经（ 1537 ） ，大圣经（ 1539 ） ，日内瓦圣经（ 1560 ） ， rheims -d ouai圣经（ 1 582， 1 609年） ，国王詹姆斯，或授权，版本（ 1611 ） ，英文修订版（ 1881 -8 5） ，美制标准版（ 1 946年- 57 ），新英文圣经（1 9 61年- 7 0） ，耶路撒冷圣经（ 19 6 6年），美国的新圣经（ 19 7 0），今天的英语版（1 9 6 6年- 76 ） ，及经修订的标准版（ 1946年-1 971年） 。
Christians were influenced both by Jewish tradition and by philosophers who explained Greek myths as allegories.基督徒的影响均是由犹太传统和哲学家们解释了希腊神话作为寓言。 The Alexandrian scholar Origen distinguished literal and allegorical meanings in the Old Testament, and his followers found three or four ways to interpret a specific text. The school of Antioch, represented by commentators such as Theodore of Mopsuestia and the great preacher John Chrysostom, insisted on the natural and literal meaning of Scripture. During the Middle Ages the allegorical method largely prevailed.在亚历山大的学者尊敬的渊源字面和寓言的意思，在旧约圣经，和他的追随者发现三或四种方式来解释一个特定的文本。 学派的安提派评论家如西奥多的摩普绥提亚和伟大的传教士约翰金口，坚持自然和字面意思的经文，在中世纪的寓言方法，在很大程度上占了上风。
Sherman E Johnson谢尔曼e约翰逊
Bibliography
参考书目
Old
Testament 旧约
BW Anderson, Understanding the Old
Testament (1986); GW Coats and BO Long, eds., Canon and Authority (1977); JL
McKenzie, The Two Edged Sword (1956); JA Sanders, Torah and Canon (1972); G Von
Rad, Old Testament Theology (1962).体重安德森，了解旧约（ 1986年） ;毛重大衣和波龙编，佳能和权力（
1977年） ;的JL麦肯齐，两个双刃剑（ 1956年） ; JA部桑德斯，律法和佳能（ 1972 ） 100冯RAD数据通信公司，旧约神学（ 1962 ）
。
New
Testament 新约全书
RM Grant, The Formation of the New
Testament (1966); HC Kee, Understanding the New Testament (1983); CFD Moule, The
Birth of the New Testament (1981); JM Robinson and H Koester, Trajectories
through Early Christianity (1971).马币补助金，成立新的遗嘱（ 1966 ） ;高等法院记，了解新约全书（
1983年） ;计算流体力学moule ，诞生了新约全书（ 1981年） ; jm鲁宾逊和H尼维斯，轨迹，透过早期基督教（ 1971 ） 。
History and
Criticism 历史与批评
R Alter and F Kermode, eds., The
Literary Guide to the Bible (1987); FF Bruce, History of the Bible in English
(1978); CH Dodd, The Bible Today (1946); RE Friedman, Who Wrote the
Bible? r改变和F kermode编，文学指南圣经（ 1987 ） ;法郎布鲁斯史，圣经，英文（ 1978年） ;甲烷多德，圣经今天（
1946 ） ;重新弗里德曼，他写了圣经？ (1987); RM Grant and D Tracy, A Short
History of the Interpretation of the Bible (1984); K Koch, The Growth of
Biblical Tradition (1969); N Perrin, What Is Redaction Criticism? （ 1987
） ;马币赠款和D特雷西，历史较短的诠释圣经（ 1984年） ; k科赫，但增长的圣经传统（ 1969 ）氮波伦，什么是节录的批评？ (1969). （ 1969年） 。
The English word "Bible" is derived from the Greek biblion, "roll" or "book."英文的"圣经" ，是取自希腊biblion ， "强强滚"或"书" 。 (While biblion is really a diminutive of biblos, it has lost this sense in the NT. See Rev. 10:2 where biblaridion is used for a "little scroll.") More exactly, a biblion was a roll of papyrus or byblus, a reedlike plant whose inner bark was dried and fashioned into a writing material widely used in the ancient world. （同时biblion实在是一个微小的biblos ，它已经失去这个意义上讲，在新台币见牧师10时02分那里biblaridion是用一个"小涡旋" ） ，更确切地说，一个biblion被唱名的纸莎草纸或毕布勒， 1 reedlike植物，其树皮内被干燥和年代成为书写材料被广泛应用在古代世界。
The word as we use it today, however, has a far more significant connotation than the Greek biblion.这个词，因为我们今天就使用，但是，有一个更重要的内涵比希biblion 。 While biblion was somewhat neutral, it could be used to designate books of magic (Acts 19:19) or a bill of divorcement (Mark 10:4) as well as sacred books, the word "Bible" refers to the Book par excellence, the recognized record of divine revelation.而biblion有点中性的，它可被用来指定书籍的魔术（使徒19时19分） ，或法案离婚（马克10:4 ） ，以及神圣的书籍，将"圣经" ，是指这本书出色公认的纪录是神圣的启示。
Although this meaning is ecclesiastical in origin, its roots go back into the OT.虽然这意思是教会在原产地，其根源回去纳入城市旅游局。 In Dan.在丹。 9:2 (LXX) ta biblia refers to the prophetic writings. 9时02分（ lxx ）此快报指以先知性的著作。 In the Prologue to Sirach it refers generally to the OT Scriptures.在序幕西拉奇它是指一般以城市旅游局经文。 This usage passed into the Christian church (II Clem. 14:2) and about the turn of the fifth century was extended to include the entire body of canonical writings as we now have them.这种用法通过成为基督教堂（二克兰姆。 14时02分）左右之交，五世纪扩大到包括整个车身的典型著作，因为我们现在有他们。 The expression ta biblia passed into the vocabulary of the Western church and in the thirteenth century, by what Westcott calls a "happy solecism," the neuter plural came to be regarded as a feminine singular, and in this form the term passed into the languages of modern Europe.表达达快报通过成为词汇的西方教会，并在13世纪，由什么westcott所谓的"快乐solecism ， "中性文字来被视为一个女性奇异，并在此形成中期通过成为语文现代欧洲。 This significant change from plural to singular reflected the growing conception of the Bible as one utterance of God rather than a multitude of voices speaking for him.这显着的变化，从文字到奇异反映了越来越多的构想圣经作为一个话语的上帝，而不是众多的声音讲他。
The process by which the various books in the Bible were brought together and their value as sacred Scripture recognized is referred to as the history of the canon.这个过程，其中各种书籍在圣经中被带起来，其价值作为神圣经文承认是被称为历史上的佳能公司。 Contrary to prevailing critical opinion, there existed, prior to the Exile, a large body of sacred literature.相反，当时的尖锐的批评意见，有存在的，事先向流亡，一个大型机构的神圣的文学作品。 Moses wrote "all the words of the Lord" in the "book of the covenant" (Exod. 21-23; 24:4, 7).摩西写道： "所有的话上帝" ，在"本书的盟约" （ exod. 21-23 ; 24:4 ， 7 ） 。 Joshua's farewell address was written "in the book of the law of God" (Josh. 24:26).约书亚发表告别演说的作者" ，在这本书的法神" （ josh. 24:26 ） 。 Samuel spoke concerning the manner of the kingdom and "wrote it in a book" (I Sam. 10:25).塞缪尔以有关方式的王国， "写一本书" （我心。 10:25 ） 。 "Thus saith the Lord" was the common preface to the utterances of the prophets. "因此，仰上帝" ，是常见的序言论的先知。
This revelatory literature, although not reaching a fixed form until late in the second century BC, was nevertheless regarded from the very first as the revealed will of God and therefore binding upon the people.这启示文学，虽然没有达到一个固定的形式，直到晚在公元前二世纪，却被认为是从最初的作为显示上帝的意志，因而具有约束力的人。 The "oracles of God" were held in highest esteem, and this attitude toward the Scriptures was quite naturally carried over into the early church. "签的神"举行了最高的敬意，这是实事求是的态度对待经典，是很自然结转到早期教会的使命。 Few will deny that Jesus regarded the OT as an inspired record of God's self-revelation in history.很少人会否认，耶稣把城市旅游局作为一个灵感记录上帝的自我启示的历史。 He repeatedly appealed to the Scriptures as authoritative (Matt. 19:4; 22:29).他一再呼吁，以圣经的权威性。 （ 19时04分; 22时29分） 。 The early church maintained this same attitude toward the OT, but alongside of it they began to place the words of the Lord.早期教会的这种保持相同态度，职能治疗，但旁边的，它开始的地方的话主。 While the OT canon had been formally closed, the coming of Christ had, in a sense, opened it again.而城市旅游局佳能公司已正式关闭，未来的基督了，从某种意义上说，打开了它。 God was once again speaking.上帝再次发言。 Since the cross was the central redemptive act of God in history, the NT became a logical necessity.既然两岸是中央救赎的上帝的旨意，在历史上，新台币成为一个符合逻辑的必然。 Thus the voice of the apostles, and later their writings, were accepted as the divine commentary on the Christ event.因此声音的使徒，后来他们的著作，被接纳为神的评论对基督事件。
Viewed as a historical process, the formation of the NT canon occupied some 350 years.看作是一个历史过程，可以形成新台币佳能占领了一些350年。 In the first century the various books were written and began to be circulated through the churches.在第一世纪的各种书籍写的，并开始分发给透过教堂。 The rise of heresy in the second century, especially in the form of Gnosticism with its outstanding spokesman, Marcion was a powerful impulse toward the formation of a definite canon.崛起的异端，在公元二世纪，特别是在形式的灵知以其杰出的发言人， marcion是一个强有力的冲击，对形成一个明确的佳能公司。 A sifting process began in which valid Scripture distinguished itself from Christian literature in general on the basis of such criteria as apostolic authorship, reception by the churches, and consistency of doctrine with what the church already possessed. 1筛选过程开始，其中有效经文尊敬自己，从基督教文献一般就根据这些标准为使徒著作权，接待由教会和一致性的教义与教会已经拥有。 The canon was ultimately certified at the Council of Carthage (397).佳能最终认证在安理会的迦太基（ 397 ） 。
The claim of the Bible to divine origin is amply justified by its historical influence.索赔的圣经，以神的起源，是有充分理由支持它的历史影响。 Its manuscripts are numbered in the thousands.其手稿已经屈指可数，在数千人。 The NT had barely been put together before we find translations in Latin, Syriac, and Egyptian.新台币刚刚被放在一起，才找到翻译，在拉丁语，叙利亚，埃及和沙特阿拉伯。 Today there is not a language in the civilized world that does not have the word of God.今天，世界上还有没有一种语言在文明世界没有上帝的话。 No other book has been so carefully studied or had so much written on it.没有其他该书已由这么仔细研究，还是这么多写上。 Its spiritual influence cannot be estimated.其精神的影响无法估计。 It is preeminently the Book God's word in man's language.这是preeminently书神的话语在人的语言。
RH
Mounce铑mounce
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
FF Bruce, The
Books and the Parchments; BF Westcott, The Bible in the Church; PR Ackroyd et
al., eds., The Cambridge History of the Bible, 3 vols.; DE Nineham, ed., The
Church's Use of the Bible; A. Harnack, Bible Reading in the Early Church; NO
Hatch and MA Noll, The Bible in America; B. Smalley, The Study of the Bible in
the Middle Ages; A. Richardson, The Bible in the Age of Science; J. Barr, The
Bible in the Modern World.法郎布鲁斯，书籍和parchments ;高炉westcott
，圣经在教会;公关ackroyd等人合编，剑桥历史上的圣经， 3卷;德宁哈姆，海关，教会使用的圣经;答的Harnack
，阅读圣经，在早期教会;没有舱口和马精灵，圣经在美国;乙Smalley ） ，学习圣经，在中世纪;甲理查森，在圣经时代的科学; j
。巴尔，圣经在现代世界。
A collection of writings which the Church of God has solemnly recognized as inspired.收藏的著作，其中神的教会已经郑重确认为灵感。
The name is derived from the Greek expression biblia (the books), which came into use in the early centuries of Christianity to designate the whole sacred volume.名称取自希腊表达快报（图书） ，其中投入使用的我国早在几百年的基督教指定整个神圣的体积。 In the Latin of the Middle Ages, the neuter plural for Biblia (gen. bibliorum) gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae, in which singular form the word has passed into the languages of the Western world. It means "The Book", by way of eminence, and therefore well sets forth the sacred character of our inspired literature. Its most important equivalents are: "The Divine Library" (Bibliotheca Divina), which was employed by St. Jerome in the fourth century; "the Scriptures", "the Holy Scripture" -- terms which are derived from expressions found in the Bible itself; and "the Old and New Testament", in which collective title, "the Old Testament" designates the sacred books written before the coming of Our Lord, and "the New Testament" denotes the inspired writings composed since the coming of Christ.在拉丁美洲的中世纪，中性文字为快报（创bibliorum ）逐渐地被视为一个女性奇异名词（快报，根。 bibliae ，其中单数字已经过去了纳入语文西方世界这意味着， "书" ，由单程322 ，因此，阐述了神圣的品格激励着我们的文学，其最重要的等值分别是： "神圣图书馆" （书目divina ） ，它是受雇于圣杰罗姆在四世纪的"经文" ， "圣经" -条款都源自表情中发现圣经本身，以及"旧的和新约圣经" ，在这种集体称号， "旧约"指定神圣书，然后在未来我们的主， "新约全书" ，是指著作的启发组成的，因为未来的基督。
It is a fact of history that in the time of Christ the Jews were in possession of sacred books, which differed widely from one another in subject, style, origin and scope, and it is also a fact that they regarded all such writings as invested with a character which distinguished them from all other books.这是一个事实的历史，在时间的基督犹太人拥有神圣的书籍，其中大不相同，从一个在另一个主题，风格，产地和范围，这也是一个事实，即他们把所有这些著作作为投资同一个人物，其中尊敬他们从所有其他书籍。 This was the Divine authority of every one of these books and of every part of each book.这是神圣的权威，每一个人的，这些书和每一部分的每一本书。 This belief of the Jews was confirmed by Our Lord and His Apostles; for they supposed its truth in their teaching, used it as a foundation of their doctrine, and intimately connected with it the religious system of which they were the founders.这种信仰的犹太人证实了我们的主及他的门徒，因为他们假定其真理在他们的教学，用它作为一个基础，其学说，并密切相连，与它的宗教制度，其中，他们的创办人。 The books thus approved were handed down to the Christian Church as the written record of Divine revelation before the coming of Christ.书籍，因此，通过审查者流传基督教教会作为书面纪录的神圣启示之前，在未来的基督。 The truths of Christian revelation were made known to the Apostles either by Christ Himself or by the Holy Ghost.真理的基督教启示作了众所周知的使徒们要么由基督本人或由圣灵。 They constitute what is called the Deposit of Faith, to which nothing has been added since the Apostolic Age.它们构成什么是所谓存款的信念，一事无成已添加自宗徒时代。 Some of the truths were committed to writing under the inspiration of the Holy Ghost and have been handed down to us in the books of the New Testament.有些道理都致力于写作灵感的圣灵，并已被移交到我们在书籍的新约圣经。 Written originally to individual Churches or persons, to meet particular necessities, and accommodated as they all were to particular and existing circumstances, these books were gradually received by the universal Church as inspired, and with the sacred books of the Jews constitute the Bible.书面原本以个别教会或个人，以满足特定的必需品，并吸纳了，因为他们都是为了特定的和现有的情况下，这些书籍则逐渐得到普世教会作为灵感，并以神圣的书籍的犹太人构成了圣经。
In one respect, therefore, the Bible is a twofold literature, made up of two distinct collections which correspond with two successive and unequal periods of time in the history of man.在某一方面，因此，圣经是一个双重的文学，取得了两个不同的藏品，其中符合连续两期和不平等长一段时间，在历史上的男子。 The older of these collection, mostly written in Hebrew, corresponds with the many centuries during which the Jewish people enjoyed a national existence, and forms the Hebrew, or Old Testament, literature; the more recent collection, begun not long after Our Lord's ascension, and made up of Greek writings, is the Early Christian, or New Testament, literature.老一辈的这些收藏，大多写在希伯来语，符合许多世纪期间，犹太人民享有一个国家的存在，并形成了希伯莱语，或旧约，文学;较近期的收集，开始没多久后，我们的主的阿森松岛，并提出了对希腊的著作，是早期基督教的，还是新约圣经文学。 Yet, in another and deeper respect, the Biblical literature is pre-eminently one.然而，在另一种更深的尊重，圣经文学最重要的作用是其中一个。 Its two sets of writings are most closely connected with regard to doctrines revealed, facts recorded, customs described, and even expressions used.其两套著作有最密切联系方面，以理论发现，事实记录，海关形容，甚至用语。 Above all, both collection have one and the same religious purpose, one and the same inspired character.上述一切，都收集有同一个宗教目的，是同一个问题的启发性。 They form the two parts of a great organic whole the centre of which is the person and mission of Christ.他们形成了两部分，一个伟大的有机整体的中心，这是人与使命的喊声。 The same Spirit exercised His mysterious hidden influence on the writings of both Testaments, and made of the works of those who lived before Our Lord an active and steady preparation for the New Testament dispensation which he was to introduce, and of the works of those who wrote after Him a real continuation and striking fulfilment of the old Covenant.本着同样的精神行使其神秘隐藏的影响，对著作都证明了，并作出了有关工程的那些住前我们的主，积极稳妥，准备进行新约全书省却他介绍，该作品的那些写信后，他的一个真正的延续和后发制人履行旧盟约。
The Bible, as the inspired recorded of revelation, contains the word of God; that is, it contains those revealed truths which the Holy Ghost wishes to be transmitted in writing.圣经中，作为灵感记录的启示，载有上帝的话，那就是，它包含了那些揭示的真理，即圣灵的意愿，将转交书面答复。 However, all revealed truths are not contained in the Bible (see TRADITION); neither is every truth in the Bible revealed, if by revelation is meant the manifestation of hidden truths which could not other be known.然而，所有发现的真理是不包含在圣经中（见传统） ，也不是每一个真理，在圣经中显示，如果由启示，就是体现了隐藏的真理，这不能被其他已知的。 Much of the Scripture came to its writers through the channels of ordinary knowledge, but its sacred character and Divine authority are not limited to those parts which contain revelation strictly so termed.大部分的经文来，其作者通过渠道的一般知识，但它的神圣性质和神圣的权力，是不是只限于那些零件，其中包含的启示严格，所以被称为。 The Bible not only contains the word of God; it is the word of God.圣经中不仅包含了上帝的话，它是上帝的话。 The primary author is the Holy Ghost, or, as it is commonly expressed, the human authors wrote under the influence of Divine inspiration.主要作者是圣灵，或者，因为这是普遍表示，人权作家写的影响下，神的启示。 It was declared by the Vatican Council (Sess. III, c. ii) that the sacred and canonical character of Scripture would not be sufficiently explained by saying that the books were composed by human diligence and then approved by the Church, or that they contained revelation without error.据宣布，由梵蒂冈理事会（ sess.三长二）表示，神圣和典型性格的经文，将不可能得到充分的解释，说这本书组成，由人的勤劳和随后批准了由教会，或者说它们载启示无误差。 They are sacred and canonical "because, having been written by inspiration of the Holy Ghost, that have God for their author, and as such have been handed down to the Church".他们是神圣的，典型" ，是因为被写的启示圣灵，有上帝为他们的作者，因此这种制度已被移交到全教会" 。 The inerrancy of the Bible follows as a consequence of this Divine authorship.该inerrancy的圣经如下由于这一神圣的著作权。 Wherever the sacred writer makes a statement as his own, that statement is the word of God and infallibly true, whatever be the subject-matter of the statement.而神圣的作者声明，由于其本国在内，这项声明，是上帝的话和infallibly属实，无论是标的事项的声明。
It will be seen, therefore, that though the inspiration of any writer and the sacred character of his work be antecedent to its recognition by the Church yet we are dependent upon the Church for our knowledge of the existence of this inspiration.这可以看出，因此，虽然故事的灵感任何作家和神圣的性质，他的工作予以先行，以它承认由教会，但我们所仰赖教会我们知道存在这一灵感。 She is the appointed witness and guardian of revelation.她是委任的见证和监护人的启示。 From her alone we know what books belong to the Bible.从她仅我们知道什么书属于圣经。 At the Council of Trent she enumerated the books which must be considered "as sacred and canonical".在安理会的遄她列举了图书，其中必须考虑的"神圣与典型" 。 They are the seventy-two books found in Catholic editions, forty-five in the Old Testament and twenty-seven in the New.他们是72书籍发现，在天主教会的版本， 45 ，在旧约和2007年在新的。 Protestant copies usually lack the seven books (viz: Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, and First and Second Maccabees) and parts of books (viz: Esther 10:4-16:24, and Daniel 3:24-90; 13:1-14:42) which are not found in the Jewish editions of the Old Testament.新教复制品往往缺少七个书籍（即：以Tobit ，朱迪思，需要智慧，需要西拉奇， baruch ，第一次和第二次马加比）及零部件的书籍（即：埃丝特10:4-16:24 ，丹尼尔3:24-90 ; 13:1-14:42 ） ，其中都没有出现在犹太版本的旧约。 The Bible is plainly a literature, that is, an important collection of writings which were not composed at once and did not proceed from one hand, but rather were spread over a considerable period of time and are traceable to different authors of varying literary excellence.圣经是一宗不折不扣的文学，即是一个重要的收藏著作，其中并没有组成毕其功于一役，没有从一方面，而是分散在一段相当长的时间，并且有迹可循，以不同的作者有不同的文学表现卓越。 As a literature, too, the Bible bears throughout the distinct impress of the circumstances of place and time, methods of composition, etc., in which its various parts came into existence, and of these circumstances careful account must be taken, in the interests of accurate scriptural interpretation.作为一个文学，也圣经事关整个鲜明印象的情况，时间和地点，方法的组成等，在它的各个部件也开始存在，而这些情况慎重，必须考虑到，在利益准确的圣经诠释。 As a literature, our sacred books have been transcribed during many centuries by all manner of copyists to the ignorance and carelessness of many of whom they still bear witness in the shape of numerous textual errors, which, however, but seldom interfere seriously with the primitive reading of any important dogmatic or moral passage of Holy Writ.作为一个文学，我们神圣的书籍已转录过程中，许多世纪以来，由各种形式的copyists向无知和疏忽大意的，其中许多还是见证，在形成众多的文字错误，然而，但却很少干涉认真与原始读什么重要的教条式的或道德上的通过神圣的令状。 In respect of antiquity, the Biblical literature belongs to the same group of ancient literature as the literary collections of Greece, Rome, China, Persia, and India.在尊重，仿古，圣经文学是属于同一集团的古代文学作为文学收藏希腊，罗马，中国，波斯和印度。 Its second part, the New Testament, completed about AD 100, is indeed far more recent than the four last named literature, and is somewhat posterior to the Augustan age of the Latin language, but it is older by ten centuries than our earliest modern literature.它的第二部分中，新约圣经，完成约100个广告，实在是远远超过最近4个最后命名为文学，是有点后向augustan年龄的拉美语言，但它是老年人，由10世纪以来，比我们最早的现代文学。 As regards the Old Testament, most of its contents were gradually written within the nine centuries which preceded the Christian era, so that its composition is generally regarded as contemporary with that of the great literary works of Greece, China, Persia, and India.至于旧约，它的大部分内容，并逐步书面内部9个世纪之前，基督教时代，所以它的组成是通常被视为当代与这位伟大的文学作品中的希腊，中国，波斯和印度。 The Bible resembles these various ancient literatures in another respect.圣经相似，这些不同的古代文献中的另一个方面。 Like them it is fragmentary, ie made up of the remains of a larger literature.像他们一样，它是零散的，即取得了对遗体的一个更大的文学作品。 Of this we have abundant proofs concerning the books of the Old Testament, since the Hebrew Scriptures themselves repeatedly refer us to more ancient and complete works as composed by Jewish annalists, prophets, wise men, poets, and so on (cf. Numbers 21:15; Joshua 10:13; 2 Samuel 1:18; 1 Chronicles 29:29; 1 Maccabees 16:24; etc.).如此，我们有丰富的证据，有关书籍的旧约，因为希伯来经文本身一再指我们以更加古老而完整的作品组成，由犹太annalists ，先知，智者，诗人，等等（参见号码21 ： 15 ;约书亚10:13 ; 2 ，塞缪尔1:18 1方志29:28 1马加比16时24分;等） 。 Statements tending to prove the same fragmentary character of the early Christian literature which has come down to us are indeed much less numerous, but not altogether wanting (cf. Luke 1:1-3; Colossians 4:16; 1 Corinthians 5:9).声明抚育，以证明同一零碎性质的早期基督教文献，其中已回落，我们的确是少得多无数，但不是完全没有希望（参见路加福音1:1-3 ;歌罗西书4时16分;哥林多前书5时09分） 。 But, however ancient and fragmentary, it is not to be supposed that the Biblical literature contains only few, and these rather imperfect, literary forms.但无论古代和零碎的，并非是要假定圣经文学只含有少数，而这些，而不是完美的，文学的形式。 In point of fact its contents exhibit nearly all the literary forms met with in our Western literatures together with other peculiarly Eastern, but none the less beautiful.这一点，其实它的内容展示，几乎所有的文学形式会见了在我国西部的文献资料，加上其他独有的东方，但没有一个较低的美丽。 It is also a well-known fact that the Bible is so replete with pieces of transcendent literary beauty that the greatest orators and writers of the last four centuries have most willingly turned to our sacred books as pre-eminently worthy of admiration, study, and imitation.这也是一个众所周知的事实，即圣经是如此充满件超然的文学之美最大的演讲家和作家的过去四个世纪以来最心甘情愿地转化为一种神圣的书籍，预遥不可及，值得敬佩，学习和仿制。 Of course the widest and deepest influence that has ever been, and ever will be, exercised upon the minds and hearts of men remains due to the fact that, while all the other literatures are but man's productions, the Bible is indeed "inspired of God" and, as such, especially "profitable to teach, to reprove, to correct, to instruct in justice" (2 Timothy 3:16).当然最广泛和最深切的影响力却从未和任何时候都将会如何，一经行使心中的男人仍是由于这一事实，而所有其他的文献资料，但男子的制作，圣经实在是"灵感的上帝" ，因为这样的，尤其是"有利可图的教导，要谴责，以正确的，要责成正义" （提摩太后3:16 ） 。
Publication information Written by Francis E. Gigot.出版信息写弗朗西斯体育gigot 。 Transcribed by Ernie Stefanik.转录由恩尼stefanik 。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume II.天主教百科全书，第二卷。 Published 1907. 1907年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, 1907. nihil obstat ， 1907 。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰米farley ，大主教纽约
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