An heretical sect which appeared in the second half of the twelfth century and, in a considerably modified form, has survived to the present day.一种异端教派，其中出现在下半年， 12世纪，并在一个相当修饰形式，有幸存到今天。
NAME AND ORIGIN名称和原产地
The name was derived from Waldes their founder and occurs also in the variations of Valdesii, Vallenses.这个名字源自waldes其创始人和发生也是在变化valdesii ， vallenses 。 Numerous other designations were applied to them; to their profession of extreme poverty they owed the named of "the Poor"; from their place of origin, Lyons, they were called "Leonistae"; and frequently the two ideas were combined in the title "Poor Men of Lyons".其他许多番号分别适用于他们;自己的专业赤贫的，他们欠命名的"穷人" ，从原产地，里昂，他们被称为" leonistae " ，并经常两个理念有机地结合起来，在标题"贫穷男子的里昂" 。 Their practice of wearing sandals or wooden shoes (sabots) caused them to be named "Sandaliati", "Insabbatati", "Sabbatati", Sabotiers". Anxious to surround their own history and doctrine with the halo of antiquity, some Waldenses claimed for their churches an Apostolic origin. The first Waldensian congregations, it was maintained, were established by St. Paul who, on his journey to Spain, visited the valleys of Piedmont. The history of these foundations was identified with that of primitive Christendom as long as the Church remained lowly and poor. But in the beginning of the fourth century Pope Sylvester was raised by Constantine, whom he had cured of leprosy, to a position of power and wealth, and the Papacy became unfaithful to its mission. Some Christians, however, remained true to the Faith and practice of the early days, and in the twelfth century a certain Peter appeared who, from the valleys of the Alps, was called "Waldes". He was not the founder of a new sect, but a missionary among these faithful observers of the genuine Christian law, and he gained numerous adherents. This account was, indeed, far from being universally accredited among the Waldenses; many of them, however, for a considerable period accepted as founded on fact the assertion that they originated in the time of Constantine. Others among them considered Claudius of Turin (died 840), Berengarius of Tours (died 1088), or other such men who had preceded Waldes, the first representatives of the sect. The claim of its Constantinian origin was for a long time credulously accepted as valid by Protestant historians. In the nineteenth century, however, it became evident to critics that the Waldensian documents had been tampered with. As a result the pretentious claims of the Waldenses to high antiquity were relegated to the realm of fable.他们的做法，穿着凉鞋或木制鞋（干扰） ，令他们也被称作" sandaliati " ， " insabbatati " ， " sabbatati " ， sabotiers " 。着急包围着自己的历史和教义与光环的文物，有些瓦勒度派声称他们教会信仰团体的原产地。第一waldensian的毕业典礼，有人坚持，成立了由圣保罗的人，此行来去匆匆，以西班牙，参观了山谷的山前。历史上的这些基础上，确定与原始基督教的，只要有关教堂仍是卑贱和贫穷，但在四世纪初西尔维斯特教宗提出君士坦丁，他已治愈的麻风病，到一个位置的权力和财富，并成为教宗不忠实自己的使命，有些基督教徒，但是，保持正确的信念和实践的早年，并在12世纪一定彼得似乎谁，从山谷的阿尔卑斯山脉，被冠以" waldes "他是不是创办一个新的教派，但各传教这些忠实的观察员真正的基督徒法，并赢得了众多的追随者，这帐，而事实上，远没有得到普遍认可其中瓦勒度派;他们中的许多人，然而，相当一个时期接纳为成立于事实，断言它们起源在时间的君士坦丁。别人当中考虑克劳狄斯的都灵（死于840 ） ， berengarius旅行团（死于1088 ） ，或其他这类男子，他们曾先waldes ，首先代表该教派。声称其constantinian原产地为很长的时间credulously接纳为有效的，由新教史学家，在19世纪，然而，现在已经很明显，要批评者认为waldensian文件已经被篡改。因此自命不凡索赔的瓦勒度派高古物被降级的境界寓言。
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Through the reading of these works he was attracted to the practice of Christian perfection; his fervour increased when one day he heard from an itinerant singer (ioculator) the history of St. Alexius.通过阅读这些作品吸引了他的做法，基督教完善;他侃侃而谈增加时，有一天，他听到从一个流动的歌手（ ioculator ）历史上的圣alexius 。 He now consulted a master of theology on the best and surest way to salvation.现在他征询了师父的神学上最好和最可靠的办法，以救赎。 In answer the words of Christ to the rich young man were cited to him: "If thou wilt be perfect, go sell what thou hast, and give to the poor."在回答有关基督的话，以丰富的年轻男子，分别列举对他说： "如果祢是十全十美的，去卖什么祢，给穷人" 。 (Matthew 19:21). （马太19时21分） 。 Waldes immediately put into effect the counsel of the Divine Master. waldes立即付诸实施，律师的神圣的主人。 He made over part of his wealth to his wife, part to those from whom he had acquired it, left some to the nuns of Fontevrault in whose monastery he placed his two little daughters, and distributed the greatest part to the poor.他所取得的一部分，他的财富给他的妻子，第一部分为那些从他已获得该产品，留下一些给尼姑丰特夫罗在其修道院他把他的两个小女儿，并分发给了大部份给穷人。 On the feast of the Assumption, 1176, he disposed of the last of his earthly possessions and shortly after took the vow of poverty.对盛宴的假设， 1176年，他的处置上，他的财产和后不久代为发誓脱贫。 His example created a great stir in Lyons and soon found imitators, particularly among the lower and uneducated classes.他的事例形成了很大轰动，在里昂和他很快发现模仿者，尤其是其中低和没有受过教育的班级。 A special confraternity was established for the practice of apostolic poverty.特别帮会成立，为实践中的使徒贫困。 Its members almost immediately began to preach in the streets and public places and gained more adherents.其成员几乎立即开始传教，在街道和公共场所，并获得了更多的追随者。 Their preaching, however, was not unmixed with doctrinal error and was consequently prohibited, according to Stephen of Bourbon, by the Archbishop of Lyons, according to Walter Map, present at the assembly, by the Third General Lateran Council (1179).他们的说教，不过，这也不是纯理论与误差和被禁止的，根据斯蒂芬的波旁王朝，由大主教里昂，根据沃尔特地图，出席大会的，由第三代lateran会（ 1176 ） 。 The Waldenses, instead of heeding the prohibition, continued to preach on the plea that obedience is due rather to God than to man.该瓦勒度派，而不是不顾禁令，继续鼓吹就呼吁，顺从是因，而不是上帝，而不是人。 Pope Lucius III consequently included them among the heretics against whom he issued a Bull of excommunication at Verona in 1184.教宗lucius三，因此，包括他们当中异端的人，他发出了牛市的禁教，在维罗纳在1184年。
DOCTRINE学说
The organization of the Waldenses was a reaction against the great splendour and outward display existing in the medieval Church; it was a practical protest against the worldly lives of some contemporary churchmen.该组织的瓦勒度派是一个反应对伟大的辉煌，并向外展示存在于中世纪的教堂，它是一个实际的抗议，反对世俗生活的一些当代牧师。 Amid such ecclesiastical conditions the Waldenses made the profession of extreme poverty a prominent feature in their own lives, and emphasized by their practice the need for the much neglected task of preaching.在这些教会的条件瓦勒度派了专业的极端贫困的一个突出特点，在他们自己的生命，并强调他们的实践需要备受忽视的任务斯蒂文。 As they were mainly recruited among circles not only devoid of theological training, but also lacking generally in education, it was inevitable that error should mar their teaching, and just as inevitable that, in consequence, ecclesiastical authorities should put a stop to their evangelistic work.因为它们主要是招募各界之间不仅缺乏神学训练，而且也缺乏一般的教育，这是无可避免的误差应三月他们的教学，只是作为无可避免的，因此，教会当局应当予以制止和他们的福音工作。 Among the doctrinal errors which they propagated was the denial of purgatory, and of indulgences and prayers for the dead.其中理论错误，他们所宣扬的是否定的炼狱，以及indulgences并为他们祈祷，为死者。 They denounced all lying as a grievous sin, refused to take oaths and considered the shedding of human blood unlawful.他们谴责所有说谎，因为严重罪恶，拒绝宣誓，并认为脱落的人血是非法的。 They consequently condemned war and the infliction of the death penalty.他们因此谴责战争和施加死刑。 Some points in this teaching so strikingly resemble the Cathari that the borrowing of the Waldenses from them may be looked upon as a certainty.有的点在这教学，使惊人地相似卡塔利确信举债的瓦勒度派从他们可能被视为一种必然。 Both sects also had a similar organization, being divided into two classes, the Perfect (perfecti) and the Friends or Believers (amici or credentes).这两个教派，也有一个类似的组织，被分成两个班，完美（ perfecti ）和朋友或信徒（ amici或credentes ） 。 (See CATHARI and ALBIGENSES.) （见卡塔利和比根斯派） 。
Among the Waldenses the perfect, bound by the vow of poverty, wandered about from place to place preaching.其中瓦勒度派完美的，必然由发誓贫困，洪荒之约，由地方说教。 Such an itinerant life was ill-suited for the married state, and to the profession of poverty they added the vow of chastity.这种流动的生活，是根本不适合已婚状态，并以专业的贫困，他们加入了誓言的贞洁。 Married persons who desired to join them were permitted to dissolve their union without the consent of their consort.已婚者渴望加入他们被准许解散工会未经他们同意，他们的CONSORT 。 Orderly government was secured by the additional vow of obedience to superiors.有序的政府担保附加发誓服从上级。 The perfect were not allowed to perform manual labour, but were to depend for their subsistence on the members of the sect known as the friends.完美的人，不得从事体力劳动，但要视乎为自己的生计上的成员，宗教派别称之为朋友。 These continued to live in the world, married, owned property, and engaged in secular pursuits.这些仍然生活在世界上，已婚，有自置物业，并从事世俗化的追求。 Their generosity and alms were to provide for the material needs of the perfect.他们的慷慨和施舍的人提供物质需要完美。 The friends remained in union with the Catholic Church and continued to receive its sacraments with the exception of penance, for which they sought out, whenever possible, one of their own ministers.朋友仍然留在联盟与天主教会，并继续接受其圣礼除与忏悔，为他们找了，只要有可能，他们中的一员大臣。 The name Waldenses was at first exclusively reserved to the perfect; but in the course of the thirteenth century the friends were also included in the designation.名称瓦勒度派是在第一次专门保留给十全十美的，不过，在这个过程中的13世纪的朋友，也包括在委派。 The perfect were divided into the three classes of bishops, priests, and deacons.完美的人，分为三个班的主教，司铎和执事。 The bishop, called "major" or "majoralis", preached and administered the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and order.主教，所谓"重大"或" majoralis " ，鼓吹和管理圣礼的忏悔，圣体圣事和秩序。 The celebration of the Eucharist, frequent perhaps in the early period, soon took place only on Holy Thursday.庆祝圣体圣事的，频繁的，也许在初期，在不久的发生不仅对圣周四。 The priest preached and enjoyed limited faculties for the hearing of confessions.神父宣扬，并享有有限的院系所听觉的自白书。 The deacon, named "junior" or "minor", acted as assistant to the higher orders and by the collection of alms relieved them of all material care.执事，取名为"初级"或"轻微" ，充当助理，以较高的订单和所收集的施舍解除他们的一切物质照顾。 The bishop was elected by a joint meeting of priests and deacons.主教被选出来的一次联合会议的司铎和执事。 In his consecration, as well as in the ordination of the other members of the clergy, the laying-on of hands was the principal element; but the recitation of the Our Father, so important in the Waldensian liturgy, was also a prominent feature.在他的consecration ，以及在协调其他成员的神职人员，铺设上的双手一直是主要的因素，不过，这个朗诵的父亲，所以重要，在waldensian礼仪中，这也是一个突出的特点。 The power of jurisdiction seems to have been exercised exclusively by one bishop, known as the "rector", who was the highest executive officer.权力的管辖范围内似乎已被行使，完全由一个主教，在被称为"校长" ，谁是最高行政官员。 Supreme legislative power was vested in the general convention or general chapter, which met once or twice a year, and was originally composed of the perfect but at a later date only of the senior members among them.最高立法权是既得利益者，在一般公约或一般章，从而得到了一次或两次，一年多，原本是组成完美的，但在稍后的日期唯一的资深成员之一。 It considered the general situation of the sect, examined the religious condition of the individual districts, admitted to the episcopate, priesthood, or diaconate, and pronounced upon the admission of new members and the expulsion of unworthy ones.它认为一般的情况，该教派，研究宗教的状况，以及个别地区，承认主教，神职人员，或diaconate ，地区和突出后，接纳新会员国和驱逐不可取的。
The Lombard communities were in several respects more radical than the French.在伦巴第社区在几个方面较为激进，比法语。 Holding that the validity of the sacraments depends on the worthiness of the minister and viewing the Catholic Church as the community of Satan, they rejected its entire organization in so far as it was not based on the Scriptures.认为有效性圣礼，就看老有所为的部长和观看天主教教会作为社会的撒旦，他们拒绝在其整个组织，在这么远，因为它不是基于圣经。 In regard to the reception of the sacraments, their practice was less radical than their theory.对于酒会的圣礼，他们的做法是那么激进，比他们的理论。 Although they looked upon the Catholic priests as unworthy ministers, they not infrequently received communion at their hands and justified this course on the grounds that God nullifies the defect of the minister and directly grants his grace to the worthy recipient.虽然他们期待后，天主教会神职人员，因为这些卑微的部长们，他们不是偶尔收到共融，在他们手中，正当这当然是对的理由是上帝勾销缺损部长，并直接资助他的恩典，以当之无愧的收件人。 The present Waldensian Church may be regarded as a Protestant sect of the Calvinistic type.目前waldensian教会可能被视为一个新教教派的calvinistic类型。 It recognizes as its doctrinal standard the confession of faith published in 1655 and based on the Reformed confession of 1559.它承认它的教义标准供认的信仰发表在1655年的基础上，经过改革的自白1559 。 It admits only two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's Supper.它承认只有两个圣礼，洗礼和主的晚餐。 Supreme authority in the body is exercised by an annual synod, and the affairs of the individual congregations are administered by a consistory under the presidency of the pastor.最高权力机构，在该机构行使的年度会议上，与事务，个人的毕业典礼是由一个一致性的主持下，牧师。
HISTORY历史
The Waldenses in France and Spain该瓦勒度派，在法国和西班牙
The preaching of Waldes and his disciples obtained immediate success not only in France, but also in Italy and Spain.该鼓吹的waldes和他的弟子们立即获得成功，不仅在法国，而且在意大利和西班牙。 The Italian adherents at a very early date constituted themselves independently.意大利的信徒们在一个非常早日构成了自己的独立。 In France the movement gained ground particularly in the South, whence it spread to Northern Spain.在法国运动抬头，尤其是在南方，何时会有它蔓延到西班牙北部。 The Church sought to avert by persuasion the danger of numerous defections.教会要求，以避免受劝导的危险无数叛逃。 As early as 1191 a religious conference was held between Catholics and Waldenses at a place which has not been recorded; it was followed by a second held at Pamiers in 1207.早在1191年是一个宗教会议召开之间的天主教徒和瓦勒度派一地就一直没有记录，它并随后进行了第二次举行pamiers在1207年。 The latter meeting brought about a return to the Church of Duran of Huesca and several other Waldenses.后一次会议带来了一个回教堂杜兰巴的huesca和其他几个瓦勒度派。 With the authorization of Innocent III they organized themselves into the special religious order of the Poor Catholics for the conversion of Waldenses.与授权的无辜第三，他们组织起来，纳入特殊宗教秩序的穷人，为天主教徒的转化瓦勒度派。 This purpose was attained only in a very small degree; but force soon checked the heretical movement.这个目的是达到了只有在一个非常小的程度，但部队很快地遏制了邪教运动。 In 1192 Bishop Otto of Toul ordered all Waldenses to be put in chains and delivered up to the episcopal tribunal.在第1192主教奥托的toul下令所有瓦勒度派，以待连锁店，并发表了以主教法庭。 Two years later King Alphonso II of Aragon banished them from his dominions and forbade anyone to furnish them with shelter or food.两年后，国王阿方索二阿拉贡放逐他们，从他的dominions ，并禁止任何人向它们提供住房或食物传播。 These provisions were renewed by Pedro II at the Council of Gerona (1197), and death by burning was decreed against the heretics.这些规定续期佩德罗二，在安理会的赫罗纳（ 1197 ） ，和死亡是由燃烧被下令对异教徒。
The French authorities seem to have proceeded with less severity for a time.法国当局似乎已着手不足的严重性，一时间。 The Albigensian wars, however, also reacted on the policy towards the Waldenses, and in 1214 seven of these suffered the death penalty at Maurillac.该albigensian战争中，然而，这也反应上，政策上对瓦勒度派，并在1214年的7个，这些遭受死刑maurillac 。 But it was only toward the middle of the thirteenth century that the heresy lost ground in Provence and Languedoc.但它只是对中东的13世纪认为大逆不道失地，在法律条款和朗格多。 It did not disappear in these provinces until it was merged in the Protestant Reformation movement, while Spain and Lorraine were freed from it in the course of the thirteenth century.它没有消失，在这些省份，直到它被合并，在新教改革运动，而西班牙和洛林被释放，从它在这个过程中的13世纪。 The most conspicuous centre of Waldensian activity in France during the later middle ages was Dauphiné and the western slope of the Cottian Alps.最突出的中心waldensian活动，在法国期间，后来中世纪是dauphiné和西坡的cottian阿尔卑斯山。 The sect seems to have been introduced in to this territory from Lombardy.该教派似乎已被引入到这一地区，由伦巴第大。 From Dauphiné and the valleys of the Alps it carried on missionary work in all Southern France to the Atlantic seaboard.从dauphiné和山谷的阿尔卑斯山脉，它继续进行传教工作，在所有法国南部到大西洋海岸。 In 1403 a determined effort was made to win back the Waldenses of the valleys of Louise, Argentière, and Freissinièeres; but the apostolic labours of even a St. Vincent Ferrer were powerless.在第1403下定决心，做出了很大努力，以赢回瓦勒度派的山谷的路易斯， argentière ， freissinièeres但使徒劳动力的，甚至圣文森特福瑞人无能为力的。 The Inquisition was equally unsuccessful, as were also the stern measures of the local civil authorities.宗教裁判所也同样不成功的，因为也有严厉的措施，对当地的民间机构。 The policy of repression was temporarily abandoned under King Louis XI, who, believing them to be orthodox, extended to the Waldenses of the above-mentioned valleys his royal protection in an ordinance of 1478.该镇压政策暂时被遗弃的，根据国王路易十一人，以为他们可以东正教，延伸到瓦勒度派的上面提到的山谷，他的皇家保护，在条例的第1478 。
This period of peace was followed in 1488 by a crusade summoned by Innocent VIII against the Waldenses.这一时期的和平其次是在1488年由一个十字军东征传唤无辜的八对瓦勒度派。 The war did not succeed in stamping them out.战争并没有成功，在冲压出来。 But, soon after, the Reformation profoundly modified the sect's history and doctrinal development.但是，不久之后，改革的深刻改造该教派的历史和教义的发展。 A deputation composed of G. Morel and P. Masson was sent in 1530 to Switzerland for information concerning the new religious ideas.团体组成的G的莫雷尔和体育美晨被送往在15时30分，以瑞士有关部门了解新的宗教思想。 On their return journey Masson was arrested at Dijon and executed; Morel alone safely accomplished his mission.他们回程时美晨被逮捕，在第戎并执行枪决;莫雷尔仅平安完成他的使命。 The report of this journey led to the assembling of a general convention to which Farel and other Swiss Reformers were invited.报告中的这一历程导致了以组装的一般公约，其中farel和其它瑞士改革者们邀请。 The meeting was held at Chanforans in the valley of Angrogne and the Reformed teaching substantially adopted (1532).会见是在chanforans在山谷中的angrogne和改革教学大大通过（第1532 ） 。 A minority opposed this course and vainly sought to stem the tied of radicalism by an appeal for assistance to the Bohemian Brethren.少数人反对美国的这一课程，并妄想试图阻止捆绑的激进主义所呼吁的援助，以波希米亚弟兄。 A new convention held in the valley of St. Martin in 1533 confirmed the decisions of Chanforans.一项新的公约，在山谷的圣马丁在第1533号确认的决定chanforans 。 The open adoption of Protestantism soon led to the persecution in which Waldensianism disappeared from Provence (1545).公开通过新教很快导致这场迫害中waldensianism消失Provence的（ 15时45分） 。 The history of the communities in other districts became henceforth identified with that of Protestantism in France.历史上的社区，其他地区成为今后确定的，与基督教在法国。
The Waldenses in Italy and Other Countries该瓦勒度派在意大利和其他国家
Italy became a more permanent home of Waldensianism and more active in missionary work than France.意大利成为一个更永久的家waldensianism和更积极地在其传教工作超过法国。 During the very first years of Waldes's preaching, converts to his views are mentioned in Lombardy.在最初几年的waldes的说教，转换为以他的观点中提到的伦巴第大。 They increased rapidly in number and were joined by some members of the Order of Humiliati.他们的迅速增强，在数量，并加入了一些成员的顺序humiliati 。 But dissensions soon arose between the Waldensians in France and in Lombardy.但纠纷发生不久之间waldensians在法国和伦巴第。 The latter organized guilds of craftsmen, desired leaders of their own, and refused admission among the perfect to married persons without the consent of their consort.后者有组织工会的技工，期望他们的领导人自己，并拒绝入场当中完美，以已婚者未经他们同意，他们的CONSORT 。 On Waldes's refusal to sanction these points, his followers in Italy seceded during the first decade of the thirteenth century.对waldes拒绝制裁这些论点，他的追随者在意大利分裂，在第一个十年中的13世纪。 After his death a vain attempt at reunion was made at Bergamo in 1218.在他死后，妄图在留尼汪是在贝加莫在第1218 。 The Italian branch after some time not only prospered in the valleys of western Piedmont, but also established important colonies in Calabria and Apulia.意大利科一段时间后，不仅繁荣于山谷的西部山前平原，而且还建立了重要的殖民地，在卡拉布里亚和普利亚。 In the fifteenth century communities hardly less important are mentioned in the Papal States and other parts of Central Italy.在15世纪的社区几乎同样重要的是提到，在教皇国和其他零部件的意大利中部。
The appearance of the Waldenses in the Diocese of Strasburg is recorded in 1211 and the years 1231-1233 were marked in Germany by resolute efforts to stamp out their errors.外观的瓦勒度派在教区strasburg是记录在1211 ，及年资1231至1233年分别标注在德国的坚决努力，以杜绝他们的错误。 But soon, adherents of the sect were found in Bavaria, Austria, and other sections.但很快，遗民该教派被发现在巴伐利亚，奥地利和其他路段。 They spread in the north to the shores of the Baltic Sea, and in the east to Bohemia, Poland and Hungary.它们主要分布在北至海岸的波罗的海，并在东部地区，以波西米亚，波兰和匈牙利。 With the appearance of new heresies they at times partly lost their distinctive character.与出现新的异端邪说，他们有时部分失去了其鲜明的时代特色。 In Bohemia they amalgamated with the Hussites and the Bohemian Brethren without losing all their peculiarities.在波西米亚合并后，他们与胡斯之徒和波希米亚弟兄，不丧失其所有的特点。
Protestantism was still more readily accepted.新教仍然是比较容易被接受。 Not only were its teachings universally adopted, but numerous Waldensian communities were merged in the Protestant churches, the Italian congregations alone retaining an independent existence and the original name.不仅其教义的普遍采用，但也有很多waldensian社区合并，在新教教堂举行，意大利的毕业典礼，仅保留一个独立的存在，和原来的名字。 Those in the Piedmont valleys enjoyed religious peace from 1536-1559, owing to the political dependence of the districts upon France.那些在皮埃蒙特大峡谷享有宗教和平从1536年至1559年，由于政治上的依赖性地区后，法国。 A contrary policy was pursued by the Dukes of Savoy; but the Waldenses at the very outset successfully resisted, and in 1561 were granted in certain districts the free exercise of their religion.相反的政策，追求的是由肿瘤的。 Savoy但瓦勒度派在成立之初，便很成功地抵御了，并在1561年被授予在某些地区自由行使他们的宗教活动。 In 1655 violence was again fruitlessly resorted to.在1655年的暴力行动再次升级fruitlessly诉诸。 Later in the same century (1686, 1699) some of them, under stress of renewed persecution, emigrated to Switzerland and Germany.后来在同一个世纪（ 1686 ， 1699 ） ，他们中的一些人，在压力下再度被迫害，移居瑞士和德国。 In Piedmont, civil equality was granted them in 1799 when the French occupied the country.在皮埃蒙特，公民平等是理所当然的，他们1799年当法国占领该国。 They enjoyed this peace until the downfall of Napoleon I, but again lost it at the return of the house of Savoy.他们享有这种和平，直至灭亡的拿破仑一世，但再次失去了它在返回的众院。 Savoy 。 From 1816 onward, however, gradual concessions were made to the Waldenses, and in 1848 Charles Albert granted them complete and permanent liberty.从1816年开始，但是，渐进式优惠向瓦勒度派，并在1848年查尔斯何俊仁给予他们完全和永久的自由。 Renewed activity has since marked their history.续期活动以来，已显着的历史时期。 They founded in 1855 a school of theology at Torre Pellice and transferred it to Florence in 1860.他们成立于1855年，学校的神学Torre ） pellice并转移到佛罗伦萨于1860年。 Through emigration they have spread to several cities of Southern France, and also to North and South America.通过移民，他们已扩散到几个城市的法国南部，也有北美洲和南美洲。 There are five congregations in Uruguay and two in Argentina.有5个教区，在乌拉圭和两个在阿根廷。 Three colonies have settled in the United States: at Wolfe Ridge, Texas; Valdese, North Carolina; and Monett, Missouri.三殖民地定居在美国：在沃尔夫岭，得克萨斯州;瓦尔迪斯，北卡罗莱纳州; monett ，密苏里州。 The communities which in the seventeenth century settled in Germany have since severed their connection with the church and abandoned their original language.该社区是在17世纪定居在德国已断绝了他们涉嫌与教会和被遗弃的原文。 In Hesse-Darmstadt they were prohibited the use of French in 1820-21; in Würtemberg they joined the Lutheran State Church in 1823.在黑塞-达姆施塔特他们被禁止使用法语，在1820年至1821年; würtemberg他们加入了路德教会，国家在1823年。 Later on, they began receiving financial support from the "American Waldensian Aid Society" founded in 1906, and from a similar organization in Great Britain.后来，他们就开始接受财政支持，从"美国waldensian援助协会" ，成立于1906年，从一个类似的组织，在大不列颠。
Publication information Written by NA Weber.出版信息写娜韦伯。 Transcribed by Anthony A. Killeen.转录由Anthony甲killeen 。 Aeterna non caduca The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV.依特钠非caduca天主教百科全书，体积十五。 Published 1912. 1912年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1912. nihil obstat ， 1912年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
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