Jews of all classes and ways of thinking look forward to the Passover holidays with the same eagerness as Christians do to Christmastide.犹太人的各阶层和思维方式，期待着逾越节假期，同时渴望作为基督徒要做christmastide 。 It is for them the great event of the year.这是为他们的伟大盛事的一年。 With the exception of the Temple sacrifices, their manner of observing it differs but little from that which obtained in the time of Christ.除与庙牺牲，他们的态度，观察它不同于但却很少从其中获得的，在时间的喊声。 Directions for keeping the feast were carefully laid down in the Law (see Exodus 12, 13, etc.), and carried out with great exactness after the Exile.方向保持盛宴经审慎订定，在法律上（见流亡12年， 13年等） ，进行了极为精确后流亡国外。
THE PREPARATION编写
The feast of the Passover begins on the fourteenth day of Nisan (a lunar month which roughly corresponds with the latter part of March and the first part of April) and ends with the twenty-first.节日逾越节开始第十四天尼散月14日（正月大致相当于同后者的一部分， 3月和第一部分4月） ，并结束与第21 。 The Jews now, as in ancient times, make elaborate preparations for the festival.犹太人现在，在远古时代，作出详细的准备工作，以便节。 Every house is subjected to a thorough spring cleaning.每一个房子是受到了彻底的大扫除。
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Some days before the feast, culinary and other utensils to be used during the festival are carefully and legally purified from all contact with leaven, or leavened bread.若干天前宴，烹饪和其他用具被用作节日期间正审慎和具有法律纯化所有接触尚基，或有酵面包。 They are then said to be kosher.他们是那么说是犹太教。 Special sets of cooking and table utensils are not unfrequently kept in every household.特别套菜和表食具不unfrequently存放在每个家庭。
On the evening of the thirteenth, after dark, the head of the house makes the "search for leaven" according to the manner indicated in the Mishna (Tractate Pesachim, I), which is probably the custom followed by the Jews for at least two thousand years.对今晚的第十三，入夜后，主管内务，使"寻找神曲" ，据该地表示，在mishna （ tractate pesachim ，我） ，这可能是风俗其次是犹太人，在至少两个5000年。 The search is made by means of a lighted wax candle.搜索是通过一个被点燃的蜡烛。 A piece of ordinary, or leavened, bread is left in some conspicuous place, generally on a window-sill.一块普通的事情，或有酵，面包是遗留在一些比较突出的地方，从总体上的一个窗口-坎。 The search begins by a prayer containing a reference to the command to put away all leaven during the feast.搜索始于一个祈祷含有一个参考，以指挥向远离一切尚基在盛宴。 The place of the piece of bread just mentioned is first marked to indicate the beginning of the search.地方的一块面包刚才提到的是第一次，标志着以显示开始搜索。 The whole house is then carefully examined, and all fragments of leaven are carefully collected on a large spoon or scoop by means of a brush or bundle of quills.整个房子，然后仔细检查，而所有片段的酵母都是精心收集的一个大勺子或勺子的方式刷或捆绑的quills 。 The search is ended by coming back to the piece of bread with which it began.搜查结束回来了一块面包与它开始了。 This, also is collected on the scoop.这一点，也就是收集关于独家消息。 The latter, with its contents, and the brush are then carefully tied up in a bundle and suspended over a lamp to prevent mice from scattering leaven during the night and necessitating a fresh search.后者，其内容，并刷，然后仔细捆绑，在捆绑，并暂停超过一盏灯，以防止老鼠从散射尚基在夜间和有必要重新搜索。 The master of the house then proclaims in Aramaic that all the leaven that is in his house, of which he is unaware, is to him no more than dust.这家的主人，然后宣布在阿拉姆语所有尚基就是在他的房子，他不知道，是他不超过灰尘。
During the forenoon of the next day (fourteenth) all the leaven that remains is burnt, and a similar declaration is made.在forenoon的第二天（第十四）所有尚基剩下的工作就是烧毁，类似的宣言了。 From this time till the evening of the 22nd, when the feast ends, only unleavened bread is allowed.从这个时间到晚上22日，当盛宴结束后，只有无酵饼，是不允许的。 The legal time when the use of leavened bread was prohibited was understood to be the noon on the fourteenth Nisan; but the rabbis, in order to run no risks, and to place a hedge around the Law, anticipated this by one or two hours.法律的时候，使用的酵饼禁止被理解为中午就第十四尼散，但犹太教士，为了经营无风险，并把保值围绕法律，预计这个由一个或两个小时。
THE PASCHAL FEAST逾越盛宴
On this day, the fourteenth, the first-born son of each family, if he be above thirteen, fasts in memory of the deliverance of the first-born of the Israelites, when the destroying angel passed over Egypt.就在这一天，第14 ，第一个出生的儿子的每一个家庭，如果他被13个以上的，必须依照记忆的救赎的第一个出生的犹太人，当摧毁天使转交埃及。 On the evening of the fourteenth the male members of the family, attired in their best, attend special services in the synagogue.对今晚的第十四该家庭中的男性成员，也整齐，在他们最好的，参加的特别服务，在犹太教堂。
On their return home they find the house lit up and the Seder, or Paschal Table, prepared.他们回家，他们找到房子照得和seder ，或逾越表，准备。 The head of the family takes his place at the head of the table, where there is an arm-chair prepared for him with cushions or pillows.一家之主考虑自己的位置在头部的表中，只要有一个ARM主持准备为他垫或枕头。 A similar chair is also ready for the mistress of the house.类似的椅子也准备为情妇的房子。 The meal is called Seder by the Ashkenaziac Jews, and Haggadah (because of the story of the deliverance recited during it) by the Sephardic Jews.饭后，是所谓seder由ashkenaziac犹太人，并haggadah （因为这个故事的解脱背诵过程中，它）所sephardic犹太人。 All the members of the Jewish family, including servants, sit round the table.全体成员组成的犹太人家庭，包括公务员，坐在谈判桌上。
In front of the head of the family is the Seder-dish, which is of such a kind as to allow three unleavened cakes or matzoth, each wrapped in a napkin, to be placed on it one above the other.在前面的一家之主是seder碟，这是这样的一种作为，让三无酵饼或matzoth ，每包在餐巾，放在它上面的一个，其他。 A shank bone of lamb (with a small portion of meat attached) which has been roasted on the coals is placed, together with an egg that has been roasted in hot ashes, on another dish above the three unleavened cakes. 1胫骨羊肉（以一小部分的肉附后） ，其中已烧上煤放在一起，与一个鸡蛋已被烤热的骨灰，就又抛出上述三个无酵饼。 The roasted shank represents the Paschal lamb, and the roasted egg the chagigah, or free will offerings, made daily in the Temple.烧肉小腿代表逾越节羔羊，和烤鸡蛋的chagigah ，或免费将产品，每天都在寺庙中。 Bitter herbs, such as parsley and horseradish, a kind of sop called charoseth, consisting of various fruits pounded into a mucilage and mixed with vinegar, and salt water, are arranged in different vessels, sometimes disposed like candelabra above the leavened bread.苦菜，如香菜和辣根，种燮所谓charoseth构成，各种水果的冲击，成为胶浆及混合与醋，盐和水，安排在不同的船只，有时处置像烛台以上酵面包。 The table is also furnished with wine, and cups or glasses for each person, an extra cup being always left for the prophet Elias, whom they expect as the precursor of the Messiah.桌上还备有酒，三杯或眼镜，为每个人，额外杯被永远留下，为先知的爱丽丝，他们期望为先导的弥赛亚。
The First Cup第一杯
When all are seated around the table the first cup of wine is poured out for each.当大家都坐在会议桌周围的第一杯酒是浇出每个。 The head of the house rises and thanks God for the fruits of the vine and for the great day which they are about to celebrate.主管内务上升，并感谢上帝，为果实的藤蔓，为伟大的一天，他们正准备庆祝。 He then sits down and drinks his cup of wine in a reclining posture, leaning on his left arm.然后他坐下和他喝一杯酒，在一个躺椅姿态，在学习上他的左手臂。 The others drink at the same time.其他饮料在同一时间举行。 In the time of the Temple the poorest Jew was to drink four cups of wine during this joyful meal; and if he happened to be too poor, it was to be supplied out of public funds.在时间的庙宇最贫穷的犹太人是喝四杯酒，在这欢乐的膳食;如果他正好是太穷了，它是用来提供了公共资金。 Though four cups are prescribed, the quantity is not restricted to that amount.虽然有四个杯，是明，数量，不局限于这个数额。 Some water is generally added to the wine.有些水是普遍增加了酒。 In early days red wine was used; but on account of the fear of fostering the groundless blood accusations against Jews, this usage was discontinued.在早期的红葡萄酒，用，但对户口的恐惧，培养，无端指责血液对犹太人，这种用法被迫中止。 Unfermented raisin wine or Palestinian wine is now generally used.未葡萄干酒或巴勒斯坦葡萄酒是现在人们普遍使用的。
The Bitter Herbs and Afikoman该苦菜和afikoman
After drinking the first cup the master rises and washes his hands, the others remaining seated, and Eldersheim is of the opinion that it was at this point of the supper that Christ washed the disciples feet.喝酒后的第一杯主升洗他的手外，其它剩余的座位，并eldersheim是认为，它在这一点上的晚饭基督冲刷弟子双脚。 After washing his hands, the head of the family sits down, takes a small quantity of bitter herbs, dips them in salt water, and eats them, reclining on his left elbow.水洗后，他的双手，一家之主坐下，需使用少量的苦菜，发放他们在咸水，吃他们的躺椅上他的左手肘。 Jewish interpreters say that only the first Passover was to be eaten standing, and with circumstances of haste.犹太口译员说只有第一次的逾越节是吃常委，并同的情况下，不能操之过急。 During the Passovers commemorative of the first they reclined "like a king [or free man] at his ease, and not as slaves" -- in this probably following the example of the independent Romans with whom they came into contact.在纪念逾越节的第一，他们倾斜外， "像一个国王[或自由的人] ，在他的缓和，而不是作为奴隶" -在这可能效法独立罗马人与他们接触到的。 After the head of the family has eaten his portion of bitter herbs, he takes similar portions, dips them in salt water, and hands them round to be eaten by the others.经过家长的观念已吃掉他的部分，苦菜，他以类似的部分，发放他们在咸水，他们手中轮被吃掉别人。
He then takes out the middle unleavened cake, breaks it in two, and hides away one-half under a pillow or cushion, to be distributed and eaten after supper.然后，他拿出中无酵饼，休息，它在两，并躲在离一个半下一个枕头或垫，将分发给来吃晚餐后。 If this practice existed in the time of Christ, it is not improbable that it was from this portion, called afikoman, that the Eucharist was instituted.如果这种做法存在的时候，基督，是不是难以琢磨的，这是由这部分人，所谓afikoman ，即圣体圣事是建立了。 As soon as this portion is laid aside, the other half is replaced, the dish containing the unleavened cakes is uncovered, and all, standing up, take hold of the dish and solemnly lift it up, chanting slowly in Aramaic: "This is the bread of affliction which our fathers ate in Egypt. This year here, next year in Jerusalem. This year slaves, next year free."一旦这部分是搁置一旁，另一半则是取代了，菜含有酵饼是揭发，而所有，站起来，把握碟，并郑重解除了，他们高喊慢慢在阿拉姆说： "这是面包的通病，其中我们的父辈吃在埃及，今年在这里，明年在耶路撒冷，这一年的奴隶，为明年的自由" 。
The Second Cup第二杯
The dish is then replaced and the shank bone, roasted egg, etc. restored to their places above it.盘，然后更换和胫骨，烧鸡蛋等，以恢复其名额以上。 All sit down, and the youngest son asks why this night above all other nights they eat bitter herbs, unleavened bread, and in a reclining posture.全部坐下，最小的儿子问，为什么这个夜晚，凌驾于其他一切夜他们所吃的苦菜，未经发酵的面包，并在躺着的姿势。 The head of the house then tells how their fathers were idolaters when God chose Abraham, how they were slaves in Egypt, how God delivered them, etc. God is praised and blessed for His wondrous mercies to their nation, and this first part of the ceremony is brought to a close by their breaking forth with the recitation of the first part of the Hallel (Psalms 112 and 114) and drinking the second cup of wine, which is triumphantly held aloft and called the cup of the Haggadah or story of deliverance.主管内务，然后告诉他们如何父亲写信时，上帝选择了亚伯拉罕，他们如何奴隶，在埃及，神是怎么投递等，上帝是赞扬，并祝福他惊异的慈悲，以自己的民族和国家，而这第一部分的签署仪式是为了使邻近他们打破了与背诵的第一部分的hallel （诗篇112和114 ）和饮酒的第二杯酒，这是胜利高举，并呼吁美洲杯的haggadah或故事的解脱。 。
The Meal Proper饭后适当
The ceremony so far has been only introductory.仪式上，至今已有不仅介绍。 The meal proper now begins.饭后适当的，现在开始。 First all wash their hands; the president then recites a blessing over the unleavened cakes, and, after having dipped small fragments of them in salt water, he eats them reclining.首先，所有勤洗手;主席接着朗诵祝福以上无酵饼，后浸小片段，他们在食盐水，他吃他们的躺椅。 He next distributes pieces to the others.他接着分发件，以其他人。 He also takes some bitter herbs, dips them in the charoseth, and gives them to the others to be eaten.他还采取了一些苦菜，发放他们在charoseth ，并让他们到其他被吃掉。 He next makes a kind of sandwich by putting a portion of horse-radish between two pieces of unleavened bread and hands it around, saying that it is in memory of the Temple and of Hillel, who used to wrap together pieces of the paschal lamb, unleavened bread, bitter herbs, and eat them, in fulfilment of the command of Exodus 12:8.他接着提出了种三明治立交桥部分马匹萝卜两件未经发酵的面包及双手，它靠近，说是为纪念庙的hillel ，那些用来包装在一起件的逾越节羔羊，未经发酵的面包，苦菜，和他们吃饭，在履行指挥逃亡12时08分。
The supper proper is now served, and consists of many courses of dishes loved by Jews, such as soup, fish, etc., prepared in curious ways unknown to Gentiles.该晚饭适当的，现在，并就包括许多课程的菜喜爱的犹太人，如汤，鱼等，准备在好奇途径不明，以外邦人。 At the end of the meal some of the children snatch the afikoman that has been hidden away, and it has to be redeemed by presents -- a custom probably arising from a mistranslation of the Talmud.在去年底的餐，有些儿童抢夺afikoman已被隐藏起来，并已被赎回礼物-一个定制所带来的可能是从一个误译的犹太法典。 It is then divided between all present and eaten.这是当时分为两派都出席并吃掉。 Oesterly and Box think that this is a survival from an earlier time when a part of the paschal lamb was kept to the end and distributed, so as to be the last thing eaten. oesterly和票房认为这是一种生存，从一个更早的时候，当部分的逾越节羔羊保持到年底，并分发等，以成为最后的东西吃掉。
The Third Cup第三杯
When the afikoman is eaten, the third cup is filled; and grace after meals is said, and the third cup drunk in a reclining posture.当afikoman是吃了，第三杯是填补;宽限期后，吃饭是说，第三杯酒后，在躺着的姿势。 A cup of wine is now poured out for the prophet Elias, in a dead silence which is maintained for some time, and the door is opened.一杯葡萄酒，现在倒为先知的爱丽丝，在一个鸦雀无声，这是维持了一段时间后，和开门。 Imprecations against unbelievers, taken from the Psalms and Lamentations, are then recited. imprecations反对愚昧，从圣歌和悲叹，然后背诵。 These were introduced only during the Middle Ages.这些被引入只有在中世纪。
The Fourth Cup第四杯
After this the fourth cup is filled and the great Hallel (Psalms 115-118) and a prayer of praise are recited.之后，这四杯是填补和大hallel （诗篇115-118 ） ，并祷告赞美是背诵。 Before drinking the fourth cup, the Jews of some countries recite five poetical pieces and then the fourth cup is drunk.前喝第四杯，犹太人的一些国家朗诵诗歌五件，然后在第四杯是喝醉了。 At the end a prayer asking God to accept what they have done is added.在结束祷告祈求主接受他们做的却是补充。 Among the German and Polish Jews this prayer is followed by popular songs.其中德国和波兰犹太人这种祷告其次是流行歌曲。
THE REMAINDER OF PASSOVER WEEK其余的逾越节周
The same ceremonies are observed the next evening.同样的仪式是观察到翌日晚上。 According to the Law the fifteenth and twenty-first were to be kept as solemn festivals and days of rest.根据该法第15和第21名，以保持庄严的节日和休息日。 At present the fifteenth and sixteenth, the twenty-first and twenty-second are whole holidays, a custom introduced among the Jews of the Dispersion to make sure that they fulfilled the precepts of the Law on the proper day.目前，第十五和第十六，二十一和二十二次，是整个假期，风俗介绍了其中的犹太人分散，以确保他们履行戒律法就妥善一天。 The other days are half-holidays.另一天，有一半假期。 Special services are held in the synagogues throughout the Passover week.特别服务是在犹太教堂在整个一周的逾越节。 Formerly the date of the Pasch was fixed by actual observations [Schurer, History of the Jewish People (Edinburgh, 1902), I, II, Append.从前日起该pasch是固定的，由实际观测[ schurer ，历史上的犹太人民（爱丁堡， 1902 ） ，一，二，附录。 3]. 3 ] 。 It is now deduced from astronomical calculations.现在是推断，从天文计算。
Publication information Written by Cornelius Aherne.出版信息写科尼利厄斯夏。 Transcribed by John Looby.转录约翰looby 。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI.天主教百科全书，体积十一。 Published 1911. 1911年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1911. nihil obstat ， 1911年2月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
Bibliography
参考书目
OESTERLY AND BOX,
Religion and Worship of the synagogue (London, 1907); DEMBITZ, Jewish Services
in the Synagogue and Home (Philadelphia, 1898); GINSBURG in KITTO,
Cyclop. oesterly和方块中，宗教和信仰的犹太教堂（伦敦， 1907年） ;登比茨，犹太服务在犹太教会堂和院（ 76人， 1898年）
;金斯伯格在kitto ， cyclop 。 Of Bibl.对bibl 。 Lit..; ABRAHAMS in HASTINGS,
Dict.点燃.. ;先锋，在黑斯廷斯，字典。 Of the Bible, sv Passover; SMITH,
Bibl.对圣经sv逾越节;史密斯， bibl 。 Dict.; ZANGWILL, Dreamers of the Ghetto
(London): JACOBS, Jewish Year Book (LONDON, annual); EDERSHEIM, Life and Times
of Jesus the Messiah, II (London, 1900), 479.字典; zangwill ，梦想家的犹太人区（伦敦）
：雅各布斯，犹太年鉴（伦敦，年度） ; edersheim ，贴近生活和时代的耶稣是弥赛亚，二（伦敦， 1900 ） ， 479 。
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