Manuscripts are written, as opposed to printed, copies of the original text or of a version either of the whole Bible or of a part thereof.手稿是写，与之相反，印刷，复制该原文或一个版本，无论是对整个圣经或一个部分。 After introductory remarks on manuscripts in general, we shall take up in detail the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Syriac, Armenian, and Coptic manuscripts of the Bible; manuscripts of other versions are not important enough to come within the scope of this article.经过开场白就手稿一般而言，我们应采取行动，详细希伯来文，希腊文，拉丁文，叙利亚文，亚美尼亚语，科普特和手稿的圣经;手稿的其他版本并不重要，足以属于这一条的范围。
I. IN GENERAL一，在一般
Manuscripts may be conveniently divided into papyrus and vellum manuscripts.手稿，可方便地分为纸莎草和vellum手稿。
| BELIEVE 相信 Religious 宗教 Information 资讯 Source 源 web-site 网址： |
| Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects 我们所列出的1000名宗教科目 |
| E-mail 电子邮箱 |
In the Roman Empire of the first three centuries of our era, papyrus was the ordinary writing material.在罗马帝国的第一三个世纪的我们这个时代，纸莎草是普通的书写材料。 Made out of strips of pith taken from the stem of the Egyptian water-plant of the same name, papyrus was very fragile, became brittle in air, crumbled with use, could not resist the disintegrating force of moisture and was quite impracticable for book-form.出于试纸条的精髓，从干的埃及水植物的名字相同，纸莎草是非常脆弱的，成为脆性在空气中，捏碎使用，是无法抗拒的力量分崩离析的水分和是相当不切实际的书-形式。 All papyrus manuscripts of every sort are lost to us save such as were buried in exceedingly dry soil, like that of Upper and Middle Egypt.所有纸莎草纸手稿尽是输给了我们节省如被埋葬在极其干燥的土壤，这样的高层及中层埃及。 Here the ignorant fellaheen at one time wantonly destroyed vast quantities of papyrus manuscripts.这里无知fellaheen在同一时间，肆意破坏大量的纸莎草纸手稿。 Egyptian excavators now prevent such destruction and keep on adding to our very considerable collections of papyri.埃及大型挖掘机现已防止这种破坏，并不断加入到我们相当多的收藏品papyri 。 It is more than likely that the New Testament sacred writers or their scribes used ink and rolls of fragile papyrus for their autographa (2 Corinthians 3:3; 2 John 12).这是多可能是新约圣经的神圣作者或他们的文士用墨水和卷纸脆弱的纸莎草纸，为他们autographa （ 2哥林多前书3时03分， 2约翰12 ） 。 These original manuscripts probably perished towards the end of the first or the opening of the second century.这些原始手稿大概灭亡接近年底的第一或日开幕的第二个世纪。 We find no trace of them in either the Apostolic or the apologetic Fathers, -- unless we except Tertullian's words, "the authentic letters of the Apostles themselves", which are now generally set aside as rhetorical.我们找不到踪影，他们无论在使徒或歉意，父亲， -除非我们除了戴尔都良的话说，是"正宗的信件使徒们自己" ，这是现在人们普遍预留作为修辞。 A significant proof of the early loss of the autograph copies of the New Testament is the fact that Irenæus never appeals to the original writings but only to all the painstaking and ancient copies (en pasi tois spoudaiois kai archaiois antigraphois), to the witness of those that saw John face to face (kai martyrounton auton ekeinon ton katopsin ton Ioannen heorakoton), and to the internal evidence of the written word (kai tou logou didaskontos hemas).一个重要的证据初期亏损的亲笔份的新约圣经，是一个事实，即irenæus从来没有上诉至原来的著作，而只是向所有的艰辛和古老的副本（中文帕西帕托卡tois spoudaiois启archaiois antigraphois ） ，以见证者即看到约翰面对面（启martyrounton自主ekeinon吨katopsin吨ioannen heorakoton ） ，并在内部证据的文字（启钭洛古didaskontos赫马族） 。
(2) Vellum manuscripts （ 2 ） vellum手稿
Egypt clung to her papyrus rolls until the eighth century and even later.埃及醉心于她的纸莎草纸辊，直到8世纪，甚至更晚。 Vellum had been used before the time of Christ (cf. Pliny, "Historia Naturalis", xiii, 11), and during the time of the Apostles (2 Timothy 4:13). vellum已使用过的时候，基督（参见普林尼， "历史naturalis " ， 13 ， 11 ） ，并且在时间的使徒（ 2蒂莫西4时13分） 。 In the third century, it began, outside of Egypt, to supersede papyrus; in the early part of the fourth century vellum and the codex, or book-form, gained complete victory over papyrus and the roll-form.在第三个世纪，它开始时，外面的埃及，以取代纸莎草纸，在年初的四世纪vellum和食品法典委员会，或簿记形式，得到了彻底战胜纸莎草和唱名形式。 When Constantine founded his capital of the Byzantine Empire, he ordered Eusebius to have fifty manuscripts of the Bible made on vellum (somatia en diphtherais) for use in the churches of Byzantium (Vita Constant., IV, 36).当君士坦丁创立了资本的拜占庭帝国，他下令尤西比乌斯有50手稿圣经作出vellum （ somatia恩diphtherais ）用于在教堂的拜占庭（履历表常数，四， 36 ） 。 To the fourth century belong the earliest extant Biblical manuscripts of anything but fragmentary size.到了第四世纪属于最早现存的圣经手稿什么，但零碎的大小。
(3) Palimpsests （ 3 ） palimpsests
Some vellum manuscripts of the greatest importance are palimpsests (from Lat. palimpsestum, Gr. palimpsestos, "scraped again"), -- that is, they were long ago scraped a second time with pumice-stone and written upon anew.一些vellum手稿最重要的是palimpsests （从北纬palimpsestum ，遗传资源。 palimpsestos " ，又刮" ） ，那就是-他们早已废弃，第二次与浮石石和书面后重新注册。 The discovery of palimpsests led to the reckless of bigoted charge of wholesale destruction of Biblical manuscripts by the monks of old.发现palimpsests导致盲目上的顽固负责批发销毁圣经手稿，由僧侣岁。 That there was some such destruction is clear enough from the decree of a Greek synod of AD 691, which forbade the use of palimpsest manuscripts either of the Bible or of the Fathers, unless they were utterly unserviceable (see Wattenbach, "Das Schriftwessen im Mittelalter", 1896, p. 299).有一些这种破坏行为是不够清楚，从法令的一个希腊主教的专案691 ，其中禁止使用palimpsest手稿一方圣经或父亲，除非他们根本无法使用（见瓦滕巴赫"之schriftwessen的IM mittelalter " ， 1896年，页299 ） 。 That such destruction was not wholesale, but had to do with only worn or damaged manuscripts, is in like manner clear enough from the significant fact that as yet no complete work of any kind has been found on a palimpsest.这种破坏是不批发，但不得不做的只有陈旧或损坏手稿，是在喜欢的方式不够清楚，从显着的事实，我们还没有完成的工作，任何种类已发现的一个palimpsest 。 The deciphering of a palimpsest may at times be accomplished merely by soaking it in clear water; generally speaking, some chemical reagent is required, in order to bring back the original writing.该破译一个palimpsest有时可能只是进行浸泡在清水;一般而言，一些化学试剂需要，为了使回原来的写作。 Such chemical reagents are an infusion of nutgalls, Gioberti's tincture and hydrosulphuret of ammonia; all do harm to the manuscript.这种化学试剂注入nutgalls ， gioberti的酊hydrosulphuret的氨;所有伤害手稿。 Wattenbach, a leading authority on the subject, says: "More precious manuscripts, in proportion to the existing supply, have been destroyed by the learned experimenters of our time than by the much abused monks of old."瓦滕巴赫，一个领导权威就此事说： "更为珍贵手稿，在比例，以现有的供应量，已被销毁所学到实验者我们的时间比由许多虐待僧侣旧" 。
II.二。 HEBREW MANUSCRIPTS希伯来手稿
(1) Age （ 1 ）年龄
(a) Pre-Massoretic text （一）会前massoretic文本
The earliest Hebrew manuscript is the Nash papyrus.最早的希伯来手稿是纳什纸莎草。 There are four fragments, which, when pieced together, give twenty-four lines of a pre-Massoretic text of the Ten Commandments and the shema (Exodus 20:2-17; Deuteronomy 5:6-19; 6:4-5).有四个片段，其中的时候，拼凑起来的，给予24线的先决massoretic文本十诫和架构（出埃及记20:2-17 ;申命记5:6-19 ; 6:4-5 ） 。 The writing is without vowels and seems palæographically to be not later than the second century.写作是无元音似乎palæographically将不迟于公元二世纪。 This is the oldest extant Bible manuscript (see Cook, "A Pre-Massoretic Biblical Papyrus" in "Proceed. of the Soc. of Bib. Arch.", Jan., 1903).这是现存最古老的圣经手稿（见厨师， "预massoretic圣经纸莎草" ，在"着手。该芯片的背带裤。拱桥" ， 1月， 1903年） 。 It agrees at times with the Septuagint against the Massorah.它同意在时代与septuagint对massorah 。 Another pre- Massoretic text is the Samaritan Pentateuch.另一个预massoretic文本是撒玛利亚pentateuch 。 The Samaritan recension is probably pre-exilic; it has come down to us free from Massoretic influences, is written without vowels and in Samaritan characters.撒玛利亚recension可能是前exilic ;了将票投给我们免于massoretic影响，又是写，没有元音和撒玛利亚字。 The earliest Samaritan manuscript extant is that of Nablûs, which was formerly rated very much earlier than all Massoretic manuscripts, but is now assigned to the twelfth or thirteenth century AD Here mention should be made of the non-Massoretic Hebrew manuscripts of the Book of Ecclesiasticus.最早撒玛利亚手稿现存的是，对nablûs ，它的前身是额定很远早于所有massoretic手稿，但现在已经分配到第十二或十三世纪专案这里应该提到了非massoretic希伯来手稿本书的ecclesiasticus 。 These fragments, obtained from a Cairo genizah (a box for wornout or cast-off manuscripts), belong to the tenth or eleventh century of our ear.这些片段，获得了从开罗genizah （一箱磨损或投过稿） ，属于第10或11世纪的我们耳朵。 They provide us with more than a half of Ecclesiasticus and duplicate certain portions of the book.他们为我们提供了一半以上的ecclesiasticus和重复某些部分的图书。 Many scholars deem that the Cairo fragments prove Hebrew to have been the original language of Ecclesiasticus (see "Facsimiles of the Fragments hitherto recovered of the Book of Ecclesiasticus in Hebrew", Oxford and Cambridge, 1901).许多学者认为开罗片段证明希伯来语已看原文的ecclesiasticus （见"传真机的片段至今追回的这本书的ecclesiasticus希伯来文" ，牛津大学和剑桥大学， 1901年） 。
(b) Massoretic text （二） massoretic文本
All other Hebrew manuscripts of the Bible are Massoretic (see MASSORAH), and belong to the tenth century or later.其他所有希伯来手稿圣经是massoretic （见massorah ） ，属于10世纪或更晚。 Some of these manuscripts are dated earlier.部分这些手稿都是过时。 Text-critics consider these dates to be due either to intentional fraud or to uncritical transcription of dates of older manuscripts.纯文字评论家认为这些日期是由于无论是有意欺诈或以批判的转录日期老年人的手稿。 For instance, a codex of the Former and Latter Prophets, how in the Karaite synagogue of Cairo, is dated AD 895; Neubauer assigns it to the eleventh or thirteenth century.举例来说，一个法典的前后期先知，如何在karaite犹太教堂的开罗，日期是公元895 ; neubauer赋值至第11位或13世纪。 The Cambridge manuscript no.剑桥手稿没有。 12, dated AD 856, he marks as a thirteenth-century work; the date AD 489, attached to the St. Petersburg Pentateuch, he rejects as utterly impossible (see Studia Biblica, III, 22). 12月广告856起，标志着他作为第十三世纪的工作;日期专案489个，附于圣彼得堡pentateuch ，他拒绝接受，因为根本不可能（见studia biblica ，三， 22 ） 。 Probably the earliest Massoretic manuscripts are: "Prophetarium Posteriorum Codex Bablyonicus Petropolitanus", dated AD 916; the St. Petersburg Bible, written by Samuel ben Jacob and dated AD 1009; and "Codex Oriental. 4445" in the British Museum, which Ginsburg (Introduction, p. 469) assigns to AD 820-50.大概是最早massoretic手稿是： " prophetarium posteriorum法典bablyonicus petropolitanus " ，日期为公元916人;圣彼得堡圣经写塞缪尔奔雅各并注明日期的专案1009名;及"食品法典委员会东方。 4445年" ，在大英博物馆，其中金斯伯格（导言，页469 ）委派至公元820-50 。 The text critics differ very widely in the dates they assign to certain Hebrew manuscripts.该文批评差别非常广泛，在日期，他们转让给某些希伯来手稿。 De Rossi is included to think that at most nine or ten Massoretic manuscripts are earlier than the twelfth century (Variæ Lectiones, I, p. xv).德罗西是列入认为，在大多数九年或十年massoretic手稿是早于12世纪（ variæ lectiones ，我，第十五页） 。
(2) Number （ 2 ）数量
Kennicott, the first critical student of the Massoretic text, either examined or had others examine 16 Samaritan manuscripts, some 40 printed texts and 638 Massoretic manuscripts (see "Dissertatio Generalis in Vetus Testam. Hebraicum", Oxford, 1780).肯尼科特，首次临界学生的massoretic文本中，无论是研究，还是其他研究16撒玛利亚手稿，大约40个印刷文本和638 massoretic手稿（见" ，是一般dissertatio在老testam 。 hebraicum " ，牛津， 1780 ） 。 He numbered these manuscripts in six groups: nos.他的编号，这些手稿在6个组：双数。 1-88, Oxford manuscripts; nos. 1-88 ，牛津手稿;双数。 89-144, other manuscripts of English-speaking countries; nos. 89-144外，其他手稿的以英语为母语的国家;双数。 145-254, manuscripts of continental Europe; nos. 145-254 ，手稿的欧洲大陆;双数。 255-300, printed texts and various manuscripts; nos. 255-300 ，印刷文本和各种手稿;双数。 301-694, manuscripts collated by Brunsius. 301-694 ，手稿整理brunsius 。 De Rossi (Variæ Lectiones Vet. Test.) retained the numeration of Kennicott and added a list of 479 manuscripts, all his own personal property, of which unfortunately 17 had already received numbers from Kennicott.德罗西（ variæ lectiones审核。试验） 。保留计数肯尼科特和补充名单，共有479人的手稿，他的所有个人财产，其中17个不幸已经收到号码由肯尼科特。 De Rossi later added four supplementary lists of 110, 52, 37, and 76 manuscripts.德罗西后来又补充四个名单， 110 ， 52 ， 37和76的手稿。 He brought the number of Massoretic manuscripts up to 1375.他带来多少massoretic手稿直至1375年。 No one has since undertaken so colossal a critical study of the Hebrew manuscripts.没有人答应，因为如此庞大的一个重要研究希伯来文手稿。 A few of the chief manuscripts are more exactly collated and compared in the critical editions of the Massoretic text which were done by S. Baer and Fr.少数行政手稿更确切地整理，并比较了临界版本的massoretic文本，其中所做的第Baer和神父。 Delitzsch and by Ginsburg. delitzsch和金斯伯格。 To the vast number of Hebrew manuscripts examined by Kennicott and De Rossi must be added some 2000 manuscripts of the Imperial Library of St. Petersburg, which Firkowitsch collated at Tschufut-Kale ("Jews' Rock") in the Crimea (see Strack, "Die biblischen und massoretischen Handschriften zü Tschufut-Kale" in "Zeits. für luth. Theol. und Kirche", 1875).给广大的希伯来手稿审查肯尼科特和德罗西还必须加上一些手稿， 2000年的帝国图书馆的圣彼得堡，其中firkowitsch整理，在tschufut -芥蓝（下称"犹太人'岩" ） ，在克里米亚（见strack "模具biblischen und massoretischen handschriften zü tschufut -羽衣甘蓝" ， " zeits 。 f黵luth 。 theol 。 und kirche " ， 1875年） 。
(3) Worth （ 3 ）价值
The critical study of this rich assortment of about 3400 Massoretic rolls and codices is not so promising of important results as it would at first thought seem to be.关键研究这一丰富的品类大约3400个massoretic名册，并codices不是那么有前途的重要成果，因为这将在首先想到的似乎是。 The manuscripts are all of quite recent date, if compared with Greek, Latin, and Syriac codices.这些手稿都是最近才收到日期，如果比较希腊语，拉丁语，叙利亚文codices 。 They are all singularly alike.他们都是奇异乐趣。 Some few variants are found in copies made for private use; copies made for public service in the synagogues are so uniform as to deter the critic from comparing them.有的几种变体被发现在复制品作私人用途;复制品，为市民服务，在犹太教堂是如此的统一，以阻吓影评人，从比较。 All Massoretic manuscripts bring us back to one editor -- that of a textual tradition which probably began in the second century and became more and more minute until every jot and tittle of the text was almost absolutely fixed and sacred.所有massoretic手稿，使我们回到一个编辑器-对一个文本传统，这可能开始于公元二世纪，并成为越来越多分钟，直至每一个记事本和微量的文本几乎是绝对固定和神圣。 R. Aqiba seems to have been the head of this Jewish school of the second century.传译aqiba似乎已被主管这个犹太学校的第二个世纪。 Unprecedented means were taken to keep the text fixed.前所未有的方式被带到保持文字固定。 The scholars counted the words and consonants of each book, the middle word and middle consonants, the peculiarities of script, etc. Even when such peculiarities were clearly due to error or to accident, they were perpetuated and interpreted by a mystical meaning.学者们算的话和辅音的每一本书，中间一个字，中间辅音，特别之处脚本等，即使这种特殊性，显然是由于错误或意外，他们延续和解释由一种神秘的意义。 Broken and inverted letters, consonants that were too small or too large, dots which were out of place -- all these oddities were handed down as God-intended.破碎和倒排字母，辅音被太小或过大，但点，其中出的地方-所有这些奇特被移交下来，因为神的原意。 In Gen., ii, 4, bebram ("when they were created"), all manuscripts have a small Hê.在将军，二，四， bebram （ "时，他们创造了" ） ，所有的手稿有一个小hê 。 Jewish scholars looked upon this peculiarity as inspired; they interpreted it: "In the letter Hê he created them"; and then set themselves to find out what that meant.This lack of variants in Massoretic manuscripts leaves us hopeless of reaching back to the original Hebrew text save through the versions.犹太学者又将这一特殊性，作为振奋，他们解释说： "在信中hê他创造了" ;然后自己确定，以了解是什么meant.this缺乏变异体在massoretic手稿，我们只好无望达成恢复至原来的希伯来文救通过的版本。 Kittel in his splendid Hebrew text gives such variants as the versions suggest. kittel在他辉煌的希伯莱文给出了这种变体作为版本的建议。
III.三。 GREEK MANUSCRIPTS希腊手稿
(1) In General （ 1 ）在一般
Greek manuscripts are divided into two classes according to their style of writing -- uncials and minuscules.希腊手稿分成两班，根据他们的文风-u ncials和m inuscules。
(a) Uncials were written between the fourth and tenth centuries, with large and disconnected letters. （一） uncials写之间的第四和第十世纪，大和断开信。 These letters were not capitals but had a distinctive form: epsilon, sigma, and omega were not written EPSILON, SIGMA, OMEGA, as are those capitals in inscriptions; rho, phi, psi, and at times upsilon were prolonged above or below the line.这些信件不是首都，但有一个独特的方式：在29日，西格玛，欧米茄都是不写在29日，西格玛，欧米茄，至于是那些省会城市题字; rho ，潜在危险装置，防扩散安全倡议，并于次upsilon被长期高于或低于此线。 Words were not separated; neither accents nor punctuation marks were used; paragraphs were marked off only by a very small lacuna; the letters were uniform and artistic; ligatures were used only for the most ordinary words -- IC (Iesous), KC (Kyrios), XC (Christos), ICL (Israel), PNA (pneuma), DLD (David), ANOC (anthropos), PER (pater), MER (mater), OUC (pater), CER (soter), OUNOC (ouranos).字不被分割出去;既不口音，也没有标点符号的使用;段落标记过只有一个很小的空隙;信件被制服和艺术;字均只用于最普通的话-集成电路（ i esous） ，陈家强（ k yrios ） ，越野（克里斯托） ，注射抑制化学发光（以色列） ，巴勒斯坦民族权力机构（ pneuma ） ，副法律草拟专员（大卫） ， anoc （ anthropos ） ， ％ （父亲） ，经（材料） ， ouc （父亲） ，核证的排减量（ SOTER的） ， ounoc （天空异物） 。 In the sixth century, began a decadence of the elegant uncial writing.在第六世纪，开始了颓废的优雅uncial写作。 Twists and turns were given to certain letters.历经波折的人给予一定的信。 In the seventh century, more letters received flourishes; accents and breathings were introduced; the writing leaned to the right.在第七世纪，更多的信件收到词藻;口音和breathings介绍;写作倾斜，以正确的。
(b) Minuscules （二） minuscules
While uncials held sway in Biblical manuscripts, minuscules were employed in other works.而uncials举行摆动，在圣经手稿， minuscules受雇于其他工程。 During the ninth century, both uncial and minuscule manuscripts of the Bible were written.在第九世纪，无论是uncial和微不足道手稿圣经写的。 The latter show a form of writing so fully developed as to leave no doubt about its long standing use.后者表明，一种形式的写作，所以充分开发，以不留下任何疑问，它的长期使用。 The letters are small, connected, and written with a running hand.信件大小，连通，并与书面跑动中手。 After the tenth century, minuscules were used until, in the fifteenth century, manuscripts were superceded by print.经过十世纪， minuscules被使用到，在15世纪，手稿被凌驾于印刷。
(2) Old Testament manuscripts （ 2 ）旧约圣经手稿
(a) Septuagint (LXX) （一） septuagint （ lxx ）
There are three families of Septuagint manuscripts -- the Hexaplaric, Hesychian, and Lucianic.有3个家庭的septuagint手稿-h exaplaric， h esychian， l ucianic。 Manuscripts of Origen's Hexapla and Tetrapla were preserved at Cæsarea by his disciple Pamphilus.手稿的渊源的hexapla和tetrapla被保存在cæsarea由他的弟子pamphilus 。 Some extant manuscripts (vg aleph and Q) refer in scholia to these gigantic works of Origen.一些现存的手稿（ vg aleph和Q ） ，是指在scholia这些巨大工程的渊源。 In the fourth century, Pamphilus and his disciple Eusebius of Cæsarea reproduced the fifth column of the Hexapla, ie Origen's Hexaplaric Septuagint text, with all his critical signs.在第四世纪， pamphilus和他的弟子尤西比乌斯的cæsarea转载了第五纵队的hexapla ，即渊源的hexaplaric septuagint文本，对他的所有关键标志。 This copy is the source of the Hexaplaric family of Septuagint manuscripts.这个拷贝是源头的hexaplaric家族septuagint手稿。 In course of time, scribes omitted the critical signs in part or entirely.在随着时间的推移，文士遗漏了关键的迹象，在部分或完全的。 Passages wanting in the Septuagint, but present in the Hebrew, and consequently supplied by Origen from either Aquila or Tehodotion, were hopelessly commingled with passages of the then extant Septuagint.通道，要在septuagint ，但是，目前在希伯莱语，并因此提供的渊源无论从雕或tehodotion ，被绝望与有关通道，当时现存septuagint 。 Almost at the same time two other editions of the Septuagint were published -- those of Hesychius at Alexandria and of Lucian at Antioch.几乎在同一时间，其他两个版本的septuagint出版了-那些赫西基奥斯在亚历山大和乔治在安提。 From these three editions the extant manuscripts of the Septuagint have descended, but by ways that have not yet been accurately traced.从上述三个版本现存手稿的septuagint已经下降，但方式还没有得到准确的追查。 Very few manuscripts can be assigned with more than probability to one of the three families.极少数的手稿可以转让以上的概率为其中的3个家庭。 The Hexaplaric, Hesychian, and Lucianic manuscripts acted one upon the other.该hexaplaric ， hesychian ， lucianic手稿充当一个。 Most extant manuscripts of the Septuagint contain, as a result, readings of each and of none of the great families.大多数现存手稿的septuagint遏制，因此，读每一个，没有伟大的家庭。 The tracing of the influence of these three great manuscripts is a work yet to be done by the text-critics.追查的影响，这三个伟大的手稿是一个工作，但必须由文本提出批评。
Papyrus.纸莎草。 -- About sixteen fragments on papyrus are extant. -关于1 6个片段，对纸莎草是现存。 Of these, the most important are:其中，最重要的有：
Oxyrhyncus Pap. oxyrhyncus抹片。 656 (early third cent.), containing parts of Gen., xiv-xxvii, wherein most of the great vellum manuscripts are wanting. 656 （年初三。 ） ，其中载有部分将军， 14 -二十七，其中，大部分的大vellum手稿现正通缉。
British Museum Pap.大英博物馆的子宫颈。 37, at times called U (seventh cent.), containing part of Psalms (Hebrew) x-xxxiii. 37 ，有时称为铀（第七。 ） ，其中载有部分诗篇（希伯来文）的X三十三。
A Leipzig Pap.一莱比锡抹片。 (fourth cent.) containing Psalms xxix-liv. （第四。 ） ，其中载有诗篇第29号- 54 。 These two Psalters give us the text of Upper Egypt.这两个psalters给我们的文本上埃及。
A Heidelberg Pap. 1海德堡抹片。 (seventh cent.) containing Azch., iv, 6-Mal., iv, 5. （第七届。 ） ，其中载有azch ，四，六-仲裁法，四，五。
A Berlin Pap.柏林抹片。 (fourth or fifth cent.) containing about thirty chapters of Genesis. （第四或第五。 ） ，其中载有大约三十个章节的成因。
Vellum Uncial. vellum uncial 。 -- Parsons collated 13 uncial and 298 minuscule manuscripts of the Septuagint; the former he designated with Roman numerals, I-XIII, the latter with Arabic numbers, 14-311 (cf., "VT Græcum cum Variis Lectionibus", Oxford, 1798). -帕森斯整理， 1 3u ncial和2 98微不足道手稿的s eptuagint;前者他指定的罗马数字，一至十三，而后者与阿拉伯数字， 1 4-311（参见" ， V T的g ræcum暨说不同l ectionibus" ，牛津， 1 798 ） 。 Legarde designated the uncials by Roman and Greek capitals. legarde指定uncials由罗马和希腊的首都。 This designation is now generally accepted (cf. Swete, "Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek", Cambridge, 1902, 148).这个称号是现在普遍接受的（参见swete ， "引进来，以旧约希腊文" ，剑桥， 1902年， 148 ） 。
aleph -- S, Cod. aleph -此，鳕鱼。 Sinaiticus (fourth century; 43 leaves at Leipzig, 156 together with NT at St. Petersburg) contains fragments of Gen. and Num.; I Par., ix, 27-xix, 17; Esd. sinaiticus （第四世纪43叶片在莱比锡， 156加上新台币在圣彼得堡）载有片段的将军和序号。我相提并论，九， 27 - 19条， 17条;公共服务电子化。 ix, 9-end; Esth.; Tob.; Judith; I and IV Mach.; Isa.; Jer.; Lam., i, 1-ii, 20; Joel; Ab.-Mal.; the Poetical Books; the entire New Testament; the Epistle of Barnabas and part of the "Shepherd" of Hermas.九， 9月底; esth ;来的。 ;朱迪思我和四马赫。 ;伊萨;哲;林，我， 1 -二，第20条;的Joel ; ab. -仲裁法;诗学书籍;整个新约圣经;坟墓的石碑，以及部分的"牧羊人"的hermas 。 The text is mixed.这个文本是好坏参半。 In Tobias it differs much from A and B. Its origin is doubtful.在托比亚斯它不同于许多由A和B其来源值得怀疑。 Two correctors (Ca and Cb) are of the seventh century.两校正器（ CA和CB ）的是公元7世纪。 Ca tells us at the end of Esth.钙告诉我们，在去年底esth 。 that he compared this manuscript with a very early copy, which Pamphilus testified had been taken from and corrected according to the Hexapla or Origen.他相比，这个手稿与极早拷贝，其中pamphilus证明已经采取了从弥补和纠正的，根据该hexapla或渊源。
A, or Cod.甲，或鳕鱼。 Alexandrinus (fifth century; in British Museum) contains complete Bible (excepting Ps. 1-20-lxxx, 11, and smaller lacunæ) and includes deuterocanonical books and fragments, the apocryphal III and IV Mach., also I and II Clem. alexandrinus （五世纪，在大英博物馆）载有完整的圣经（除常任1 - 20 - lxxx ， 11 ，和较小的lacunæ ） ，并包括次经书籍和碎片，猜测三和四马赫，也I和II克兰姆。 Its origin is Egyptian and may be Hesychian.它的起源是埃及和可hesychian 。 It differs much from B, especially in Judges.它不同于许多由B ，特别是在法官。 Two scribes wrote the manuscript.两个文士写的手稿。 The corrector belonged to about the same time.校正属于大约同一时间举行。
B, or Cod. B或鳕鱼。 Vaticanus (fourth century; in the Vatican) contains complete Bible. vaticanus （第四世纪在梵蒂冈）载有完整的圣经。 The Old Testament lacks Gen., i, 1-xivi, 28; I and II Mach.; portions of 2 Samuel 2; and Psalms, cv-cxxxvii.旧约缺乏将军，我， 1 - xivi ， 28日，我和二马赫。 ;部分2塞缪尔2 ;和诗篇，简历- cxxxvii 。 The New Testament wants Heb., ix, 14; I and II Tim.; Titus.; Apoc.新约圣经想要以弗所书，第九章， 14条; I和II添。 ;弟兄;载脂蛋白C 。 Its origin is Lower Egyptian.它的起源是较低的埃及人。 Hort thinks it akin to the text used by Origen in his Hexapla. hort认为类似的案文所使用的渊源，在他的hexapla 。
C, or Codex Ephræmi Rescriptus (fifth century palimpsest, in National Library, Paris) contains 64 leaves of Old Testament; most of Eccl.; parts of Ecclus.; Wisd.; Prov. C ，或者法典ephræmi rescriptus （第五世纪palimpsest ，在国家图书馆，巴黎）载有64个叶片的旧约;大部分eccl ;部分ecclus ; wisd ;省。 and Cant.; 145 out of 238 leaves of New Testament.和斜面; 145列238个叶片的新约圣经。
D, or The Cotton Genesis (fifth century; in British Museum) contains fragments of Gen.; was almost destroyed by fire in 1731, but had been previously studies.发展，或棉花成因（五世纪，在大英博物馆）载有片段的将军;差点被烧毁1731 ，但已被以前的研究。
E, or Cod.英，法或鳕鱼。 Bodleianus (ninth or tenth century; in Bodl. Libr., Oxford) contains Heptateuch fragments. bodleianus （第九，第十世纪; bodl 。溴化锂，牛津）载heptateuch碎片。
F, or Cod.女，或鳕鱼。 Ambrosianus (fifth century; at Milan) contains Heptateuch fragments. ambrosianus （五世纪，在米兰） ，载有heptateuch碎片。
G, or Cod. g或鳕鱼。 Sarravianus (fifth century; 130 leaves at Leyden; 22 in Paris, one in St. Petersburg) contains the Hexaplaric Octateuch (fragments) with some of the asterisks and obeli of Origen. sarravianus （第五世纪130叶片莱登;二十二日在巴黎，一个在圣彼得斯堡）载有hexaplaric octateuch （片段） ，与部分的星号和obeli的渊源。
H, or Cod. h后，或鳕鱼。 Petropolitanus (sixth century; in Imperial Libr., St. Petersburg) contains portions of Numbers. petropolitanus （第六世纪，在帝国溴化锂，圣彼得堡）载有部分号码。
I, or Cod.一，或鳕鱼。 Bodleianus (ninth century; in Bodl. Libr., Oxford) contains the Psalms. bodleianus （第九世纪; bodl 。溴化锂，牛津）载有诗篇。
K, or Cod. K型或鳕鱼。 Lipsiensis (seventh century; in Univ. of Leipzig) contains fragments of Heptateuch. lipsiensis （七世纪，在大学的莱比锡）含有片段heptateuch 。
L, or The Vienna Genesis (sixth century; in Imperial Libr., Vienna) contains incomplete Genesis, written with silver letters on purple vellum. L时，或维也纳成因（第六世纪，在帝国溴化锂，维也纳）载不完全统计成因，书面与银信，对紫色vellum 。
M, or Cod.男，或鳕鱼。 Coislinianus (seventh century; in National Library, Paris) contains Heptateuch and Kings. coislinianus （七世纪，在国家图书馆，巴黎）载heptateuch和国王队。
NV, or Cod. NV公司，或鳕鱼。 Basiliano-Venetus (eighth or ninth century; partly in Venice and partly in Vatican) contains complete Gen., Ex., and part of Lev., and was used with B in the critical edition of the Septuagint (Rome, 1587). basiliano - venetus （第八或第九世纪;部分在威尼斯和部分在梵蒂冈）载有完整的将军，当然，和部分列弗，并将其用于与B在关键版的septuagint （罗马， 1587年） 。
O, or Cod.澳，或鳕鱼。 Dublinensis (sixth century; in Trinity College, Dublin) contains fragments of Isaias. dublinensis （第六世纪在都柏林三一学院）载片段伊萨亚斯罗。
Q, or Cod. Q报告或鳕鱼。 Marchalianus (sixth century, in Vatican) contains Prophets, complete; is very important, and originated in Egypt. marchalianus （第六世纪，在梵蒂冈）载有先知，完整;是很重要的，起源于埃及。 The text is probably Hesychian.文大概是hesychian 。 In the margins are many readings from the Hexapla; it also gives many Hexaplaric signs.在此其间有许多从2006 hexapla ，它也给许多hexaplaric迹象。
R, or Cod.俄，或鳕鱼。 Veronensis (sixth century; at Verona) contains Gr. veronensis （第六世纪，在维罗纳）载有遗传资源。 and Lat.和拉脱维亚。 Psalter and Canticles. psalter和canticles 。
T, or Cod.科技，或鳕鱼。 Zuricensis, the Zürich Psalter (seventh century) shows, with R, the Western text; silver letters, gold initials, on purple vellum. zuricensis ，苏黎世psalter （ 7世纪）显示，与俄，西文;银信，黄金缩写，对紫色vellum 。
W, or Cod.瓦，或鳕鱼。 Parisiensis (ninth century; in National Library, Paris) contains fragments of Psalms. parisiensis （第九世纪，在国家图书馆，巴黎）载有片段的诗篇。
X, or Cod.十，或鳕鱼。 Vaticanus (ninth century; in Vatican) contains the Book of Job. vaticanus （第九世纪在梵蒂冈）载有这本书的工作。
Y, or Cod. y ，或鳕鱼。 Tauriensis (ninth century; in National Library, Turin) contains Lesser Prophets. tauriensis （第九世纪，在国家图书馆，都灵）载较轻的先知。
Z, or Cod. z ，或鳕鱼。 Tischendorf (ninth century) contains fragments of Kings; published by Tischendorf.提申多夫（第九世纪）载有片段的国王;公布提申多夫。
Gamma, or Cod.伽马，或鳕鱼。 Cryptoferrantensis (eighth or ninth century; at Grottaferrata) contains fragments of Prophets. cryptoferrantensis （第八或第九世纪; grottaferrata ）载有片段的先知。
Delta, or Cod.三角洲，或鳕鱼。 Bodleianus (fourth or fifth century; Oxford, in Bodl. Libr.) contains a fragment of Daniel. bodleianus （第四或第五世纪的牛津，在bodl 。溴化锂） ，包含一个片段的丹尼尔。
Theta, or Cod.太塔，或鳕鱼。 Washington (fifth or sixth century, to be in Smithsonian Institution), contains Deut.-Jos., found in Egypt, one of the Freer manuscripts.华盛顿（第五或第六世纪，将在史密森学会） ，载有申命记-乔斯。发现，在埃及，其中一个最自由的手稿。 There are likewise seven uncial Psalters (two complete) of the ninth or tenth century and eighteen rather unimportant fragments listed by Swete (op. cit., p. 140).有同样七个uncial psalters （两个完整）的第九，第十世纪和十八，而不是不重要的片段上市，由swete （同前，第140页） 。
Vellum Minuscule. vellum微乎其微。 More than 300 are known but unclassified. 300多是众所周知的，但未被分类。 The Cambridge Septuagint purposes to collate the chief of these minuscules and to group them with a view to discriminating the various recensions of the Septuagint.剑桥septuagint宗旨，以整理总长这些minuscules并组，他们以期判别各项recensions的septuagint 。 More than half of these manuscripts are Psalters and few of them give the entire Old Testament.一半以上的这些手稿是psalters并没有几个人，让整个旧约。 In editing his Alcalá Polyglot, Cardinal Ximenes used minuscules 108 and 248 of the Vatican.在他编辑的Alcalá的多，枢机Ximenes的使用minuscules 108和248的梵蒂冈。
(b) Aquila （二）雕
(See VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE). （见版本的圣经） 。 Manuscript traces of the text of Aquila are found in手稿的痕迹，文雕发现
fragments of Origen's third columns, written as marginal notes to some manuscripts, such as Q;片段的渊源的第三栏，写旁注一些手稿，如q ;
the Milan palimpsest of the Hexapla, a most important tenth century copy found by Mercati in 1896.米兰palimpsest的hexapla ，一项最重要的十世纪的副本发现mercati于1896年。 It contains about eleven Psalms, has no Hebrew column, and uses the space thereof for variant readings;它载有大约11名诗篇，没有希伯来语栏，并使用空间为单位变读数;
the Cambridge fragment, seventh century, discovered in a Cairo genizah.剑桥片段，七世纪，发现在开罗genizah 。 It contains parts of Ps.它包含零件的PS 。 xxi (see Taylor, "Cairo Genizah Palimpsests", 1900).第二十一条（见泰勒， "开罗宣言genizah palimpsests " ， 1900 ） 。 The name Jahweh is written in old Hebrew letters.名称jahweh是写在旧希伯莱字母。
The Cairo fragments of the fourth and fifth centuries; three palimpsests (containing 1 Kings 20:7-17; 2 Kings 23:11-27) published by Burkitt in 1897; and four portions of the Psalms (lxxxix, 17-xci, 10; xcv, 7- xcvi, 12; xcviii, 3; ci, 16-cii, 13) published by Taylor (op. cit.).开罗片段的第四和第五个百年;三个palimpsests （含1国王20:7-17 2国王23:11-27 ）发表伯基特在1897年和四个部分诗篇（ lxxxix ， 17 xci ， 10 ; xcv ， 7 -x cvi， 1 2岁; x cviii， 3 ;词， 1 6- C II的， 1 3日）发表的泰勒（同前） 。
The fourth-century papyrus fragments of Gen., i, 1-5, published, 1900, by Grenfell and Hunt.第四世纪的纸莎草纸碎片的将军，我， 1-5 ，出版， 1900年，由富及追捕。
(c) Theodotion （三） theodotion
(See VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE). （见版本的圣经） 。 The Book of Daniel of Theodotion is found in the Septuagint manuscripts previously mentioned.这本书的丹尼尔的theodotion被发现在该septuagint手稿前面提到的。 The Milan palimpsest contains his text in part.米兰palimpsest载有他的文字部分。
(d) Symmachus （四）马初斯
(See VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE). （见版本的圣经） 。 Manuscript sources are the Milan palimpsest, Cambridge fragment, and Hexaplaric marginal notes, all of which are manuscript sources of Aquila.稿源是米兰palimpsest ，剑桥片段，并hexaplaric旁注，所有这一切都是稿源的雕。
(3) New Testament manuscripts （ 3 ）新约圣经手稿
(a) In General （一）在普通
There are, according to the latest authority on this subject, von Soden ("Die Schriften des NT in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt", Berlin, 1902), 2328 New Testament manuscripts extant.除此之外，根据最新的权威就这个问题，冯soden （ "死schriften万新台币，在与自己的ältesten erreichbaren textgestalt " ，柏林， 1902年） ， 2328年新约圣经手稿现存。 Only about 40 contain, either entire or in part, all the books of the New Testament.只有约40载，无论是整个或部分，全部书籍的新约圣经。 There are 1716 manuscript copies of the Gospels, 531 of the Act, 628 of the Pauline Epistles, 219 of the Apocalypse.有1716份手稿的福音， 531该法的规定， 628的宝莲，书信， 219的启示。 The commonly received numeration of the New Testament manuscripts is that of Wettstein; uncials are designated by Roman and Greek capital, minuscules by Arabic numbers.常见收到计数的新约圣经手稿，是强调wettstein ; uncials均指定由罗马和希腊首都， minuscules由阿拉伯数字。 These manuscripts are divided into the above-mentioned four groups -- Gospels, Acts, Pauline Epistles, Apocalypse.这些手稿分为上述四个团体-福音，行为，宝莲，书信，启示。 In the case of uncials, an exponent is used to designate the group referred to.在案件uncials ，指数是用来指定组提及。 D or Dev is Cod. D或开发是化学需氧量。 Bezæ, a manuscript of the Gospels; D3 or Dpaul is Cod. bezæ ，手稿的福音;维生素D3或dpaul是化学需氧量。 Claromontanus, a manuscript of the Pauline Epistles; E2 or Eact is Cod. claromontanus ，手稿的宝莲书信; E2或eact是化学需氧量。 Laudianus, a manuscript of the Acts. laudianus ，手稿的行为。 The nomenclature is less clear for minuscules.名目是那么明确，为minuscules 。 Each group has a different set of numbers.各组有另一套不同的号码。 If a minuscule be a complete manuscript of the New Testament, it is designated by four different numbers.如果一个微不足道的是一个完整的手稿本新约圣经，它是由指定的4个不同的电话号码。 One and the same manuscript at Leicester is Evan.同一个手稿在莱斯特是埃文。 69, Act. 69 ，采取行动。 31, Paul. 31日，保罗。 37, Apoc. 37 ，载脂蛋白C 。 14. 14 。 Wettestein's lists of New-Testament manuscripts were supplemented by Birch and Schols; later on Scrivener and Gregory continued the lists, each with his own nomenclature. wettestein的名单上的新约圣经手稿辅以桦木和schols ;稍后斯科维娜和格雷戈里续名单，每个符合他自己的命名规则。 Von Soden has introduced a new numeration, so as to indicate the contents and date of the manuscripts.冯soden引进了一种新的定数，以显示的内容和日期的手稿。 If the content be more than the Gospels, it is marked delta (that is, diatheke, "testament"); if only the Gospels, eta (ie, euaggelion, "gospel"); if aught else save the Gospels, alpha (that is, apostolos).如果内容多于福音，它标志着三角洲（也就是diatheke ， "遗嘱" ） ，如果只是福音，艾塔（即euaggelion ， "福音" ） ;如果听取任何其他地方节省福音，阿尔法（即是，在Apostolos ） 。 B is delta-1; aleph is delta-2; Q is epsilon-4, etc. No distinction is made between uncials and minuscules. B是三角洲-1 ; aleph是三角洲- 2 ; Q则是在29日-4等，并没有区分uncials和minuscules 。 Scholars admit the logic and scientific worth of this new numeration, but find it too unwieldy and impracticable.学者承认逻辑和科学价值的这一新的定数，但认为过于笨拙，是行不通的。
(b) Payrus （二）佩吕
In the Archduke Rainer collection, Vienna, are several very fragmentary bits of New Testament Greek phrases, which Wessely, the curator of that collection, assigns to the second century.在archduke Rainer的收集，维也纳，有几个很零碎钻头的新约圣经希腊短语，其中wessely ，馆长表示，收集，分派至公元二世纪。 The Grenfell and Hunt excavations in Oxyrhyncus brought to light various fragments of the New Testament which Kenyon, the assistant keeper of the manuscripts of the British Museum, assigns to the latter part of the third century.该建富及追捕挖掘oxyrhyncus揭示了不同片段的新约圣经，其中肯扬，助理蓄养的手稿的大英博物馆，分配给后者的一部分，第三个世纪。 Only one papyrus manuscript of the New Testament is important to the text-critic -- Oxyrhyncus Pap.只有一个纸莎草纸手稿的新约圣经是很重要的文本评论家-o xyrhyncus抹片。 657, third-fourth century; it preserves to us about a third of the Epistle to the Hebrews, and epistle in which Codex B is defective. 657 ，第三个四分之一世纪，它保留了我们大约三分之一的希伯来人书中说，书信，其中食品法典B是有缺陷的。
(c) Vellum Uncials （三） vellum uncials
There are about 160 vellum uncials of the New Testament; some 110 contain the Gospels or a part thereof.有大约160 vellum uncials的新约圣经，有的含有110个福音或其中的一部分。 The chiefest of these uncials are the four great codices of the entire Greek Bible, aleph, A, B, C, for which, see above.该chiefest这些uncials是四个大codices的整个希腊圣经， aleph ，甲，乙，丙，其中，在上面看到的。 The Vatican (B) is the oldest and probably the best New Testament manuscript.梵蒂冈（二） ，是最古老，大概是最好的新约圣经手稿。
D. or Cod.四或鳕鱼。 Bezæ (qv) (fifth or sixth century; in University Library, Cambridge) contains Gospels and Acts in Gr. bezæ （请参阅） （第五或第六世纪，在大学图书馆，剑桥大学）载有福音行为遗传资源。 and Lat., excepting Acts, xxii, 29 to the end; it is a unique specimen of a Greek manuscript whose text is Western, ie that the Old Latin and Old Syriac.和北纬，除行为， 22条，第29至年底，它是一个独特的标本，希腊手稿，其文本是西方，即旧拉丁语和老叙利亚文。
D3 or Cod.维生素D3或鳕鱼。 Claromonianus (probably sixth century; in Nat. Libr., Paris) contains Pauline Epistles in Gr. claromonianus （可能是六世纪，在NAT的。溴化锂。巴黎电）载有宝莲，书信，在遗传资源。 and Lat., each text independent of the other.和北纬，每一种文本独立于其他。 Before Hebrews is a list of the books of the New Testament and the number of lines (stichoi) in each; this list omits Thess., Heb., and Phil., includes four apocryphal books, and follows an unusual order: Matt., John, Mark, Luke, Rom., I and II Cor., Gal., Eph., I and II Tim., Titus, Col., Philem., I and II Pet., James, I, II and III John, Jude, Barnabas, Apoc., Acts, Hermas, Acts of Paul, Apoc.前希伯来人，是名单上的图书的新约圣经和线条数（ stichoi ）在每;这一清单省略帖，以弗所书，哲学，其中包括4猜测书籍，并遵循一个不寻常的命令：马特，约翰，马克，路加，光碟，一和二肺心病，半乳糖，以弗所书，我和二添，弟兄，上校， philem ， I和II宠物。詹姆斯，一，二和三庄，裘德，巴纳巴斯，载脂蛋白C ，行为， hermas行为，保罗，载脂蛋白C 。 of Peter.彼得。
E, or Cod.英，法或鳕鱼。 Basileensis (eighth century; in Univ. Libr., Basle) contains the Gospels. basileensis （ 8世纪，在大学溴化锂，巴塞尔）载福音。
E2, or Cod.雌二醇，或鳕鱼。 Laudianus (sixth century; Oxford, in Bodl. Library) contains Acts in Gr. laudianus （第六世纪的牛津，在bodl 。图书馆）载行为的遗传资源。 and Lat.和拉脱维亚。 The former is somewhat like D.前者是有点像四
E3, or Cod. E3之后，或鳕鱼。 Sangermanensis (ninth century; in Imper. Libr., St. Petersburg) contains Pauline Epistles in Gr. sangermanensis （第九世纪; imper 。溴化锂，圣彼得堡）载有宝莲，书信，在遗传资源。 and Lat.; of same family as D3.和北纬;同一家庭为维生素D3 。
F, or Cod.女，或鳕鱼。 Boreeli (ninth century; at Utrecht), contains Gospels. boreeli （第九世纪，在乌得勒支） ，载有福音。
F3, or Cod.用于F3 ，或鳕鱼。 Augiensis (ninth century; in Trinity College, Cambridge), contains Pauline Epp. augiensis （第九世纪，在三一学院，剑桥） ，载有宝莲资源增值计划。 in Gr.在遗传资源。 and Lat.; of the same family as D3, E3, and G3.和北纬;的同一个家庭，为维生素D3 ， E3类，和G3 。
G, or Cod. g或鳕鱼。 Wolfii A (ninth or tenth century; at Cambridge, and London), contains the Gospels. wolfii （第九，第十世纪，在剑桥，伦敦等） ，包含了福音。
G3, or Cod. G3的，或鳕鱼。 Boernerianus (ninth century; at Dresden), contains Paul Epp. boernerianus （第九世纪，在德累斯顿市） ，载有保计划。 in Gr.在遗传资源。 and Lat.; text of D3 type.和北纬;文本维生素D3型。
H, or Cod. h后，或鳕鱼。 Wolfii B (ninth or tenth century; at Dresden), contains Paul Epp. wolfii乙（第九，第十世纪，在德累斯顿市） ，载有保计划。 in Gr.在遗传资源。 and Lat.; text of D3 type.和北纬;文本维生素D3型。
H2, or Cod. H2型或鳕鱼。 Mutinensis (ninth century; at Modena), contains Acts. mutinensis （第九世纪，在摩德纳） ，载行为。
H3, or Cod. H3的，或鳕鱼。 Coislinianus (sixth century; originally at Mt. Athos where 8 leaves remain. Other parts were used for binding manuscripts; 22 leaves thus reached Paris; 3 which were discovered at St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kieff; 1 in Turin). coislinianus （第六世纪;原本在阿托斯山那里八叶依然存在。而其他部分则用于约束力的手稿; 22树叶从而达到巴黎三日被发现，在圣彼得堡，莫斯科和kieff ;一日在都灵） 。 This manuscript gives us, in great part, a fourth-century text of Euthalius of Sulca.这个手稿给了我们，在伟大的一部分，第四世纪文euthalius的sulca 。
K, or Cod. K型或鳕鱼。 Cyprius (ninth century; in Nat. Libr., Paris), contains the Gospels. cyprius （第九世纪，在NAT的。溴化锂，巴黎） ，包含了福音。
K2, or Cod.图K2 ，或鳕鱼。 Mosquensis (ninth century; in Holy Synod Library, Moscow), contains Acts, Cath., and Paul. mosquensis （第九世纪，在圣主教图书馆，莫斯科） ，载行为，蛋白酶，和保罗。 Epp.资源增值计划。
L, or Cod. L时，或鳕鱼。 Regius (eighth century; in Nat. Libr., Paris), contains Gospels. regius （ 8世纪，在NAT的。溴化锂，巴黎） ，载有福音。
L2, or Cod.二级，或鳕鱼。 Angelicus (ninth century; in Rome), contains Acts, Cath., and Paul.安杰利卡斯（第九世纪在罗马） ，载行为，蛋白酶，和保罗。 Epp.资源增值计划。
M, or Cod.男，或鳕鱼。 Campianus (ninth century; in Nat. Libr., Paris), contains Gospels. campianus （第九世纪，在NAT的。溴化锂，巴黎） ，载有福音。
M3, or Cod. M3的，或鳕鱼。 Campianus (ninth century; in Nat. Libr., Paris), contains Gospels. campianus （第九世纪，在NAT的。溴化锂，巴黎） ，载有福音。
N, or Cod.氮，或鳕鱼。 Purpureus, called also Petropolitanus (sixth century), contains Gospels in silver on purple vellum.紫色，所谓还petropolitanus （六世纪） ，包含了福音，在银紫色vellum 。 About half the manuscript is extant: 182 leaves (found in Asia Minor, 1896) are in St. Petersburg, 33 at Patmos, 6 in the Vatican, 4 in British Museum, and 2 in Vienna.大约一半的手稿是现存： 182叶子（发现，在小亚细亚， 1896年）是在圣彼得堡， 33 patmos ，六日在梵蒂冈， 4个在大英博物馆，和2个在维也纳举行。
P, or Cod.磷，或鳕鱼。 Guelferbytanus A (sixth century; Wolfenbüttel), contains Gosp. guelferbytanus （六世纪; wolfenbüttel ） ，载有gosp 。 fragments.片段。
P2, or Cod. P2的，或鳕鱼。 Porphyrianus (ninth century; in St. Petersburg), contains Acts, Cath. porphyrianus （第九世纪，在圣彼得堡） ，载行为，蛋白酶。 and Paul.和保罗。 Epp.资源增值计划。
Q, or Cod. Q报告或鳕鱼。 Guelferbytanus B (fifth century; Wolfenbüttel), contains Gosp. guelferbytanus乙（五世纪; wolfenbüttel ） ，载有gosp 。 fragments.片段。
R, or Cod.俄，或鳕鱼。 Nitriensis (sixth century; in British Museum, London), a palimpsest copy of Luke. nitriensis （第六世纪，在大英博物馆，伦敦） ， palimpsest副本卢克。
T, or Cod.科技，或鳕鱼。 Borgianus (fifth century; in Vatican), Gr. borgianus （第五世纪在梵蒂冈） ，遗传资源。 and Sahidic fragments.和sahidic碎片。 One has the double-ending of Mark; another has 17 leaves of Luke and John, and a text akin to B and alpha人有双重结局的标志;另一项有17个叶片的卢克和约翰，以及一个文本类似于B和阿尔法
Z, or Cod. z ，或鳕鱼。 Dublinensis (sixth century; in Trinity Col., Dublin), a palimpsest containing 295 verses of Matt.; text probably Egyptian, akin to aleph dublinensis （第六世纪，在三一上校，都柏林） ， palimpsest载有295名小诗的马特。 ;文本大概埃及，类似于aleph
Delta, or Cod.三角洲，或鳕鱼。 Sangallensis (ninth or tenth century; at Saint-Gall), contains Gospels in Gr. sangallensis （第九，第十世纪，在圣-胆） ，载有福音，在遗传资源。 and Lat.和拉脱维亚。
Lambda, or Cod.波长，或鳕鱼。 Rossanensis (sixth century; at Rossano, in Calabria), contains Matt. rossanensis （第六世纪;罗萨诺，在卡拉布里亚） ，载有马特。 and Mark, in silver letters on purple vellum with illustrations.和马克，在银信紫色vellum插图。 N,氮，
Sigma, Sigma-b, and Phi are all akin and were probably produced at Constantinople from a single ancestor.西格玛，西格玛- B和潜在危险装置都是类似，并可能产生于君士坦丁堡，从一个单一的祖先。
Sigma-b, or Cod.西格玛- B或鳕鱼。 Sinopensis (sixth century; in Nat. Libr., Paris), consists of 43 leaves (Matthew 7-24), in gold letters on purple vellum with 5 illustrations; it was bought by a French naval officer for a few francs, at Sinope, in 1899, and is called also Omicron and Hê. sinopensis （第六世纪，在NAT的。溴化锂，巴黎） ，包括43个叶片（马太7月24日） ，在黄金信件紫色vellum 5插图，它是买了由一位法国海军军官，为几个法郎，在sinope ，在1899年，是所谓也omicron和hê 。
Phi, or Cod.潜在危险装置，或鳕鱼。 Beratinus (sixth century; at Berat in Albania), contains Matt. beratinus （第六世纪;培拉特在阿尔巴尼亚） ，载有马特。 and Mark.和马克。
Beth, or Cod.什么，或鳕鱼。 Patirensis (fifth century; in the Vatican), contains Act., Cath. patirensis （第五世纪在梵蒂冈） ，载有法，蛋白酶。 and Paul.和保罗。 Epp.资源增值计划。
The American manuscript of the Gospels (fifth century), found in Egypt, 1907, has not yet been published; nor have the fragments of the Pauline Epistles (sixth century) which were found at the same time.美国书稿的福音（五世纪） ，发现在埃及， 1907年，目前还未公布，也有片段的宝莲书信（六世纪） ，被发现在同一时间举行。
(d) Vellum minuscules （四） vellum minuscules
The vast numbers of minuscule witnesses to the text of the New Testament would seem to indicate a rich field of investigation for the text-critic.广大的微不足道证人文新约圣经似乎表明，丰富的实地调查，为文批评者。 The field is not so rich at all.外地不是那么丰富，在所有。 Many of these minuscules have never been fully studies.许多这些minuscules从来没有得到充分的研究。 Ninety-five per cent. 95 ％ 。 of them are witnesses to the same type of text; that of the textus receptus.他们见证了同一类型的文本;表示，在该Web网站receptus 。 Only those minuscules interest the text-critic which are distinctive of or akin to one of the great uncials.只有那些minuscules利息文本影评人，其中，是有明显区别的或近似的一大uncials 。 Among the Gospel minuscules, according to Gregory's numeration, the type of B-aleph is seen more or less in 33; 1, 118, 131, 209; 59, 157, 431, 496, 892.其中福音minuscules ，根据格雷戈里的定数，类型B型aleph是看到更多或更少，在33 1 ， 118 ， 131 ， 209 59 ， 157 ， 431 ， 496 ， 892 。 The type of D is that of 235, 431, 473, 700, 1071; and of the "Ferrar group", 13, 69, 124, 346, 348, 543, 713, 788, 826, 828.类型D是说， 235 ， 431 ， 473 ， 700 ， 1071 ;和" ferrar小组" ， 13 ， 69 ， 124 ， 346 ， 348 ， 543 ， 713 ， 788 ， 826 ， 828 。 Among the Acts minuscules, 31 and 61 show some kinship to B; 137, 180, 216, 224 to D. 15, 40, 83, 205, 317, 328, 329, 393 are grouped and traced to the fourth century text of Euthalius of Sulica.其中行为minuscules ， 31和61表现出一定的亲缘关系，以B组137 ， 180 ， 216 ， 224 ，以四15 ， 40 ， 83 ， 205 ， 317 ， 328 ， 329 ， 393一组，并追溯至四世纪的文本euthalius对苏利克。 Among the Pauline minuscules, this same text (ie that of H3) is found in 81, 83, 93, 379, 381.其中宝莲minuscules ，这相同的内容（即对组蛋白H3 ） ，是发现，在81 ， 83 ， 93 ， 379 ， 381 。
(e) Lectionaries （五） lectionaries
There are some 1100 manuscripts of readings from the Gospels (Evangelia or Evangeliaria) and 300 manuscripts of readings from Acts and Epistles (Praxapostoli).也有一些1100个手稿的读数，由福音（ evangelia或evangeliaria ）和300手稿的读数，从行为和书信（ praxapostoli ） 。 Although more than 100 of these lectionaries are uncials, they are of the ninth century or later.虽然有100多名，这些lectionaries是uncials ，他们的第九世纪或更晚。 Very few of these books of the Epistles and Gospels have been critically examined.极少数的，这些书的教会和福音已经仔细研究。 Such examination may later on serve to group the New Testament minuscules better and help to localize them.这种检查方法，可后来就起到组新约圣经minuscules更好，并帮助他们进行本地化。
IV.四。 LATIN MANUSCRIPTS拉丁语手稿
Biblical manuscripts are far more uniform in Greek than in Latin script.圣经手稿，是迄今为止较为均匀，在希腊比拉丁字母。 Palæography divides the Greek into uncials and minuscules; the Latin into uncials, semi-uncials, capitals, minuscules and cursives. palæography划分希腊语到uncials和minuscules ;拉丁语到uncials ，半uncials ，资金， minuscules和cursives 。 Even these divisions have subdivisions.即使这些分歧的分支机构。 The time, place and even monastery of a Latin manuscript may be traced by the very distinct script of its text.上课时间，地点，甚至修道院的一个拉丁手稿最早可追溯到由非常独特的脚本，其文字。
(1) Old Latin （ 1 ）旧拉丁语
Some 40 manuscripts have preserved to us a text which antedates the translation of St. Jerome; they are designated by small letters.约40手稿都保存着我们的文本antedates翻译圣杰罗姆，他们均指定由小字母。 Unfortunately no two of these manuscripts represent to us quite the same text.可惜没有两个这些手稿代表我们完全一样的文本。 Corrections introduced by scribes and the inevitable influence of the Vulgate have left it a very difficult matter to group the Old Latin manuscripts.更正介绍，文士和必然的影响，该vulgate已离开这是一个很困难的事，以小组旧拉丁语手稿。 Text-critics now agree upon an African, a European and an Italian type of text.文本批评者现在同意后，非洲，欧洲和意大利的一个类型的文字。 The African text is that mentioned by Tertullian (c. 150-220) and used by St. Cyprian (c. 200-258); it is the earliest and crudest in style.非洲的案文是所提到的戴尔都良（约150-220 ） ，并用圣塞浦路斯（约200-258 ） ，它是最早和crudest在作风。 The European text is less crude in style and vocabulary, and may be an entirely new translation.欧洲案文是少原油在风格和词汇，并有可能成为一个全新的译本。 The Italian text is a version of the European and was revised by St. Jerome in parts of the Vulgate.意大利文本，是一种版本的欧洲和修改由圣杰罗姆在零件的vulgate 。
The most important Old Latin manuscripts are the bilingual New Testament manuscripts D, D3, E2, E3, F3, G3, Delta.最重要的老拉丁语手稿是双语新约圣经手稿的发展，维生素D3 ， E2和E3上的F3 ， G3的，三角洲。
a, or Cod.甲，或鳕鱼。 Vercellensis (fourth century; at Vercelli), containing the Gospels. vercellensis （第四世纪; Vercelli的） ，其中载有福音。
b, or Cod. B或鳕鱼。 Veronensis (fifth century; at Verona), containing Gospels on purple vellum. veronensis （五世纪，在维罗纳） ，其中载有关于福音紫色vellum 。 a and b are our chief witnesses to the European text of the Gospels. A和B是我们的首席证人向欧洲文本的福音。
e, or Cod.英，法或鳕鱼。 Palatinus (fifth century; at Vienna, -- one leaf is in Dublin), contains the Gosp.城堡花园（五世纪，在维也纳， -一个叶片，是在都柏林） ，载有g osp。 For Acts, e is Lat.行为，电子商务是北纬。 of E2; for Paul. E2含量;保罗。 Epp., e is Lat.资源增值计划，电子商务是北纬。 of E3.批E3类。
f, or Cod.女，或鳕鱼。 Brixianus (sixth century; at Brescia), contains Gosp. brixianus （第六世纪，在布雷西亚） ，载有gosp 。 on purple vellum; Italian type, thought by Wordsworth and White to be the best extant representative of the Old Latin text which St. Jerome used when revising the New Testament.对紫色vellum ;意大利语型，思想华兹华斯和白色成为最佳的现存代表的旧拉丁语文本圣杰罗姆时所用的修改新约圣经。
ff2, or Cod. ff2 ，或鳕鱼。 Corbeiensis (fifth century; at Paris), contains the Gospels. corbeiensis （五世纪，在巴黎） ，包含了福音。
g, or Cod. g或鳕鱼。 Gigas (thirteenth century; at Stockholm), a complete Bible; Acts and Apoc.牡蛎（ 13世纪;斯德哥尔摩） ，一个完整的圣经;行为和载脂蛋白C 。 are in Old Latin text and are the chief representative of the European type.在旧拉丁语文本，并分别是政务欧洲共同体的代表类型。
h, or Palimpsest de Fleury (fourth or fifth century; at Turin), contains Mark, vii-xvi, 8 and Matt., i-xv; earliest form of Old Latin, African type, closely akin to text used by Saint Cyprian. h后，或palimpsest后继德（第四或第五世纪，在都灵） ，包含商标，七-十六日， 8日和马特，一至十五;最早形成的旧拉美，非洲型，紧密类似于文本使用的圣塞浦路斯。
q, or Cod. Q报告或鳕鱼。 Monacensis (sixth or seventh century; at Munich, contains Gospels; Italian type of text. monacensis （第六或第七世纪，在慕尼黑，包含了福音;意大利式的文字。
(2) Vulgate （ 2 ） vulgate
It is estimated that there are more than 8000 manuscripts of the Vulgate extant.据估计，有8000多手稿的vulgate尚存。 Most of these are later than the twelfth century and have very little worth for the reconstruction of the text.大部分情况下，这些不迟于12世纪，并已非常少，价值为重建文本。 Tischendorf and Berger designate the chief manuscripts by abbreviations of the names: am.蒂申多夫和伯杰候任行政手稿由缩写名字：上午。 = Amiatinus; fu. = amiatinus ;富。 or fuld.或fuld 。 = Fuldensis. = fuldensis 。 Wordsworth and White, in their critical edition of the Gospel and Acts (1899-1905); use Latin capitals to note the 40 manuscripts on which their text depends.华兹华斯和白色，在其关键版的福音和行为（ 1899年至1905年） ;使用拉丁语首都注意40手稿就其文本有赖于此。 Gregory (Textkritik, II, 634) numbers 2369 manuscripts.格雷戈里（ textkritik ，二， 634页）号码2369手稿。 The most logical and useful grouping of these manuscripts is genealogical and geographical.最合乎逻辑的和有益的分组这些手稿是系谱和地理。 The work of future critics will be to reconstruct the text by reconstructing the various types, Spanish, Italian, Irish, French, etc. The chief Vulgate manuscripts are:工作未来批评家将重建文本改造各类，西班牙语，意大利语，爱尔兰，法国等行政vulgate手稿是：
A, or Cod.甲，或鳕鱼。 Amiatinus (qv) (eighth century; at Florence), contains complete Bible; text probably Italian, best extant manuscript of Vulgate. amiatinus （请参阅） （ 8世纪;佛罗伦萨） ，包含完整的圣经;文本大概意大利语，最佳现存手稿vulgate 。
C, or Cod. C ，或者化学需氧量。 Cavensis (ninth century; at La Cava, near Naples), a complete Bible; best representative of Spanish type. cavensis （第九世纪，在香格里拉大静脉，近那不勒斯） ，一个完整的圣经;最佳代表西班牙语类型。
Delta, or Cod.三角洲，或鳕鱼。 Dunelmensis (seventh or eighth century; in Durham Cathedral, England), Gospels; text akin to A. dunelmensis （第七或第八世纪，在达勒姆大教堂，英格兰） ，福音;文本类似于甲
F, or Cod.女，或鳕鱼。 Fuldensis (AD 541-546; at Fulda, in Germany), a complete New Testament; Gospels are in form of Tatian's "Diatessaron". fuldensis （公元541-546 ; fulda ，在德国） ，一个完整的新约全书;福音，是在形式上的tatian的" diatessaron " 。 Bishop Victor of Capua found an Old Latin version of Tatian's arrangement and substituted the Vulgate for the Old Latin.主教的胜利者capua发现一个老拉丁语版本tatian的安排，并取代了vulgate为旧拉丁语。
G, or Cod. g或鳕鱼。 Sangermanensis (ninth century; at Paris), contains the Bible. sangermanensis （第九世纪，在巴黎） ，载有圣经。 In Acts, Wordsworth uses it more than any other manuscript.在行为，华兹用途，它比任何其他手稿。
H, or Cod. h后，或鳕鱼。 Hubertianus (ninth century; in British Museum, London), a Bible; Theodulfian type. hubertianus （第九世纪，在大英博物馆，伦敦） ，一本圣经; theodulfian类型。