Idealism唯心主义

In discussing this term and its meaning, reference must be had to the cognate expressions, idealist, idealized, ideal (adjective), and the ideal (noun), all of which are derived from the Greek idéa.在讨论这个词及其含义，必须提到了向同源的表述中，唯心主义，理想化，理想（形容词） ，与理想（名词） ，所有这一切都源自于希腊语idéa 。 This signifies "image", "figure, "form": it can be used in the sense of "likeness", or "copy" as well as in that of "type", "model", or "pattern": it is this latter sense that finds expression in "ideal", and "the ideal" and the derivatives are mentioned above. In speaking of "the ideal", what we have in mind is not a copy of any perceptible object, but a type. The artist is said to "idealize" his subject when he represents it as a fairer, nobler, more perfect than it is in reality.这标志着"形象" ， "人物" ，组成" ：它可以用于意识"相似性" ，或"副本" ，以及在这"第二类" ， "示范" ，或"模式" ：这是这后一种意义上说，体现在"理想"和"理想"与衍生工具如上所述，在谈到"理想"中，我们在心里是不是复制的任何可察觉的物体，而是一种类型。一位艺术家说， "理想化" ，其主题时，他所代表的，它作为一个更公平，更崇高，更完美的，比它是在现实中。

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Idealism in life is the characteristic of those who regard the ideas of truth and right, goodness and beauty, as standards and directive forces.唯心论，生活的特点，那些把想法真理和正确的，善，美为标准，并指示部队。 This signification betrays the influence of Plato, who made idea a technical term in philosophy.这个意义背弃的影响，柏拉图，他们作出这一设想的技术术语，在哲学。 According to him the visible world is simply a copy of a supersensible, intelligible, ideal world, and consequently "things" are but the impress stamped on reality by that which is of a higher, spiritual nature.据他说，有形世界简直是一份supersensible ，理解，理想的世界，并因此"东西" ，不过这个印象，盖上现实，那是一个更高的，精神性的。 Platonism is the oldest form of idealism, and Plato himself the progenitor of idealists.柏拉图是最古老的形式，唯心论，与柏拉图自己progenitor的理想主义者。 It is usual to place in contrast Plato's idealism and Aristotle's realism; the latter in fact denies that ideas are originals and that things are mere copies; he holds that the essence is intelligible, but that it is immanent in the things of nature, whereas it is put into the products of art.这是一贯的，以发生在对比柏拉图的唯心论和亚里士多德的现实主义;后者在事实上否认想法是正本，并表示事情只是一个复制品，他认为，本质上是理解的，但它是内在的，在事情的性质，而它是投入到产品的艺术作品。 It is more correct, therefore, to call his teaching an immanent idealism as contrasted with the transcendental idealism of Plato.这是更正确的，因此，要请他教学的一个内在的理想主义为对比与先验唯心主义的柏拉图。 Both these thinkers reveal the decisive influence of that moral and æsthetic idealism which permeated Greek life, thought, and action; but for both, what lies deepest down in their philosophy is the conviction that the first and highest principle of all things is the one perfect spiritual Being which they call God, and to which they lead back, by means of intermediate principles--essence and form, purpose and law--the multifarious individual beings of the visible world.这两个思想家揭示了决定性的影响，即道德和æsthetic唯心论，其中贯穿了希腊的生活，思想和行动上，但无论什么谎言最深下跌，在他们的哲学是一种信念，即第一和最高原则的一切事物，是一个完美精神被他们请神，使他们率先回，即通过中介原则-实质和形式，宗旨和国际法-五花八门个别人的有形世界。 In this sense idealism is dualism, ie the doctrine of a higher spiritual principle over against that which is lower and material; and this doctrine again is clearly opposed to the monism which would derive the higher and the lower alike out of one and the same All-being.在这个意义上的理想主义是二元论，即学说的一个新的精神原则，对过去认为这是降低和物资;这种学说再次是明确反对以一元将获得较高及较低，都出于同一个所有幸福。 This older idealism teaches, not that there is One-All, but that there is an alpha and omega, ie a supermundane Cause and End, of the world.这老年人的理想主义教导说，不存在一个所有，但有一个Alpha和欧米茄，即supermundane事业，并为此目的，对世界的看法。 By means of its principles, idealism maintains the distinctness of God and the world, of the absolute and finite, yet holds them together in unity; it adjusts the relations between reality and knowledge, by ascribing to things dimension, form, purpose, value, law, at the same time securing forethought the requisite certainty and validity; it establishes objective truth in the things that are known and subjective truth in the mind that knows them.借助其原则，唯心论保持特异性的上帝和世界，绝对与有限，但他们拥有共同团结奋斗，它可以调整关系的现实和知识，由指称，以东西层面，形式，目的，价值，法，在同一时间，争取先见必要的确定性和有效性，它确立了客观真理，在事情是众所周知的和主观的真理在心中说，认识他们。 In this sense the Schoolmen teach that forma dat esse et distingui, ie the principle which formally constitutes the object, likewise, in the act of cognition, informs the mind.在这个意义上schoolmen教导形式上的DAT本质等distingui ，即原则，即正式构成对象，同样，在该法的认知，告诉头脑。 Inasmuch as its principles express the cause and purpose of things, their determinate nature and value, idealism unites the speculative and the ethical, the true and the good, moral philosophy and the philosophy of nature.因为它的原则，表达的原因和目的，确定其性质和价值，理想，团结的投机性和道德品质，真与善，道德哲学和哲学的性质。

In this sense St. Augustine developed the Platonic teaching, and in his philosophy is idealism in the genuine meaning of the term.在这个意义上的圣奥古斯丁发展了柏拉图式的教学，并在他的哲学是唯心论，在真正一词的含义。 From him comes the definition of ideas which Christian philosophy has since retained: "Ideas are certain original forms of things, their archetypes, permanent and incommunicable, which are contained in the Divine intelligence. And though they neither begin to be nor cease, yet upon them are patterned the manifold things of the world that come into being and pass away. Upon these ideas only the rational soul can fix its gaze, endowed as it is with the faculty which is its peculiar excellence, ie mind and reason [mente ac ratione], a power, as it were, of intellectual vision; and for such intuition that soul only is qualified which is pure and holy, ie, whose eye is normal, clear, and well adjusted to the things which it would fain behold" (De diversis quaest., Q. xlvi, in PL, XL, 30).从他而来的定义，概念，基督教哲学至今保留原规定： "点子是某些原始形式的东西，其原型的，永久的和incommunicable ，这是载在神圣的情报，而且虽然他们既不是开始，也不应停止，但经他们都是图案表现的东西，世界上生效的福祉和去世后，这些想法只是理性的灵魂，可以修改它的凝视，得天独厚，因为它是同系，是其特有的杰出的成就，即心与理性[ mente交流时理由] ，电源，因为它被智慧远见;这种直觉这灵魂，不仅是合格的，是纯洁和神圣的，也就是说，他们的眼睛是正常的，条理清晰，调整到东西，它会fain看哪" （德diversis quaest ，问：四十六，在特等， xL的30条） 。

This line of thought the Scholastics adopted, developing it in their treatises as ideology.在这一思路的scholastics采纳，发展，它在自己的论文作为意识形态。 Their theory is described not as idealism, but as realism; but this does not imply that they are in conflict with the doctrine of Augustine; it means rather that the ideal principles possess real validity, that as ideas they subsist in the Divine mind before the things corresponding to them are called into existence, while, as forms and essences, they really exist in nature and are not really products of our thinking.他们的理论是形容并不如理想，但由于现实的，但是这并不意味着他们是在冲突与学说的奥古斯丁，它的手段，而不是当作理想的原则，具有真实有效性，即作为理念，他们生存在神圣的心前相应的东西对他们是所谓的存在，同时，由于形式和本质，他们是否真的存在，在性质上并没有真正的产品，我们的想法。 In this last-named sense, ie, as subjective constructions, ideas had long before been regarded by the philosophers of antiquity and especially by the Stoics, who held that ideas are nothing else than mental representation.在这最后的命名意义，即作为主观的建设，思想早就被认为是由哲学家的文物，特别是由stoics ，他们认为，思想是什么都没有超过心理表征。 This erroneous and misleading view appeared during the Middle Ages in the guise of nominalism, a designation given to the system whose adherents claimed that our concepts are mere names (nomina), which have as their counterparts in the world of reality individual things, but not forms or essences or purposes.这种错误和误导性的观点看来，在中世纪，在花样翻新的唯名，指定给该系统其信徒声称，我们的概念，仅仅是名字（ nomina ） ，其中有他们的对口单位，在世界上的现实，个人的事情，但不形式或本质或目的。 This opinion, which robs both science and moral principles of their universal validity, and which paves the way for Materialism and agnosticism, was combated by the leaders of Scholasticism--Anselm of Canterbury, Albertus Mangus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, and Duns Scotus--nevertheless, from the fourteenth century onwards, it had its champions and propagators, notably William of Occam.这个意见，其中既失去了科学和道德原则的，他们普遍有效性，并铺平了道路，为唯物主义和不可知论，是斗争的领导人士林-a nselm坎特伯雷： A lbertusm angus，托马斯阿奎那，文德，并d unss cotus- -不过，从14世纪起，它有冠军及propagators ，尤其是对威廉的Occam 。 For the untrained mind it was easier to consider individual things as the only realities and to regard forms and essences as purely mental products.对于未受过训练的心态，这是比较容易考虑个人的事情，作为唯一的现实，并把形式和本质作为单纯的精神产品。

So it came to pass that the word idea in various languages took on more and more the meaning of "representation", "mental image", and the like.所以来通过这个词的想法，在各种语言了越来越多所指的"代表权" ， "心理形象" ，等等。 Hence too, there was gradually introduced the terminology which we find in the writings of Berkeley, and according to which idealism is the doctrine that ascribes reality to our ideas, ie our representations, but denies the reality of the physical world.因此，也有被逐步引入术语，我们发现在著述伯克利分校，并根据其中的理想主义是理论，现实赋予我们的想法，即我们的交涉，但否认现实的物质世界。 This sort of idealism is just the reverse of that which was held by the philosophers of antiquity and their Christian successors; it does away with the reality of ideal principles by confining them exclusively to the thinking subject; it is a spurious idealism which deserves rather the name "phenomenalism" (phenomenon, "appearance", as opposed to noumenon, "the object of thought").这种唯心主义仅仅是个逆向的那举行，由哲学家，仿古和他们的基督教接班人，它摒弃了现实的理想原则局限于他们专门为思维主体，它是一种似是而非的唯心论，值得宁愿命名为" phenomenalism " （现象， "外观" ，作为反对本体， "对象思想" ） 。

The doctrine of Descartes has also per nefas been called idealism.中庸笛卡儿也每nefas被称为唯心主义。 It is true that Cartesianism is in line with the genuine idealism of the earlier schools, inasmuch as it postulates God, thought, and spatial reality.这是事实cartesianism是不是符合真正的唯心主义该较早的学校，因为它假设的上帝，思想，和空间的现实。 But, on the other hand, this system too employs idea only in a subjective signification and quite overlooks the intermediate position of ideal principles.但是，在另一方面，这个制度太员工的想法，只有在主观意义和相当忽视了中间立场的理想原则。 According to the theory of Leibniz, which has also been regarded as idealistic, our mind constructs from its own resources (de son propre fond) its scheme of the world; but, thanks to a pre-established harmony (harmonie préétablie), it accords with reality.根据该理论，莱布尼兹，这也被视为理想，我们的脑海中建构从自己的资源（的那热衷） ，其计划的世界，但由于事先确定的和谐（ harmonie préétablie ） ，它与与现实。 This view, however, furnishes no solution for the epistemological problem.这种观点，但是，提供了没有解决认识论的问题。 Kant claims that his critical philosophy is both a "transcendental idealism" and an "empirical realism"; but he declares ideas are "illusions of reason", and such ideal principles as cause and purpose are simply devices of thought which can be employed only in reference to phenomena.康德声称，他的批判哲学既是一种"先验唯心论"和"经验现实主义" ，但他宣称的想法是"幻想的理由" ，这样的理想，原则上的原因和目的，纯粹是设备的思路，可以仅在参考的现象。 Fichte took Kant as his starting--point but finally rose above the level of subjectivism and posited a principle of reality, the absolute Ego.费希特了康德，因为他的出发-点，但在最后玫瑰以上程度的主观判断和假定一个原则，从实际出发，绝对的自我。 Hegel's doctrine can be termed idealism so far as it seeks the highest principle in the absolute idea, which finds its self-realization in form, concept, etc.--a view which amounts virtually to monism.黑格尔的学说可以称之为唯心主义至今，因为它寻求的最高原则，在绝对理念，即认定其自我实现的形式，概念，等等-鉴于数额几乎以一元论。 The various offshoots of Kantian philosophy are incorrectly regarded as developments of idealism; it is more accurate to describe them as "illusionism" or "Solipsism", since they entirely sweep away objective reality.各分支的康德哲学是错误视为发展的唯心论，它是更准确地形容他们为" illusionism "或" solipsism " ，因为他们完全抛开客观现实。 In this connection a German philosopher declares:在这方面，德国哲学家宣称：

I affirm without hesitation that the assertion, 'the existence of the world consists merely in our thinking', is for me the result of a hypertrophy of the passion for knowledge.我郑重声明，毫无疑问地指出断言， '所存在的世界是只在我们的思维' ，对我来说是一种结果，肥厚的热情，追求新知识。 To this conclusion I have been lead chiefly by the torture I endure in getting over 'idealism'.这个结论，我一直领先，主要是受酷刑i忍受排除'唯心论' 。 Whosoever attempts to take this theory in downright earnest, to force his way clean through it and identify himself with it, will certainly feel that something is about to snap in his brain (Jerusalem, "Die Urtheilsfunktion", Vienna, 1886, p.261).凡企图以这一理论，是彻头彻尾的认真，迫使他的方式清洁通过它，并找出自己的话，一定会觉得这东西是争取在他的大脑（耶路撒冷，在"死urtheilsfunktion " ，维也纳， 1886年， p.261 ） 。

Similar conclusions are reached by J. Volkelt (Erfahrung u. Denken, Hamburg, 1886, p. 519);类似的结论是达到了J.福克尔特（ erfahrung美国denken ，汉堡， 1886年，页519 ） ;

Any man who carries his theoretical doubts or denial of the external world so far that even in his everyday experience he is forever reminding himself of the purely subjective character of his perceptions.任何人，进行他的理论的怀疑或否定的外部世界，所以到目前为止，即使在他的日常经验，他是永远提醒自己的，纯粹是主观的性格他的观感。 . 。 .will simply find himself flung out of the natural course and direction of life, stripped of all normal feeling and interest, and sooner or later confronted with the danger of losing his mind completely. 。只会觉得自己是偏远出来的自然历程和方向的生活中，被剥夺了所有正常的感情和利益，并且迟早要面临的危险，失去了心彻底。

It is certainly a matter of regret that the terms idea, idealist, and idealism, originally so rich in content, should be so far degraded as to signify such aberrations of thought.这是肯定的事感到遗憾的是，该条款的概念，唯心主义，与唯心论，原来有这么丰富的内容，应迄今已退化为，以显示这种异常的思路。 The present writer, in his "Geschichte des Idealismus" (2nd ed., Brunswick, 1907) has taken the ground that the original meaning of these terms should be restored to them.本作家，在他的"历史馆万idealismus " （第二版，不伦瑞克， 1907年）采取了，理由是原来的含义，这些条款应该还给他们。 In the index of this "Geschichte" and in his monograph, "Die Wichtigsten Philosophischen Fachausdrücke" (Munich, 1909), he traces in detail the changes and meaning which these words have undergone.在该指数的这个"历史馆" ，并在他的专着， "死wichtigsten philosophischen fachausdrücke " （慕尼黑， 1909年） ，他的痕迹，在细节的变化和意义，而这句话经历。

Publication information Written by Otto Willmann.出版信息写奥托willmann 。 Transcribed by Peter S. Zehr and Patrick C. Swain.转录由彼得第zehr和帕特里克长斯温。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VII.天主教百科全书，体积七。 Published 1910. 1910年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, June 1, 1910. nihil obstat ， 1910年6月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约

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