Indulgence, in Roman Catholic practice, the full or partial remission before God of temporal punishment for sins that have been forgiven.放纵自己，在罗马天主教的实践中，全部或部分减免上帝面前的颞处罚罪孽已原谅。 It is granted by ecclesiastical authority and is considered to be a special form of intercession made by the whole church through its liturgy and prayers for the reconciliation of one of its members, living or dead.这是理所当然的是由教会的权威和被认为是一种特殊形式的干涉，由全教会通过它的礼拜仪式和祈祷，为和解委员会的成员之一，活的或死的。
In the early Christian church, severe penitential observances were imposed by the local priest or bishop on all who had been guilty of serious sins.在早期的基督教教堂，严重penitential纪念活动被强加的，由当地神父或主教，对所有的人已经犯了严重的罪过。 It was believed that sins must be atoned for, at least in part, by the sinner in this world rather than in the next.据认为，捷联惯导系统必须有血气的，至少有一部分是由罪人在这个世界上，而不是在未来。 Works of atonement consisted of fasts, pilgrimages, floggings, and other penances of greater or less severity imposed for a specified period of time.作品的构成赎罪的斋戒，朝拜，板，以及其他penances较大或较严重施加规定的时限内完成。 Gradually, church authorities substituted lesser works of devotion (such as prayers or almsgiving), accompanied by indulgences equivalent to the corresponding periods of more severe penance.渐渐地，教会当局取代较小的作品奉献（如祈祷或救济） ，伴随着indulgences相当于相应时期更为严峻忏悔。
It was not until the 12th century that theological reflection focused on indulgences.只是到了12世纪，即神学思考的重点indulgences 。 At first there was some opposition to the practice, but toward the end of the 12th century the attitude of theologians gradually became more favorable.起初有一些反对这项做法，但对年底的12世纪的态度，神学家，逐渐成为更有利的。 At the same time, the granting of indulgences became increasingly a prerogative of the pope.在同一时间内，给予indulgences成为越来越多的特权教宗。
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The Roman Catholic church still grants indulgences, but the practice has been simplified since 1967.罗马天主教会仍赠款indulgences ，但这种做法已被简化自1967年以来。 At that time reforms were introduced limiting the occasions for obtaining indulgences and dropping the time equivalents.当时改革实施限制场合，以获取indulgences投下的时间当量。
Indulgences are the means by which the Roman Church claims to give remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins, whose guilt has already been forgiven. indulgences是手段，使罗马教会的债权给予减免上帝面前的颞处罚，由于捷联惯导系统，其罪责已经原谅。 The theology of this idea developed slowly in the Western church and from the sixteenth century in Roman Catholicism; it has often been the case that practice went ahead of the theory.神学的这一思想发展缓慢，在西方教会，并从十六世纪在罗马天主教，它经常被人如此说，实践先行前往的理论。 Further, the granting of indulgences has sometimes been the occasion of abuse and controversy, eg, the famous controversy between Martin Luther and JJ Tetzel in 1517 in Germany at the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.此外，给予indulgences有时被值此虐待和争议，例如，著名的争议与马丁路德和泰泽尔的JJ在1517份，在德国在一开始的新教改革。
Basic to the theology of indulgences is the distinction between eternal and temporal punishment due to sins.基本神学indulgences是区分永恒和颞处罚因罪孽。 Roman Catholics believe that in absolution, given by the priest following repentance, the repentant sinner receives the remission of sins and removal of eternal punishment by God, for the sake of Jesus Christ.罗马天主教徒相信，在赦免，由神父以下悔过书，悔过的罪人得到缓解的罪孽和免职的永恒的惩罚，被上帝为耶稣基督。 The matter of temporal punishment of sins remains, however, and this can only be removed by penitential acts and effort.此事颞处罚的罪孽仍然存在，但是，这只能是拆除penitential行为和努力。 It is here that indulgences are believed to function, in that the church (via the pope or a bishop) grants indulgences to cover all or part of the temporal punishment of sins.正是在这里， indulgences ，相信功能，在这教会（经教皇或主教）赠款indulgences支付全部或部分的颞处罚的罪孽。 In the case of an indulgence granted to a soul in purgatory the effect is to guarantee for that soul the intercession of the saints.在案件的一个放纵批给一个民族的灵魂，在炼狱的影响，是为了保证这一灵魂干涉的圣徒。
By what power does the church grant such indulgences?由什么力量来教会给予该类indulgences ？ There is believed to exist a treasury of merits (those of Christ, the saints, and martyrs) available to the church in and through the communion of saints.有被认为是存在国库的优点（这些基督，圣人和烈士）提供给教会，并通过共融的圣人。 The pope may make use of this merit and apply it via indulgences to Christian people in order to remit their temporal punishment.教宗可能利用这个优点，并运用它途经indulgences以基督教人民，以自己的职权颞处罚。 Since the Second Vatican Council the Roman Church has made efforts to revise and improve this whole system.自从梵蒂冈第二届大公会议，罗马教会作出了努力，以修订和完善，这整个系统。
P Toon
p香椿
(Elwell
Evangelical Dictionary) （ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
J. Neuner and J.
Dupuis, eds., The Christian Faith in the Doctrinal Documents of the Catholic
Church; P. Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, II, 205-9, 220, 433, 549. j.
neuner及J杜普伊斯合编，基督教的信仰在教义证件的天主教教堂;页schaff ，信仰的基督教，二， 205-9 ， 220 ， 433 ， 549
。
The word indulgence (Latin indulgentia, from indulgeo, to be kind or tender) originally meant kindness or favor; in post-classic Latin it came to mean the remission of a tax or debt.字放纵（拉丁语indulgentia ，从indulgeo ，以实物或招标）本意善良或主张，在后古典拉丁语它来指减免税或有债务。 In Roman law and in the Vulgate of the Old Testament (Isaiah 61:1) it was used to express release from captivity or punishment.在罗马法，并在vulgate的旧约（以赛亚书61:1 ） ，它是用于快速释放关押或处罚。 In theological language also the word is sometimes employed in its primary sense to signify the kindness and mercy of God.在神学语言也一词有时是受聘于它的主要意义，以显示仁慈和怜悯的上帝。 But in the special sense in which it is here considered, an indulgence is a remission of the temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven.但在特殊的意义，这正是在这里考虑的，一个放纵减刑，颞处罚因罪过，有罪的，其中已被原谅。 Among the equivalent terms used in antiquity were pax, remissio, donatio, condonatio.其中相当于使用的术语在古代人以上成行， remissio ， donatio ， condonatio 。
WHAT AN INDULGENCE IS NOT什么是放纵自己，是不是
To facilitate explanation, it may be well to state what an indulgence is not.为方便解释，但它可能是良好状态是什么，放纵自己，是不是。 It is not a permission to commit sin, nor a pardon of future sin; neither could be granted by any power.它不是一个允许犯下罪恶，也不是一个赦免的未来单;既不可以授予任何权力。 It is not the forgiveness of the guilt of sin; it supposes that the sin has already been forgiven.这不是宽恕的人有罪，罪的，它是支撑该单已被原谅。 It is not an exemption from any law or duty, and much less from the obligation consequent on certain kinds of sin, eg, restitution; on the contrary, it means a more complete payment of the debt which the sinner owes to God.这是不是一种免受任何法律或值班，少得多，从义务相应对某些种罪过，如恢复原状;正好相反，它意味着一个更完整的支付债务，其中欠罪人向上帝。 It does not confer immunity from temptation or remove the possibility of subsequent lapses into sin.它并不赋予豁免权的诱惑，或删除的可能性，随后失误成单。 Least of all is an indulgence the purchase of a pardon which secures the buyer's salvation or releases the soul of another from Purgatory.最少的是一个放纵自己购买的赦免，这保证了买方的救赎或新闻稿的灵魂，另一名来自炼狱。 The absurdity of such notions must be obvious to any one who forms a correct idea of what the Catholic Church really teaches on this subject.荒谬的这种观念必须有目共睹，任何人，形成了一个正确的理念是什么，天主教会真的教这个题目。
WHAT AN INDULGENCE IS什么是放纵
An indulgence is the extra-sacramental remission of the temporal punishment due, in God's justice, to sin that has been forgiven, which remission is granted by the Church in the exercise of the power of the keys, through the application of the superabundant merits of Christ and of the saints, and for some just and reasonable motive.一个放纵自己，是不平凡圣减免颞处罚适当，在上帝的公义，以单已被原谅的，这是缓解授予由教会在行使权力的钥匙，通过应用的超富足的优点耶稣和圣徒，并为一些公正和合理的动机。 Regarding this definition, the following points are to be noted:对于这个定义，以下几点是必须指出的：
In the Sacrament of Baptism not only is the guilt of sin remitted, but also all the penalties attached to sin.在圣事的洗礼，不仅是有罪的单汇款，而且所有的刑罚附单。 In the Sacrament of Penance the guilt of sin is removed, and with it the eternal punishment due to mortal sin; but there still remains the temporal punishment required by Divine justice, and this requirement must be fulfilled either in the present life or in the world to come, ie, in Purgatory.在圣忏悔有罪，罪的，是拆除，而与永恒的处罚，由于致命的罪过，但仍有颞处罚规定，以神公义，而这项规定，必须要完成无论是在现在的生活，还是在世界来，即在炼狱。 An indulgence offers the penitent sinner the means of discharging this debt during his life on earth.一个放纵提供了忏悔的罪人手段履行债务期间，他的地球上的生命。
Some writs of indulgence--none of them, however, issued by any pope or council (Pesch, Tr. Dogm., VII, 196, no. 464)--contain the expression, "indulgentia a culpa et a poena", ie release from guilt and from punishment; and this has occasioned considerable misunderstanding (cf. Lea, "History" etc. III, 54 sqq.).一些令状的放纵-他们之中没有人，但是，所发出的任何教皇或理事会（ p esch，的T R。 d ogm，第七， 1 96，没有4 64） -含有表达，" i n dulgentia一缔约过失责任等一p o ena"，即释放罪恶感和刑事处罚;这的情况，相当多的误会（参见lea ， "史"等三， 54 sqq ） 。 The real meaning of the formula is that, indulgences presupposing the Sacrament of Penance, the penitent, after receiving sacramental absolution from the guilt of sin, is afterwards freed from the temporal penalty by the indulgence (Bellarmine, "De Indulg"., I, 7).真正意义的公式是， indulgences假定圣事的忏悔，忏悔后，接受圣赦免从有罪，罪的，是事后摆脱颞罚款由放纵（ bellarmine ， "德indulg " ，我， 7 ） 。 In other words, sin is fully pardoned, ie its effects entirely obliterated, only when complete reparation, and consequently release from penalty as well as from guilt, has been made.这就是说，单是全面赦免，即其效果完全抹杀，只有当完全赔偿，并因此释放的刑罚，以及从内疚，已经取得进展。 Hence Clement V (1305-1314) condemned the practice of those purveyors of indulgences who pretended to absolve" a culpa et a poena" (Clement, I. v, tit. 9, c. ii); the Council of Constance (1418) revoked (Sess. XLII, n. 14) all indulgences containing the said formula; Benedict XIV (1740-1758) treats them as spurious indulgences granted in this form, which he ascribes to the illicit practices of the "quaestores" or purveyors (De Syn. dioeces., VIII, viii. 7).因此克莱门特五（ 1305年至1314年）谴责这种做法对那些传播者的indulgences那些假装为开脱"过失等一poena " （克莱门特，一，五，山雀9 ，长二） ;安理会的人Constance （ 1418 ）撤销（ sess.四十二， 12月14日）所有indulgences载说，公式;笃十四（ 1740年至1758年）对待他们，因为杂散indulgences给予这种形式，即他赋予非法的做法" quaestores "或传播者（德顺。 dioeces ，八，八，七） 。
The satisfaction, usually called the "penance", imposed by the confessor when he gives absolution is an integral part of the Sacrament of Penance; an indulgence is extra-sacramental; it presupposes the effects obtained by confession, contrition, and sacramental satisfaction.满意的，通常被称为"忏悔" ，所忏悔的时候，他给赦免是国家不可分割的一部分圣事的忏悔;放纵课外圣事，它预示着效果，得到口供， contrition ，和圣事的满意度。 It differs also from the penitential works undertaken of his own accord by the repentant sinner -- prayer, fasting, alms-giving -- in that these are personal and get their value from the merit of him who performs them, whereas an indulgence places at the penitent's disposal the merits of Christ and of the saints, which form the "Treasury" of the Church.它不同于也从penitential工程所感动，主动表示由忏悔的罪人-祈祷，斋戒，施舍给惠-在这方面，这些都是个人的，得到他们的价值的优点，他的表现，而放纵名额该忏悔的处置的优点是耶稣和圣徒，形成了"国库"的教会。
An indulgence is valid both in the tribunal of the Church and in the tribunal of God.一个放纵自己，是有效的，无论是在法庭的教会，以及在法庭的上帝。 This means that it not only releases the penitent from his indebtedness to the Church or from the obligation of performing canonical penance, but also from the temporal punishment which he has incurred in the sight of God and which, without the indulgence, he would have to undergo in order to satisfy Divine justice.这就是说，它不仅可以释放忏悔，从他的负债送到教堂，还是从义务的履行典型忏悔，但也从颞处罚他招致神看，它与无放纵自己，他将不得不接受，以满足神的公义。 This, however, does not imply that the Church pretends to set aside the claim of God's justice or that she allows the sinner to repudiate his debt.不过，这并不意味着教会假装预留声称上帝的公义，她让罪人推翻他的债务。 As St. Thomas says (Suppl., xxv. a. 1 ad 2um), "He who gains indulgences is not thereby released outright from what he owes as penalty, but is provided with the means of paying it."正如圣托马斯说（补编，二十五。甲一专案2um ） ， "谁收益indulgences不会因此而释放买断，从他欠由于刑罚，但提供的手段来支付它" 。 The Church therefore neither leaves the penitent helplessly in debt nor acquits him of all further accounting; she enables him to meet his obligations.教会，因此既不离开忏悔无奈的债务，也没有acquits对他的所有进一步的会计，她让他满足他的义务。
In granting an indulgence, the grantor (pope or bishop) does not offer his personal merits in lieu of what God demands from the sinner.在签发放纵，保人（教皇或主教） ，并没有提供他的个人优点，在代替神的要求，从罪人。 He acts in his official capacity as having jurisdiction in the Church, from whose spiritual treasury he draws the means wherewith payment is to be made.他的行为在他的官方身份，作为具有管辖权在教会里，从他们的精神国库他提请手段里金是了。 The Church herself is not the absolute owner, but simply the administratrix, of the superabundant merits which that treasury contains.教会本身不是绝对的主人，只是administratrix ，该超富足的优点，其中即包含了国库。 In applying them, she keeps in view both the design of God's mercy and the demands of God's justice.在运用它们，她一直在两种观点的设计上帝的怜悯，并要求上帝的公义。 She therefore determines the amount of each concession, as well as the conditions which the penitent must fulfill if he would gain the indulgence.因此，她决定数额的每一个让步，以及为条件，而忏悔者必须履行，如果他能够得到放纵。
VARIOUS KINDS OF INDULGENCES各种indulgences
An indulgence that may be gained in any part of the world is universal, while one that can be gained only in a specified place (Rome, Jerusalem, etc.) is local.一个放纵自己可能获得的任何部分，世界是普遍的，而一个能够获得只有在一个指定的地点（罗马，耶路撒冷等） ，是本地个案。 A further distinction is that between perpetual indulgences,which may be gained at any time, and temporary,which are available on certain days only, or within certain periods.进一步区分是永恒之间indulgences ，这可能赢取在任何时候，暂时的，是适用于某些特定的日子，或在某些时期。 Real indulgences are attached to the use of certain objects (crucifix, rosary, medal); personal are those which do not require the use of any such material thing, or which are granted only to a certain class of individuals, eg members of an order or confraternity.真正indulgences附设使用某些物体（十字架，念珠，奖牌） ，个人是那些不需要使用任何此类物质的东西，或者是只给予一定阶级的个人，如成员的命令或帮会。 The most important distinction, however, is that between plenary indulgences and partial.最重要的区别，但问题在于，全体会议之间indulgences和局部的调整。 By a plenary indulgence is meant the remission of the entire temporal punishment due to sin so that no further expiation is required in Purgatory.一中全会，放纵自己，是指减免整个颞处罚由于单，所以没有进一步的犯罪被害人，是需要在炼狱。 A partial indulgence commutes only a certain portion of the penalty; and this portion is determined in accordance with the penitential discipline of the early Church.局部放纵自己的通勤只有某部分的罚款;这一部分是确定的，按照该penitential纪律的初期教会。 To say that an indulgence of so many days or years is granted means that it cancels an amount of purgatorial punishment equivalent to that which would have been remitted, in the sight of God, by the performance of so many days or years of the ancient canonical penance.说是一个放纵自己的这么多天或数年，是理所当然意味着它取消了一笔purgatorial处罚等于说，这将被免去，在神看，所取得的成绩这么多天或数年的古代典型忏悔。 Here, evidently, the reckoning makes no claim to absolute exactness; it has only a relative value.在这里，很显然，自以为没有声称绝对精确，它只是一个相对值。
God alone knows what penalty remains to be paid and what its precise amount is in severity and duration.只有上帝知道什么是惩罚，仍然要付出什么，其确切数额，是在严重程度和持续时间。 Finally, some indulgences are granted in behalf of the living only, while others may be applied in behalf of the souls departed.最后，一些indulgences是理所当然的，在代表居住只，而其他可以适用于代表的灵魂离开了。 It should be noted, however, that the application has not the same significance in both cases.但应该看到，不过，政府提出的申请已不一样的意义，在这两种情况下。 The Church in granting an indulgence to the living exercises her jurisdiction; over the dead she has no jurisdiction and therefore makes the indulgence available for them by way of suffrage (per modum suffragii), ie she petitions God to accept these works of satisfaction and in consideration thereof to mitigate or shorten the sufferings of the souls in Purgatory.教会在签发放纵自己，以居住练习她的管辖范围;以上死亡，她没有管辖权，并因此使得放纵为他们提供的方式，普选（每modum suffragii ） ，即她的请愿上帝接受这些作品的满意度和在的审议，以减轻或缩短痛苦的灵魂在炼狱。
WHO CAN GRANT INDULGENCES谁可以给予indulgences
The distribution of the merits contained in the treasury of the Church is an exercise of authority (potestas iurisdictionis), not of the power conferred by Holy orders (potestas ordinis).分配的优点，载于国库的教会是一个行使权力（工作能力iurisdictionis ） ，而不是权力所赋予的神圣的命令（工作能力ordinis ） 。 Hence the pope, as supreme head of the Church on earth, can grant all kinds of indulgences to any and all of the faithful; and he alone can grant plenary indulgences.因此教宗，作为最高元首的教会在地球上，可以给予所有种indulgences任何和全部的忠诚和他能够给予全体会议indulgences 。 The power of the bishop, previously unrestricted, was limited by Innocent III (1215) to the granting of one year's indulgence at the dedication of a church and of forty days on other occasions.权力的主教，以前无限制的，是有限的，由无辜的第三期（ 1215年） ，以给予一年的放纵自己，在奉献的一所教堂，并在40天时间，对其他场合。 Leo XIII (Rescript of 4 July. 1899) authorized the archbishops of South America to grant eighty days (Acta S. Sedis, XXXI, 758).利奥十三世（ rescript 7月4日。 1899年）授权大主教南美洲给予80天（委员会第sedis ，三十一， 758 ） 。 Pius X (28 August, 1903) allowed cardinals in their titular churches and dioceses to grant 200 days; archbishops, 100; bishops, 50.比约× （ 03年8月28日） ，让枢机主教在他们名义上的教会和教区给予200天;大主教，满分100分;主教， 50 。 These indulgences are not applicable to the souls departed.这些indulgences并不适用于亡灵，驶离现场。 They can be gained by persons not belonging to the diocese, but temporarily within its limits; and by the subjects of the granting bishop, whether these are within the diocese or outside--except when the indulgence is local.他们可以得到人，不属于该教区的，但暂时在其限度，并通过该科目的，给予主教，这些是否符合教区或境外-除了当放纵地方。 Priests, vicars general, abbots, and generals of religious orders cannot grant indulgences unless specially authorized to do so.牧师， vicars一般，方丈都很，将领和宗教界人士，可以不给予indulgences除非特别授权这样做。 On the other hand, the pope can empower a cleric who is not a priest to give an indulgence (St. Thomas, "Quodlib.", II, q. viii, a. 16).在另一方面，教宗可以授权一个教士的人是不是一个牧师给一个放纵（圣托马斯， " quodlib "第一，二，问：八，甲16 ） 。
DISPOSITIONS NECESSARY TO GAIN AN INDULGENCE处分权，要获得一个放纵
The mere fact that the Church proclaims an indulgence does not imply that it can be gained without effort on the part of the faithful.仅仅是一个事实，即教会宣告一个放纵并不意味着它可以取得的努力，对部分信徒。 From what has been said above, it is clear that the recipient must be free from the guilt of mortal sin.从已表示，上述情况，可以明显看出，受援国必须不受任何有罪的凡人单。 Furthermore, for plenary indulgences, confession and Communion are usually required, while for partial indulgences, though confession is not obligatory, the formula corde saltem contrito, ie "at least with a contrite heart", is the customary prescription.此外，对于中全会indulgences ，忏悔与共融通常所需，而对于部分indulgences ，虽然招供，是不是强制性的，该公式corde saltem contrito ，即"至少有一个contrite心" ，是习惯性的药方。 Regarding the question discussed by theologians whether a person in mortal sin can gain an indulgence for the dead, see PURGATORY.记者就此问题进行讨论，由神学家一个人是否在致命的罪过可以得到一种放纵自己，为死了，见炼狱。 It is also necessary to have the intention, at least habitual, of gaining the indulgence.它，还必须有用意，至少有惯性，赢得放纵。 Finally, from the nature of the case, it is obvious that one must perform the good works -- prayers, alms deeds, visits to a church, etc. -- which are prescribed in the granting of an indulgence.最后，从案件的性质，显然是一个必须履行好的作品-祈祷，施舍的事迹，参观一所教堂，等等-这是明在批出一种放纵。 For details see "Raccolta".详情请参阅" raccolta " 。
AUTHORITATIVE TEACHING OF THE CHURCH权威教学的教会
The Council of Constance condemned among the errors of Wyclif the proposition: "It is foolish to believe in the indulgences granted by the pope and the bishops" (Sess. VIII, 4 May, 1415; see Denzinger-Bannwart, "Enchiridion", 622).安理会的人Constance谴责之间的误差wyclif命题： "这是愚蠢到相信，在indulgences授予教皇和主教" （ sess.八， 1415年5月4日，见登青格- bannwart ， " enchiridion " ， 622 ） 。 In the Bull "Exsurge Domine", 15 June, 1520, Leo X condemned Luther's assertions that "Indulgences are pious frauds of the faithful"; and that "Indulgences do not avail those who really gain them for the remission of the penalty due to actual sin in the sight of God's justice" (Enchiridion, 75S, 759), The Council of Trent (Sess, XXV, 3-4, Dec., 1563) declared: "Since the power of granting indulgences has been given to the Church by Christ, and since the Church from the earliest times has made use of this Divinely given power, the holy synod teaches and ordains that the use of indulgences, as most salutary to Christians and as approved by the authority of the councils, shall be retained in the Church; and it further pronounces anathema against those who either declare that indulgences are useless or deny that the Church has the power to grant them (Enchridion, 989). It is therefore of faith (de fide)在牛市" ， exsurge主" ， 1520年6月15日，古巨基x谴责路德的说法， " indulgences都是虔诚骗取信徒们" ，并认为" indulgences不不得要领，那些真正得到他们提供的减免刑罚，是由于实际单在看到上帝的公义" （ enchiridion ， 75s ， 759 ）中，安理会的遄达（ sess ，二十五， 3-4月， 1563年）中宣称： "由于电力给予indulgences已考虑入教基督，并自教会从最早的时候已经利用了这一神圣的权力赋予，神圣的主教教，并ordains认为使用indulgences ，由于大部分有益的，以基督信徒和经权威的议会，应予以保留教会和它进一步判决诅咒对付那些要么宣布indulgences都是枉然，或否认该教会有权力向他们发放（ enchridion ， 989 ） 。因此，这是信仰（德正当）
that the Church has received from Christ the power to grant indulgences, and that the use of indulgences is salutary for the faithful.该教堂已收到来自基督有权准许indulgences ，并认为使用indulgences是有益的，为教友们。
BASIS OF THE DOCTRINE根据该学说
An essential element in indulgences is the application to one person of the satisfaction performed by others.中不可或缺的一环indulgences是应用到一个人的满意度演出等。 This transfer is based on three things: the Communion of Saints, the principle of vicarious satisfaction, and the Treasury of the Church.这次移交是根据三件事：共融的圣人，原则替代满意，而库房的教会。
(1) The Communion of Saints （ 1 ）共融的圣人
"We being many, are one body in Christ, and every one members one of another" (Romans 12:5). "我们这许多人，是一个人在基督里，每一个成员之一，另一个" （罗马书12时05分） 。 As each organ shares in the life of the whole body, so does each of the faithful profit by the prayers and good works of all the rest-a benefit which accrues, in the first instance, to those who are in the state of grace, but also, though less fully, to the sinful members.由于每个器官股份于现实生活中的整个身体，那么每一个忠实的利润由祈祷和优秀作品的其余所有-一个好处，它的积累，在初审阶段时，对于那些在该国的恩典，而且，尽管不那么充分，到罪孽深重的成员。
(2) The Principle of Vicarious Satisfaction （ 2 ）的原则替代满意
Each good action of the just man possesses a double value: that of merit and that of satisfaction, or expiation.每一个良好的行动刚刚男子具有双重价值：用人唯才认为满意的，或者被害人。 Merit is personal, and therefore it cannot be transferred; but satisfaction can be applied to others, as St. Paul writes to the Colossians (i, 24) of his own works: "Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up those things that are wanting of the sufferings of Christ, in my flesh, for his body, which is the Church," (See SATISFACTION.)好处是个人的，因此，它不能转;满意，但可以适用于其他国家，正如圣保罗写信给歌罗西书（一， 24 ）他自己的著作： "现在一件可喜可贺，在我的痛苦，你，并填补那些东西，现正通缉的痛苦的基督，在我的肉身，他的身体，这是教会的" （见满意度） 。
(3) The Treasury of the Church （ 3 ）国库的教会
Christ, as St. John declares in his First Epistle (ii, 2), "is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for those of the whole world."基督，作为圣约翰申明，在他的第一书信（二， 2 ） ， "是propitiation ，为我们的罪：不要为我们的唯一，而且还为那些符合整个世界的" 。 Since the satisfaction of Christ is infinite, it constitutes an inexhaustible fund which is more than sufficient to cover the indebtedness contracted by sin, Besides, there are the satisfactory works of the Blessed Virgin Mary undiminished by any penalty due to sin, and the virtues, penances, and sufferings of the saints vastly exceeding any temporal punishment which these servants of God might have incurred.自从满意的基督是无限的，它构成了取之不尽，用之不竭的基金，这是绰绰有余，以支付负债收缩单，此外，有满意的作品之圣母玛利亚不受减损的任何刑罚，由于单仲偕，和美德， penances与痛苦的圣人大大超过任何颞处罚这些公务员的上帝可能招致的。 These are added to the treasury of the Church as a secondary deposit, not independent of, but rather acquired through, the merits of Christ.这些被添加到库的教堂作为次要存款，而不是独立的，而是后天通过，应该是利基督。 The development of this doctrine in explicit form was the work of the great Schoolmen, notably Alexander of Hales (Summa, IV, Q. xxiii, m. 3, n. 6), Albertus Magnus (In IV Sent., dist. xx, art. 16), and St. Thomas (In IV Sent., dist. xx, q. i, art. 3, sol. 1).发展这一学说明确形式，是工作的伟大schoolmen ，尤其是亚历山大的hales （总结，四，问：二十三，米3 ， 12月31日6 ） ， ： Albertus马格纳斯（四发送，区xx号第16条） ，以及圣托马斯（四发送，区XX条，问：我的第3条，溶胶1款） 。 As Aquinas declares (Quodlib., II, q. vii, art. 16): "All the saints intended that whatever they did or suffered for God's sake should be profitable not only to themselves but to the whole Church."正如阿奎那宣称（ quodlib. ，二，问：第七章，第16条）说： "所有的圣人原意是什么，他们还是受到上帝的，为了要赚钱，不仅给自己，而是整个教会" 。 And he further points out (Contra Gent., III, 158) that what one endures for another being a work of love, is more acceptable as satisfaction in God's sight than what one suffers on one's own account, since this is a matter of necessity.他进一步指出， （根特矛盾，三， 158 ）表示，一个人下去又是一个工作的热爱，更可以接受的，因为满意妆饰比一个患有一个自己的帐户，因为这件事情的必要性。 The existence of an infinite treasury of merits in the Church is dogmatically set forth in the Bull "Unigenitus", published by Clement VI, 27 Jan., 1343, and later inserted in the "Corpus Juris" (Extrav. Com., lib. V, tit. ix. c. ii): "Upon the altar of the Cross", says the pope, "Christ shed of His blood not merely a drop, though this would have sufficed, by reason of the union with the Word, to redeem the whole human race, but a copious torrent. . . thereby laying up an infinite treasure for mankind. This treasure He neither wrapped up in a napkin nor hid in a field, but entrusted to Blessed Peter, the key-bearer, and his successors, that they might, for just and reasonable causes, distribute it to the faithful in full or in partial remission of the temporal punishment due to sin."存在着无穷的宝库，值得在教会是教条主义地阐述牛市" unigenitus " ，出版克莱门特六， 1343年1月27日，后来又加进了"法典" （ extrav.组件，锂离子电池。五，山雀第九。丙二）说： "当祭坛十字架" ，说，教宗， "基督棚他的血不仅是一个下降，虽然这将有足够，因工会同一句话，赎回全人类的，但衡量急流… … 。从而奠定了一个无限的宝藏，为人类，这珍惜，他既不是包裹在一个餐巾也躲进了现场，但委托给有福了彼得，关键旗手，并他的继任者，他们可能，为公正，合理的原因，分给信徒全部或部分缓解的颞处罚由于单" 。 Hence the condemnation by Leo X of Luther's assertion that "the treasures of the Church from which the pope grants indulgences are not the merits of Christ and the saints" (Enchiridion, 757).因此谴责利奥第十路德的论断，即"宝藏的教会从哪个教宗赠款indulgences没有的优点，基督与圣徒" （ enchiridion ， 757 ） 。 For the same reason, Pius VI (1794) branded as false, temerarious, and injurious to the merits of Christ and the saints, the error of the synod of Pistoia that the treasury of the Church was an invention of scholastic subtlety (Enchiridion, 1541).出于同样的原因，比约六（ 1794 ）品牌为虚假， temerarious ，损害的优点，耶稣和圣徒，误差主教的皮斯托亚说，财政部的教会是一个发明，在学术上的微妙（ enchiridion ， 1541 ） 。 According to Catholic doctrine, therefore, the source of indulgences is constituted by the merits of Christ and the saints.根据天主教教义，因此，来源indulgences是由优点和基督圣徒。 This treasury is left to the keeping, not of the individual Christian, but of the Church.这个库房是留下来饲养，而不是个人基督徒，但在教会。 Consequently, to make it available for the faithful, there is required an exercise of authority, which alone can determine in what way, on what terms, and to what extent, indulgences may be granted.因此，为了使供信徒们，有需要的是一种行使权力，只有这样才能决定以何种方式，按什么条件，以及在何种程度上， indulgences可能是理所当然的。
THE POWER TO GRANT INDULGENCES有权准许indulgences
Once it is admitted that Christ left the Church the power to forgive sins (see PENANCE), the power of granting indulgences is logically inferred.一旦它承认基督离开教会的权力宽恕罪孽（见忏悔） ，权力的授予indulgences是逻辑推断。 Since the sacramental forgiveness of sin extends both to the guilt and to the eternal punishment, it plainly follows that the Church can also free the penitent from the lesser or temporal penalty.自圣赦罪的延伸，无论对认罪，并永恒的惩罚，这显然是随教会也可以免费忏悔，从较轻或颞罚款。 This becomes clearer, however, when we consider the amplitude of the power granted to Peter (Matthew 16:19): "I will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven. And whatsoever thou shalt bind upon earth, it shall be bound also in heaven: and whatsoever thou shaft loose on earth, it shall be loosed also in heaven."这便更加清晰，然而，当我们考虑振幅的权力授予彼得（马太16时19分）说： "我会分给你钥匙的天国，并不管你绑定后，地球上的，应加以约束也是在天上：不管你轴松动地球上的，应当予以松动，也升天" 。 (Cf. Matthew 18:18, where like power is conferred on all the Apostles.) No limit is placed upon this power of loosing, "the power of the keys", as it is called; it must, therefore, extend to any and all bonds contracted by sin, including the penalty no less than the guilt. （参见马太18时18分，而像权力赋予所有使徒）不设上限，是放置后，这种权力的丧失， "权力的钥匙" ，因为它是所谓的，它必须，因此，延伸到任何和所有债券收缩单，其中包括罚款不得少于罪责。 When the Church, therefore, by an indulgence, remits this penalty, her action, according to the declaration of Christ, is ratified in heaven.当教会，因此，由一个放纵自己，职权这刑罚，她的行动，根据该宣言的基督，是批准了在天上。 That this power, as the Council of Trent affirms, was exercised from the earliest times, is shown by St. Paul's words (2 Corinthians 2:5-10) in which he deals with the case of the incest man of Corinth.这个权力，因为安理会的遄达申明，是行使从最早的时候，是表现出的圣保禄的话（ 2哥林多前书2:5-10 ） ，他在处理有关案件乱伦男子的科林斯。 The sinner had been excluded by St. Paul's order from the company of the faithful, but had truly repented.千古罪人已被排除在圣保罗的命令，从该公司的忠诚，但真正悔悟。 Hence the Apostle judges that to such a one "this rebuke is sufficient that is given by many" and adds: "To whom you have pardoned any thing, I also. For what I have pardoned, if I have pardoned any thing, for your sakes have I done it in the person of Christ."因此，使徒保罗法官认为，以这样的一个" ，这责备是不够的，是考虑到很多" ，并补充说： "向谁，你有赦免任何事，我也为我所赦免，如果我有任何赦免的事，对你的不要弄成是我做的，它在人的基督" 。 St. Paul had bound the guilty one in the fetters of excommunication; he now releases the penitent from this punishment by an exercise of his authority -- "in the person of Christ."圣保禄曾必将内疚，在脚镣的禁教，他现在还公布了忏悔，从这个处罚，由一个行使他的权力-"在人的基督" 。 Here we have all the essentials of an indulgence.在这里，我们有一切必需品的一种放纵。
These essentials persist in the subsequent practice of the Church, though the accidental features vary according as new conditions arise.这些必需品坚持，在此后的实践教会的，虽然偶然的特点而有所不同，作为新的情况出现。 During the persecutions, those Christians who had fallen away but desired to be restored to the communion of the Church often obtained from the martyrs a memorial (libellus pacis) to be presented to the bishop, that he, in consideration of the martyrs' sufferings, might admit the penitents to absolution, thereby releasing them from the punishment they had incurred.在迫害，这些基督徒的人，惟距离，但想要恢复到共融的教会往往是从烈士纪念馆（ libellus pacis ） ，将提交给主教说，他在考虑到烈士疾苦可能承认penitents以赦免，从而将他们释放，从惩罚，他们的费用。 Tertullian refers to this when he says (Ad martyres, c. i, PL, I, 621): "Which peace some, not having it in the Church, are accustomed to beg from the martyrs in prison; and therefore you should possess and cherish and preserve it in you that so you perchance may be able to grant it to others."戴尔都良指这个时候，他说（公元martyres ，长我，特等，一， 621 ）说： "其中一些和平，没有它在教会里，习惯于以乞求从烈士在监狱服刑;因此，你必须拥有和共同珍惜和维护它在你，所以你perchance或许能够给予别人" 。 Additional light is thrown on this subject by the vigorous attack which the same Tertullian made after he had become a Montanist.增加轻，是扔就此事所严厉攻击，即同一戴尔都良后，他已成为一个montanist 。 In the first part of his treatise "De pudicitia", he attacks the pope for his alleged laxity in admitting adulterers to penance and pardon, and flouts the peremptory edict of the "pontifex maximus episcopus episcoporum".在第一部分，他的论文"德pudicitia "时，他的攻击教宗，指控他懈怠承认奸淫，以忏悔和宽恕，并藐视法令强制性的"日Bishop鲆episcopus episcoporum " 。 At the close he complains that the same power of remission is now allowed also to the martyrs, and urges that it should be enough for them to purge their own sins -- sufficiat martyri propria delicta purgasse". And, again, "How can the oil of thy little lamp suffice both for thee and me?" (c. xxii). It is sufficient to note that many of his arguments would apply with as much and as little force to the indulgences of later ages.结束时，他抱怨说，同功率的减免，现在也不允许向烈士，并敦促它应该足以让他们清洗自己的罪孽-s ufficiatm artyrip ropriad elictap urgasse" ，并再次表示"如何能石油着你的小灯就够都为你和我" （长二十二） 。它足以说明，他的许多论点，将适用与作为，多与少队向indulgences后世。
During St. Cyprian's time (d. 258), the heretic Novatian claimed that none of the lapsi should be readmitted to the Church; others, like Felicissimus, held that such sinners should be received without any penance.在圣塞浦路斯的时间（四258 ） ，异教徒诺瓦蒂安声称，没有一项lapsi应重新参加教会;他人一样， felicissimus ，认为这样的罪人，应该没有收到任何忏悔。 Between these extremes, St. Cyprian holds the middle course, insisting that such penitents should be reconciled on the fulfillment of the proper conditions.介乎这两种极端，圣塞浦路斯持中间路线，坚持这种penitents应调和就完成了适宜的条件。 On the one hand, he condemns the abuses connected with the libellus, in particular the custom of having it made out in blank by the martyrs and filled in by any one who needed it.在一方面，他谴责虐待与libellus ，尤其是习惯了，它开出空白，由烈士，并填写由其中任何一个需要的人。 "To this you should diligently attend", he writes to the martyrs (Ep. xv), "that you designate by name those to whom you wish peace to be given." "这个你应该认真参加"时，他写信给烈士（ ep. XV ）号决议" ，即你指定的名字，这些人你希望和平能够给予" 。 On the other hand, he recognizes the value of these memorials: "Those who have received a libellus from the martyrs and with their help can, before the Lord, get relief in their sins, let such, if they be ill and in danger, after confession and the imposition of your hands, depart unto the Lord with the peace promised them by the martyrs" (Ep. xiii, PL, IV, 261).在另一方面，他承认这些项目的总价值奏折说： "这些人曾接获一宗libellus从烈士和他们的帮助，可以在主面前，获得纾缓，他们的罪孽，让这样的，如果他们受到虐待，并在危险的，后供认，并强加给你的手，离开祂主与和平的承诺，他们所烈士" （ ep.十三，光致发光，四， 261 ） 。 St. Cyprian, therefore, believed that the merits of the martyrs could be applied to less worthy Christians by way of vicarious satisfaction, and that such satisfaction was acceptable in the eyes of God as well as of the Church.圣塞浦路斯，因此相信是非曲直向烈士可以适用较低，值得基督徒的方式替代满意，而这种满意度是可接受的眼中，上帝以及作为教会。
After the persecutions had ceased, the penitential discipline remained in force, but greater leniency was shown in applying it.后迫害已经停止， penitential纪律依然有效，但更大的从宽处理结果表明，在应用资讯科技。 St. Cyprian himself was reproached for mitigating the "Evangelical severity" on which he at first insisted; to this he replied (Ep. lii) that such strictness was needful during the time of persecution not only to stimulate the faithful in the performance of penance, but also to quicken them for the glory of martyrdom; when, on the contrary, peace was secured to the Church, relaxation was necessary in order to prevent sinners from falling into despair and leading the life of pagans.圣塞浦路斯自己是受谴责的缓解"福音严重性" ，他在第一，坚持;这个他回答（ ep. LII ）号决定，这种严是被需要的，在时间的迫害不仅刺激信徒的表现忏悔，而且也有利于加快他们的光荣牺牲;时，与此相反，和平是有担保，以教会，放松是必要的，以防止罪人陷入绝望和领导的生命异教徒。 In 380 St. Gregory of Nyssa (Ep. ad Letojum) declares that the penance should be shortened in the case of those who showed sincerity and zeal in performing it -- "ut spatium canonibus praestitum posset contrahere (can. xviii; cf. can. ix, vi, viii, xi, xiii, xix). In the same spirit, St. Basil (379), after prescribing more lenient treatment for various crimes, lays down the general principle that in all such cases it is not merely the duration of the penance that must be considered, but the way in which it is performed (Ep. ad Amphilochium, c. lxxxiv). Similar leniency is shown by various Councils--Ancyra (314), Laodicea (320), Nicaea (325), Arles (330). It became quite common during this period to favor those who were ill, and especially those who were in danger of death (see Amort, "Historia", 28 sq.). The ancient penitentials of Ireland and England, though exacting in regard to discipline, provide for relaxation in certain cases. St. Cummian, eg, in his Penitential (seventh century), treating (cap. v) of the sin of robbery, prescribed that he who has often committed theft shall do penance for seven years or for such time as the priest may judge fit, must always be reconciled with him whom he has wronged, and make restitution proportioned to the injury, and thereby his penance shall be considerably shortened (multum breviabit poenitentiam ejus). But should he be unwilling or unable (to comply with these conditions), he must do penance for the whole time prescribed and in all its details. (Cf. Moran, "Essays on the Early Irish Church", Dublin, 1864, p. 259.)在380圣格雷戈里的nyssa （ ep.专案letojum ）声明，该忏悔应缩短在案件那些显示的诚意和热情，在履行它-"当s patiumc anonibusp raestitump ossetc ontrahere（ c an.十八;比照可第九，第六，第八，十一，十三，十九） ，在同一精神，圣罗勒（ 379 ） ，开处方后，以较宽松的待遇，为各种犯罪活动，规定了总的原则，在所有这些情况下，它不仅是期限较长的忏悔必须加以考虑，但以何种方式，它是演出（ ep.专案amphilochium ，长lxxxiv ） 。类似的是从宽所表现出的种种议会-安该拉（ 3 14） ，劳迪西亚（ 3 20）的尼西亚（ 3 25 ） ，阿尔勒（ 330 ） ，它已成为相当普遍的，在此期间，以青睐那些被病患者，特别是那些处于危险境地的死亡（见amort ， "历史" ， 28平方米） 。 penitentials古老的爱尔兰和英国虽然苛求方面的纪律，规定放宽，在某些情况下，圣cummian ，例如，在他的penitential （七世纪） ，治疗（第5 ）的罪，抢劫罪，明表示，他经常偷窃，应做忏悔七年或这种时候，作为牧师可以判断合适的，都必须始终调和与他所冤枉的，并作出归还相称的损伤，从而使他的忏悔应大大缩短（ multum breviabit poenitentiam ejus ） 。但如果他不愿意或不能够（以遵守这些条件） ，他必须做的忏悔，让整个时间内，并在其所有的细节。 （参见莫兰， "散文就早日爱尔兰教会" ，都伯林， 1864年，页259 ） 。
Another practice which shows quite clearly the difference between sacramental absolution and the granting of indulgences was the solemn reconciliation of penitents.另一种做法，这表明相当清楚地区别圣赦免，并给予indulgences是庄严的和解penitents 。 These, at the beginning of Lent, had received from the priest absolution from their sins and the penance enjoined by the canons; on Maundy Thursday they presented themselves before the bishop, who laid hands on them, reconciled them with the Church, and admitted them to communion.这些，一开始的封斋期，已收到来自神职人员赦免他们的罪过和忏悔责成由大炮; maundy周四他们介绍了自己的前主教，奠定了双手，对它们调和起来，他们与教会，并承认他们以共融。 This reconciliation was reserved to the bishop, as is expressly declared in the Penitential of Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury; though in case of necessity the bishop could delegate a priest for the purpose (lib. I, xiii).这项和解是保留给主教，是明确宣布，在penitential的西奥多，坎特伯雷大主教，虽然没有在危急情况主教能代表一名牧师为目的（ lib.我十三） 。 Since the bishop did not hear their confession, the "absolution" which he pronounced must have been a release from some penalty they had incurred.自从主教并没有听到他们的供述， "赦免" ，他的突出，必须是被释放的一些惩罚，他们的费用。 The effect, moreover, of this reconciliation was to restore the penitent to the state of baptismal innocence and consequently of freedom from all penalties, as appears from the so-called Apostolic Constitutions (lib, II, c. xli) where it is said: "Eritque in loco baptismi impositio manuum"--ie the imposition of hands has the same effect as baptism (cf. Palmieri, "De Poenitentia", Rome, 1879, 459 sq.).效果，而且，这种和解是恢复忏悔，以国家的洗礼无罪推定原则，并因此免于一切处罚，看来从所谓使徒宪法（锂离子电池，二，三四十一）凡据说是： " eritque买卖baptismi impositio的手" -即强加双手具有同等效力的洗礼（参见帕尔米耶里， "德p oenitentia" ，罗马， 1 879年， 4 59平方米） 。 In a later period (eighth century to twelfth) it became customary to permit the substitution of some lighter penance for that which the canons prescribed.在以后的时期（ 8世纪至第十二次） ，它成了习惯，以准许替代一些较轻的忏悔这其中大炮明。 Thus the Penitential of Egbert, Archbishop of York, declares (XIII, 11): "For him who can comply with what the penitential prescribes, well and good; for him who cannot, we give counsel of God's mercy. Instead of one day on bread and water let him sing fifty psalms on his knees or seventy psalms without genuflecting .... But if he does not know the psalms and cannot fast, let him, instead of one year on bread and water, give twenty-six solidi in alms, fast till None on one day of each week and till Vespers on another, and in the three Lents bestow in alms half of what he receives."因此penitential的埃格伯，大主教纽约宣布（ 13 ， 11 ）说： "他的人能够遵守什么penitential明，好，好，因为他的人不能，我们给律师的上帝的怜悯，反而一天就面包和水，让他唱第五十二诗篇对他的膝盖或七十诗篇未经genuflecting ....但是，如果他不知道诗篇，并不能快速，让他，而不是一年就面包和水，让26 solidi在施舍，快速，直至没有对一天的每一个星期，才让晚祷另外，在三场lents赐给在施舍一半的是什么，他收到" 。 The practice of substituting the recitation of psalms or the giving of alms for a portion of the fast is also sanctioned in the Irish Synod of 807, which says (c. xxiv) that the fast of the second day of the week may be "redeemed" by singing one psalter or by giving one denarius to a poor person.的做法，而代以该背诵的诗篇或给予施舍，为部分快也是认可的，在爱尔兰主教会议的807 ，它说（丙24 ）说，快的第二天的一周内，可"救赎"唱一psalter或者给予一个denarius ，以一个贫穷的人。 Here we have the beginning of the so-called "redemptions" which soon passed into general usage.在这里，我们已经开始了所谓的"赎回" ，尽快通过成为普遍使用的。 Among other forms of commutation were pilgrimages to well-known shrines such as that at St. Albans in England or at Compostela in Spain.除其他形式的整流被朝圣著名的神社等，在圣奥尔本在英国或在孔波斯特拉在西班牙。 But the most important place of pilgrimage was Rome.但最重要的地方朝圣，是罗马。 According to Bede (674-735) the "visitatio liminum", or visit to the tomb of the Apostles, was even then regarded as a good work of great efficacy (Hist. Eccl., IV, 23).据贝代（ 674-735 ） " visitatio liminum " ，或访问该墓的使徒，是即使在当时被视为一个良好的工作，具有十分重要的效能（ hist. eccl ，四， 23 ） 。 At first the pilgrims came simply to venerate the relics of the Apostles and martyrs; but in course of time their chief purpose was to gain the indulgences granted by the pope and attached especially to the Stations.在第一香客前来只是为了尊崇的遗物使徒和烈士，但在过程中的时间，其主要目的是为了获得indulgences理所当然的是由教宗和附加特别是车站。 Jerusalem, too, had long been the goal of these pious journeys, and the reports which the pilgrims gave of their treatment by the infidels finally brought about the Crusades.新华社耶路撒冷太，长久以来一直的目标，这些虔诚的行程，并报告的香客给予他们的待遇，由异教徒终于带来的十字军东征。 At the Council of Clermont (1095) the First Crusade was organized, and it was decreed (can. ii): "Whoever, out of pure devotion and not for the purpose of gaining honor or money, shall go to Jerusalem to liberate the Church of God, let that journey be counted in lieu of all penance".在安理会的克莱蒙（ 1095 ）首次十字军东征是有组织的，它是命令（ can.二）说： "无论谁，但出于纯粹的奉献和的目的不是为了获得荣誉或金钱，应当到耶路撒冷解放教会上帝，让这一旅程算代替任何忏悔" 。 Similar indulgences were granted throughout the five centuries following (Amort, op. cit., 46 sq.), the object being to encourage these expeditions which involved so much hardship and yet were of such great importance for Christendom and civilization.类似indulgences获全国五个世纪以下（ amort ，前引书， 46平方） ，该物体被鼓励这些探险队，其中涉及了这么多苦，但人的这种极为重要的基督教文明。 The spirit in which these grants were made is expressed by St. Bernard, the preacher of the Second Crusade (1146): "Receive the sign of the Cross, and thou shalt likewise obtain the indulgence of all thou hast confessed with a contrite heart (ep. cccxxii; al., ccclxii).精神在这些赠款发了言，是表示，由圣伯纳德，布道者第二次十字军东征（ 1146 ）说： "收到的迹象十字架上，你同样得到放纵自己的一切祢供述与contrite心（的EP 。 cccxxii ;基地， ccclxii ） 。
Similar concessions were frequently made on occasions, such as the dedication of churches, eg, that of the old Temple Church in London, which was consecrated in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 10 February, 1185, by the Lord Heraclius, who to those yearly visiting it indulged sixty days of the penance enjoined them -- as the inscription over the main entrance attests.类似的优惠，经常作出场合，如献身精神的教会，例如，即古庙教会在伦敦，这是consecrated在荣誉的有福了圣母玛利亚， 1185年2月10日，由主heraclius ，他们向那些每年前往参观沉迷60天的忏悔责成他们-作为题词超过正门入口证明。 The canonization of saints was often marked by the granting of an indulgence, eg in honor of St. Laurence 0'Toole by Honorius III (1226), in honor of St. Edmund of Canterbury by Innocent IV (1248), and in honor of St. Thomas of Hereford by John XXII (1320).册封圣人往往标明所给予的一种放纵自己，例如，在荣誉的圣劳伦斯0'toole由honorius三（ 1226 ） ，在荣誉的圣埃德蒙坎特伯雷无辜四（ 1248 ） ，并在荣誉圣托马斯的赫里福德约翰二十二（ 1320 ） 。 A famous indulgence is that of the Portiuncula (qv), obtained by St. Francis in 1221 from Honorius III.一位著名的放纵，就是对博俊古拉（请参阅） ，得到的圣弗朗西斯在1221年从honorius三。 But the most important largess during this period was the plenary indulgence granted in 1300 by Boniface VIII to those who, being truly contrite and having confessed their sins, should visit the basilicas of Sts.但最重要的largess在此期间，被全体会议放纵授予1300由博尼法斯八那些真真正正在contrite并供认了他们的罪，应赴basilicas开展STS 。 Peter and Paul (see JUBILEE).彼得和保罗（见银禧） 。
Among the works of charity which were furthered by indulgences, the hospital held a prominent place.其中工程的慈善活动，其中，更进一步由indulgences ，医院举行了突出位置。 Lea in his "History of Confession and Indulgences" (III, 189) mentions only the hospital of Santo Spirito in Rome, while another Protestant writer, Uhlhorn (Gesch. d. Christliche Liebesthatigkeit, Stuttgart, 1884, II, 244) states that "one cannot go through the archives of any hospital without finding numerous letters of indulgence". LEA在他的"历史的忏悔与indulgences " （三， 189 ）只提到医院的圣多明各spirito在罗马，而另一位新教作家，乌尔霍恩（ gesch.四christliche liebesthatigkeit ，斯图加特， 1884年第一，二， 244 ）国家"一个根本无法进入该档案的任何医院没有发现曾多次写信的放纵" 。 The one at Halberstadt in 1284 had no less than fourteen such grants, each giving an indulgence of forty days.一个在这个收容中心在1284年有不低于14个这样的补助金，让每一个放纵自己的四十天。 The hospitals at Lucerne, Rothenberg, Rostock, and Augsburg enjoyed similar privileges.医院在卢塞恩，罗森伯格，罗斯托克，并奥格斯堡享有类似的特权。
ABUSES滥用
It may seem strange that the doctrine of indulgences should have proved such a stumbling-block, and excited so much prejudice and opposition.它也许会觉得奇怪，认为中庸indulgences应该已经证明这样一个绊脚石，并激发了这么多的偏见和反对。 But the explanation of this may be found in the abuses which unhappily have been associated with what is in itself a salutary practice.但是，这一解释的，这可能是在滥用不幸已与什么，这本身就是一个有益的实践。 In this respect of course indulgences are not exceptional: no institution, however holy, has entirely escaped abuse through the malice or unworthiness of man.在这方面当然indulgences不例外：没有任何一个机构，但是神圣的，具有完全逃脱被滥用，通过恶意或不配的人。 Even the Eucharist, as St. Paul declares, means an eating and drinking of judgment to the recipient who discerns not the body of the Lord.即使是圣体圣事的，正如圣保罗宣称，是指大吃大喝的判决，向受助人discerns不是身体的上主。 (1 Corinthians 11:27-29). （哥林多前书11:27-29 ） 。 And, as God's forbearance is constantly abused by those who relapse into sin, it is not surprising that the offer of pardon in the form of an indulgence should have led to evil practices.而且，正如上帝的忍耐是不断的滥用，那些陷入罪恶，这是不足为奇的提议赦免在形式上的一种放纵自己应该有导致社会丑恶现象。 These again have been in a special way the object of attack because, doubtless, of their connection with Luther's revolt (see LUTHER).这些又都处在一个特殊的方式攻击的对象，因为，毫无疑问，他们涉嫌与路德的反抗（见路德） 。 On the other hand, it should not be forgotten that the Church, while holding fast to the principle and intrinsic value of indulgences, has repeatedly condemned their misuse: in fact, it is often from the severity of her condemnation that we learn how grave the abuses were.在另一方面，它不应该被忘记了，该教堂，而坚守原则和内在价值的indulgences ，曾多次谴责其不当：事实上，它往往是由严重的，她谴责，我们必须学习如何严重了侵权行为。
Even in the age of the martyrs, as stated above there were practices which St. Cyprian was obliged to reprehend, yet he did not forbid the martyrs to give the libelli.即使在时代的先烈，正如以上所述，有做法，其中圣塞浦路斯不得不reprehend ，但他并未禁止烈士给libelli 。 In later times abuses were met by repressive measures on the part of the Church.在稍后的时间虐待，遭到镇压措施，对部分教会。 Thus the Council of Clovesho in England (747) condemns those who imagine that they might atone for their crimes by substituting, in place of their own, the austerities of mercenary penitents.因此，安理会的clovesho在英格兰（ 747 ）谴责那些想象，他们可能赎罪，为自己的罪行，即以改进，以取代他们自己， austerities雇佣军penitents 。 Against the excessive indulgences granted by some prelates, the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) decreed that at the dedication of a church the indulgence should not be for more than year, and, for the anniversary of the dedication or any other case, it should not exceed forty days, this being the limit observed by the pope himself on such occasions.反对过度indulgences批出的一些主教，第四届理事会的lateran （ 1215年）颁布法令，在奉献的一所教堂的放纵不应该多一年，并为周年之际奉献或任何其他情况下，它不应超过四十天，在此限额观察教宗本人对这种情形发生。 The same restriction was enacted by the Council of Ravenna in 1317.同样的限制是通过安理会的拉文纳，在1317年。 In answer to the complaint of the Dominicans and Franciscans, that certain prelates had put their own construction on the indulgences granted to these Orders, Clement IV in 1268 forbade any such interpretation, declaring that, when it was needed, it would be given by the Holy See.在回答有关投诉的多米尼加和方济会中，某些主教把自身建设上indulgences给予这些订单，克莱门特四，在1268年禁止任何这样的解释，声称，如果需要，它将会获得由罗马教廷。 In 1330 the brothers of the hospital of Haut-Pas falsely asserted that the grants made in their favor were more extensive than what the documents allowed: John XXII had all these brothers in France seized and imprisoned.在第1330兄弟医院的haut考绩虚假地声称批在其主张更趋广泛，比什么文件允许：约翰二十二了所有这些兄弟在法国缴获和监禁。 Boniface IX, writing to the Bishop of Ferrara in 1392, condemns the practice of certain religious who falsely claimed that they were authorized by the pope to forgive all sorts of sins, and exacted money from the simple-minded among the faithful by promising them perpetual happiness in this world and eternal glory in the next.博尼法斯九，以书面形式向主教费拉拉在1392 ，谴责的做法，一些宗教人士讹称，他们被授权由教宗宽恕种种罪孽，并付出金钱，从简单的头脑之中的忠实承诺，他们永恒幸福，在这个世界上和永恒的荣耀，在未来的。 When Henry, Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted in 1420 to give a plenary indulgence in the form of the Roman Jubilee, he was severely reprimanded by Martin V, who characterized his action as "unheard-of presumption and sacrilegious audacity".当亨利，坎特伯雷大主教，企图在1420名给予一次全体会议在放纵自己的形式，罗马银禧，他被严厉谴责李柱铭五的人认为自己的行动是"史无前例的推定和渎圣厚颜无耻" 。 In 1450 Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, Apostolic Legate to Germany, found some preachers asserting that indulgences released from the guilt of sin as well as from the punishment.在1450年枢机主教尼古拉斯的超声刀（ CuSA ，使徒legate德国，找到了一些传教士，声称indulgences释放出来有罪，罪的，以及从惩罚。 This error, due to a misunderstanding of the words "a culpa et a poena", the cardinal condemned at the Council of Magdeburg.这个错误，因为一个误会的字： "缔约过失责任等一poena " ，枢机主教谴责在安理会的马格德堡。 Finally, Sixtus IV in 1478, lest the idea of gaining indulgences should prove an incentive to sin, reserved for the judgment of the Holy See a large number of cases in which faculties had formerly been granted to confessors (Extrav. Com., tit. de poen. et remiss.).最后， Sixtus的四，在1478年，否则的想法得到indulgences应该证明是一个诱因，单仲偕，预留作判断教廷了一大批案件，在院系以前给予confessors （ extrav. COM的，山雀。德poen 。等失职） 。
Traffic in Indulgences交通indulgences
These measures show plainly that the Church long before the Reformation, not only recognized the existence of abuses, but also used her authority to correct them.这些措施表明，这显然教会早改革，而不是只承认存在的弊端，而且还用她的职权予以纠正。
In spite of all this, disorders continued and furnished the pretext for attacks directed against the doctrine itself, no less than against the practice of indulgences.尽管这一切，疾病继续和家具借口攻击是针对教义本身，不低于反对这一做法的indulgences 。 Here, as in so many other matters, the love of money was the chief root of the evil: indulgences were employed by mercenary ecclesiastics as a means of pecuniary gain.在这里，因为在这么多的其他事项外，爱钱是行政归根结柢的邪恶： indulgences受雇于ecclesiastics雇佣军作为手段的金钱利益。 Leaving the details concerning this traffic to a subsequent article (see REFORMATION), it may suffice for the present to note that the doctrine itself has no natural or necessary connection with pecuniary profit, as is evident from the fact that the abundant indulgences of the present day are free from this evil association: the only conditions required are the saying of certain prayers or the performance of some good work or some practice of piety.至于细节，则留待有关这个交通警员其后文章（见改造） ，它可能已经足够，目前值得注意的是，这份教义本身并没有天然或必要的联系与金钱利润，可以看出一个事实，即丰富indulgences的本当天是远离这个邪恶公会：唯一的条件是说，某些祈祷或表演一些好的作品还是实践孝道。 Again, it is easy to see how abuses crept in. Among the good works which might be encouraged by being made the condition of an indulgence, alms giving would naturally hold a conspicuous place, while men would be induced by the same means to contribute to some pious cause such as the building of churches, the endowment of hospitals, or the organization of a crusade.再次，这是很容易看到的是如何虐待悄悄英寸当中的优秀作品，这可能会鼓励人们提出的条件是一个放纵自己，施舍给自然会举行一个突出的地方，而男人会诱发同样手段作出贡献一些虔诚的事业，例如兴建教堂，捐赠的医院，或者组织一次十字军东征。 It is well to observe that in these purposes there is nothing essentially evil.它是观察，在这些用途没有什么本质上的邪恶。 To give money to God or to the poor is a praiseworthy act, and, when it is done from right motives, it will surely not go unrewarded.把钱交给上帝或向穷人是一个值得称道的行为，而且，当它做了右动机，它也必将不会去未获报偿。 Looked at in this light, it might well seem a suitable condition for gaining the spiritual benefit of an indulgence.看过这个角度来说，它可能似乎是一个合适的条件，为赢得精神上的好处是一个放纵自己。 Yet, however innocent in itself, this practice was fraught with grave danger, and soon became a fruitful source of evil.然而，无辜的，但在本身，这种做法是充满着极大的危险，并很快成为一个富有成果的罪恶之源。 On the one hand there was the danger that the payment might be regarded as the price of the indulgence, and that those who sought to gain it might lose sight of the more important conditions.在一方面有危险，即付款可能会被视为价格的放纵，那些试图获得它可能忽略了更重要的条件。 On the other hand, those who granted indulgences might be tempted to make them a means of raising money: and, even where the rulers of the Church were free from blame in this matter, there was room for corruption in their officials and agents, or among the popular preachers of indulgences.在另一方面，那些给予indulgences可能会受到诱惑，使他们的一种手段筹集资金：和，甚至在统治者的教会免于责怪这件事，有空间，为腐败现象在他们的官员和特工，或其中广受欢迎的讲道indulgences 。 This class has happily disappeared, but the type has been preserved in Chaucer's "Pardoner", with his bogus relics and indulgences.这门课已愉快地消失了，但种类一直保存在乔叟的" pardoner " ，以他的假文物和indulgences 。
While it cannot be denied that these abuses were widespread, it should also be noted that, even when corruption was at its worst, these spiritual grants were being properly used by sincere Christians, who sought them in the right spirit, and by priests and preachers, who took care to insist on the need of true repentance.虽然不能否认，这些行为非常普遍，还应当指出的是，即使当腐败，是在其最坏的打算，这些精神上的资助，正在妥善用真诚的基督徒，他们要求他们在正确的精神，由牧师和传教士，他们还要照顾到坚持需要真正的悔改之意。 It is therefore not difficult to understand why the Church, instead of abolishing the practice of indulgences, aimed rather at strengthening it by eliminating the evil elements.因此，这是不难理解为什么教会，而不是取消的做法indulgences ，目的，而不是在加强，而是通过消除邪恶势力。 The Council of Trent in its decree "On Indulgences" (Sess. XXV) declares: "In granting indulgences the Council desires that moderation be observed in accordance with the ancient approved custom of the Church, lest through excessive ease ecclesiastical discipline be weakened; and further, seeking to correct the abuses that have crept in . . . it decrees that all criminal gain therewith connected shall be entirely done away with as a source of grievous abuse among the Christian people; and as to other disorders arising from superstition, ignorance, irreverence, or any cause whatsoever--since these, on account of the widespread corruption, cannot be removed by special prohibitions--the Council lays upon each bishop the duty of finding out such abuses as exist in his own diocese, of bringing them before the next provincial synod, and of reporting them, with the assent of the other bishops, to the Roman Pontiff, by whose authority and prudence measures will be taken for the welfare of the Church at large, so that the benefit of indulgences may be bestowed on all the faithful by means at once pious, holy, and free from corruption."安理会的遄达在其法令"对indulgences " （ sess.二十五）宣称： "在给予indulgences安理会欲望，并指出，被观察到，按照古老的习俗批准的教会，以免过度缓和教会纪律，不能削弱;进一步，寻求正确的侵权行为已悄悄在… … 。它法令，所有刑事增益条文连接应完全摆脱了作为一个来源他人滥用基督教的人，以及为其他疾病所引起的迷信，愚昧， irreverence ，或任何原因导致的-因为这些，就交代了广泛的腐败现象，也无法将其移除特殊的禁令-安理会规定了每一位主教的责任找出这种侵权行为存在，在他自己的教区，使他们后，才今后省主教，并报告他们的，与赞同的其他主教，以罗马教皇，其权威和谨慎会采取严厉的措施，为福利的教堂，在大，因此所带来的利益的indulgences可能是赐予对所有信徒的方式，在一次虔诚，神圣的，不受腐败" 。 After deploring the fact that, in spite of the remedies prescribed by earlier councils, the traders (quaestores) in indulgences continued their nefarious practice to the great scandal of the faithful, the council ordained that the name and method of these quaestores should be entirely abolished, and that indulgences and other spiritual favors of which the faithful ought not to be deprived should be published by the bishops and bestowed gratuitously, so that all might at length understand that these heavenly treasures were dispensed for the sake of piety and not of lucre (Sess. XXI, c. ix).经过痛惜事实，即，尽管补救办法，由先前议会，贸易商（ quaestores ）在indulgences继续其邪恶的做法，向伟大的丑闻，忠实，安理会受戒这一名称和方法，这些quaestores应完全废除，并indulgences和其他精神人情案，其中忠实，不应该被剥夺应予以公布，由主教和赐予的无偿精神，让所有可能在长度了解到，这些天朝宝物分别配发，为虔诚而不是带来滚滚的财源（ sess 。二十一，长九） 。 In 1567 St. Pius V canceled all grants of indulgences involving any fees or other financial transactions.在1567年圣比约v全部取消助学金的indulgences涉及任何费用或其他金融交易。
Apocryphal Indulgences猜测indulgences
One of the worst abuses was that of inventing or falsifying grants of indulgence.其中最严重的侵权行为，是对发明或者伪造赠款的放纵。 Previous to the Reformation, such practices abounded and called out severe pronouncements by ecclesiastical authority, especially by the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) and that of Vienne (1311).以前，以改革，这种做法abounded ，并要求实行严厉的声明，由教会权威，特别是第四届理事会的lateran （ 1215 ） ，并认为的维埃纳省（ 1311 ） 。 After the Council of Trent the most important measure taken to prevent such frauds was the establishment of the Congregation of Indulgences.经过理事会的遄达最重要的措施，以防止此类诈骗行为，是建立聚集indulgences 。 A special commission of cardinals served under Clement VIII and Paul V, regulating all matters pertaining to indulgences.一个特别委员会的枢机主教们根据克莱门特八世和保五，规范有关的所有事项indulgences 。 The Congregation of Indulgences was definitively established by Clement IX in 1669 and reorganized by Clement XI in 1710.聚集indulgences是明确建立由克莱门特九，在1669年和改组，由克莱门特玺在1710年。 It has rendered efficient service by deciding various questions relative to the granting of indulgences and by its publications.它使有效率的服务，决定各种问题，相对给予indulgences和其出版物。 The "Raccolta" (qv) was first issued by one of its consultors, Telesforo Galli, in 1807; the last three editions 1877, 1886, and 1898 were published by the Congregation. " raccolta " （请参阅）首次发出它的一个consultors ，泰莱斯福罗嘉丽， 1807年;最近三个版本1877年， 1886年和1898年分别出版了由众。 The other official publication is the "Decreta authentica", containing the decisions of the Congregation from 1668 to 1882.其他正式出版，是" decreta authentica " ，载有决定的会众，从1668年至1882年。 This was published in 1883 by order of Leo XIII.这是发表在1883年的命令利奥十三世。 See also "Rescripta authentica" by Joseph Schneider (Ratisbon, 1885).又见" rescripta authentica " ，由约瑟夫施耐德（拉蒂斯邦， 1885年） 。 By a Motu Proprio of Pius X, dated 28 January, 1904, the Congregation of Indulgences was united to the Congregation of Rites, without any diminution, however, of its prerogatives.由一个颁布的比约第十日期1904年1月28日，聚集indulgences是团结，以众为礼记，没有任何减弱，但它的特权。
SALUTARY EFFECTS OF INDULGENCES有益的影响的indulgences
Lea (History, etc., III, 446) somewhat reluctantly acknowledges that "with the decline in the financial possibilities of the system, indulgences have greatly multiplied as an incentive to spiritual exercises, and they can thus be so easily obtained that there is no danger of the recurrence of the old abuses, even if the finer sense of fitness, characteristic of modern times, on the part of both prelates and people, did not deter the attempt." lea （史等，第三， 446 ）有点不情愿地承认说： "随着下降，在财政的可能性，制度， indulgences大大乘以作为奖励，精神上的演习，因而他们可以如此轻易获得的是有没有危险重演旧弊端，即使更精细的意义上的健身，特色的，近代以来，对部分都主教和人民，并没有阻止企图" 。 The full significance, however, of this "multiplication" lies in the fact that.全部意义，但是，这种"乘法"的谎言在事实。 the Church, by rooting out abuses, has shown the rigor of her spiritual life.教会中，杜绝滥用的情况，表现出了严谨的，她的精神文化生活。 She has maintained the practice of indulgences, because, when these are used in accordance with what she prescribes, they strengthen the spiritual life by inducing the faithful to approach the sacraments and to purify their consciences of sin.她保持一贯做法， indulgences ，因为，当这些都是使用应按照什么，她明，他们加强精神生活，诱使信徒们的做法圣礼，并以净化自己的良心上的罪过。 And further, they encourage the performance, in a truly religious spirit, of works that redound, not alone to the welfare of the individual, but also to God's glory and to the service of the neighbor.此外，他们鼓励表现，在一个真正的宗教精神，在作品中，有助于，而不是仅向福利的个人，而且也有利于神的荣耀，并以服务的邻邦。
Publication information Written by WH Kent.出版信息写起肯特。 Transcribed by Charles Sweeney, SJ.转录由查尔斯Sweeney ） ，律政司司长。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VII.天主教百科全书，体积七。 Published 1910. 1910年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, June 1, 1910. nihil obstat ， 1910年6月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
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The indulgences known as Apostolic or Apostolical are those which the Roman pontiff, the successor of the Prince of the Apostles, attaches to the crosses, crucifixes, chaplets, rosaries, images, and medals which he blesses, either with his own hand or by those to whom he has delegated this faculty.该indulgences称为使徒或apostolical是那些罗马教宗，继承亲王的使徒，重视把十字架，在十字架上， chaplets ， rosaries ，图像，并奖牌，其中他祝福，无论是他自己的手或由那些向谁，他已授予这一教职人员。 The principles set forth in the general article on indulgences apply here also.所阐述的原则，在一般文章indulgences适用于此也。 But since these Apostolic indulgences are among the most frequent and abundant of those now in use throughout the Church, they seem to require a separate and more detailed treatment.但由于这些使徒indulgences是其中最常见和最丰富的那些目前使用的整个教会，他们似乎需要一个单独的和更详细的治疗。 As the name implies, they are indulgences granted by the pope himself.作为顾名思义，他们是理所当然的indulgences由教宗本人。 Some of them are plenary, and others are partial indulgences.他们中的一些人是全体会议，而其他部分indulgences 。 It may be observed that, the possession of the cross or medal or other indulgenced object is not the sole or immediate condition for gaining the indulgences attached thereto by the blessing of the Holy Father or his delegate.可以说，藏有交叉或奖牌或其他indulgenced对象，是不是唯一的或即时状况，为赢得indulgences所附所祝福的圣地父亲或他的代表。 But the possession enables the recipient to gain the various indulgences on the performance of certain prescribed good works or acts of piety.但藏，使受援国得到各种indulgences就表现某些指定好的作品或行为的虔诚。 In this respect the possession of the object may be regarded as analogous to the local or personal limitation of other indulgences.在这方面占有的对象，可视为类似于本地或人身限制其他indulgences 。 For in blessing the objects presented to him, the Holy Father thereby grants the indulgences, not to all the faithful indiscriminately, but to certain persons, to wit the actual or prospective possessors of these crosses, medals, etc., which.在祝福的对象提交给他，圣父教宗从而赋予indulgences ，而不是向所有信徒盲目的，但某些人，即实际或潜在拥有这些十字架，奖牌等，其中。 may thus be regarded as the marks or tokens distinguishing those persons to whom this special privilege is given.可能因此被视为该商标或令牌要区分哪些人这个特殊的特权是给予。 At the same time, since it is open to all the faithful to obtain such blessed objects, especially now, when the faculty for giving this blessing is so readily granted to the clergy throughout the world, the Apostotic indulgences can hardly be reckoned with those that are merely local or personal.在同一时间内，因为这是开放给所有信徒，以获取这种祝福的对象，尤其是现在，当老师给这个祝福是如此容易地批给神职人员在世界各地， apostotic indulgences难以忽视的是那些只不过是本地或个人。 Although the popes have been in the habit of granting indulgences from a much earlier date, some of them having an analogous limitation or connection with the holding or wearing of a blessed object, the Apostolic indulgences, as we now know them, date only from the year 1587-just a lifetime after the publication of Luther's famous theses against indulgences.虽然教皇已习惯给予indulgences从一个日期较早，他们中的一些人有一个类似的限制或涉嫌与控股或穿着一个祝福对象，使徒indulgences ，正如我们现在所知，迄今为止，只有从1587年-刚一生出版后，路德的著名论断，对indulgences 。 And a curious interest attaches to the first origin of this familiar practice.和好奇的兴趣，重视首次的起源这个熟悉的惯例。 Before that date popes had simply blessed medals or other objects presented to them for that purpose.在此日期前教皇只是有福了奖牌或其他物体，并向他们作此用途。 But as Pope Sixtus V sets forth in his Bull "Laudemus viros gloriosos" (1 December, 1587), the workmen engaged in his restoration and adornment of the Lateran Basilica, in pulling down some very old walls, had accidentally brought to light a number of ancient coins bearing on one side a cross and on the other the likeness of one or other of the early Christian emperors.但正如教皇Sixtus的v阐述了他的牛" laudemus viros gloriosos " （ 1587年12月1日） ，工人从事他的恢复和装饰品的lateran大教堂，在拉低了一些非常老墙，不小心地揭示了一些古代钱币轴承一方交叉和对其他相似的一个或其他的早期基督教的皇帝。 This remarkable discovery led the pontiff, in accordance with the opening words of his Bull, to sing the praises of those old rulers of Christendom, such as Constantine, Theodosius, and Marcianus.这个了不起的发现导致了教宗，根据同日开幕的话，他的牛，唱歌颂这些旧统治者的基督教，如君士坦丁， theodosius ， marcianus 。 And, by a happy thought, he made their old coins again pass current, though bearing, as be fitted their new life, not an earthly but a heavenly and spiritual value.和中，有一个愉快的思考，他作出了自己的旧硬币，再通过电流，但同时，由于装上自己的新生活，而不是一个俗世的，但天堂和精神价值。