Eastern Church is a general term for the various ancient Christian communions of the Middle East and Eastern Europe, of which three groups remain today.东方教会是一个统称，为各古代基督教communions的中东和东欧，其中有三组留到今天。
The earliest decisive split in Christendom took place in 451 as a result of the Council of Chalcedon, which was called to consider the claims of the Monophysites (see Monophysitism).最早的决定性分裂基督教发生在451由于安理会的chalcedon ，这是所谓的考虑索赔的monophysites （见monophysitism ） 。 The churches that rejected the statement of faith adopted by the council are the Armenian church, the Coptic church of Alexandria, the Ethiopian church, the Syrian church, and the Syrian church in India.教会否决声明的信仰安理会通过的是亚美尼亚教会，科普特教会的亚历山德里亚，埃塞俄比亚教会，叙利亚教会，叙利亚教会在印度。 Sometimes known as the Oriental Orthodox , these churches today include more than 22 million members.有时也被称为东方东正教 ，这些教会今天，包括2200多万党员。
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A third group of churches is known collectively as Eastern Rite churches , which recognize the authority of the Roman Catholic church.第三组的教堂是被统称为东部成年礼教堂 ，其中承认的权威，罗马天主教教堂。
Also,
see:此外，见：
Eastern
Rite Churches, Uniate Churches 东部成年礼教堂，乌克兰东方礼教会
(Eastern) Orthodox Church （东区）东正教教堂
Oriental Orthodox Church 东方东正教教堂
(Editor's Note: This article from the Catholic Encyclopedia includes fairly severe biases toward the Catholic Church and against Protestants and the Orthodox Church and other Churches, and would normally be eliminated from consideration for BELIEVE for that reason. However, it is a thorough and accurate discussion of many subjects associated with Eastern Churches, and we felt it beneficial to include it, until a better presentation is found.) （编者注：此文由天主教百科全书包括相当严重的偏见，对天主教教会的支持和反对新教徒和东正教教会和其他教会，并通常会被淘汰，不再审议认为，出于这个原因，但它是一个彻底而准确讨论许多相关的科目与东部教会，并认为它有利于把它列入，直至更好的介绍是找到） 。
Western Churches are those that either gravitate around Rome or broke away from her at the Reformation.西方教会的，是那些要么重力靠近罗马或脱离了她在改造。 Eastern Churches depend originally on the Eastern Empire at Constantinople; they are those that either find their centre in the patriarchate of that city (since the centralization of the fourth century) or have been formed by schisms which in the first instance concerned Constantinople rather than the Western world.东部教会取决于原先对东部帝国在君士坦丁堡，他们是那些要么找到自己的中心，在东正教会的这个城市（因为中央集权四世纪） ，或已形成的分裂问题，其中，在一审关注君士坦丁堡而非西方世界。
Another distinction, that can be applied only in the most general and broadest sense, is that of language.另一种区分，即可以只适用于最普遍和广泛的意义上说，就是语言。 Western Christendom till the Reformation was Latin; even now the Protestant bodies still bear unmistakably the mark of their Latin ancestry.西方基督教的，直到改革是拉丁语;即使现在新教团体仍然承担着明白无误的标志，他们拉美后裔。 It was the great Latin Fathers and Schoolmen, St. Augustine (d. 430) most of all, who built up the traditions of the West; in ritual and canon law the Latin or Roman school formed the West.这是一场伟大的拉丁语父亲和schoolmen ，圣奥古斯丁（四430 ）最重要的是，是谁打造了传统的西方国家，在礼仪和佳能法律拉丁语或罗马学校形成了西方。 In a still broader sense the East may be called Greek.在一个更广阔的意义上讲，东可称为希腊文。 True, many Eastern Churches know nothing of Greek; the oldest (Nestorians, Armenians, Abyssinians) have never used Greek liturgically nor for their literature; nevertheless they too depend in some sense on a Greek tradition.诚然，许多东欧教会一无所知希腊语;年纪最大（ nestorians ，亚美尼亚人， abyssinians ）从未使用希腊语liturgically ，也为他们的文学;尽管如此，他们太依赖，在一定意义上对一个希腊的传统。 Whereas our Latin Fathers have never concerned them at all (most Eastern Christians have never even heard of our schoolmen or canonists), they still feel the influence of the Greek Fathers, their theology is still concerned about controversies carried on originally in Greek and settled by Greek synods.而我们的拉丁语父亲从来没有关心他们在各（最东部基督徒从来没有听说过我们的schoolmen或canonists ） ，他们还是会觉得影响了希腊的父亲，他们的神学仍然关心争议进行了原本在希腊和收希腊主教会议。 The literature of those that do not use Greek is formed on Greek models, is full of words carefully chosen or composed to correspond to some technical Greek distinction, then, in the broadest terms, is: that a Western Church is one originally dependent on Rome, whose traditions are Latin; an Eastern Church looks rather to Constantinople (either as a friend or an enemy) and inherits Greek ideas.文献中的那些不使用希腊语，是形成了对希腊的模式，是充分的话精心挑选或组成，以对应于一些技术性希腊语区别，然后，在最广泛的条件，是：西方教会是一个原本依赖于罗马，他们的传统，是拉丁语;东方教会的期待，而以君士坦丁堡（无论是作为朋友还是敌人） ，并继承了希腊的想法。
The point may be stated more scientifically by using the old division of the patriarchates.这一点可以说明，更加科学地利用老师的patriarchates 。 Originally (eg at the Council of Nicaea, AD 325, can. vi) there were three patriarchates, those of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch.原本（例如，在理事会的尼西亚，广告325条，可以第六节）有3个patriarchates ，罗马，亚历山大，和安提。 Further legislation formed two more at the expense of Antioch: Constantinople in 381 and Jerusalem in 451.进一步立法成立了两个更不惜牺牲安提：君士坦丁堡在381和耶路撒冷，在451 。 In any case the Roman patriarchate was always enormously the greatest. Western Christendom may be defined quite simply as the Roman patriarchate and all Churches that have broken away from it.在任何情况下，罗马的牧总是很大最大， 西方基督教的定义可以很简单，因为罗马东正教会和所有的教堂，摆脱了它。 All the others, with schismatical bodies formed from them, make up the Eastern half. But it must not be imaged that either half is in any sense one Church. 所有其他国家，与schismatical机构建制，由他们，弥补东部地区的一半，但它绝不能影像要么一半是在任何意义上的一个教堂。 The Latin half was so (in spite of a few unimportant schisms) till the Reformation.拉美一半是如此（尽管有少数不重要分裂）起至改革。 To find a time when there was one Eastern Church we must go back to the centuries before the Council of Ephesus (431).找到的时候，有一个东方教会，我们必须回溯到数百年前，会伸出手（ 431 ） 。 Since that council there have been separate schismatical Eastern Churches whose number has grown steadily down to our own time.从那时起，安理会有单独schismatical东部教会他们的人数一直稳步增长，到我们自己的时间。 The Nestorian heresy left a permanent Nestorian Church, the Monophysite and Monothelite quarrels made several more, the reunion with Rome of fractions of every Rite further increased the number, and quite lately the Bulgarian schism has created yet another; indeed it seems as if two more, in Cyprus and Syria, are being formed at the present moment (1908).该景教异端留下了永久景教教堂， monophysite和monothelite争吵提出了一些更重要的是，与亲人团聚的罗马的部位每成年礼进一步增加了数量，其中，相当近来，保加利亚裂创造了又一;确实好像如果两个以上，在塞浦路斯和叙利亚，正在形成目前（ 1908年） 。
We have now a general criterion by which to answer the question: What is an Eastern Church?我们现在有一种普遍的标准来回答这个问题：什么是东方教会？ Looking at a map, we see that, roughly, the division between the Roman patriarchate and the others forms a line that runs down somewhat to the east of the River Vistula (Poland is Latin), then comes back above the Danube, to continue down the Adriatic Sea, and finally divides Africa west of Egypt.看一张地图，我们看到，大体上，分工罗马东正教会和其他形式的路线，违背了下来有点向东部的河流维斯瓦河（波兰是拉丁语） ，然后回来以上多瑙河，继续下跌亚得里亚海，并最终鸿沟西部非洲的埃及。 Illyricum (Macedonia and Greece) once belonged to the Roman patriarchate, and Greater Greece (Southern Italy and Sicily) was intermittently Byzantine.伊利里库姆（马其顿和希腊）曾经属于罗马牧，和更大的希腊（意大利南部和西西里岛）是间歇性拜占庭。 But both these lands eventually fell back into the branches that surrounded them (except for the thin remnant of the Catholic Italo-Greeks).但无论这些土地最终回落到该分行将他们围住（除薄残存的天主教意-希腊人） 。 We may, then, say that any ancient Church east of that line is an Eastern Church.我们可以，那么，说任何古老的教堂以东的这条线东方教会。 To these we must add those formed by missionaries (especially Russians) from one of these Churches.这些，我们必须加上那些形成传教士（特别是俄罗斯） ，从其中的教堂。 Later Latin and Protestant missions have further complicated the tangled state of the ecclesiastical East.后来拉丁语和基督教的任务变得更为复杂纠缠不清的状态教会东。 Their adherents everywhere belong of course to the Western portion.其党羽到处属于当然是西方的一部分。
Theologically, to Catholics, the vital distinction is between Eastern Catholic, on the one hand, and schismatics or heretics, on the other. theologically ，天主教徒来说，重要的区别是介乎东天主教，一方面， schismatics或异端，并就其他。 But it is not convenient to start from this basis in cataloguing Eastern Churches.但它是不是方便，从源头上在此基础上，在编目东部教堂。 Historically and archeologically, it is a secondary question.从历史和archeologically ，这是一个次要的问题。 Each Catholic body has been formed from one of the schismatical ones; their organizations are comparatively late, dating in most cases from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.每一个天主教团体已经成立，并从其中一本schismatical ;他们的组织是比较晚了，约会，在大多数情况下，从16和17世纪。 Moreover, although all these Eastern-Rite Catholics of course agrees in the same Catholic Faith we profess, they are not organized as one body.此外，虽然所有这些东欧-成年礼的天主教徒当然同意，在同一信仰天主教，我们自称，他们是没有组织的一个机构。 Each branch keeps the rites (with in some cases modifications made at Rome for dogmatic reasons) of the corresponding schismatical body, and has an organization modelled on the same plan.各分行存有仪轨（在某些情况下，作出了修改，在罗马为教条式的原因）的相应schismatical身体，有一个组织为蓝本，同样的计划。 In faith a Catholic Armenian, for instance, is joined to Catholic Chaldees and Copts, and has no more to do with the schismatical Armenians than with Nestorians or Abyssinians.在信仰天主教的亚美尼亚，举例来说，是加入天主教新巴比伦王国和科普特人，并没有更多的工作要做，与schismatical亚美尼亚人，比同nestorians或abyssinians 。 Nor does he forget this fact.他也没有忘记这个事实。 He knows quite well that he is a Catholic in union with the Pope of Rome, and that he is equally in union with every other Catholic.他知道，很清楚，他是一个天主教徒，在联盟范围内，教宗的罗马，而他同样是在联盟范围内，每其他天主教。 Nevertheless, national customs, languages, and rites tell very strongly on the superficies, and our Catholic Armenian would certainly feel very much more at home in a non-Catholic church of his own nation than in a Coptic Catholic, or even Latin, church.然而，民族风情，语言和礼仪告诉非常强烈地对地上，我们的天主教亚美尼亚人一定会感到非常多在家中，在非天主教教会他自己的国家会比留在科普特天主教，甚至拉丁美洲，教会。
Outwardly, the bond of a common language and common liturgy is often the essential and radical division of a schism.从表面看，以认同感为纽带的共同语言和共同礼仪中常常是必要的和激进的分工裂。 Indeed these Eastern Catholic bodies in many cases still faintly reflect the divisions of their schismatical relations.事实上，这些东方天主教会团体，在许多情况下，但仍然依稀反映告其schismatical关系。 What in one case is a schism (as for instance between Orthodox and Jacobites) still remains as a not very friendly feeling between the different Eastern Catholic Churches (in this case Melkites and Catholic Syrians).如何在一个案例是一个分裂（例如之间东正教和jacobites ）仍是一个不十分友好的感情之间的不同，东方教会的大主教（在这种情况下melkites和天主教叙利亚人） 。 Certainly, such feeling is a very different thing from formal schism, and the leaders of the Eastern Catholic Churches, we well as all their more intelligent members and all their well-wishers, earnestly strive to repress it.当然，这种感觉是一个非常不同的事情，从正式分裂，及社会领袖的东方天主教教会，我们以及所有他们更聪明成员和所有他们的祝福，认真，努力地压制它。 Nevertheless, quarrels between various Eastern Catholic bodies fill up too large a portion of Eastern Church history to be ignored; still, to take another instance, anyone who knows Syria knows that the friendship between Melkites and Maronites is not enthusiastic.不过，争吵之间各种东方天主教会团体填补过大，部分东欧教会的历史中被忽视，但并采取另举例来说，任何人如知道叙利亚知道友谊melkites和马龙人，是不是热心。 It will be seen, then, that for purposes of tabulation we cannot conveniently begin by cataloguing the Catholic bodies on the one side and then classing the schismatics together on the other.这可以看出，当时，即为了制表，我们不能方便首先编目天主教团体对一方，然后再分类的schismatics一起对另一方。 We must arrange these Churches according to their historical basis and origin: first, the larger and older schismatical Churches; then, side by side with each of these, the corresponding Eastern-Rite Catholic Church formed out of the schismatics in later times.我们必须安排好这些教会根据自己的历史基础和起源：第一，规模较大和较旧schismatical教堂，然后，并排与上述每时，相应东部-成年礼天主教教会形成了走出这个schismatics在稍后的时间。
The "Orthodox" (it is convenient as well as courteous to call them by the name they use as a technical one for themselves) originally comprised the four Eastern patriarchates: Alexandria and Antioch, then Constantinople and Jerusalem. "正统" （这是方便以及有礼貌，呼吁他们的名字，他们利用作为一项技术，为自己） ，最初由四个东部patriarchates ：亚历山大和安提，然后君士坦丁堡和耶路撒冷。 But the balance between these four patriarchates was soon upset.但是，这两者之间求得平衡四个patriarchates很快就被打破。 The Church of Cyprus was taken away from Antioch and made autocephalous (ie, extra-patriarchal) by the Council of Ephesus (431).教会的塞浦路斯被带走了由Antioch ，并提出autocephalous （即课外宗法） ，由理事会以弗所（ 431 ） 。 Then, in the fifth century, came the great upheavals of Nestorianism and Monophysitism, of which the result was that enormous numbers of Syrians and Egyptians fell away into schism.然后，在第五世纪，来到大动乱景教与monophysitism ，其中考虑的结果是大量的叙利亚人和埃及人下跌然后进入裂。 So the Patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem (this was always a very small and comparatively unimportant centre), and Alexandria, losing most of its subjects, inevitably sank in importance.所以patriarchs安提，耶路撒冷（这一直是一个很小的，比较不重要中心） ，和亚历山大，丧失了其大部分的科目，难免沉没的重要性。 The Moslem conquest of their lands completed their ruin, so that they became the merest shadows of what their predecessors had once been.穆斯林征服他们的土地完成了绝路，让他们成为merest阴影什么前人曾经。
Meanwhile Constantinople, honoured by the presence of the emperor, and always sure of his favour, rose rapidly in importance.与此同时君士坦丁堡，荣幸在场的皇帝，并始终相信他的反对者，呈快速上升趋势的重要性。 Itself a new see, neither Apostolic nor primitive (the first Bishop of Byzantium was Metrophanes in 325), it succeeded so well in its ambitious career that for a short time after the great Eastern schism it seemed as if the Patriarch of the New Rome would take the same place over the Orthodox Church as did his rival the Pope of the Old Rome over Catholics.本身是一个新见，既不是使徒，也没有原始（第一主教拜占庭是metrophanes 325 ） ，它成功地这么好，在其野心勃勃的职业生涯中一段很短的时间后，大东方裂，好像如果元老的新罗马会采取同一地点超过东正教教堂，因为没有了他的对手，教宗的旧罗马天主教徒。 It is also well known that it was this insatiable ambition of Constantinople that was chiefly responsible for the schism of the ninth and eleventh centuries.这也是人所共知的，正是这种永不满足的野心的君士坦丁堡，这是主要负责该裂的第九和第十一世纪。 The Turkish conquest, strangely enough, still further strengthened the power of the Byzantine patriarch, inasmuch as the Turks acknowledged him as the civil head of what they called the "Roman nation" ( Rum millet ), meaning thereby the whole Orthodox community of whatever patriarchate.土耳其征服，奇怪的是，仍有进一步加强的力量，拜占庭牧首，因为土耳其人承认，他作为公务员的首长，他们被称为"罗马民族" （ 朗姆酒小米 ） ，意思从而整个社会正统的，无论牧。 For about a century Constantinople enjoyed her power.大约一个世纪的君士坦丁堡，她所享有的权力。
The other patriarchs were content to be her vassals, many of them even came to spend their useless lives as ornaments of the chief patriarch's court, while Cyprus protested faintly and ineffectually that she was subject to no patriarch.其他patriarchs分别内容是她附庸，他们中的许多人，甚至专程来消费无用的生命作为饰物首席元老的法院，而塞浦路斯抗议恍惚和ineffectually表示，她受到任何元老。 The bishop who had climbed to so high a place by a long course of degrading intrigue could for a little time justify in the Orthodox world his usurped title of Ecumenical Patriarch.主教曾攀升至如此高的一个地方，由一个长期的过程有辱人格的阴谋，可为一点时间，有理由在东正教世界篡夺他的标题普世牧首。 Then came his fall; since the sixteenth century he has lost one province after another, till now he too is only a shadow of what he once was, and the real power of the Orthodox body is in the new independent national Churches with their "holy Synods"; while high over all looms the shadow of Russia.紧随其后，他今秋以来， 16世纪，他已经失去了一个省之后，到现在他也只是一个影子的是什么，他曾经是，真正的权力正统的身体，在新独立的国家教会与他们的"圣地主教会议" ，而高过所有织机的阴影俄罗斯。 The separation of the various national Orthodox Churches from the patriarch of Constantinople forms the only important chapter in the modern history of this body.分家各国家东正教教会的主教，君士坦丁堡形式唯一重要的一章，在近代历史上的这一机构。
The principle is always the same.原则是始终一致的。 More and more has the idea obtained that political modifications should be followed by the Church, that is to say that the Church of an independent State must be itself independent of the patriarch.越来越多的有想法，获得了政治上的修改，应当遵循由教会，这就是说，教会一个独立的国家必须自己独立的牧首。 This by no means implies real independence for the national Church; on the contrary, in each case the much severer rule of the Government is substituted for the distant authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch.这绝不意味真正的独立，为国家的教会;相反，在每一种情况下更严厉的法治政府是取代了遥远的权威普世牧首。
Outside the Turkish Empire, in Russia and the Balkan States, the Orthodox Churches are shamelessly Erastian -- by far the most Erastian of all Christian bodies.境外土耳其帝国，在俄罗斯和巴尔干国家，东正教教堂是恬不知耻地伊拉斯特派-迄今最伊拉斯特派所有基督教团体。 The process began when the great Church of Russia was declared autocephalous by the Czar Feodor Ivanovitch, in 1589.该进程开始时，伟大的教堂，俄罗斯宣布autocephalous由沙皇feodor ivanovitch ，在1589年。 Jeremias II of Constantinople took a bribe to acknowledge its independence. jeremias第二君士坦丁堡了行贿，以承认其独立。 Peter the Great abolished the Russian patriarchate (of Moscow) and set up a "Holy Governing Synod" to rule the national Church in 1721.彼得伟大取消了俄罗斯东正教会（莫斯科） ，并成立了一个"圣主教执政" ，以法治国教会在1642 。 The Holy Synod is simply a department of the government through which the czar rules over his Church as absolutely as over his army and navy.教廷主教会议根本是一个政府部门通过这一沙皇规则超过他的教会说成是绝对的，因为他的陆军和海军。 The independence of Russia and its Holy Synod has since been copied by each Balkan State.俄罗斯独立后与圣主教以来便一直在抄每个巴尔干国家。 But this independence does not mean schism.但这种独立性并不等于分裂。 Its first announcement is naturally very distasteful to the patriarch and his court.它第一次公布自然十分distasteful以牧和他的法院。 He often begins by excommunicating the new national Church root and branch.他往往一开始便excommunicating新的国家教会连根除掉。
But in each case he has been obliged to give in finally and to acknowledge one more "Sister in Christ" in the Holy Synod that has displaced his authority.不过，在此情况下他已经不得不放弃最后并承认多一个"姊妹，在基督" ，在圣主教已经流离失所他的权威。 Only in the specially difficult and bitter case of the Bulgarian Church has a permanent schism resulted.只有在特别艰难和痛苦的情况下，保加利亚教会拥有永久的分裂而造成的。 Other causes have led to the establishment of a few other independent Churches, so that now the great Orthodox communion consists of sixteen independent Churches, each of which (except that of the Bulgars) is recognized by, and in communion with, the others.等种种原因，导致建立了其他几个独立的教会，使现在大东正教共融组成16个独立的教会，其中每个（除表示，在该保加利亚） ，是公认的，而在共融与外，其它行业。
These Churches are这些教堂
This ends the list of allied bodies that make up the Orthodox Church.这两端的名单专职机构作出了东正教。 Next come, in order of date, the old heretical Eastern Churches.其次，为了过时的人，老邪东部教堂。
The great distance of this Church from Antioch led in early times to a state of semi-independence that prepared the way for the later schism.大的距离，这教会由Antioch主导的早期，以一国的半独立制作的方式，为后来的分裂。 Already in the fourth century the Patriarch of Antioch waived his right of ordaining the catholicos of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, and allowed him to be ordained by his own suffragans.已经在第四世纪牧安提放弃他的权利， ordaining该catholicos的塞琉西亚-泰西封，并给他被祝圣，由他自己的suffragans 。 In view of the great importance of the right of ordaining, as a sign of jurisdiction throughout the East, this fact is important.鉴于重大意义的权利ordaining ，作为一种标志，管辖整个东部地区，这个事实是很重要的。 But it does not seem that real independence of Antioch was acknowledged or even claimed till after the schism.但它似乎没有真正独立的安提承认，甚至声称出炉后裂。 In the fifth century the influence of the famous Theodore of Mopsuestia and that of his school of Edessa spread the heresy of Nestorius throughout this extreme Eastern Church.在五世纪的影响，著名的西奥多的摩普绥提亚和他的学校的edessa散布异端的nestorius整个这一极端东部教会。 Naturally, the later Nestorians deny that their fathers accepted any new doctrine at that time, and they claim that Nestorius learned from them rather than they from him ("Nestorius eos secutus est, non ipsi Nestorium", Ebed-Jesu of Nisibis, about 1300. Assemani, "Bibli. Orient.", III, 1, 355).当然，后来nestorians否认，他们的父亲接受任何新的学说，在当时，他们声称nestorius据悉，由他们，而不是他们从他（指" nestorius eos secutus预测，非同侧nestorium " ， ebed - jesu的nisibis ，约1300 。 assemani ， " bibli 。东方" ，三， 1 ， 355页） 。
There may be truth in this.有可能是有道理的。 Theodore and his school had certainly prepared the way for Nestorius.西奥多和他的学校当然愿意了道路nestorius 。 In any case the rejection of the Council of Ephesus (431) by these Christians in Chaldea and Mesopotamia produced a schism between them and the rest of Christendom.在任何情况下，拒绝接受安理会的以弗所（ 431 ） ，由这些基督徒在chaldea与美索不达米亚产生了裂之间以及它们同其余的基督教。 When Babaeus, himself a Nestorian, became catholicos, in 498, there were practically no more Catholics in those parts.当babaeus ，自己是一个景教，成为catholicos ，在498 ，有，几乎没有更多的天主教徒，在那些部分。 From Ctesiphon the Faith had spread across the frontier into Persia, even before that city was conquered bythe Persian king (244).从泰西封的信念，已在全国范围传播边疆到波斯，甚至在那之前都会撞地征服波斯国王（ 244 ） 。 The Persian Church, then, always depended on Ctesiphon and shared its heresy.波斯教堂，然后，总是依靠泰西封，并分享其歪理邪说。 From the fifth century this most remote of the Eastern Churches has been cut off from the rest of Christendom, and till modern times was the most separate and forgotten community of all.从第五世纪这一最偏远的东教堂已被切断，其余的基督教，到近代则是最大的独立和社会遗忘的一切。
Shut out from the Roman Empire (Zeno closed the school of Edessa in 489), but, for a time at least, protected by the Persian kings, the Nestorian Church flourished around Ctesiphon, Nisibis (where the school was reorganized), and throughout Persia.关闭了从罗马帝国（芝诺关闭学校的edessa在489页） ，但是，今后一个时期，至少受到波斯国王，景教教会蓬勃左右泰西封， nisibis （如学校进行了改组） ，并在整个波斯。 Since the schism the catholicos occasionally assumed the title of patriarch.自裂了catholicos偶尔假设标题元老。 The Church then spread towards the East and sent missionaries to India and even China.教会，然后蔓延，对东亚和派遣传教士到印度，甚至中国。 A Nestorian inscription of the year 781 has been found at Singan Fu in China (J. Heller, SJ, "Prolegomena zu einer neuen Ausgabe der nestorianischen Inschrift von Singan Fu", in the "Verhandlungen des VII. internationalen Orientalistencongresses", Vienna, 1886, pp. 37 sp.). 1景教碑文的781年已发现在singan富在中国（ j.海勒，律政司司长， " prolegomena俎einer neuen ausgabe明镜nestorianischen inschrift冯singan富" ，在" verhandlungen万七。 internationalen orientalistencongresses " ，维也纳， 1886年，第37种） 。
Its greatest extent was in the eleventh century, when twenty-five metropolitans obeyed the Nestorian patriarch.它在最大程度上是在11世纪时， 25大城市服从景教主教。 But since the end of the fourteenth century it has gradually sunk to a very small sect, first, because of a fierce persecution by the Mongols (Timur Leng), and then through internal disputes and schisms.但自去年底， 14世纪，它已逐渐沦为一个很小节，第一，由于激烈的迫害蒙古人（帖木儿岭） ，然后通过内部纷争和分裂。 Two great schisms as to the patriarchal succession in the sixteenth century led to a reunion of part of the Nestorian Church with Rome, forming the Catholic Chaldean Church.两个伟大的分裂问题，以父权继承，在16世纪引发了一场大团圆部分的景教教会与罗马，最终形成了天主教加尔丁教会。 At present there are about 150,000 Nestorians living chiefly in highlands west of Lake Urumiah.香港目前约有15万nestorians生活，主要是在西部高原湖泊urumiah 。 They speak a modern dialect of Syriac.他们讲一个现代方言的叙利亚文。
The patriarchate descends from uncle to nephew, or to younger brothers, in the family of Mama; each patriarch bears the name Simon (Mar Shimun) as a title.牧首降，从叔叔向侄子，或弟弟，在家庭中的妈妈，每个牧熊的名字西蒙（三月新闻" ）作为一种所有权。 Ignoring the Second General Council, and of course strongly opposed to the Third (Ephesus), they only acknowledge the First Nicene (325).忽略了第二个总理事会，当然强烈反对第三（以弗所） ，他们只承认第一nicene （ 325 ） 。 They have a Creed of their own, formed from an old Antiochene Creed, which does not contain any trace of the particular heresy from which their Church is named.他们有一个信条他们自己的，形成了由一个古老安提阿学派的信条，其中不包含任何微量的，尤其是异端，从他们的教堂命名。 In deed it is difficult to say how far any Nestorians now are conscious of the particular teaching condemned by the Council of Ephesus, though they still honour Nestorius, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and other undoubted heretics as saints and doctors.在行动上，这是很难说有多远任何nestorians现在都意识到了，尤其是教学谴责安理会的伸出手，但他们仍然荣誉nestorius ，西奥多的摩普绥提亚和其他疑义的异端，作为圣人和医生。
The patriarch rules over twelve other bishops (the list in Silbernagl, "Verfassung", p. 267).牧规则12个以上等主教（名单在silbernagl ， " verfassung " ，第267页） 。 Their hierarchy consists of the patriarch, metropolitans, bishops, chorepiscopi, archdeacons, priests, deacons, subdeacons, and readers.其层次构成的老人家，大都市，主教， chorepiscopi ， archdeacons ，牧师，执事，耶稣，并以飨读者。 There are also many monasteries.也有许多寺庙。 They use Syriac liturgically written in their own (Nestorian) form of the alphabet.他们使用的叙利亚文liturgically写在他们自己的（景教）的形式字母表。 The patriarch, who now generally calls himself "Patriarch of the East", resides at Kochanes, a remote valley of the Kurdish mountains by the Zab, on the frontier between Persia and Turkey.老人家，他们现在一般都自称"元老的东方" ，居住在kochanes ，一个偏远山谷的库尔德山脉由zab ，对边防之间的波斯和土耳其。 He has an undefined political jurisdiction over his people, though he does not receive a berat from the Sultan.他有一个未定的政治管辖权，他的人，他虽然没有收到培拉特由文莱苏丹。 In any ways this most remote Church stands alone; it has kept a number of curious and archaic customs (such as the perpetual abstinence of the patriarch, etc.) that separate it from other Eastern Churches almost as much as from those of the West.在没有任何方法，这最偏远的教堂独自站在它保存了一些好奇和过时的习俗（如长期禁欲的牧等） ，即单独从其他东欧教会几乎高达从那些西方国家。 Lately the Archbishop of Canterbury's mission to the Nestorians has aroused a certain interest about them in England.最近，坎特伯雷大主教的使命向nestorians已引起了一定的兴趣，他们在英格兰。
All the other separated Eastern Churches are formed by the other great heresy of the fourth century, Monophysitism.所有其他分居东部教会是由另一个重大的异端的第四个世纪， monophysitism 。 There are first the national Churches of Egypt, Syria, and Armenia.有第一次全国教会的埃及，叙利亚和亚美尼亚。
The two sides are still represented by the native Monophysites and the Orthodox minority.双方仍在为代表的本土monophysites和东正教少数。 The Monophysites are sometimes called Jacobites here as in Syria; but the old national name Copt (Gr. Aigyptios ) has become the regular one for their Church as well as for their nation.该monophysites有时所谓jacobites这里，因为在叙利亚，但旧的国家名称科普特 （ gr. aigyptios ）已成为一个定期为他们的教堂，也为自己的民族和国家。 Their patriarch, with the title of Alexandria, succeeds Dioscurus and Timothy the Cat, a fanatical Monophysite.他们的牧首，与所有权的亚历山德里亚，成功dioscurus和蒂莫西猫，一种狂热monophysite 。 He lives at Cairo, ruling over thirteen dioceses and about 500,000 subjects.他的生命在开罗，执政超过13个教区和大约500000科目。 For him, too, the law is perpetual abstinence.对他来说，太，法律是永恒的禁欲。 There are many monasteries.有许多寺庙。 The Copts use their old language liturgically and have in it a number of liturgies all derived from the original Greek rite of Alexandria (St. Mark).科普特用自己的旧语言liturgically ，并已在它的一些liturgies都来自原希腊语成年礼的亚历山德里亚（圣马克） 。 But Coptic is a dead language, so much so that even most priests understand very little of it.但科普特人，是一种死语言，以致连最祭司了解很少的。 They all speak Arabic, and their service books give an Arabic version of the text in parallel columns.他们都讲阿拉伯语，他们的服务书籍举一个阿拉伯语文本平行栏目。 The Church is, on the whole, in a poor state.教会是，就整体而言，在一个贫穷的国家。 The Copts are mostly fellaheen who live by tilling the ground, in a state of great poverty and ignorance.科普特大多fellaheen人生活耕作在地上，在一个国家的严重的贫困和无知。 And the clergy share the same conditions.和神职人员分享相同的条件。 Lately there have been something of a revival among them, and certain rich Coptic merchants of Cairo have begun to found schools and seminaries and generally to promote education and such advantages among their nation.近来有一些复苏，其中，一些富有的商人科普特开罗开始发现学校和神学院，并普遍推广教育等优势，他们的民族。 One of these, M. Gabriel Labib, who is editing their service books, promises to be a scholar of some distinction in questions of liturgy and archeology.其中之一，米加布里埃尔labib ，谁是编辑自己的服务书，承诺要发展成为一个学者的一些区别，在提问的礼拜仪式和考古学。
Abyssinia has about three million inhabitants, nearly all members of the national Church.阿比西尼亚有大约3万居民中，几乎所有的成员国家教会。 There are many monks and an enormous number of priests, whom the Abuna ordains practically without any previous preparation or examination.有许多僧侣和大量的牧师，其中abuna ordains几乎没有任何先前的准备或考试。 The Abyssinians have liturgies, again, derived from those of Alexandria in the old (classical) form of their language.该abyssinians有liturgies ，同样来自那些亚历山大在旧（古典）的形式，他们的语言。 The Abyssinian Church, being the religion of more than half barbarous people, cut off by the schism from relations with any other Christian body except the poor and backward Copts, is certainly the lowest representative of the great Christian family.该阿比西尼亚的教会，作为宗教的一半以上野蛮的人，切断由裂从关系与任何其他基督教团体除贫穷落后的科普特人，肯定是最低的代表，伟大的基督教家庭。 The people have gradually mixed up Christianity with a number of pagan and magical elements, and are specially noted for strong Jewish tendencies (they circumcise and have on their altars a sort of Ark of the Covenant containing the Ten Commandments).人们已逐渐混淆了基督教与一些异教徒而神奇的分子，并特别指出，对于强大的犹太人倾向（他们circumcise和对他们的神坛一种方舟该公约载有十诫） 。 Lately Russia has developed an interest in the Abyssinians and has begun to undertake schemes for educating them, and, of course, at the same time, converting them to Orthodoxy.近来，俄罗斯已研制出一种兴趣在abyssinians ，并已开始进行计划，为教育他们，而且，当然，在同一时间内，转化他们的正统。
From this Sergius the Jacobite patriarchs descend.从这个谢尔盖詹姆斯党patriarchs降临。 Historically, the Jacobites of Syria are the national Church of their country, as much as the Copts in Egypt; but they by no means form so exclusively the religion of the native population.在历史上， jacobites的叙利亚是国家教会自己的国家，多为科普特人，在埃及，但他们绝不是形式，让专门的宗教本土人口。 Syria never held together, was never so compact a unity as Egypt.叙利亚从未举行过在一起，从来没有这样紧凑的团结作为埃及。 We have seen that the Eastern Syrians expressed their national, anti-Imperial feeling by adopting the extreme opposite heresy, Nestorianism, which, however, had the same advantage of not being the religion of Caesar and his court.我们已经看到，东部叙利亚人表示，他们的国家，反帝国主义的感觉，采用极端相反的异端，景教，却有着同样的优点是不作为宗教的凯撒和他的法院。 Among the Western Syrians, too, there has always been a lack of cohesion.其中西部叙利亚人，也有一直缺乏凝聚力。 They had in Monophysite times two patriarchates (Antioch and Jerusalem) instead of one.他们曾在monophysite倍两个patriarchates （安提和耶路撒冷） ，而不是一个。 In all quarrels, whether political or theological, whereas the Copts move like one man for the cause of Egypt and the "Christian Pharaoh", the Syrians are divided amongst themselves.在所有的争吵，不论是政治或神学，而科普特人提出像一个人，为事业埃及和"基督教老王" ，而叙利亚则是划分他们之间。
So there have always been many more Melkites in Syria, and the Jacobites were never an overwhelming majority.所以一直存在着许多更melkites在叙利亚和jacobites从未压倒多数。 Now they are a small minority (about 80,000) dwelling in Syria, Mesopotamia, Kurdistan.现在他们是极少数（约80000 ）住在叙利亚，美索不达米亚，土耳其库尔德地区。 Their head is the Jacobite Patriarch of "Antioch and all the East".他们的头部是詹姆斯党元老的"安提及所有东" 。 He always takes the name Ignatius and dwells either at Diarbekir or Mardin in Mesopotamia.他始终把名字伊格和整篇无论在diarbekir或马尔丁在美索不达米亚平原。 Under him, as first of the metropolitans, is the Maphrian, a prelate who was originally set up to rule the Eastern Jacobites as a rival of the Nestorian catholicos.根据他的，因为第一的大都市，是maphrian ，一名主教，他们原本是设立规则东部jacobites作为竞争对手的景教catholicos 。 Originally the maphrian had a number of special rights and privileges that made him almost independent of his patriarch.本来maphrian了一些特殊的权利和特权，使他几乎独立于他老人家。 Now he has only precedence of other metropolitans, a few rights in connection with the patriarch's election and consecration (when the patriarch dies he is generally succeeded by the maphrian) and the title "Maphrian and Catholicos of the East".现在他只排名其他大都市，有几个权利涉嫌与元老的选举和consecration （当老人家去世，他一般都成功地由maphrian ）和授予的" maphrian和catholicos的东方" 。 Besides these two, the Jacobites have seven metropolitans and three other bishops.除了这两， jacobites有七大都市和其他3个主教。 As in all Eastern Churches, there are many monks, from whom the bishops are always taken.如同在所有东欧教会，有许多僧侣，从谁主教是一贯采取的。 The Syrian Jacobites are in communion with the Copts.叙利亚jacobites是在共融与科普特人。
They name the Coptic patriarch in the Liturgy, and the rule is that each Syrian patriarch should send an official letter to his brother of Alexandria to announce his succession.他们的名字科普特宗主教在礼仪和法治精神，是让每一叙利亚牧应派一名官员写信给他的弟弟亚历山大宣布他的继任。 This implies a recognition of superior rank which is consistent with the old precedence of Alexandria over Antioch.这意味着承认优级，这与旧排名亚历山大超过安提。 At Mardin still linger the remains of an old pagan community of Sun-worshippers who in 1762 (when the Turks finally decided to apply to them, too, the extermination that the Koran prescribes for pagans) preferred to hide under the outward appearance of Jacobite Christianity.在马尔丁仍挥之不去的遗骸一个老社区异教的太阳做礼拜的人在1762年（当时土耳其人终于决定适用于他们，也灭绝说，可兰经明为异教徒）寻找隐藏在外表的詹姆士派基督教。 They were, therefore, all nominally converted, and they conform the laws of the Jacobite Church, baptize, fast, receive all sacraments and Christian burial.他们，因此，所有名义上改装，并符合有关法律的规定詹姆士派教会， baptize ，快速，接收所有圣礼和基督教的墓地。 But they only marry among themselves and every one knows that they still practise their old pagan rites in secret.但是，他们只娶相互之间以及每个人都知道，他们仍信奉其旧异教仪式在秘密进行。 There are about one hundred families of these people, still called Shamsiyeh (people of the Sun).有大约100家庭这些人中，还有所谓shamsiyeh （人的太阳） 。
The Malabar Christians in India have had the strangest history of all these Eastern Churches.马拉巴尔基督徒在印度也有奇怪的历史，所有这些东欧教会。 For, having been Nestorians, they have now veered round to the other extreme and have become Monophysites.对于经过nestorians ，他们现在转向轮了另一个极端，并成为monophysites 。 We hear of Christian communities along the Malabar coast (in Southern India from Goa to Cape Comorin) as early as the sixth century.我们听到的基督教社区，沿马拉巴尔海岸（在印度南部，由果阿至哥连臣角科摩林角） ，因为早在公元六世纪。 They claim the Apostle of St. Thomas as their founder (hence their name "Thomas Christians", or "Christians of St. Thomas").他们声称，使徒圣托马斯作为其创始人（因此他们的名字： "托马斯基督徒" ，或"基督信徒的圣托马斯岛" ） 。 In the first period they depended on the Catholicos of Selecuia-Ctesiphon, and were Nestorians like him.在第一个时期，他们是依赖于catholicos的selecuia -泰西封，并nestorians像他一样的。 They are really one of the many missionary Churches founded by the Nestorians in Asia.他们真的是在众多传教士创办的教会所nestorians在亚洲。 In the sixteenth century the Portuguese succeeded in converting a part of this Church to reunion in Rome.在十六世纪，葡萄牙，成功转换的一部分，这个教会团聚在罗马。 A further schism among these Eastern Catholics led to a complicated situation, of which the Jacobite patriarch took advantage by sending a bishop to form a Jacobite Malabar Church.进一步分裂，其中东部天主教徒主导，以一种复杂的局面，其中詹姆斯党元老了优势，派出主教形成詹姆斯党马拉巴尔教堂。
There were then three parties among them: Nestorians, Jacobites, and Catholics.有那么3个缔约方，其中： nestorians ， jacobites ，和天主教徒。 The line of Nestorian metropolitans died out (it has been revived lately) and nearly all the non-Catholic Thomas Christians may be counted as Monophysites since the eighteenth century.线景教大都市死了（它已再次复兴近来）和几乎所有的非天主教基督信徒托马斯，可算作monophysites自十八世纪以来。 But the Jacobite patriarch seems to have forgotten them, so that after 1751 they chose their own hierarchy and were an independent Church.但詹姆斯党元老似乎忘记了他们，所以，经过1751年，他们选择了自己的等级，并分别为一个独立的教会。 In the nineteenth century, after they had been practically rediscovered by the English, the Jacobites in Syria tried to reassert authority over Malabar by sending out a metropolitan named Athanasius.在十九世纪后，他们实际上已被发现的，由英语， jacobites在叙利亚试图重新树立权威马拉巴尔派大都会命名athanasius 。 Athanasius made a considerable disturbance, excommunicated the hierarchy he found, and tried to reorganize this Church in communion with the Syrian patriarch. athanasius作出了相当大的干扰，驱逐层次，他发现，并试图重新组织这个教会的共融与叙元老。 But the Rajah of Travancore took the side of the national Church and forced Athanasius to leave the county.但惹的travancore了一边的国家教会和强迫athanasius离开县。
Since then the Thomas Christians have been a quite independent Church whose communion with the Jacobites of Syria is at most only theoretic.自那时以来，托马斯基督徒已相当独立自主自办教会的共融与jacobites的叙利亚正处于最唯一的理论。 There are about 70,000 of them under a metropolitan who calls himself "Bishop and Gate of all India".尚有约70000人根据一项大都市的人，自称"主教及启闭机的所有印度" 。 He is always named by his predecessor, ie each metropolitan chooses a coadjutor with the right of succession.他总是叫他的前任，即每个都市圈选择一个教区助理与继承权。 The Thomas Christians use Syriac liturgically and describe themselves generally as "Syrians".托马斯基督徒使用叙利亚文liturgically并形容自己的，一般为"叙利亚人" 。
Because of this distinction it is usual to call the others Gregorian Armenians -- after St. Gregory the Illuminator -- another polite concession of form on our part akin to that of "Orthodox" etc. Quite lately the Gregorian Armenians have begun to call themselves Orthodox.因为这个区别，这是通常调用其他阳历亚美尼亚人-后，圣格里高利照明灯-另一种礼貌性的特许权形式，对我们来说，好像是"正统"等颇为近来阳历亚美尼亚人已开始把自己称为东正教。 This has no meaning and only confuses the issue.这毫无意义，并只会制造混乱的问题。 Of course each Church thinks itself really Orthodox, and Catholic and Apostolic and Holy too.当然每个教会自以为真的东正教，天主教和使徒和圣太。 But one must keep technical names clear, or we shall always talk at cross purposes.但是，我们必须保持技术名称清楚，否则我们将永远在谈两岸关系的目的。 The polite convention throughout the Levant is that we are Catholics, that people in communion with the "Ecumenical Patriarch" are Orthodox, and that Monophysite Armenians are Gregorian.客气公约在整个地中海东部是，我们是天主教徒，人们在共融与"普世牧首" ，是正统，并monophysite亚美尼亚人是阳历。 They should be content with that is an honourable title to which we and the Orthodox do not of course think that they have really any right.他们应该与内容，是这位冠军，这是我们和东正教这样做当然不认为他们真的有任何权利。 They have no real right to it, because the Apostle of Armenia, St. Gregory the Illuminator (295), was no Monophysite, but a Catholic in union with Rome.他们有没有真正的权利，因为使徒的亚美尼亚，圣格里高利照明灯（ 295 ） ，没有monophysite ，但天主教在联盟与罗马。
The Armenian Church was in the first period subject to the Metropolitan of Caesarea; he ordained its bishops.亚美尼亚教堂的是，在第一期的主题，以都市的caesarea ，他祝圣的主教们。 It suffered persecution from the Persians and was an honoured branch of the great Catholic Church till the sixth century.它遭受迫害，由波斯人，是一种荣幸分行伟大的天主教教会，直到第六世纪。 Then Monophysitism spread through Armenia from Syria, and in 527 the Armenian primate, Nerses, in the Synod of Duin, formally rejected the Council of Calcedon.然后monophysitism传遍亚美尼亚来自叙利亚，并在527个亚美尼亚人的灵长类动物，涅尔谢斯，在主教的duin ，正式拒绝安理会的calcedon 。 The schism was quite manifest in 552, when the primate, Abraham I, excommunicated the Church of Georgia and all others who accepted the decrees of Chalcedon.该裂是相当明显的，在552时，灵长类动物，石礼谦，我驱逐教会的格鲁吉亚和所有其他人接受了法令的chalcedon 。 From that time the national Armenian Church has been isolated from the rest of Christendom; the continual attempts at reunion made by Catholic missionaries, however, have established a considerable body of Armenian Catholics.从那个时候，国家的亚美尼亚教堂已被孤立于其他基督教;不断企图在留尼汪所作的天主教传教士，但是，已经建立了相当多人的亚美尼亚天主教徒。
The Armenians are a prolific and widespread race.亚美尼亚是一个多产的和普遍的军备竞赛。 They are found not only in Armenia, but scattered all over the Levant and in many cities of Europe and America.他们发现，不仅在亚美尼亚，但遍布在世界各地的地中海东部和许多城市的欧洲和美洲。 As they always bring their Church with them, it is a large and important community, second only to the Orthodox in size among Eastern Churches.因为他们总是把自己的教会结合起来，这是一项庞大和重要的社会，仅次于东正教在尺寸之间的东部教会。 There are about three millions of Gregorian Armenians.有大约3百万计的阳历亚美尼亚人。 Among their bishops four have the title of patriarch.其中，他们的主教四有标题的元老。 The first is the Patriarch of Etchmiadzin, who bears as a special title that of catholicos .首先是元老的etchmiadzin ，谁承担作为一个特殊的称号，即catholicos 。 Etchmiadzin is a monastery in the province of Erivan, between the Black and the Caspian Seas, near Mount Ararat (since 1828 Russian territory). etchmiadzin是一座修道院，在省erivan之间，黑海和里海附近的亚拉腊山（自1828年俄罗斯境内） 。 It is the cradle of the race and their chief sanctuary.它是摇篮的种族和自己的行政庇护所。
The catholicos is the head of the Armenia Church and to a great extent of his nation too.该catholicos是一家之主的亚美尼亚教会，并在很大程度上是他的民族。 Before the Russian occupation of Erivan he had unlimited jurisdiction over all Georgian Armenians and was something very like an Armenian pope.前俄罗斯占领erivan他曾无限管辖权的所有格鲁吉亚和亚美尼亚是一件很喜欢一个亚美尼亚教宗。 But since he sits under the shadow of Russia, and especially since the Russian Government has begun to interfere in his election and administration, the Armenians of Turkey have made themselves nearly independent of him.但由于他坐在阴影下的俄罗斯，特别是因为俄罗斯政府已开始干预他的竞选和执政水平，亚美尼亚人的土耳其作出了自己几乎独立于他。 The second rank belongs to the Patriarch of Constantinople.They have had a bishop at Constantinople since 1307.第二级是属于老人家的constantinople.they了主教在君士坦丁堡自1307年。 In 1461 Mohammed II gave this bishop the title of Patriarch of the Armenians, so as to rivet their loyalty to his capital and to form a millet (nation) on the same footing as the Rum millet (the Orthodox Church).在1461年第二穆罕默德了这个主教的标题元老的亚美尼亚人，以铆钉忠于他的资本，并形成小米 （民族） ，对同一立足点上朗姆酒小米 （东正教堂） 。
This patriarch is the person responsible to the Porte for his race, has the same privileges as his Orthodox rival, and now uses the jurisdiction over all Turkish Armeniansthat formerly belonged to the catholicos.这是老人家的负责人向门为他的种族，都拥有同样的特权，因为他的东正教对手，现在使用了管辖权的所有土耳其armeniansthat前身是属于这个catholicos 。 Under him, and little more than titular patriarchs, are those of Sis in Cilicia (a title kept after a temporary schism in 1440 and Jerusalem (whose title was assumed illegally in the eighteenth century). The Armenians have seven dioceses in the Russian Empire, two in Persia, and thirty-five in Turkey. They distinguish archbishops from bishops by an honorary precedence only and have an upper class of priests called Vartapeds, who are celibate and provide all the higher offices (bishops are always taken from their ranks). There are, of course, as in all Eastern Churches, many monks.根据他的，而且很少超过名义上的长者，是那些对矽统科技在基利家（名称保存后暂时分裂而1440年和耶路撒冷（其标题是假设非法在十八世纪） 。亚美尼亚人有七个教区，在俄罗斯帝国，两个在波斯， 35 ，在土耳其，他们分清大主教从主教荣誉排名只与已经成为上层阶级的神职人员所谓vartapeds ，他们是celibate ，并提供一切较高办事处（主教都是从他们的行列） 。除此之外，当然，在所有东欧教会，许多僧侣。
In many ways the Armenian (Gregorian) Church has been influenced by Rome, so that they are among Eastern schismatical bodies the only one that can be described as at all latinized.在许多方面，亚美尼亚（阳历）的教会一直受罗马，使他们之间的东部schismatical机构，也是唯一一个可以说是在各latinized 。 Examples of such influence are their use of unleavened bread for the Holy Eurcharist, their vestments (the mitre is almost exactly the Roman one), etc. This appears to be the result of opposition to their nearer rivals, the Orthodox.的例子，这种影响力是他们使用未经发酵的面包，为圣地eurcharist ，他们总有一套（米特雷是几乎一模一样的罗马1队） ，等等，这似乎成为抗争的结果，以他们在临近的竞争对手，东正教。 In any case, at present the Armenians are probably nearer to the Catholic Church and better disposed for reunion than any other of these communions.在任何情况下，目前亚美尼亚人，大概接近天主教教会和更好的处置团聚，比任何其他的这些communions 。 Their Monophysitism is now very vague and shadowy -- as indeed is the case with most Monophysite Churches.他们monophysitism现在很空泛的影子-事实上就是如此，最m onophysite教堂。 It is from them that the greatest proportion of Eastern-Rite Catholics have been converted.这是由他们说，最大的比例，东部-成年礼天主教徒得以转化。
This brings us to the end of the Monophysite bodies and so to the end of all schismatical Eastern Churches.这就使我们考虑到去年底，该monophysite团体等，到去年底，所有schismatical东部教堂。 A further schism was indeed caused by the Monothelite heresy in the seventh century, but the whole of the Church then formed (the Maronite Church) has been for many centuries reunited with Rome.再裂确实是造成该monothelite异端，在公元7世纪，但整个教会，然后形成（马龙派教堂）一直为许多世纪团圆罗马。 So Maronites have their place only among the Eastern Catholics.所以马龙人有自己的位置，只有其中东部天主教徒。
A curious,