Donatism was an heretical Christian movement of the 4th and 5th centuries, which claimed that the validity of the sacraments depends on the moral character of the minister. donatism是一个邪教基督教运动的第四和第五个世纪，称有效性圣礼，就看品德的部长。 It arose as a result of the consecration of a bishop of Carthage in AD311.它产生的结果之一是consecration的一位主教的迦太基在ad311 。 One of the three consecrating bishops was believed to be a traditor, that is, one of the ecclesiastics who had been guilty of handing over their copies of the Bible to the oppressive forces of the Roman emperor Diocletian.其中的三个consecrating主教被认为是一个traditor ，即是其中的ecclesiastics曾犯移交其份的圣经，以压迫性的力量，罗马皇帝diocletian 。 An opposition group of 70 bishops, led by the primate of Numidia, formed itself into a synod at Carthage and declared the consecration of the bishop invalid.一个反对派团体的70位主教，由灵长类动物的numidia ，形成自己成为一个主教在迦太基，并宣布consecration的主教无效。 They held that the church must exclude from its membership persons guilty of serious sin, and that therefore no sacrament could rightly be performed by a traditor.他们认为，教会必须排除来自其成员的人，犯了严重的罪过，所以没有圣餐可以正确地履行所traditor 。
The synod excommunicated the Carthaginian bishop when he refused to appear before it.主教驱逐了carthaginian主教时，他拒绝出庭。 Four years later, upon the death of the new bishop, the theologian Donatus the Great became bishop of Carthage; the movement later took its name from him.四年后，去世后的新主教，神学家给了伟大成为主教的迦太基;运动，后来在它的名字来自他。 As a result of the desire of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great to settle the dispute, it was submitted to various ecclesiastical bodies and in 316 to the emperor himself; in each case the consecration of the bishop elected originally, in 311, was upheld.由于欲望的罗马皇帝君士坦丁大，以解决纠纷，这是提交给各教会团体，并在316个皇帝自己，在每一种情况下consecration的主教当选本来，在311 ，维持原判。 Constantine the Great at first attempted to suppress the Donatists by force, but in 321 he adopted a policy of tolerance; the policy was reversed, however, by his youngest son, Constans I, who instituted a regime of persecution.君士坦丁伟大起初试图压制donatists武力，但在321他采取容忍政策;政策得到扭转，但是，由他的小儿子， CONSTANS的，我的人提起的一个政权的迫害。 In 411 a debate between the Donatist and Catholic bishops was held at Carthage to settle the dispute.在411辩论与多纳图派和天主教主教团举行了迦太基，以解决纠纷。 The outcome was once again adverse to the Donatists.结果再次不利向donatists 。 As a result, they were deprived of all civil rights in 414, and, in the following year, their assemblies were banned under penalty of death.因此，他们被剥夺了一切公民权利，在414个，并在次年，他们的集会被禁止，下判死刑。 The movement then began to decline, but it survived until the Moorish conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries.运动，然后开始下降，但幸存下来，直到摩尔人征服的第7次和第8次百年。
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Donatism was a schismatic movement arising in the fourth century. donatism是一个schismatic运动所引起的，在第四世纪。 In its first stage it was a North African expression of a doctrine of the church.在第一阶段，它是一个北非表达的是主义的教会。 In its second stage it was a popular rebellion that pitted the Berber and landless against the landed Latin Catholic elite.在第二阶段，这是一个受欢迎的叛乱缔造柏柏尔人，并没有土地的反对降落拉丁美洲天主教精英。 Donatus, schismatic Bishop of Carthage (313-47), sometimes spoken of as Donatus the Great, directed the schismatic church with vigor and a shrewd use of ethnic and social factors until the Roman emperor exiled him to Gaul or Spain in 347; he died there ca.给了， schismatic主教迦太基（ 313-47 ） ，有时口语的，因为给了伟大的，于是指示schismatic教会所具有的生机和精明的利用民族和社会因素，直到罗马皇帝流放他高卢或西班牙在347个;去世有钙。 350. 350 。 Parmenian, also an able leader, succeeded him. parmenian ，也是一个能够领袖，接替他。
Donatism grew out of the teachings of Tertulian and Cyprian. donatism增长失控的遗训泰尔图利安和塞浦路斯。 Following these two, Donatists taught that a priest's part in sacraments was substantial (he had to be holy and in proper standing with the church for the sacrament to be valid) rather than simply instrumental.以下为这两条， donatists教授说，一名牧师的一部分，在圣礼是相当大（他已被圣地以及如何妥善常委与教会为圣餐方可生效） ，而不是简单的乐器。 The latter was the view of Rome and of Augustine, Bishop of Hippo and chief anti-Donatist spokesman.后者是鉴于罗马的奥古斯丁主教，河马和首席反多纳图派发言人。 To Donatus the church was a visible society of the elect separate from the world, whereas Augustine developed the Catholic concept of an invisible church within the visible.为了给了教会是一个有形的社会获选脱离世界，而奥古斯丁发达天主教的概念，一种无形的教会内可见。 Donatists also had a fierce reverence for every word of Scripture; therefore to pour a libation to the emperor or to surrender a Bible to Roman peersecutors to burn was to be a heretic or a traditore. donatists也进行了激烈的崇敬，为每一个字的经文，因此倾诉一libation向皇帝或交出一本圣经，以罗马peersecutors自焚，是一个邪教组织或者traditore 。 Any who had done so were forever outside the visible church unless they were rebaptized (being saved all over again).任何人这样做的人永远外界有形教会，除非他们rebaptized （被保存所有再三） 。 Augustine and the Catholics accepted traditores as they did any other backsliders; they were welcomed back into communion upon proper penance prescribed by their bishop.奥古斯丁和天主教徒接受traditores ，因为他们没有任何其他backsliders ，他们被欢迎回到共融适当的忏悔明他们的主教。 Donatists saw themselves as the only true church and Augustine and his Catholics as a mixed multitude. donatists看到了自己作为唯一真正的教会和奥古斯丁和他的天主教徒作为一个混合多种。
The actual schism followed Diocletian's persecution (303-5), which was particularly widespread in North Africa.实际裂其次diocletian的迫害（ 303-5 ） ，这是特别普遍在北非。 There priests and bishops were often permitted to escape death by surrending Scriptures and regalia to authorities.有神父和主教被允许的，往往难逃一死，由surrending经文和富豪当局。 In 311 Caecillian was elected and consecrated as Bishop of Carthage.在311 caecillian当选和consecrated作为主教的迦太基。 Religiously the consecration was considered invalid because Caecilian himself may have handed over Scriptures for burning and because one of his three confirming bishops, Felix of Aptonga, was a traditore.宗教上的consecration被视为无效，因为无足目自己可能已移交经典的燃烧和，因为他的一个三确认主教，菲利克斯的aptonga ，是一个traditore 。 Politically the consecration of Caecilian was suspect because the primate of Numidia, Secundus of Tigisi, was not involved, and for the previous forty years Numidia had claimed the right of ordaining the Bishop of Carthage.在政治上consecration的无足目，被怀疑是因为灵长类动物的numidia ， secundus的tigisi ，并没有参与会议，并为前四十年numidia曾声称有权ordaining主教的迦太基。 Secundus arrived in Carthage with seventy Numidian bishops, declared Caecilian's election invalid, and elected Majorinus as rival Bishop of Carthage. secundus抵达迦太基与七十numidian主教，无足目宣布的选举结果无效，并选出majorinus作为竞争对手的主教迦太基。 Majorinus died within two years, and Donatus was consecrated in his place in 313. majorinus去世后两年内，并给了被consecrated在他的位置在313 。
Constantine, after trying councils and conciliation, turned to severe oppression in 317; but when that failed he granted Donatists liberty of worship in 321.君士坦丁，在试用议会和调解，转而严重压迫，在317个;但当失败的那次，他理所当然donatists自由崇拜321 。 In 371 Donatists joined the anti-Roman revolt of Firmus.在371 donatists参加反罗马起义的坚实。 In 388 the fanatical Donatist Bishop Optatus of Thamugadi and organized bands of Donatist terrorists, called Circumcellions, led a revolt under Geldon that lasted to the deaths of Optatus and Geldon in 398.在388个狂热的多纳图派的主教optatus的萨穆加迪和有组织阶的多纳图派恐怖分子，所谓circumcellions率领下起义格尔东表示，持续至死亡optatus和格尔东在398 。 Donatism survived until the seventh century Muslim conquest of North Africa obliterated Catholics and Donatists alike. donatism幸存下来，直到公元7世纪穆斯林征服北非抹杀天主教徒和donatists乐趣。
VL
Walter沃尔特的VL
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
WHC Frend, The
Donatist Church; WJ Sparrow-Simpson, St. Augustine and African Church Divisions;
RA Markus, "Donatism: The Last Phase," in Studies in Church History,
I.西隧frend ，多纳图派教会; WJ通信公司麻雀-辛普森，圣奥古斯丁和非洲教堂告;类风湿性关节炎（ Markus ， " donatism
：最后阶段， "在研究，在教会的历史中，一
The Donatist schism in Africa began in 311 and flourished just one hundred years, until the conference at Carthage in 411, after which its importance waned.该多纳图派的分裂，在非洲开始，在311和兴盛刚刚百年，直至会议在迦太基在411之后，它的重要性减弱。
CAUSES OF THE SCHISM成因为何裂
In order to trace the origin of the division we have to go back to the persecution under Diocletian.以便追查来源地分工，我们要回去的迫害下diocletian 。 The first edict of that emperor against Christians (24 Feb., 303) commanded their churches to be destroyed, their Sacred Books to be delivered up and burnt, while they themselves were outlawed.第一个法令，即皇帝对基督徒（ 2月24日， 303 ）的指挥下，他们的教堂被摧毁，其神圣的书籍，以交付并烧毁，而他们自己的主观意见。 Severer measures followed in 304, when the fourth edict ordered all to offer incense to the idols under pain of death.更严厉的措施，然后在304 ，当第四法令下令所有提供上香向偶像下痛苦的死亡。 After the abdication of Maximian in 305, the persecution seems to have abated in Africa.经过退位玛西缅在305 ，迫害似乎已有所减缓，在非洲。 Until then it was terrible.届时，实在太可怕了。 In Numidia the governor, Florus, was infamous for his cruelty, and, though many officials may have been, like the proconsul Anulinus, unwilling to go further than they were obliged, yet St. Optatus is able to say of the Christians of the whole country that some were confessors, some were martyrs, some fell, only those who were hidden escaped.在numidia总督， florus ，是臭名昭著的，为他的残酷性，而且，虽然许多官员可能已经像proconsul anulinus ，不愿再进一步比他们有责任，但圣optatus是能够说的基督徒整国家有些人师，有的烈士，有的下跌，只有那些被隐藏逃脱。 The exaggerations of the highly strung African character showed themselves.这个夸张的高度strung非洲字符显示自己。 A hundred years earlier Tertullian had taught that flight from persecution was not permissible. 100年前戴尔都良告诉我们，飞行，从迫害是决不容许的。 Some now went beyond this, and voluntarily gave themselves up to martyrdom as Christians.现在有些超越了这一点，并主动给自己最多殉难作为基督徒。 Their motives were, however, not always above suspicion.他们的动机，但是，并不总是上述猜疑。 Mensurius, the Bishop of Carthage, in a letter to Secundus, Bishop of Tigisi, then the senior bishop (primate) of Numidia, declares that he had forbidden any to be honoured as martyrs who had given themselves up of their own accord, or who had boasted that they possessed copies of the Scriptures which they would not relinquish; some of these, he says, were criminals and debtors to the State, who thought they might by this means rid themselves of a burdensome life, or else wipe away the remembrance of their misdeeds, or at least gain money and enjoy in prison the luxuries supplied by the kindness of Christians. mensurius ，这位主教的迦太基，在给secundus ，主教tigisi ，那么高级主教（灵长类动物）的numidia ，宣称他已严禁任何必须兑现为烈士，他们已作出了自己的自己，或者谁曾夸口说，他们拥有的副本会念经，他们不会放弃，有些人对这些，他说，被犯罪分子和债务人对国家而言，谁想到他们可能会利用这种方法来摆脱了沉重的生命，否则抹去的回忆他们的不良行为，或者至少获得金钱和享受，在监狱奢侈品的，由善良的基督徒。 The later excesses of the Circumcellions show that Mensurius had some ground for the severe line he took.后来的过激行为的circumcellions表明mensurius了一些理由，使严峻的路线，他上台。 He explains that he had himself taken the Sacred Books of the Church to his own house, and had substituted a number of heretical writings, which the prosecutors had seized without asking for more; the proconsul, when informed of the deception refused to search the bishop's private house.他解释说，他本人采取了神圣的书教会自己的房子，并已取代了一些异端邪说著作，其中检察机关已检获不要求政府提供更多的人; proconsul ，当获知该宗诈骗案，拒绝搜索主教私人住宅。 Secundus, in his reply, without blaming Mensurius, somewhat pointedly praised the martyrs who in his own province had been tortured and put to death for refusing to deliver up the Scriptures; he himself had replied to the officials who came to search: "I am a Christian and a bishop, not a traditor." secundus ，在他的答复中，没有怨天尤人， mensurius ，有点尖锐地称赞烈士用他自己省被折磨致死，并以死拒绝提供高达念经;连他本人都回答有关官员前来搜索时说： "我一名基督信徒和主教，而不是一个traditor " 。 This word traditor became a technical expression to designate those who had given up the Sacred Books, and also those who had committed the worse crimes of delivering up the sacred vessels and even their own brethren.这两个字traditor成为一个技术性的表达指定那些已经放弃了神圣的书籍，以及那些曾犯下严重的罪行提供了神圣的船只，甚至他们自己的弟兄。
It is certain that relations were strained between the confessors in prison at Carthage and their bishop.可以肯定的是，关系紧张之间confessors在监狱迦太基和他们的主教。 If we may credit the Donatist Acts of the forty-nine martyrs of Abitene, they broke off communion with Mensurius.如果我们可以信贷多纳图派行为的49烈士abitene ，他们断绝与共融mensurius 。 We are informed in these Acts that Mensurius was a traditor by his own confession, and that his deacon, Caecilian, raged more furiously against the martyrs than did the persecutors themselves; he set armed men with whips before the door of the prison to prevent their receiving any succor; the food brought by the piety of the Christians was thrown to the dogs by these ruffians, and the drink provided was spilled in the street, so that the martyrs, whose condemnation the mild proconsul had deferred, died in prison of hunger and thirst.我们得知，在这些行为mensurius是一个traditor由他自己的供述，并认为他执事，无足目，肆虐更加拼命对烈士比当年迫害者自己，他的武装男子用皮鞭前大门监狱，以防止其收到任何救济;食物所带来的是由虔诚的基督徒被投掷到犬，这些歹徒，并提供饮料被洒在街头，让先烈，他们谴责轻度proconsul推迟了，在监狱中死亡的饥饿和渴望。 The story is recognized by Duchesne and others as exaggerated.故事是公认的duchesne等为夸大之嫌。 It would be better to say that the main point is incredible; the prisoners would not have been allowed by the Roman officials to starve; the details -- that Mensurius confessed himself a traditor, that he prevented the succoring of the imprisoned confessors -- are simply founded on the letter of Mensurius to Secundus.倒不如将说，这点主要是不可思议的;犯人，也不会被允许的罗马官员会饿死;细节-这m ensurius供认自己是一个t raditor，他阻止了救助的囚禁c onfessors-简单的基础上的信mensurius以secundus 。 Thus we may safely reject all the latter part of the Acts as fictitious.因此，我们可以安全地拒绝所有的后半部的行为作为虚构的。 The earlier part is authentic: it relates how certain of the faithful of Abitene met and celebrated their usual Sunday service, in defiance of the emperor's edict, under the leadership of the priest Saturninus, for their bishop was a traditor and they disowned him; they were sent to Carthage, made bold replies when interrogated, and were imprisoned by Anulinus, who might have condemned them to death forthwith.较早的部分是真实的：它涉及如何在一定的忠实的abitene会见并庆祝其通常周日服务，无视皇帝的命令，领导下，该名神父saturninus ，为他们的主教是一个traditor他们六亲不认他;被送往迦太基，进行了大胆的答复时，审问，并分别被判入狱anulinus ，他们可能也都纷纷谴责他们立即死亡。 The whole account is characteristic of the fervid African temperament.整个帐户的特点是该fervid非洲气质。 We can well imagine how the prudent Mensurius and his lieutenant, the deacon Caecilian, were disliked by some of the more excitable among their flock.我们便可想而知了，如何审慎mensurius和他的副手，执事无足目，不喜欢的一些较为冲动，他们的羊群。
We know in detail how the inquiries for sacred books were carried out, for the official minutes of an investigation at Cirta (afterwards Constantine) in Numidia are preserved.我们仔细了解如何查询，为神圣的书籍进行，使该公职人员分钟调查时，西尔塔（事后君士坦丁）在numidia得到保存。 The bishop and his clergy showed themselves ready to give up all they had, but drew the line at betraying their brethren; even here their generosity was not remarkable, for they added that the names and addresses were well known to the officials.主教和神职人员，他表明自己愿意放弃一切，他们的，但提请线在出卖自己的弟兄;即使在这里，他们慷慨地不显着，为他们补充说，姓名和地址都是耳熟能详的官员。 The examination was conducted by Munatius Felix, perpetual flamen, curator of the colony of Cirta.这次考试进行munatius菲利克斯，永久flamen ，馆长殖民地西尔塔。 Having arrived with his satellites at the bishop's house -- in Numidia the searching was more severe than in Proconsular Africa -- the bishop was found with four priests, three deacons, four subdeacons, and several fossores (diggers).抵达后，与他的卫星在主教的房子-在n umidia搜索的是更加严峻比p roconsular非洲-主教被发现与4位神父，三名执事，四耶稣，和几个fo ssores（挖矿）。 These declared that the Scriptures were not there, but in the hands of the lectors; an in fact the bookcase was found to be empty.这些宣称圣经不存在，但在政府手中的讲师;事实上书架被发现是空的。 The clergy present refused to give the names of the lectors, saying they were known to the notaries; but, with the exception of the books, they gave in an inventory of all possessions of the church: two golden chalices, six of silver, six silver cruets, a silver bowl, seven silver lamps, two candlesticks, seven short bronze lamp-stands with lamps, eleven bronze lamps with chains, eighty-two women's tunics, twenty-eight veils, sixteen men's tunics, thirteen pairs of men's boots, forty-seven pairs of women's boots, nineteen countrymen's smocks.神职人员目前拒绝给予姓名的讲师说，他们被称为向公证人，但是，除书籍，他们给在清点了全部家产的教会：两个黄金chalices ， 6银， 6银cruets ，银色碗，七银灯，两个烛台，七短青铜灯站在路灯， 11个青铜灯链， 82妇女的衣， 28面纱， 16名官兵的衣， 13双男人的靴子， 47双妇女的靴子， 19名国人的smocks 。 Presently the subdeacon Silvanus brought forth a silver box and another silver lamp, which he had found behind a jug.目前subdeacon silvanus提出了银框和另一银盏灯，他发现后面咖啡。 In the dining-room were four casks and seven jugs.在用餐房间分别有4桶和7 jugs 。 A subdeacon produced a thick book. 1 subdeacon制作了一本厚书。 Then the houses of the lectors were visited: Eugenius gave up four volumes, Felix, the mosaic worker gave up five, Victorinus eight, Projectus five large volumes and two small ones, the grammarian Victor two codices and five quinions, or gatherings of five leaves; Euticius of Caesarea declared that he had no books; the wife of Coddeo produced six volumes, and said that she had no more; and a search was made without further result.那么房子的讲师被访： eugenius放弃四册，菲利克斯，马赛克工人放弃了五， victorinus八人， projectus 5大册和两个小型的定居点， grammarian胜利者两个codices和五个quinions ，或集会的五叶; euticius的caesarea宣称，他已没有书本;妻子coddeo产生了6册，并表示，她已没有更多;搜查了，没有进一步的结果。 It is interesting to note that the books were all codices (in book form), not rolls, which had gone out of fashion in the course of the preceding century.这是个有趣地注意到，该书籍都codices （书） ，而不是卷，其中有失控的时装在这个过程中的前一世纪。
It is to be hoped that such disgraceful scenes were infrequent.人们希望，这种不光彩的场面被生疏。 A contrasting instance of heroism is found in the story of Felix, Bishop of Tibiuca, who was hauled before the magistrate on the very day, 5 June 303, when the decree was posted up in that city.对比举例的英雄气概，是在故事的菲利克斯，主教tibiuca ，被依法论处裁判官，就在当天，在6月5日303 ，当法令张贴在这个城市。 He refused to give up any books, and was sent to Carthage.他不肯放弃任何书籍，被送往迦太基。 The proconsul Anulinus, unable by close confinement to weaken his determination, sent him on to Rome to Maximian Hercules.该proconsul anulinus ，无法由禁闭，以削弱他的决心，派他到罗马去玛西缅大力士。
In 305, the persecution had relaxed, and it was possible to unite fourteen or more bishops at Cirta in order to give a successor to Paul.在305 ，迫害了宽松的，而且它可能要团结14或以上主教在西尔塔为了给继任者保罗。 Secundus presided as primate, and in his zeal he attempted to examine the conduct of his colleagues. secundus主持作为灵长类动物，并在他的热情，他试图探讨进行他的同事。 They met in a private house, for the Church had not yet been restored to the Christians.他们会见了在一所私人住宅，教堂，尚未恢复到了基督徒。 "We must first try ourselves", said the primate, "before we can venture to ordain a bishop". "我们必须先尝试着自己的"说，灵长类动物， "我们才可以大胆地阿拉维的主教" 。 To Donatus of Mascula he said: "You are said to have been a traditor."为了给了的mascula他说： "您是说，有一个traditor " 。 "You know", replied the bishop, "how Florus searched for me that I might offer incense, but God did not deliver me into his hands, brother. As God forgave me, do you reserve me to His judgment." "你知道" ，回答主教， "如何florus搜查，我说我可能提供的卫生香，但上帝没有救我到他的手，哥哥的，因为神赦免我，你的储备箱，以他的判断" 。 "What then", said Secundus, "shall we say of the martyrs? It is because they did not give up anything that they were crowned." "什么，然后说： " secundus ， "应当说我们的烈士？这是因为他们并没有放弃的东西，他们被冠以" 。 "Send me to God," said Donatus, "to Him will I give an account." "寄给我向上帝说： "给了， "他说，我将作出交代" 。 (In fact, a bishop was not amenable to penance and was properly "reserved to God" in this sense.) "Stand on one side", said the president, and to Marinus of Aquae Tibilitanae he said: "You also are said to be a traditor." （事实上，主教是无法以忏悔，并已得到妥善"预留上帝"在这个意义上） "站在一边" ，总统说，并marinus的水tibilitanae他说： "你也说一个traditor " 。 Marinus said: "I gave papers to Pollux; my books are safe." marinus时说： "我给的文件，以扬;我的书都是安全的" 。 This was not satisfactory, and Secundus said: "Go over to that side"; then to Donatus of Calama: "You are said to be a traditor."这是不能令人满意，并secundus说： "去给那一边" ，然后以给了的卡拉马： "你是说是一个traditor " 。 "I gave up books on medicine." "我放弃了书籍，医药" 。 Secundus seems to have been incredulous, or at least he thought a trial was needed, for again he said: "Stand on one side." secundus似乎已被不可思议，或者至少他认为，法庭于需要时，为再次他说： "站在一边" 。 After a gap in the Acts, we read that Secundus turned to Victor, Bishop of Russicade: "You are said to have given up the Four Gospels."后两者在行为的，我们读到secundus转向胜利者，主教russicade ： "你是说已经放弃了4个福音" 。 Victor replied: "It was the curator, Valentinus; he forced me to throw them into the fire. Forgive me this fault, and God will also forgive it."维克托回答说： "这是馆长， valentinus ，他强迫我把他们纳入火灾。原谅我的这个故障，上帝也会原谅" 。 Secundus said: "Stand on one side." secundus说： "站在一边" 。 Secundus (after another gap) said to Purpurius of Limata: "You are said to have killed the two sons of your sister at Mileum" (Milevis). secundus （相继差距） ，据说purpurius的limata ： "你是说，已经杀死了两个儿子，你妹妹在mileum " （ milevis ） 。 Purpurius answered with vehemence: "Do you think I am frightened by you as the others are? What did you do yourself when the curator and his officials tried to make you give up the Scriptures? How did you manage to get off scot-free, unless you gave them something, or ordered something to be given? They certainly did not let you go for nothing! As for me I have killed and I kill those who are against me; do not provoke me to say anymore. You know that I do not interfere where I have no business." purpurius回答与各党派说： "你觉得我很害怕你，因为别人是什么，你做你自己，当馆长和他的官员试图使你放弃念经？你们是怎么管理可以逍遥法外免费的，除非你给他们的东西，或勒令做给别人呢？他们当然不会让你走什么！至于我，我打死我杀死那些对我的，不要招惹我，说了，你知道我不干扰我没有生意" 。 At this outburst, a nephew of Secundus said to the primate: "You hear what they say of you? He is ready to withdraw and make a schism; and the same is true of all those whom you accuse; and I know they are capable of turning you out and condemning you, and you alone will then be the heretic. What is it to you what they have done? Each must give his account to God."在此突出，侄子secundus说灵长类说： "你听其言，他们说的，你呢？他愿意退出，使裂;也是一样，所有的那些攻击，以及我知道他们有能力把你的，并谴责你，你一个人独自届时邪教是什么给你什么，他们做什么？每个国家都必须给他的帐户，以上帝" 。 Secundus (as St. Augustine points out) had apparently no reply against the accusation of Purpurius, so he turned to the two or three bishops who remained unaccused: "What do you think?" secundus （正如圣奥古斯丁指出） ，但显然没有对答辩的指控purpurius ，于是他掉转机头向两个或三个主教仍然unaccused ： "这有什么，你觉得呢？ " These answered: "They have God to whom they must give an account."这些回答说： "他们有上帝的人，他们必须作出交代" 。 Secundus said: "You know and God knows. Sit down." secundus中说： "你们知道，上帝知道。坐下" 。 And all replied: Deo gratis.和所有回答说：迪奥免费提供。
These minutes have been preserved for us by St. Augustine.此份会议纪要被保存下来，为我们的圣奥古斯丁。 The later Donatists declared them forged, but not only could St. Optatus refer to the age of the parchment on which they were written, but they are made easily credible by the testimonies given before Zenophilus in 320.后来donatists宣布，他们伪造的，但不是唯一能够圣optatus是指年龄在羊皮纸上，他们写的，但它们很容易取得，由可信证词之前zenophilus在320 。 Seeck, as well as Duchesne (see below), upholds their genuineness. seeck ，以及duchesne （见下文） ，坚持其真实性。 We hear from St. Optatus of another fallen Numidian bishop, who refused to come to the council on the pretext of bad eyes, but in reality for fear his fellow-citizens should prove that he had offered incense, a crime of which the other bishops were not guilty.我们又听到从圣optatus的另一个塌numidian主教，他们拒绝来会就借口眼睛不好，但在现实中，为怕他的同胞公民应证明他已提议香，犯罪的，而其他主教被无罪。 The bishops proceeded to ordain a bishop, and they chose Silvanus, who, as a subdeacon, assisted in the search for sacred vessels.主教们接着阿拉维的一位主教，他们选择了silvanus ，人，作为一个subdeacon ，协助寻找神圣的船只。 The people of Cirta rose up against him, crying that he was a traditor, and demanded the appointment of a certain Donatus.人民西尔塔奋起反对他，喊他是一个traditor ，并要求任命一名某给了。 But country people and gladiators were engaged to set him in the episcopal chair, to which he was carried on the back of a man named Mutus.但是，国家和人民的竞技场进行，以使他在主教主持，而他进行了后面的一个叫mutus 。
CAECILIAN AND MAJORINUS无足目和majorinus
A certain Donatus of Casae Nigrae is said to have caused a schism in Carthage during the lifetime of Mensurius.某给了的casae nigrae据说已造成分裂的迦太基在世时mensurius 。 In 311 Maxentius obtained dominion over Africa, and a deacon of Carthage, Felix, was accused of writing a defamatory letter against the tyrant.在311 maxentius获得统治非洲，和执事的迦太基，菲利克斯，被指控写诽谤信反对暴君。 Mensurius was said to have concealed his deacon in his house and was summoned to Rome. mensurius据说有掩饰其执事在他的住所被传唤到罗马。 He was acquitted, but died on his return journey.他被宣判无罪，但死对他的回报之旅。 Before his departure from Africa, he had given the gold and silver ornaments of the church to the care of certain old men, and had also consigned an inventory of these effects to an aged woman, who was to deliver it to the next bishop.早在他启程之前，从非洲，他曾考虑到金银首饰的教会，以照顾某些老男人，还寄售清点这些影响到一个年龄的女人，被运送到下一主教。 Maxentius gave liberty to the Christians, so that it was possible for an election to be held at Carthage. maxentius了人身自由，以基督徒，所以这是有可能的一项选举能如期举行，迦太基。 The bishop of Carthage, like the pope, was commonly consecrated by a neighbouring bishop, assisted by a number of others form the vicinity.主教的迦太基，像教宗，是常见的consecrated由邻近教区主教，协助若干其他形式附近。 He was primate not only of the proconsular province, but of the other provinces of North Africa, including Numidian, Byzacene, Tripolitana, and the two Mauretanias, which were all governed by the vicar of prefects.他是灵长类动物，不仅对proconsular省，但对其他省份的北部非洲，其中包括numidian ， byzacene ， tripolitana ，和两个mauretanias ，全部由副主教的省长。 In each of these provinces the local primacy was attached to no town, but was held by the senior bishop, until St. Gregory the Great made the office elective.对于上述各省份的地方霸主的地位是隶属任何城市，但在此间召开的高级主教，直到圣格里高利取得了很大办公室选修。 St. Optatus implies that the bishops of Numidia, many of whom were at no great distance from Carthage, had expected that they would have a voice in the election; but two priests, Botrus and Caelestius, who each expected to be elected, had managed that only a small number of bishops should be present.圣optatus意味的主教们numidia ，其中许多是在没有太大的距离，迦太基，公司原先预计，他们将有自己的声音在这次选举中，但两名神父， botrus和caelestius ，每个人预计将在当选后，曾管理只有少数的主教应出席。 Caecilian, the deacon who had been so obnoxious to the martyrs, was duly chosen by the whole people, placed in the chair of Mensurius, and consecrated by Felix, Bishop of Aptonga or Abtughi.无足目，执事者已如此厌恶，以先烈，受到了应有的选择，由全体人民，放置在椅子的mensurius ， consecrated由Felix ，主教aptonga或abtughi 。 The old men who had charge of the treasure of the church were obliged to give it up; they joined with Botrus and Caelestius in refusing to acknowledge the new bishop.旧的男子，他们曾负责该珍惜的教堂被迫放弃的话，他们同botrus和caelestius在拒不承认新主教。 They were assisted by a rich lady named Lucilla, who had a grudge against Caecilian because he had rebuked her habit of kissing the bone of an uncanonized (non vindicatus) martyr immediately before receiving Holy Communion.他们协助丰富的夫人命名lucilla ，这位曾心存芥蒂，对无足目，因为他曾痛斥她的习惯吻骨的一个uncanonized （非vindicatus ）烈士前夕接受圣餐。 Probably we have here again a martyr whose death was due to his own ill-regulated fervour.也许我们在这里再次成为烈士，其死亡的原因是他自己生病调节侃侃而谈。
Secundus, as the nearest primate, came with his suffragans to Carthage to judge the affair, and in a great council of seventy bishops declared the ordination of Caecilian to be invalid, as having been performed by a traditor. secundus ，因为最接近的灵长类动物，前来与他的suffragans到迦太基来判断事情，而在一个伟大安理会74主教宣布排序无足目，以无效的，视为已履行的，由traditor 。 A new bishop was consecrated.一个新的主教是consecrated 。 Majorinus, who belonged to the household of Lucilla and had been a lector in the deaconry of Caecilian. majorinus ，他们属于家庭的lucilla并一直读者在deaconry的无足目。 That lady provided the sum of 400 folles (more than 11,000 dollars), nominally for the poor; but all of it went into the pockets of the bishops, one-quarter of the sum being seized by Purpurius of Limata.夫人提供了一笔400 folles （超过11000美元） ，名义上是为穷人服务，但所有的，它走进了口袋的主教们，一季度的总和，被检获purpurius的limata 。 Caecilian had possession of the basilica and the cathedra of Cyprian, and the people were with him, so that he refused to appear before the council.无足目已拥有大教堂和教堂的塞浦路斯，以及人与他，让他拒绝出席安理会面前。 "If I am not properly consecrated", he said ironically, "let them treat me as a deacon, and lay hands on me afresh, and not on another." "如果我没有妥善consecrated "时，他说，讽刺的是， "让他们对待我是一个执事，并奠定手放在我的重新出发，而不是雪上加霜" 。 On this reply being brought, Purpurius cried: "Let him come here, and instead of laying on him, we will break his head in penance."对这个答复带， purpurius哭喊： "让他来这里，而不是躺在他时，我们会打破他的头部，在忏悔" 。 No wonder that the action of this council, which sent letters throughout Africa, had a great influence.怪不得行动本局，其中致函非洲各地，产生了很大影响。 But at Carthage it was well known that Caecilian was the choice of the people, and it was not believed that Felix of Aptonga had given up the Sacred Books.但在迦太基这是人所共知的无足目，是人民的选择，这是不相信这种事情菲利克斯的aptonga已经放弃了神圣的书籍。 Rome and Italy had given Caecilian their communion.罗马和意大利已经给无足目，他们的共融。 The Church of the moderate Mensurius did not hold that consecration by a traditor was invalid, or even that it was illicit, if the traditor was still in lawful possession of his see.教会的温和mensurius并不认为consecration由traditor是无效的，甚至认为它是非法的，如果traditor仍处于合法拥有的，他看到的。 The council of Secundus, on the contrary, declared that a traditor could not act as a bishop, and that any who were in communion with traditors were cut off from the Church.安理会的secundus ，与此相反，声称一个traditor不能作为主教，并表示，任何人在共融与traditors被切断，从教堂。 They called themselves the Church of the martyrs, and declared that all who were in communion with public sinners like Caecilian and Felix were necessarily excommunicate.他们说自己是教会的先烈，并宣布所有的人在与公众的罪人一样，无足目和Felix一定excommunicate 。
THE CONDEMNATION BY POPE MELCHIADES谴责教皇梅尔希亚德斯
Very soon there were many cities having two bishops, the one in communion with Caecilian, the other with Majorinus.很快，有很多城市有两位主教，一位在共融与无足目外，其他与majorinus 。 Constantine, after defeating Maxentius (28 October, 312) and becoming master of Rome, showed himself a Christian in his acts.君士坦丁之后，打败maxentius （ 10月28日， 312 ） ，并成为大师的罗马，表明自己是一个基督徒在他的行为。 He wrote to Anulinus, proconsul of Africa (was he same as the mild proconsul of 303?), restoring the churches to Catholics, and exempting clerics of the "Catholic Church of which Caecilian is president" from civil functions (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. X, v 15, and vii, 2).他写信给anulinus ， proconsul的非洲（当时他一样温和proconsul 303 ？ ） ，恢复教会天主教徒，并免征教士的"天主教教会，其中无足目，是总统" ，由民间职能（尤西比乌斯，历史。 eccl第十节，五15 ，七， 2 ） 。 he also wrote to Caecilian (ibid., X, vi, 1) sending him an order for 3000 folles to be distributed in Africa, Numidia, and Mauretania; if more was needed, the bishop must apply for more.他还写道，以无足目（同上，第十，六，一）派遣他的命令，为3000名folles将分布在非洲， numidia ， mauretania ;若需要更多，这位主教必须申请更多。 He added that he had heard of turbulent persons who sought to corrupt the Church; he had ordered the proconsul Anulinus, and the vicar of prefects to restrain them, and Caecilian was to appeal to these officials if necessary.他补充说，他曾听闻湍流人士试图舞弊教会，他曾下令proconsul anulinus和副主教的省长来约束他们，无足目，是要呼吁这些官员如果必要的。 The opposing party lost no time.反对一方失去了任何时候。 A few days after the publication of these letters, their delegates, accompanied by a mob, brought to Anulinus two bundles of documents, containing the complaints of their party against Caecilian, to be forwarded to the emperor.几天后，出版这些信件的，其代表，并伴随有暴民，使anulinus两捆文件，其中载有市民投诉，他们的党反对无足目，以提交给皇帝。 St. Optatus has preserved a few words from their petition, in which Constantine is begged to grant judges from Gaul, where under his father's rule there had been no persecution, and therefore no traditors.圣optatus保留了几句话，从他们的请愿书，其中君士坦丁是乞求给予法官从高卢，而根据他的父亲的统治下，目前并未有迫害，因此并没有任何traditors 。 Constantine knew the Church's constitution too well to comply and thereby make Gallic bishops judges of the primates of Africa.君士坦丁知道教会的宪法太清楚了遵守，从而使高卢主教法官组成的灵长类动物的非洲。 He at once referred the matter to the pope, expressing his intention, laudable, if too sanguine, of allowing no schisms in the Catholic Church.他立即将此事转交教宗，表达他的意愿，是值得赞扬的，如果过于乐观的，让没有分裂问题，在天主教教会。 That the African schismatics might have no ground of complaint, he ordered three of the chief bishops of Gaul, Reticius of Autun, Maternus of Cologne, and Marinus of Arles, to repair to Rome, to assist at the trial.说，非洲schismatics可能已没有理由抱怨，他命令三个行政主教的高卢， reticius的欧坦， maternus的科隆，并marinus的阿尔勒，以修理，以罗马，以协助其在审讯。 He ordered Caecilian to come thither with ten bishops of his accusers and ten of his own communion.他命令无足目来上去了10主教，他的控诉和十个他自己的共融。 The memorials against Caecilian he sent to the pope, who would know, he says, what procedure to employ in order to conclude the whole matter with justice.诉状对无足目是他给教宗，他们会知道，他说，什么程序聘用，以结束整件事情与正义。 (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., X, v, 18). （尤西比乌斯，历史。 eccl ，十，五， 18 ） 。 Pope Melchiades summoned fifteen Italian bishops to sit with him.教宗梅尔希亚德斯传唤15名意大利主教坐在他的看法。 From this time forward we find that in all important matters the popes issue their decretal letters from a small council of bishops, and there are traces of this custom even before this.从这个时候提出我们发现，在所有重要的事情教宗发表decretal信从一个小会，主教团，并有痕迹，这种习俗，甚至在此之前。 The ten Donatist bishops (for we may now give the party its eventual name) were headed by a Bishop Donatus of Casae Nigrae.十大多纳图派的主教（因为我们现在可以给党，其最终名称） ，由一位主教，给了的casae nigrae 。 It was assumed by Optatus, Augustine, and the other Catholic apologists that this was "Donatus the Great", the successor of Majorinus as schismatic Bishop of Carthage.据推断，由optatus ，奥古斯丁，以及其他天主教辩护说，这是"给了伟大的" ，继任者majorinus作为schismatic主教迦太基。 But the Donatists of St. Augustine's time were anxious to deny this, as they did not wish to admit that their protagonist had been condemned, and the Catholics at the conference of 411 granted them the existence of a Donatus, Bishop of Casae Nigrae, who had distinguished himself by active hostility to Caecilian.但donatists的圣奥古斯丁的时候被急于否认这一点，因为他们不希望承认他们的主角已被谴责，并天主教徒，在这次会议上的411赋予他们存在一个给了，主教casae nigrae ，谁曾尊敬自己积极的敌意，以无足目。 Modern authorities agree in accepting this view.现代当局同意，在接受这种看法。 But it seems inconceivable that, if Majorinus was still alive, he should not have been obliged to go to Rome.但这似乎是不可思议的是，如果majorinus还活着，他也不应该有责任去罗马。 It would be very strange, further, that a Donatus of Casae Nigrae should appear as the leader of the party, without any explanation, unless Casae Nigrae was simply the birthplace of Donatus the Great.这会是很奇怪的，而且，一个给了的casae nigrae应作为领导党，在没有作出任何解释，除非casae nigrae根本的发祥地给了伟大的。 If we assume that Majorinus had died and had been succeeded by Donatus the Great just before the trial at Rome, we shall understand why Majorinus is never again mentioned.如果我们假设majorinus已经死亡，并已成功地通过给了伟大的正义审判开始之前，在罗马，我们会明白为什么majorinus永远不会再提到。 The accusations against Caecilian in the memorial were disregarded, as being anonymous and unproved.指控无足目，在纪念被漠视，被认为是匿名的考验。 The witnesses brought from Africa acknowledged that they had nothing against him.证人带来了从非洲承认，他们并没有反对他。 Donatus, on the other hand, was convicted by his own confession of having rebaptized and of having laid his hands in penance on bishops -- this was forbidden by ecclesiastical law.给了，但另一方面，被裁定罪名成立，由他自己的供述有rebaptized和有他的手在忏悔就主教-这是禁止的宗教法律。 On the third day the unanimous sentence was pronounced by Melchiades: Caecilian was to be maintained in ecclestiastical communion.至于在第三天的一致判决宣告梅尔希亚德斯：无足目，是要维持在ecclestiastical共融。 If Donatist bishops returned to the Church, in a place where there were two rival bishops, the junior was to retire and be provided with another see.如果多纳图派的主教归还给教会，在一个地方，有两个对立的主教，初中是退休，并提供另一种见。 The Donatists were furious.该donatists被震怒。 A hundred years later their successor declared that Pope Melchiades was himself a traditor, and that on this account they had not accepted his decision; though there is no trace of this having been alleged at the time.一百多年后，其继任者宣布教宗梅尔希亚德斯是自己是一个traditor ，并就这一帐户，他们还没有接受他的决定，虽然不存在微量的这种做法已经被指称在当时的。 But the nineteen bishops at Rome were contrasted with the seventy bishops of the Cathaginian Council, and a fresh judgment was demanded.但有19位主教在罗马作了对比与七十主教的cathaginian会，并重新判决的要求。
THE COUNCIL OF ARLES安理会的阿尔勒
Constantine was angry, but he saw that the party was powerful in Africa, and he summoned a council of the whole West (that is, of the whole of his actual dominions) to meet at Arles on 1 August, 314.君士坦丁是愤怒，但他看到了党的强大，在非洲，他召见安理会的整个西（即，对整个他的实际dominions ） ，以满足在阿尔勒8月1日， 314 。 Melchiades was dead, and his successor, St. Sylvester, thought it unbecoming to leave Rome, thus setting an example which he repeated in the case of Nicaea, and which his successors followed in the cases of Sardica, Rimini, and the Eastern oecumenical councils.梅尔希亚德斯已经死了，和他的继任者，圣西尔维斯特，以为不雅观离开罗马，从而树立一个好榜样，他多次在该案件的尼西亚，而他的继任者之后，在案件萨尔迪卡，里米尼，与东部oecumenical议会。 Between forty and fifty sees were represented at the council by bishops or proxies; the Bishops of London, York, and Lincoln were there.第四十四之间和第五十二认为派代表出席了会议，由主教或委托书;主教是伦敦，纽约，林肯在那里。 St. Sylvester sent legates.圣西尔维斯特发出legates 。 The council condemned the Donatists and drew up a number of canons; it reported its proceedings in a letter to the pope, which is extant; but, as in the case of Nicaea, no detailed Acts remain, nor are any such mentioned by the ancients.安理会谴责donatists ，并草拟了若干门炮，它报告了其诉讼了一封信给教宗，这是现存的，但在案件的尼西亚，并没有详细的行为依然存在，也没有任何这样的提及，古人。 The Fathers in their letter salute Sylvester, saying that he had rightly decided not to quit the spot "where the Apostles daily sit in judgment"; had he been with them, they might perhaps have dealt more severely with the heretics.父亲在信中西尔维斯特表示敬意，他说，他曾正确地决定不退出现货" ，而使徒们每天坐在判断" ;了，他一直与他们时，他们也许已处理更严厉的异端。 Among the canons, one forbids rebaptism (which was still practised in Africa), another declares that those who falsely accuse their brethren shall have communion only at the hour of death.各门炮，一禁止rebaptism （当时仍实行在非洲） ，另一个宣称那些倒打一耙，他们的弟兄，应具有共融只在一小时的死因。 On the other hand, traditors are to be refused communion, but only when their fault has been proved by public official acts; those whom they have ordained are to retain their positions.另一方面，关于traditors都被拒绝共融的，但只有当他们的错，已被证明是由公职人员行为;那些人，他们受戒是保留自己的立场。 The council produced some effect in Africa, but the main body of the Donatists was immovable.立法会产生一些影响，在非洲，但主体部分donatists是不动产。 They appealed from the council to the emperor.他们呼吁由安理会向皇帝。 Constantine was horrified: "O insolent madness!"君士坦丁震惊： "啊，横蛮疯了" ！ he wrote, "they appeal from heaven to earth, from Jesus Christ to a man."他写道， "他们呼吁，从天上到地球，从耶稣基督到一个人" 。
THE POLICY OF CONSTANTINE政策君士坦丁
The emperor retained the Donatist envoys in Gaul, after at first dismissing them.皇帝保留了多纳图派特使在高卢后，在第一次解雇他们。 He seems to have thought of sending for Caecilian, then of granting a full examination in Africa.他似乎想到了送无足目，然后给予全面考试是在非洲。 The case of Felix of Aptonga was in fact examined by his order at Carthage in February, 315 (St. Augustine is probably wrong in giving 314).该案件菲利克斯的aptonga应该是在审查了他的命令，在迦太基2月， 315 （圣奥古斯丁可能是错误的，在给予314 ） 。 The minutes of the proceedings have come down to us in a mutilated state; they are referred to by St. Optatus, who appended them to his book with other documents, and they are frequently cited by St. Augustine.会议纪要的诉讼已回落至使我们处于一个被肢解状态;它们被称为圣optatus ，他们附在他的书与其他文件，他们经常引用圣奥古斯丁。 It was shown that the letter which the Donatists put forward as proving the crime of Felix, had been interpolated by a certain Ingentius; this was established by the confession of Ingentius, as well as by the witness of Alfius, the writer of the letter.结果表明，该函，其中donatists提出证明犯罪的菲利克斯，已插了若干ingentius ，这是由招供的ingentius ，以及由证人的alfius ，笔者信。 It was proved that Felix was actually absent at the time the search for Sacred Books was made at Aptonga.这是证明费，实际上是在缺席的时候，搜索对于神圣的书籍是于aptonga 。 Constantine eventually summoned Caecilian and his opponents to Rome; but Caecilian, for some unknown reason, did not appear.君士坦丁最终传唤无足目和他的对手罗马，但无足目，但不知何故没有出庭。 Caecilian and Donatus the Great (who was now, at all events, bishop) were called to Milan, where Constantine heard both sides with great care.无足目，并给了伟大的（当时现在，在所有比赛中，主教） ，被称为米兰，那里君士坦丁听取双方倍加爱护的。 He declared that Caecilian was innocent and an excellent bishop (Augustine, Contra Cresconium, III lxxi).他声称，无足目是清白的一个很好的主教（奥古斯丁，矛盾cresconium ，三lxxi ） 。 He retained both in Italy, however, while he sent two bishops, Eunomius and Olympius, to Africa, with an idea of putting Donatus and Caecilian aside, and substituting a new bishop, to be agreed upon by all parties.他既保持在意大利，然而，尽管他派出两位主教， eunomius和奥林皮尔斯，非洲，并且有一个想法，把给了和无足目不谈，而以一个新的主教，以议定所有缔约方。 It is to be presumed that Caecilian and Donatus had assented to this course; but the violence of the sectaries made it impossible to carry it out.它是在假定无足目，并给了曾assented这个过程中，但暴力事件的sectaries无法抓落实。 Eunomius and Olympius declared at Carthage that the Catholic Church was that which is diffused throughout the world and that the sentence pronounced against the Donatists could not be annulled. eunomius和奥林皮尔斯宣布在迦太基认为，天主教会认为，这是弥漫在整个世界，并表示，宣判的刑期对donatists不能废止。 They communicated with the clergy of Caecilian and returned to Italy.他们沟通过神职人员的无足目，并返回意大利。 Donatus went back to Carthage, and Caecilian, seeing this, felt himself free to do the same.给了回去迦太基，无足目，看到这一点，觉得自己的自由也能这样做。 Finally Constantine ordered that the churches which the Donatists had taken should be given to the Catholics.最后君士坦丁下令教会，其中donatists采取了应该考虑到天主教徒。 Their other meeting-places were confiscated.其他会议地点被没收。 Those who were convicted (of calumny?) lost their goods.那些已被定罪（诽谤？ ）失去了他们的货物。 Evictions were carried out by the military.驱逐的人所进行的军事。 An ancient sermon on the passion of the Donatist "martyrs", Donatus and Advocatus, describes such scenes.一个古老的说教，对激情的多纳图派"烈士" ，给了和advocatus ，形容这种场面。 In one of them a regular massacre occurred, and a bishop was among the slain, if we may trust this curious document.在其中一人是经常发生的屠杀事件，和一位主教被刺杀的，如果我们可以相信这好奇的文件。 The Donatists were proud of this "persecution of Caecilian", which "the Pure" suffered at the hands of the "Church of the Traditors".该donatists而感到骄傲和自豪，这"迫害的无足目" ， "纯" ，在遭受手中的"基督教的traditors " 。 The Comes Leontius and the Dux Ursacius were the special objects of their indignation.在谈到leontius和dux ursacius有特殊对象的愤慨。
In 320 came revelations unpleasant to the "Pure".在320来到启示刺耳的"纯" 。 Nundinarius, a deacon of Cirta, had a quarrel with his bishop, Silvanus, who caused him to be stoned -- so he said in his complaint to certain Numidian bishops, in which he threatened that if they did not use their influence in his behalf with Silvanus, he would tell what he knew of them. nundinarius ，执事的西尔塔，发生过争执，与他的主教， silvanus人，使他被石头砸死-所以他说，他在投诉某些n umidian主教，其中他还威胁说，如果他们不利用其影响力，在他的代表与silvanus ，他会告诉什么，他不知道他们。 As he got no satisfaction he brought the matter before Zenophilus, the consular of Numidia.因为他没有得到任何满意的，他把此事提交zenophilus ，领事的numidia 。 The minutes have come to us in a fragmentary form in the appendix of Optatus, under the title of "Gesta apud Zenophilum".会议纪要来使我们处于一个支离破碎的形式在附录中的optatus标题下的" gesta apud zenophilum " 。 Nundinarius produced letters from Purpurius and other bishops to Silvanus and to the people of Cirta, trying to have peace made with the inconvenient deacon. nundinarius制作来信purpurius和其他主教silvanus和人民的西尔塔，试图保持和平与不便执事。 The minutes of the search at Cirta, which we have already cited, were read and witnesses were called to establish their accuracy, including two of the fossores then present and a lector, Victor the grammarian.会议纪要的搜寻工作西尔塔，我们已经列举，宣读和证人，被称为，以确定其准确性，其中包括两名该fossores那么现在和读者，胜利者的grammarian 。 It was shown no only that Silvanus was a traditor, but that he had assisted Purpurius, together with two priests and a deacon, in the theft of certain casks of vinegar belonging to the treasury, which were in the temple of Serapis.结果表明：不只是silvanus是一个traditor ，但是，他曾协助purpurius ，连同两名司铎和执事，在窃取某木桶食醋属于财政部，这在寺庙中的serapis 。 Silvanus had ordained a priest for the sum of 20 folles (500 to 600 dollars). silvanus了祝圣司铎为这笔20 folles （ 500至600美元） 。 It was established that none of the money given by Lucilla had reached the poor for whom it was ostensibly given.它的成立，没有钱，所给予的lucilla已达到贫穷的人是表面上给出。 Thus Silvanus, one of the mainstays of the "Pure" Church, which declared that to communicate with any traditor was to be outside the Church, was himself proved to be a traditor.因此silvanus ，支柱之一的"纯"的教会，其中宣称，沟通与任何traditor就是要教会之外，是自己证明是一个traditor 。 He was exiled by the consular for robbing the treasury, for obtaining money under false pretences, and for getting himself made bishop by violence.他被流放，由领事为劫库，以获取金钱假意，盼着自己作出的主教由暴力。 The Donatists later preferred to say that he was banished for refusing to communicate with the "Caecilianists", and Cresconius even spoke of "the persecution of Zenophilus".该donatists后来推荐说，他被流放，拒绝沟通" caecilianists " ，并cresconius甚至说， "迫害zenophilus " 。 But it should have been clear to all that the consecrators of Majorinus had called their opponents traditors in order to cover their own delinquencies.但它应该已经都清楚知道该consecrators的majorinus曾要求他们的对手traditors为了掩盖自己的拖欠。
The Donatist party owed its success in great part to the ability of its leader Donatus, the successor of Majorinus.该多纳图派党欠它的成功在很大程度上是给有能力的领导人给了，继任的majorinus 。 He appears to have really merited the title of "the Great" by his eloquence and force of character.他似乎已真正值得的标题如"大"的他的口才和武力的性格。 His writings are lost.他的作品都将丢失。 His influence with his party was extraordinary.他的影响力与他的党是不平凡的。 St. Augustine frequently declaims against his arrogance and the impiety with which he was almost worshipped by his followers.圣奥古斯丁经常declaims对他的傲慢和不虔诚，使他几乎是崇拜他的追随者。 In his lifetime he is said to have greatly enjoyed the adulation he received, and after death he was counted as a martyr and miracles were ascribed to him.在他的有生之年，他说，有很喜欢奉承他照发，而死亡后，他被视为一个烈士，并创造奇迹的人归因于他。
In 321 Constantine relaxed his vigorous measures, having found that they did not produce the peace he had hoped for, and he weakly begged the Catholics to suffer the Donatists with patience.在321君士坦丁放宽其严厉的措施后，发现他们并没有出示和平，他曾希望，并且相信他弱乞求天主教徒遭受donatists与耐心。 This was not easy, for the schismatics broke out into violence.做到这一点并不容易，为schismatics爆发成暴力。 At Cirta, Silvanus having returned, they seized the basilica which the emperor had built for the Catholics.在西尔塔， silvanus返回，他们缴获的Basilica其中皇帝已建成为天主教徒。 They would not give it up, and Constantine found no better expedient that to build another.他们不会放弃的话，和君士坦丁没有找到更好的权宜之说，再建。 Throughout Africa, but above all in Numidia, they were numerous.在整个非洲，但首先是在numidia ，他们被无数。 They taught that in all the rest of the world the Catholic Church had perished, through having communicated with the traditor Caecilian; their sect alone was the true Church.他们教导说，在所有的世界其余地区的天主教会已经灭亡了，经过沟通后，与traditor无足目，他们的教派，仅是真正的教堂。 If a Catholic came into their churches, they drove him out, and washed with salt the pavement where he had stood.如果一个天主教生效后，他们教会，他们开车来到他出去，并与洗涤盐人行道上，他经受了。 Any Catholic who joined them was forced to be rebaptized.任何天主教的人加入他们是被迫把rebaptized 。 They asserted that their own bishops and ministers were without fault, else their ministrations would be invalid.他们宣称自己的主教和部长们没有过错，否则ministrations将被视为无效。 But in fact they were convicted of drunkenness and other sins.但事实上，他们已被定罪的醉酒及其他罪孽。 St. Augustine tells us on the authority of Tichonius that the Donatists held a council of two hundred and seventy bishops in which they discussed for seventy-five days the question of rebaptism; they finally decided that in cases where traditors refused to be rebaptized they should be communicated with in spite of this; and the Donatist bishops of Mauretania did not rebaptize traditors until the time of Macarius.圣奥古斯丁告诉我们，对权力的tichonius认为donatists举行了安理会的270主教，他们讨论了为75天问题rebaptism ，他们最终决定的情况下， traditors拒绝被rebaptized他们应被沟通过，尽管这和多纳图派的主教们mauretania没有rebaptize traditors直到时间的米加利阿斯。 Outside Africa the Donatists had a bishop residing on the property of an adherent in Spain, and at an early period of the schism they made a bishop for their small congregation in Rome, which met, it seems, on a hill outside the city, and had the name of "Montenses".在非洲以外的donatists了主教居住于该财产的一个坚持，在西班牙，并在较早时期的分裂，他们作出了主教，为他们的小众在罗马，从而得到了，看来，对山外的城市，有"的名义montenses " 。 This antipapal "succession with a beginning" was frequently ridiculed by Catholic writers.这antipapal "继承与一个开端" ，经常被嘲笑，由天主教作家。 The series included Felix, Boniface, Encolpius, Macrobius (c. 370), Lucian, Claudian (c. 378), and again Felix in 411.该系列包括菲利克斯，博尼法斯， encolpius ，克罗比亚斯（长370 ） ，乔治，克劳迪安（长378 ） ，并再次菲利克斯在411 。
THE CIRCUMCELLIONS该circumcellions
The date of the first appearance of the Circumcellions is uncertain, but probably they began before the death of Constantine.之日起的第一次亮相的circumcellions是不确定的，但也许是他们开始前死亡的君士坦丁。 They were mostly rustic enthusiasts, who knew no Latin, but spoke Punic; it has been suggested that they may have been of Berber blood.他们大多质朴发烧友，他们知道没有拉丁语，但以匿;曾有人建议，他们可能已经到柏柏尔人的血液。 They joined the ranks of the Donatists, and were called by them agnostici and "soldiers of Christ", but in fact were brigands.他们行列的donatists ，被称为他们agnostici和兵"基督受难记" ，但实际上被brigands 。 Troops of them were to be met in all parts of Africa.部队的人得到满足，在所有非洲部分地区。 They had no regular occupation, but ran about armed, like madmen.他们没有正规职业，但开工率大约为武装起来，像疯子。 They used no swords, on the ground that St. Peter had been told to put his sword into its sheath; but they did continual acts of violence with clubs, which they called "Israelites".他们用无刀剑，理由是圣彼得曾经告诉过把他的剑，其鞘，但他们却不断的暴力行为，与俱乐部，而他们所谓的"犹太人" 。 They bruised their victims without killing them, and left them to die.他们青肿其受害者没有杀害他们，并给他们留下死亡。 In St. Augustine's time, however, they took to swords and all sorts of weapons; they rushed about accompanied by unmarried women, played, and drank.在圣奥古斯丁的时候，但是，他们走上刀剑和各种武器，他们赶到约陪同未婚女性，发挥了，并喝了。 They battle-cry was Deo laudes, and no bandits were more terrible to meet.他们身经百战哭是迪奥laudes ，并没有强盗更可怕的会面。 They frequently sought death, counting suicide as martyrdom.他们经常寻求死刑，计数自杀殉道。 They were especially fond of flinging themselves from precipices; more rarely they sprang into the water or fire.它们特别喜欢flinging自己从悬崖;更为罕见，他们兴起到水中或火警。 Even women caught the infection, and those who had sinned would cast themselves from the cliffs, to atone for their fault.连妇女引起感染，而那些曾犯罪，将投自己从悬崖上，从1945年，为他们的过错。 Sometimes the Circumcellions sought death at the hands of others, either by paying men to kill them, by threatening to kill a passer-by if he would not kill them, or by their violence inducing magistrates to have them executed.有时circumcellions寻求死在别人的手里，无论是由支付男人要杀死他们，威胁杀害，由途人，如果他不会杀死他们，或由他们的暴力诱使裁判把他们处决。 While paganism still flourished, they would come in vast crowds to any great sacrifice, not to destroy the idols, but to be martyred.而paganism仍蓬勃发展，他们将在广大的人群并没有很大的牺牲，而不是摧毁偶像，而是要成为烈士。 Theodoret says a Circumcellion was accustomed to announce his intention of becoming a martyr long before the time, in order to be well treated and fed like a beast for slaughter. theodoret说circumcellion习惯地宣布，他打算成为烈士之前很久的时间，为了得到良好的待遇和美联储像一个野兽屠宰。 He relates an amusing story (Haer. Fab., IV, vi) to which St. Augustine also refers.他涉及一个有趣的故事（ haer.晶圆一，四，六） ，其中圣奥古斯丁，也泛指。 A number of these fanatics, fattened like pheasants, met a young man and offered him a drawn sword to smite them with, threatening to murder him if he refused.上述的一些狂热分子，养肥像山鸡，遇到一位年轻男子，并提供了他得出的剑打他们，扬言要谋杀他，如果他拒绝了。 He pretended to fear that when he had killed a few, the rest might change their minds and avenge the deaths of their fellows; and he insisted that they must all be bound.他装出害怕的时候，他曾杀害数，其余可能会改变他们的思想和报仇的死亡及其研究员以及他坚持认为，他们都必须受其约束。 They agreed to this; when they were defenceless, the young man gave each of them a beating and went his way.他们同意这个看法;时，他们手无寸铁，青年男子送给他们每人落后就要挨打，到他的去路。
When in controversy with Catholics, the Donatist bishops were not proud of their supporters.当在争议与天主教徒来说，多纳图派的主教们并没有感到自豪，他们的支持者。 They declared that self-precipitation from a cliff had been forbidden in the councils.他们声称，自我沉淀，从悬崖已被禁止在议会。 Yet the bodies of these suicides were sacrilegiously honoured, and crowds celebrated their anniversaries.但机构的这些自杀者sacrilegiously荣幸和人流庆祝周年纪念活动。 Their bishops could not but conform, and they were often glad enough of the strong arms of the Circumcellions.他们的主教，怎能不符合的，他们往往是高兴够强大武器的circumcellions 。 Theodoret, soon after St. Augustine's death, knew of no other Donatists than the Circumcellions; and these were the typical Donatists in the eyes of all outside Africa. theodoret后不久，圣奥古斯丁的死，不知道没有其他donatists比circumcellions ;这些都是典型donatists在眼里，都在非洲之外。 They were especially dangerous to the Catholic clergy, whose houses they attacked and pillaged.他们特别危险的，以天主教神职人员，他们的房子，他们的攻击和掠夺。 They beat and wounded them, put lime and vinegar on their eyes, and even forced them to be rebaptized.他们殴打，在殴打受伤，把石灰和食醋对自己的眼睛，甚至迫使他们必须rebaptized 。 Under Axidus and Fasir, "the leaders of the Saints" in Numidia, property and roads were unsafe, debtors were protected, slaves were set in their masters' carriages, and the masters made to run before them.根据axidus和fasir ， "领袖们的圣人" ，在numidia ，财产和道路不安全，借款人的保护，奴隶被设置在主人的车厢，和主人取得了运行在他们的眼前。 At length, the Donatist bishops invited a general named Taurinus to repress these extravagances.在长度，多纳图派的主教们邀请了一般命名taurinus压制这些extravagances 。 He met with resistance in a place named Octava, and the altars and tablets to be seen there in St. Optatus's time testified to the veneration given to the Circumcellions who were slain; but their bishops denied them the honour due to martyrs.他遇到了阻力，在一个地方命名octava ，和神坛片待观察，有在圣optatus的时间证明本敬仰考虑到circumcellions人被杀害，但他们的主教剥夺他们的荣誉，由于烈士。 It seems that in 336-7 the proefectus proetorio of Italy, Gregory took some measures against the Donatists, for St. Optatus tells us that Donatus wrote him a letter beginning: "Gregory, stain on the senate and disgrace to the prefects".看来，在336-7该proefectus proetorio的意大利，格雷戈里采取了一些措施，以防donatists ，圣optatus告诉我们，给了他写的信开宗明义： "格雷戈里，玷污了参议院和耻辱向省长" 。
THE "PERSECUTION" OF MACARIUS "受迫害"的米加利阿斯
When Constantine became master of the East by defeating Licinius in 323, he was prevented by the rise of Arianism in the East from sending, as he had hoped, Eastern bishops to Africa, to adjust the differences between the Donatists and the Catholics.当君士坦丁成了师父的东打败李锡尼在323 ，他被阻止的崛起arianism在东部派遣，因为他曾希望，东区主教向非洲，适应新的差异donatists和天主教徒。 Caecilian of Carthage was present at the Council of Nicea in 325, and his successor, Gratus, was at that of Sardica in 342.无足目的迦太基是目前在安理会的nicea在325 ，和他的继任者， gratus ，在那次的萨尔迪卡在342 。 The conciliabulum of the Easterns on that occasion wrote a letter to Donatus, as though he were the true Bishop of Carthage; but the Arians failed to gain the support of the Donatists, who looked upon the whole East as cut off from the Church, which survived in Africa alone.该conciliabulum的easterns那一次写了一封信给给了，因为他虽然被真主教迦太基，但arians未能获得支持的donatists ，谁又将整个地区作为其切断，教堂，其中幸存下来，仅在非洲。 The Emperor Constans was an anxious as his father to give peace to Africa In 347 he sent thither two commissioners, Paulus and Macarius, with large sums of money for distribution.皇帝CONSTANS的是一个焦急，他的父亲给和平以非洲在347派人上去两名专员，鲍鲁斯和米加利阿斯，大量的钱用于分配。 Donatus naturally saw in this an attempt to win over his adherents to the Church by bribery; he received the envoys with insolence: "What has the emperor to do with the Church?"给了，自然看到了这一企图争取超过他的信徒向教会通过贿赂，他收到了驻华使节与狂悖： "什么皇帝不与教会" ？ said he, and he forbade his people to accept any largess from Constans.他说，他禁止他的人民接受任何largess从CONSTANS的。 In most parts, however, the friendly mission seems to have been not unfavourably received.在大多数零件，然而，友好的使命似乎已经不低。 But at Bagai in Numidia the bishop, Donatus, assembled the Circumcellions of the neighbourhood, who had already been excited by their bishops.但在bagai在numidia主教，给了，聚集circumcellions的邻里，他们已经被激发他们的主教。 Macarius was obliged to ask for the protection of the military.米加利阿斯不得不问，为保障军队。 The Circumcellions attacked them, and killed two or three soldiers; the troops then became uncontrollable, and slew some of the Donatists.该circumcellions攻击，并杀害两名或三名士兵;部队，然后失控，并转换部分的donatists 。 This unfortunate incident was thereafter continually thrown in the teeth of the Catholics, and they were nicknamed Macarians by the Donatists, who declared that Donatus of Bagai had been precipitated from a rock, and that another bishop, Marculus, had been thrown into a well.这个不幸的事件是在此后不断地扔在牙齿的天主教徒，他们被人昵称macarians由donatists ，他宣布给了的bagai已沉淀从岩石和另一名主教， marculus ，已被扔进一个。 The existing Acts of two other Donatist martyrs of 347, Maximian and Isaac, are preserved; they apparently belong to Carthage, and are attributed by Harnack to the antipope Macrobius.现有行为的其他两个多纳图派烈士347名，玛西缅和Isaac ，也保存了，他们显然属于迦太基，并归因的Harnack向对立教宗克罗比亚斯。 It seems that after violence had begun, the envoys ordered the Donatists to unite with the Church whether they willed or no.看来，以后的暴力已经开始，使节团下令donatists团结与教会他们是否意志或根本没有。 Many of the bishops took flight with their partisans; a few joined the Catholics; the rest were banished.许多主教起飞升空，与他们的党派;几句加入天主教;其余的放逐。 Donatus the Great died in exile.给了伟大死于流亡。 A Donatist named Vitellius composed a book to show that the servants of God are hated by the world. 1多纳图派命名vitellius组成，一本书，这表明了公务员的上帝是深恶痛绝的世界。
A solemn Mass was celebrated in each place where the union was completed, and the Donatists set about a rumour that images (obviously of the emperor) were to be placed in the altar and worshipped.一个庄严的大规模的庆祝活动，在每一个地方，联盟完成，并开始了donatists设置一个谣言图像（很明显的皇帝）被放置在神龛供奉。 As nothing of the sort was found to be done, and as the envoys merely made a speech in favour of unity, it seems that the reunion was effected with less violence than might have been expected.因为根本没有这回事，发现做的，并作为特使只是发表了讲话，赞成团结的时候，它似乎是团聚是影响较少暴力较预期的。 The Catholics and their bishops praised God for the peace that ensued, though they declared that they had no responsibility for the action of Paulus and Macarius.天主教徒和他们的主教称赞上帝为和平里，虽然他们宣称，他们没有责任感，为行动的鲍鲁斯和米加利阿斯。 In the following year Gratus, the Catholic Bishop of Carthage, held a council, in which the reiteration of baptism was forbidden, while, to please the rallied Donatists, traditors were condemned anew.可以在下一年度gratus ，天主教主教的迦太基举行了一个会议，其中重申洗礼被禁止，同时，为了讨好反弹donatists ， traditors谴责重新注册。 It was forbidden to honour suicides as martyrs.它被禁止荣誉自杀为烈士。
THE RESTORATION OF DONATISM BY JULIAN恢复donatism由朱利安
The peace was happy for Africa, and the forcible means by which it was obtained were justified by the violence of the sectaries.和平是幸福，为非洲，并强行手段，它得到的理由是暴力的sectaries 。 But the accession of Julian the Apostate in 361 changed the face of affairs.但加入朱利安的叛教者，在361个显着变化的内政。 Delighted to throw Christianity into confusion, Julian allowed the Catholic bishops who had been exiled by Constantius to return to the sees which the Arians were occupying.高兴扔基督教陷入了混乱，朱利安允许天主教主教团曾流亡由constantius返回到看到其中arians被占领。 The Donatists, who had been banished by Constans, were similarly allowed to return at their own petition, and received back their basilicas.该donatists ，将已被流放由CONSTANS的，同样允许返回他们自己的请愿书，并收到回他们basilicas 。 Scenes of violence were the result of this policy both in the East and the West.场面暴力都是这个政策的结果无论是在东方和西方。 "Your fury", wrote St. Optatus, "returned to Africa at the same moment that the devil was set free", for the same emperor restored supremacy to paganism and the Donatists to Africa The decree of Julian was considered so discreditable to them, that the Emperor Honorius in 405 had it posted up throughout Africa for their shame. "你的愤怒" ，写圣optatus ， "回到非洲在同一时刻，我与魔鬼订定免费" ，为同一恢复天皇至高无上的paganism和donatists向非洲法令的朱利安被认为是使失信对他们来说，即皇帝honorius 405 ，它已经张贴在整个非洲为他们感到羞愧。 St. Optatus gives a vehement catalogue of the excesses committed by the Donatists on their return.圣optatus给出了强烈的目录中的过激行为，由donatists对他们的回报。 They invaded the basilicas with arms; they committed so many murders that a report of them was sent to the emperor.他们入侵basilicas与武器，他们致力于使许多谋杀案的报告，他们被送往皇帝。 Under the orders of two bishops, a party attacked the basilica of Lemellef; they stripped off the roof, pelted with tiles the deacons who were round the altar, and killed two of them.下订单的两位主教，攻击党的Basilica的lemellef ，他们剥去了屋顶，投掷牌执事者轮坛，并造成2人死亡，他们的。 In Maruetania riots signalized the return of the Donatists.在maruetania暴动灯号交还该donatists 。 In Numidia two bishops availed themselves of the complaisance of the magistrates to throw a peaceful population into confusion, expelling the faithful, wounding the men, and not sparing the women and children.在numidia两位主教利用自己的complaisance的裁判扔和平居民陷入了混乱，驱逐忠实，打伤两人后，并没有全力妇女和儿童。 Since they did not admit the validity of the sacraments administered by traditors, when they seized the churches they cast the Holy Eucharist to the dogs; but the dogs, inflamed with madness, attacked their own masters.由于他们不承认的有效性圣礼经管traditors ，当他们抓住教堂，他们投下神圣的圣体圣事对狗，但狗，红肿与疯狂，攻击自己的主人。 An ampulla of chrism thrown out of a window was found unbroken on the rocks.一个壶腹部chrism抛出的一个窗口，被发现绵延不绝于岩石。 Two bishops were guilty of rape; one of these seized the aged Catholic bishop and condemned him to public penance.两位主教分别犯有强奸罪;之一，这些检获老年天主教会主教，并谴责他公开