The Council of Trent, the 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church, was held at Trent in northern Italy between 1545 and 1563.安理会的遄达， 19合一会，罗马天主教教堂，举行了遄达在意大利北部15时45分至1563年。 It marked a major turning point in the efforts of the Catholic church to respond to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation and formed a key part of the Counter-Reformation.它标志着一个重要的转折点，在努力的天主教教会，以应对这一挑战的新教改革，并形成的一个关键部分是反改革。 The need for such a council had long been perceived by certain church leaders, but initial attempts to organize it were opposed by Francis I of France, who feared it would strengthen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and by the popes themselves, who feared a revival of Conciliarism.需要这样一个会，早就察觉到某些教会领袖，但初步尝试组织，它反对由弗朗西斯，我法国，他们担心这将加强神圣罗马帝国查尔斯五世，以及由教皇自己，他们担心死灰复燃对conciliarism 。 The council eventually met during three separate periods (1545-47, 1551-52, 1562-63) under the leadership of three different popes (Paul III, Julius III, Pius IV).安理会最终达到在三个不同时期（ 1545年至1547年， 1551年至1552年， 1562年至1563年）的领导下，三种不同教皇（保罗三，戏剧第三，比约四） 。 All of its decrees were formally confirmed by Pope Pius IV in 1564.它的所有法令，正式确认由教宗比约四， 1564年。
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At the same time, the council took steps to reform many of the major abuses within the church that had partly incited the Reformation: decrees were issued requiring episcopal residence and a limitation on the plurality of benefices, and movements were instigated to reform certain monastic orders and to provide for the education of the clergy through the creation of a seminary in every diocese.在同一时间内，安理会采取的步骤，改革的许多重大弊端与教会有部分鼓动改革：法令发出的，要求主教官邸，并限制对多元性benefices和运动的人的煽动下，以改革的某些寺院的订单并提供教育的神职人员通过建立一个修道院，在每一个教区。
Attendance at the council was often relatively meager, and it was dominated by Italian and Spanish prelates.出席此次会议往往是相对薄弱，而且主要是意大利语和西班牙语主教。 Several European monarchs kept their distance from the council's decrees, only partially enforcing them or, in the case of the French kings, never officially accepting them at all.几个欧洲君主保持一定距离，从安理会的法令，只是部分地执行他们的，或在案件的法国国王，从未正式接受它们。 The Council of Trent helped, however, to catalyze a movement within the Catholic clergy and laity for widespread religious renewal and reform, a movement that yielded substantial results in the 17th century.安理会的遄帮助很大，不过，能够催化运动内部的天主教神职人员及平信徒，为大规模的宗教革新和改革，发起一场运动，取得了不少实质性成果，在17世纪。
T. Tackett汤匙tackett
Bibliography
参考书目
Jedin, Hubert, A
History of the Council of Trent, trans. jedin ，休伯特，安理会历史上的遄达，跨。
by Ernest Graf, 2 vols.由欧内斯特格拉夫，
2卷。 (1957-61);
McNally, Robert E., Council of Trent, The Spiritual Exercises and the Catholic
Reform (1970); O'Donohoe, JA, Tridentine Seminary Legislation (1957); Schroeder,
HJ, Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (1950). （ 1957年至1961年）
;麦纳利，罗伯特体育理事会，遄达，神操和天主教改革（ 1970年） ; o'donohoe ，司法机构政务长，德律但丁修院立法（ 1957年） ;施罗德， hj
，大炮和法令的安理会的遄达（ 1950 ） 。
The canons and
decrees of the sacred该大炮和法令的神圣
and oecumenical Council of
Trent,和oecumenical会的遄达，
Ed.教育署。 and trans.和转运。 J. Waterworth (London: Dolman,
1848) j. waterworth （伦敦： dolman ， 1848年）
Notes and J. Waterworth's Preface债券及J waterworth奇摩前言
The Complete Text完整的文本
By Session由会议
Bull of Indiction牛市的indiction
The Council of Trent was the official Roman Catholic response to the Lutheran Reformation.安理会的遄达是正式的罗马天主教回应路德改革。 The Council of Trent did not begin until twentyfive years after Martin Luther's symbolic rejection of papal authority when he publicly burned Exsurge Domine (1520), the papal bull condemning his teachings.安理会的遄达并没有展开，直到twentyfive年后，马丁路德的象征性排斥反应的罗马教皇权威的时候，他公开烧毁exsurge主许（ 1520 ） ，教皇公牛谴责他的教诲。 This fateful delay in the history of Christianity permitted the consolidation of Protestantism and ensured that, when the council did eventually meet to define doctrines, it would do so in conscious reaction to Protestant doctrines.这决定命运的延误，在历史上的基督教不允许巩固基督教和保证，在安理会没有最终确定教条，它也能这样做，在有意识反应，以基督教的教义。 Though some Protestants attended the council, the majority of those attending were motivated by a desire to counter, rather than conciliate, the Protestants.虽然有一些新教徒出席立法会会议后，大部分参加者都是出于愿望柜台，而不是调解，新教徒。 Hence, even Catholic historians who emphasize the continuity of Trent's doctrinal definitions with traditional Catholic theology concede that Trent did not restore the medieval equilibrium so much as evolve a new system synthesizing Catholic tradition and the altered historical situation.因此，即使是天主教历史学家，他们强调延续性的遄达的理论定义与传统的天主教神学承认遄没有恢复中世纪平衡了这么多，作为形成一种新的合成系统天主教传统和变造的历史情况。 The new system was rigid and exclusive, but also rich and energetic, drawing on the spiritual and theological revival that characterized the Counter-Reformation.新的制度是刚性和排他性的，而且也丰富和充满活力，我们借鉴了精神文明和神学复兴说，其特点是反改革。
Reasons for the repeated delays in convening the council were chiefly, but not solely, political.理由一再拖延下去，在召开会议，主要是，但不完全是，政治上的。 Even Pope Paul III (1534-49), who was elected on the understanding that he would call a council and who acknowledge that it was desperately needed, was forced into repeated postponments by a growing appreciation of the complexity of the issues at stake.即使是教皇保罗第三期（ 1534年至1549年） ，他是当选的理解，他将拜会议会，并承认这是迫切需要的，是被迫一再postponments是愈来愈欣赏复杂的利害攸关的问题。 So complex and voluminous was its agenda that the council took eighteen years, spanning the reigns of five popes, to complete.如此复杂浩繁，是其议程，即安理会上台18年，跨越普遍存在的五个教皇，在今年内完成。 Its sittings alone took over four years, and it produced a greater volume of legislation than the combined output of all the previous eighteen general councils recognized by the Roman Catholic Church.其开庭，仅接手四年，并产生了较大数量的立法比合并输出以前所有的18个省议会的承认罗马天主教教堂。
The Council's history has three periods:安理会历史上有三个时期：
It was decided at the outset to deal with both disciplinary reforms (which Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, saw as the first priority) and the definition of dogma (the primary concern of Paul III).当时决定首先要对付这两个学科的改革（即神圣罗马帝国，查尔斯五世，看到列为第一顺位） ，并定义教条（首要关注的保罗三） 。 A repentant episcopate acknowledged that the Lutheran revolt was occasioned by the "ambition, avarice and cupidity" of bishops. 1忏悔的主教承认路德叛变是因"的野心，贪欲和cupidity "的主教。 The council accordingly condemned pluralism and absenteeism by bishops and priests.安理会据此谴责多元化和缺勤率，由主教和神父。 Clergy were to "avoid even the smallest faults, which in them would be considerable."神职人员，以"避免即使是最小的故障，而在他们会有相当大" 。 Bishops were to establish seminaries for the training of clergy in every diocese.主教们分别建立神学院，为培养神职人员，在每一个教区。 In nothing was the Roman Catholic Church more indelibly scarred by its fear of Protestantism than in the council's decision to make the curriclum in the new seminaries scholastic rather than biblical.在没有被罗马天主教会更留下不可磨灭的创伤，其恐惧的新教比在立法会的决定，使curriclum在新的神学院奖学金，而不是圣经。 On indulgences, the issue which ignited the Lutheran explosion, the council abolished indulgence sellers and decreed that the giving of alms was never to be the necessary condition for gaining an indulgence.对indulgences ，这个问题，烧路德会爆炸，安理会取消放纵卖方和命令给予施舍，是永远不会成为必要条件，要想放纵自己。
The article on justification was perceived as the most difficult of the doctrinal issues, partly because it had not been dealt with in previous councils.这篇文章的理由，就被视为是最艰难的理论问题，这部分是因为它没有得到处理，在以往的议会。 Thirty-three canons condemned Protestant errors concerning justification. 33门炮，谴责新教错误有关的理由。 Most were errors held by Protestant extremists, but the bishops certainly understood that they had condemned Luther's doctrine that Christ's righteousness is extrinsic to the justified person and only imputed to him.大多数人的错误举行，由新教极端分子，但主教们当然明白，他们谴责路德的学说认为，基督的公义是外在，以合理的人，只归罪于他。 The Tridentine doctrine on justification was expressed in sixteen chapters.本德律但丁学说的理由，有人表示，在16个章节。 Chapters 1-9 stress man's incapacity to save himself but confirm the necessity for the cooperation of his free will, including his resolve to receive baptism and begin a new life.章1-9强调人的能力来拯救自己，但证实有必要进行合作，他的自由意志，其中包括他决心接受洗礼，并开始新的生活。 Justification results not only in the remission of sin but also in "sanctification and renewal of the whole man."理由，结果不仅罪孽的赦免，而且在"成圣和更新的完整的人" 。 Chapters 10-13 affirm the increase of justifying grace through obedience to the commandments and deny that predestination to salvation can be known with certainty.章10-13申明增加的理由宽限期通过服从诫命，并否认宿命，以救赎，可以确切了解。 Chapters 14-16 declare that grace is forfeited by any grevious sin (not just faithlessness) and must be recovered through the sacrament of penance.章14-16宣布Grace是没收任何grevious单（不只是faithlessness ） ，并必须收回透过圣餐的忏悔。 Salvation is given to the justified as a reward as well as a gift, since, on the basis of his union with Christ, he has meritoriously fulfilled God's law by good works performed in a state of grace.救恩是考虑到合理的，作为奖励，以及作为礼物的，因为，根据他的联盟与基督里，他已meritoriously履行真主的法律所好的作品演出，在一国的恩典。
In the belief that Lutheran heresy was based on a misunderstanding of the sacraments, the council devoted more time to them than any other doctrinal issue.由于相信路德异端是基于一种误解圣礼，会花更多的时间向他们比其他任何学说上的问题。 The council confirmed that there are seven sacraments instituted by Christ (baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, unction, orders, marriage) and condemned those who said that sacraments are not necessary for salvation or that through faith alone, and without any sacrament, man can be justified.安理会确认，有7个圣礼由基督（洗礼，确认，共融，忏悔， unction ，命令，婚姻） ，并谴责那些说圣礼是没有必要救赎，或者通过信仰单，也没有任何圣餐，男子可以提出理由。 Sacraments contain the grace they signify and confer it ex opere operato, irrespective of the qualities or merits of the persons administering or receiving them.圣礼包含宽限期，他们标志，并赋予它当然opere operato ，无论其品质还是值得的人的管理或接收他们。 The council confirmed transubstantiation, that the substance of bread and wine is changed into the body and blood of Christ while the appearance of bread and wine remains.理事会确认陷于变体说，这种物质的面包和酒变成了身体和血液基督的，而外观的面包和酒依然存在。 Luther's real presence doctrine; the symbolist doctrine of Zwingli, Karlstardt, and Oecolampadius; and Calvin's medial position (presence is real but spiritual) were all condemned; as were those who denied that the whole of Christ is received when the bread alone is taken at communion.路德的真实存在的学说;象征主义zwingli ， karlstardt ，厄科兰帕迪乌斯;美女的内侧位置（存在是真实的，但精神的）均谴责;正如一些人否认说，整个基督教会在收到时，单靠面包是采取共融。 The council also affirmed that in the Mass, which must be said in Latin, the Son is offered anew to the Father, a sacrifice by which God is appeased and which is efficacious for the living and the dead.安理会还申明，在大众，这应该说，在拉丁美洲，儿子是提供重新给父亲，一个牺牲，其中，神是姑息，这是有效的，为活人与死人。
In its article on Scripture the council again rejected Lutheran teaching.在其一篇经文部长理事会再次拒绝路德教学。 Tradition was said to be equally authoritative with Scripture; the correct interpretation of the Bible was the preserve of the Catholic Church; the Vulgate was to be used exclusively in public readings and doctrinal commentaries.传统，据说是具有同等效力，与经文;正确解释圣经，是保存的天主教教会; vulgate是专门用于公共读物和理论评论文章。
The Tridentine decrees enjoyed great prestige and determined Catholic belief and practice for four centuries.本德律但丁法令享有巨大威望和坚定的天主教信仰与实践四个世纪。
FS
Piggin财政司司长皮格金博士
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
G. Alberigo, "The
Council of Trent: New Views on the Ocassion of Its Fourth Centenary," Con
7.1:28-48; J. Delumeau, Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire: A New View of
the Counter Reformation; P. Hughes, The Church in Crisis: A History of the
General Councils; H. Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent; HJ Schroeder,
Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent. g. alberigo ，
"安理会的遄达：一些新的看法，在纪念第四次百年" ，结论7.1:28-48的J. delumeau
，天主教与路德和伏尔泰：一种新的看法柜改造;页休斯教会在危机：历史总理事会;每小时jedin ，安理会历史上的遄达;
hj施罗德，大炮和法令，安理会的遄达。
Martin Luther's revolt was, almost from the beginning, an essential matter, ie, it was explicitly directed against the pope's essential claim that he is the ruler of the whole Church of Christ.马丁路德的叛变是，几乎从一开始，是一个至关重要的问题，即，它是明确针对教宗的必不可少的声称他是统治者，整个教会的基督。 He had already moved away from the Catholic belief, in certain matters regarding the divine forgiveness of sins, by the time he made the famous attack on Indulgences with which Protestantism began (1517).他已远离了天主教信仰，在某些事情对于神的宽恕罪孽，由一次，他著名的攻击indulgences与新教开始（ 1517 ） 。 Within a further six months he was writing that the first thing needed in order to cure the manifold ills that afflicted religion was to overthrow the whole accepted system of theological teaching (1518).内部再延长6个月，他正在撰写这首先需要的，以治愈多种疾病折磨的宗教是要推翻整个接受系统的神学教学（ 1518 ） 。 To the papal legate who now called on him, in the name of a fundamental papal law, to withdraw his teaching about Indulgences Luther replied by denying the validity of that law; and, within a few weeks, by appealing from the pope who had commissioned the legate, to the judgment of the next General Council whenever it should meet--an appeal made in due legal form, and in defiance of the papal law that forbade such appeals.以教皇legate人，现在他呼吁，在名称的一个根本教皇法，以收回他的教学indulgences路德回答否定的有效性，法律，以及内部的几个星期中，有吸引力，教宗曾委托该legate ，以判断未来总理事会时，它应满足-提出的上诉，在适当的法律形式，并在藐视教皇法律禁止这类上诉。 The controversies continued without intermission, and a year later than the appeal (ie, in 1519) Luther's mind had moved so far that he now denied that General Councils had any special divine protection that kept them from erroneous teaching when deciding questions about belief.争论的继续进行，没有间歇，并于一年后超过上诉（即1519 ）路德的心目中已搬迁至目前为止，他现在否认省议会有任何特殊的保护神说，他们保存这些错误的教学时，在决定问题的信念。
These rebellious principles were listed among the errors for which Luther was condemned by the papal bull Exsurge Domine (June 15, 1520).这些反叛的原则被列为误差为路德谴责教皇公牛exsurge主（ 1520年6月15日） 。 He was given sixty days to appear and publicly recant his sayings.他被给予60天内出现，并公开收回他的说法。 Instead, he wrote two most violent--and exceedingly popular--pamphlets, the one to show how the popes had systematically corrupted the whole teaching of Christ for a thousand years and so led all the world astray, the other denouncing the papal institution as a vast financial racket which, for centuries, had been draining the life out of Germany.相反，他写了两个最暴力-通天受欢迎-小册子，其中，显示如何教皇曾系统地败坏了整个教学的基督为1 0 00年，所以带领大家将世界引入歧途，其他痛斥教皇机构一个庞大的金融球拍，其中，数百年来，已掏空了生活的德国。 In impassioned phrases he called on the princes of Germany to destroy the papacy, and to wash their hands in the blood of the sacrilegious impostors at Rome.在慷慨激昂的词句，他呼吁王公的德国摧毁教宗，并勤洗手，在血的亵渎impostors在罗马。 As to the bull Exsurge, Luther waited until the fatal sixtieth day, and then with a vast amount of public mockery, he threw it into the bonfire kindled on the town dunghill--and into the flames he threw, after the bull, the whole collection of the popes' laws binding the whole Church of Christ.至于牛市exsurge ，路德等待，直到致命的第六十天，然后与大量公众的嘲弄，他把它变成了篝火点燃了对城市dunghill -进入火苗，他义无返顾地后，牛气冲天，整个收集的教皇'法律约束力整个教会的基督。
This was spectacular, and symbolical.这是壮观，意义和象征意义。 Not for centuries had there been any defiance so far-reaching--and with the encouragement and protection of the state.不是几个世纪以来一直有任何违抗如此深远-与鼓励，并受国家保护。 To what means were the popes, drawing on a vast experience of crisis, now to turn and so avert the general destruction that threatened German Catholicism?以何种手段获得教宗，借鉴相当丰富的经验的危机，现在把等，避免一般的破坏威胁德国天主教？ There could only be one answer, since this was the opening of the sixteenth century.有可能答案只有一个，因为这是开放的16世纪。 From all quarters came a demand for the classic panacea.来自方方面面来的需求经典灵丹妙药。 The pope must call a General Council.教宗也应召集总理事会。 And finally the General Council met, the Council of Trent--but not until twenty-five years after the great defiance of the appeal to the princes and the Wittenberg bonfire.最后，总理事会开会，安理会的遄达-但不是到二十五年后的大蔑视，向终审王子和维滕贝格篝火。
Since in all that long time the needed council never ceased to be talked of by Catholics and by rebels, by princes and by popes, and since it was amid the angry dissensions on the subject between Catholic princes and the popes that the men were largely formed who actually were the Council of Trent, to recall something of those twenty-five unhappy years is a first condition of understanding the history of the council, of its failures as of its splendid successes.因为在所有的时间，只要有需要会从来都没有停止过谈的，由天主教会和叛军中，王子和由教皇，因为它是在愤怒的纠纷就此事与天主教王子和教宗说，男人大多形成究竟是谁被安理会的遄达，以回收的东西，这些25不高兴年，是第一个条件的理解，安理会历史，它的失败，因为它的辉煌成就。
The sentences of bishops, and popes also, against heretics were mere noise until they were taken up by the State and put into execution.句子的主教，教宗同时，对异端人仅仅是噪音，直到他们被带到了由国家和付诸执行。 Luther was assured that his own sovereign, the elector Frederick the Wise, would not execute the bull Exsurge.路德得到保证说，他自己的主权，冯选民明智的，将不会执行牛市exsurge 。 It was however quite another thing to be assured that the sentence would remain a dead letter once the pope had appealed to the emperor and the princes of Germany, assembled at the first diet of the new emperor's reign.然而，它相当另一件事得到保证，这句话将成为一纸空文，一旦教宗呼吁国王与王子的德国，组装在第一次国会的新皇帝的统治。 It met at Worms in January 1521, and in the way it both thwarted and supported the pope it was curiously prophetic of the history of the coming years.它受到了蠕虫，在1521年1月，而在这样既挫败，并支持教宗这是很奇怪的先知的历史，以及未来数年。 The princes accepted the papal sentence, and they made it their own by outlawing Luther.王公接受教皇一句话，他们取得了它自己所取缔路德。 Whoever could, might kill him without fear of punishment, as though he were a dangerous bandit.周坤说，有可能将他杀死，而不必害怕遭到惩罚，因为他虽然是一个危险的强盗。 But they ignored the papal sentence to this extent that they re-tried Luther; that is to say, they gave him a hearing, under a safe conduct, refusing to listen to the protestations of the ambassador whom the pope had sent to direct the action of the diet.但他们忽略了教皇句，以这个程度上说，他们再度尝试路德;这就是说，他们给他的听证会，下一个安全的行为，拒绝听取抗议大使，其中，教皇曾发出指示行动的饮食习惯。 The action of this solemn assembly was thus a great public flouting of the papal law, a serious repudiation, in a most serious matter, of the will of the man whom all these princes acknowledged to be the head of their church.该行动的这个庄严的大会，因此备受市民藐视教皇的法律规定，严重休妻，在一个最严重的问题，该会的人，所有这些王子被公认为头部他们的教会。
This is not the place in which to tell again the familiar story of the events of the next ten years.这不是发生在告诉再熟悉的故事，事件的下一个十年。 But something must be said, however briefly, about the papal delay in applying the only remedy that could meet the German situation--the General Council.但我们必须说，但简单地说，关于教皇延误申请唯一的补救办法可以应付德语的情况-总理事会。
The general attitude towards the plan of a General Council may thus be summed up: the man who was pope through the greater part of the period, Clement VII (1523-34), was at heart consistently hostile; the cardinals and other officers of his Curia were, for quite other reasons, still more hostile; the German Catholics were eager for a council, but a council in which they would really matter, a council fashioned rather after the pattern of a parliament than General Councils have usually been; the Catholic kings who enter the story are Charles I of Spain (just lately become the emperor Charles V), the life-long champion of the council idea, and Francis I of France, its bitterest opponent.一般的态度，该计划的一般性会议，因而可能概括起来就是：该名男子是教宗透过大部份的时期，克莱门特七（ 1523年至1534年） ，是在心上，始终敌对;枢机主教们和其他官员，他教廷人，为不少其他原因，仍然是更具敌意;德国的天主教徒们踊跃为一个议会，但议会中，他们真的会事项时，会过时，而之后的格局国会比一般的议会往往;天主教国王队的人进入这个故事是查尔斯本人西班牙（只是近来成为皇帝查尔斯五世） ，生命之久的冠军，安理会的想法，弗朗西斯本人法国，其痛苦的对手。 And the history of Europe during the crucial twenty-five years, 1520-45, is little more than the history of the duel between these two princes.和欧洲历史上，在关键的二十五年， 1520年至1545年，是多一点，比历史上的决斗，在这两者之间的王子。 In their wars Clement VII, as often as he dared, sided with the King of France, for purely political reasons--it was, invariably, the side that lost.在其战争克莱门特七，常常因为他不敢，片面与法国国王，为纯粹的政治原因-它是永远不会，一方丢失。
The council problem comes to this, that a General Council was absolutely necessary, and that, for political reasons, it was just not possible to summon one.安理会的问题，说到这，一个总理事会，是完全必要的，而且，对于政治上的原因，这只是我们不可能传召之一。 Whence, inevitably, on the part of Charles V, and of the German princes, a succession of schemes to bring back the Lutherans (for this, in the early years, is what it was hoped the council would achieve) by negotiations, conferences, local councils, informal councils, and the like.何时，无可避免的，对部分查尔斯五世和德国的王子，继承计划，以带回lutherans （为此，在最初几年，这正是他希望安理会将实现）的谈判，会议，地方议会，非正规议会等。 All of these failed and, in the long run, these ventures complicated the problem of reconciliation or submission; while the refusal of the Holy See really to take action gradually destroyed all confidence in its integrity among the Catholic princes of Germany.所有这些失败和，从长远来看，这些企业复杂的问题，和解或意见书，而拒绝教廷真的要采取行动，逐步销毁了所有的信心，其完整性之间天主教王子的德国。 To such a depth, indeed, had the prestige of Rome sunk that when the successor of this timorous, vacillating, and all too worldly-wise pope announced, in the first hours of his reign, that he proposed to summon a General Council, the news stirred not a ripple among the Catholic reformers of Germany.这样一个深度，实际上，有威望的罗马沉没时，继任人的本timorous ，跑来跑去，又都太世俗化的角度来看，教宗宣布，在第一时间为他的统治，他建议召集总理事会，新闻炒作不是一个涟漪间天主教改革者的德国。
This second pope was Paul III (1534-49) and ultimately he lived to see the council he had dreamed of meet at Trent, but after bitter vicissitudes--for some of which history must hold his own personal failings responsible.这第二个教皇保罗第三期（ 1534年至1549年） ，并最终他活到看到安理会他曾梦见满足于遄不足，但经过痛苦的沧桑-其中有些历史的，必须持其个人的失败负责。 The catalogue of these events needs to be set down.中央定价目录的，这些事件的需要来订定。
By the time of the election of Paul III (October 13, 1534) the situation in Germany had radically altered since Leo X had first faced the problem in the Diet of Worms (1521).经过一段时期的选举保罗三（ 1534年10月13日） ，德国的情况已经从根本上改变了自利奥x首先面临的问题，在国会的蠕虫（ 1521 ） 。 The Lutheran movement had long since passed from the stage where it was a matter of preachers and writers and the masses they influenced.路德运动早已通过从地步，它的一个问题是传教士，作家和群众，他们的影响。 The state was now in control of it, half a dozen princes in central Germany and a number of leading cities north and south.国家现在控制着它，有一半十几王子在德国中部和一些主要城市的北部和南部地区。 In all these places the adherents of the new religion and the preachers were organised into churches, installed in the buildings that had once been Catholic; monasticism had been abolished and the monks' properties taken over by the state; the clergy who wished had married, with the state's approval; the mass was everywhere forbidden and the new rites made obligatory; and these Lutheran states were banded together in a formidable military alliance, so powerful that it had been able (at a moment when a Turkish invasion threatened) to ignore the diet's summons to disband and submit, and furthermore it had won for their sect's new status in these regions a provisional acquiescence from the emperor.在所有这些地方的遗民新的宗教和传教者，举办了到教堂，安装在建筑物曾是天主教;修道已被取消和僧侣财产接管，由国家;神职人员，他们希望结婚，要结合国家的批准;肿块到处禁止和新的仪轨强制规定;路德这些国家联结起来，在一个强大的军事同盟，如此强大，它已经能够（在一个时刻，当一个土耳其入侵威胁） ，以忽视国会的传票解散，并提交，而且它已赢得了他们的教派的新地位，在这些地区的一个临时的默许下，从皇帝。
One root of Clement VII's troubles had been his ambition to strengthen the hold of his family--the Medici--as rulers in what had been the republic of Florence.其中的根源克莱门特七世的麻烦，一直是他的野心，以加强掌握他的家人-梅迪奇-作为统治者的是什么一直是共和国的佛罗伦萨。 With Paul III there was the like family concern, to see his son, Pierluigi, established among the reigning families of Europe.保罗三，有类似家庭的关注，为了见到自己的儿子，科里纳，建立了执政的家属欧洲。 In the end the pope succeeded, giving him in fief the duchies of Parma and Piacenza, carved out of the States of the Church, and marrying Pierluigi's son-- Ottavio--to a natural daughter of Charles V. The intricate business of forcing his offspring into the charmed circle of royalty-by-birth, the negotiations with Charles for example over recognition of the new duchies, runs like a subtle poison through what was, despite the very evident Renaissance worldliness of this great pope, the leading policy of his reign, the calling of this council that would reform the life of the Church and heal the divisions in Germany.在年底前，教宗成功，让他在采邑的duchies的帕尔马和皮亚琴察，瓜分了该国的教会，以及结科里纳的儿子-奥塔维奥-一个亲生女儿的查尔斯诉错综复杂的业务，迫使其到后代的排他性小圈子版税，由出生，谈判与查尔斯例如超过认同新duchies ，每年举办像一个微妙的毒药，通过什么，虽然很明显，文艺复兴时期的世俗这个伟大的教宗，领导的政策，他的统治，要求本局将改革教会生活及治愈师在德国。
Paul III's first obstacle was his cardinals, who voted unanimously against the plan to call a council, when he proposed it.保罗三的第一个障碍就是他的枢机主教，谁赞成，一致反对该计划呼吁安理会时，他提议。 After an exhaustive study of the situation in Germany--a matter where he had everything to learn--he despatched nuncios to all the courts of Europe, to the Lutherans as well, with invitations to attend.在详尽研究的情况，在德国-一个无论身在何处，他的一切学习-他寄发nu ncios所有法院的欧洲，向l u therans作为很好，有获邀出席。 The French king was unfavourable, the German Protestants refused with insults.法国国王是不利，不过德国新教徒拒绝与侮辱。 In these negotiations a whole year went by, and then, on June 2, 1536, the official announcement was made: the council would meet at Mantua, May 23, 1537.在这些谈判中整整一年过去了，然后， 1536年6月2日，官方发布了：安理会将举行会议，在曼图亚， 1537年5月23日。 What followed next, however, was a whole series of postponements that finally brought the Catholics of Germany to feel that the new pope was as shifty as the old; postponements first to November 1537, then to May 1538, then to April 1539, and then a postponement indefinitely.随之而来的未来，但是，是一个全系列的延期终于使天主教徒的德国感受到新教宗被视为缩骨由于旧;推迟首次以1537年11月，然后到1538年5月，然后到1539年4月，然后推迟下去。
The reasons given were real enough, the steady refusal of the French king to co-operate (ie, in practice, the impossibility of any French bishop or cardinal taking part in the council), the renewal of the war between France and the emperor, and so forth.理由是真实不够的，稳步拒绝了法国国王，以合作经营（即，在实践中，不可能有任何法语主教或枢机主教参加安理会） ，延长战争结束后，法国和皇帝，等等。 But it came to be believed that the true cause was that the pope really preferred that the council should not ever take place.但后来被认为真正的原因是教宗真的倾向于认为，安理会应该不会发生。
Actually, as the years went by, Paul III came to understand that the task before the council was much more complex than he had conceived, or his official advisors.其实，随着岁月的流逝，保罗三来理解是非常艰巨的任务摆在安理会面前的是更为复杂的，比他原先的设想，或其官方顾问。 As was to be the case with the Vatican Council, three hundred years later, the official world began by oversimplifying the problem.由于是，如果情况属实，与梵蒂冈委员会，三百年后，正式开始了世界上由过分简化问题。 The heresies, it was thought, could be simply dealt with by re- enacting the various decrees in which, at their first appearance, centuries before, they had been condemned.该异端邪说的，它是思想，可以简单地处理，由他重新制定了各种法令，其中，在第一次亮相，几百年前，他们已被谴责。 There would, of course, be no need to discuss such burning topics as the reform of the Curia Romana--that was not the business of any council, but a matter for the pope's personal action.有，当然没有必要讨论这样的话题燃烧随着改革的罗马教廷-这不是我们的生意安理会任何问题，而是为教宗的个人行为。 The reform of Catholic life, again, called for no great research; the old laws were adequate, if only they were enforced.改革天主教生命，让我们再要求没有太大的研究;旧的法律已足够，如果由他们执行。 The council, once it met, would accomplish its task in a matter of weeks.安理会同意，一旦满足，将完成它的任务，在短短的几个星期。 Actually, the working time of the Council of Trent--to anticipate the story--was to amount to four and a half years; the constant hard work of the bishops and theologians who attended would produce a mass of decrees and canons exceeding in volume the whole of the legislation of all the previous eighteen General Councils.其实，工作的时候，安理会的遄达-预测未来的故事-是相当于4年半时间里;不断辛勤工作的主教和神学家参加，将产生大量的法令和大炮长于量整个立法以前所有的18个省议会。
What was also gradually borne in on Paul III was that the kind of council he had in mind--the traditional meeting of bishops--was not at all what Charles V was thinking of, nor the Catholics of Germany.什么也逐步承担对保罗第三的是什么样的会议，他已记-传统会议的主教们-是不是这回事什么查尔斯五世是思想者，也不是天主教徒的德国。 Was the coming council to begin with a new religious crisis, with all these champions of the council demanding a say in how it should conduct its business, in what should appear upon its agenda?是未来会一开始就有一个新的宗教危机，所有这些冠军安理会要求说，在它应如何开展业务，在哪些应该出现后，其议程？ The Catholic critics of the intolerable abuses--for which the Roman Curia was generally held responsible--now expected to be heard, at the council.天主教的批评者无法容忍的行为-因为罗马教廷普遍追究责任-现在预期可听到的，在安理会。 Luther's insistent cry, that there would never be any reform so long as Rome controlled the council, found echoes in the secret thoughts of many of Luther's Catholic adversaries.路德的坚持，哭的，有绝对不会有任何的改革，只要罗马控制了议会，发现回波在秘密思想的许多路德的天主教对手。
And the achievement of the councils of Constance and of Basel, in those sessions ever since officially disregarded, came into the mind of more than one Catholic reformer as the obvious instrument to bring off the desired improvement.并实现了两局的人Constance和巴塞尔，参加这些会议以来，无视正式生效，心中的一个以上的天主教改革者，因为明显的文书，以实现小康预期的改善。 The acts of these councils, the wholeheartedly Catholic bishop of Vienna (for example) wrote to Rome, were indispensable as a guide to the council now under consideration.该行为这些议会，全心全意为天主教会主教的维也纳（举例）写信给罗马，是不可或缺的精神为指导，以安理会目前正在审议之中。 German bishops, supporting the pope's desire for a council, were taking for granted that just as they desired it should meet in Germany, so it would follow the pattern of these two classic German councils.德国主教，支持教宗的意愿，安理会对遇难者理所当然地认为，只是因为他们想要的就是要符合在德国，所以将遵循规律，这两个典型的德国议会。 How was the pope to accept this position, and not risk at the outset a new damaging controversy about the nature of his own authority?如何教宗接受了这一立场，而不是风险，在开始一个新的损害争议的性质，他自己的权力？ a controversy that might send thousands of Catholics in Germany, not, indeed, into the Lutheran body but into schism no less disastrous.争议可能派遣数千名天主教徒在德国，而不是，而事实上，到路德机构，但到裂不低于灾难性的。 Then there were the Catholics who, for years, had been thinking that unless the power of the Curia to grant dispensations were checked, reform legislation would be a dead letter from the day it was enacted.那么，有天主教徒的人，多年来，我一直在思考，除非权力的教廷给予dispensations被有效遏制，改革立法，将成为一纸空文，从创建之日起，它被制定出来。
"The pope was not merely having bad dreams when he saw these dangers."[1] And so he hesitated, time and again, and even when he did not hesitate he failed to be insistent. "教皇不仅是有坏的梦想，当他看到这些危险" [ 1 ] ，所以他迟疑了一会，一次又一次地，甚至当他没有犹豫，他没有得到应有的坚持。 With all his gifts--and with the merit of the great reform he had achieved in his own personal life--Paul III was far from that perfect state where the supernatural controls every act and every thought.他的所有礼物-以及与优异的伟大改革，他取得了在他自己的个人生活-保三远非完美地所在国的超自然控制每一个行为和每一个思想。 He was not a saint.他不是圣人。 And as his great servant Cardinal Girolamo Morone once expressed it, "He who conducts God's business must not be exclusively actuated by human considerations."[2]和他的伟大公仆枢机girolamo morone曾表示， "他的人进行了上帝的生意绝不能只动人为因素" [ 2 ]
The emperor now won over the pope to try what another, much lauded method might do to bring peace to Germany, the method of peaceful negotiation between the theologians of both parties, with reunion (perhaps) as the fruit of "a better understanding of what it is that divides us."皇帝现在赢得了教皇尽一切可能，大大称许的方法，可能这样做，把和平带给德国相比，该方法的和平谈判之间的神学双方的，与留尼汪（也许）由于水果的"更好地了解哪些这就是我们的分歧" 。 For many years some leading Catholics had been urging that this way promised better results, some of them influenced in part--let it be bluntly stated--by the fatal delusion that the differences between the Church and the Lutheran bodies did not amount to a real separation.多年来，一些领导天主教徒已敦促这样许诺更好的结果，他们中的一些人的影响，在一部分-让它成为直言-由致命的妄想这之间的差异，教会和路德机构，也未达到一真正的分离。 This seemingly incredible blindness had one source in the dangerous superficialities of Erasmus, who, for example, saw no reason why any differences mattered provided men agreed in accepting Christ, and who could not understand why either party would not accept as a sufficient statement of the Eucharistic mystery the unexamined ambiguity that Christ is here present somehow.这个看似不可思议的盲目性，有一个消息来源在危险表面的伊拉斯谟，他举例说，看不出有什么理由任何分歧提供了重要的男性同意，在接受基督了，谁不明白为什么任何一方不接受，因为有足够的声明中的圣体圣事的奥秘了unexamined含糊表示，基督是在此间出席或多或少。 The "appalling" intellectual confusion of which Jedin[3] speaks is indeed, by this time, a leading characteristic of the age among the Catholics. "令人震惊的"智力混乱，其中jedin [ 3 ]说实在，这个时候，领导的特点，年龄之间的天主教徒。
Let it be remembered, also, that in the twenty years since the somewhat elementary directions of the bull Exsurge, Rome had not said a word about the divergencies.我们必须记住，同时，在21年以来有点初等方向牛市exsurge ，罗马还没有说过一句话约分歧。 Lutheranism had, since then, developed all its doctrines, and a varied host of Catholic writers, each according to his lights and temperament, had, in criticising the heresiarch, offered his own solution for the new theological problems he had posed.路德教了，从那时起，发达国家的一切教义和多样的东道主天主教作家，每次按照他的灯光和气质，曾在批评heresiarch ，提供自己的解决方案，为新的神学问题，他所构成的。 For the Catholic princes and their political advisors the "conference" method offered this advantage that an official business like the General Council must result in clear-cut definitions of doctrine; in sentences, that is to say, and a summons to accept these or take the appropriate punishment; in strong resistance, and- -who knows?--in civil war.为天主教王子和他们的政治顾问"会议"的方式，提供了这种优势的一种正式的商业一样，总理事会必须导致旗帜鲜明定义的学说;句，这就是说，并发出传票，接受这些或采取适当的处罚;在强大阻力，并- -谁知道吗-在内战。 And this with Francis I longing to renew the war against Charles; and the French ally, the Turk, already at the gates!与此同弗朗西斯i渴望延续战争对查尔斯和法国的盟友，土耳其人，已经在家门口！ Of the emperor's critical position, in the world of armies, of the grave risk of a Catholic defeat, the belligerents in the Sacred College and the Curia knew all too little.对皇帝的关键位置，在世界上的军队，该陵墓的风险天主教打败，交战各方在神圣的学院和教廷都知道得太少。 Paul III never lost sight of all this.保罗三，没有遗忘这一切。 His knowledge was one reason for his reluctance to act with decision.他的知识是一个原因，他不愿意采取行动的决定。
The high-water mark of the reunion-through-negotiation movement was the conference held at Ratisbon in the summer of 1541 about which historians are still arguing.高水标志的留尼汪经过谈判转移是举行的记者招待会上拉蒂斯邦在今年夏天的第1541左右，其中历史学家仍在争论。 This history is of interest because it does much to explain what, at first sight, is utterly incomprehensible, viz., that nearly thirty years went by before the vitally necessary council met, and also because it reveals the nature of one serious weakness that hampered the Catholic champions in these critical years.这是历史的兴趣，因为这很能说明什么，乍看起来，简直是不可理解，即，有近三十年了，由之前必不可少的会满足，还因为它揭示了大自然的一个严重缺陷，妨碍了天主教冠军，在这些关键年。
To Ratisbon, where most of the princes of Germany attended and the emperor himself, there came two of the principal reformers, Philip Melanchthon and Martin Bucer, the last-named bringing with him a reformer of the second generation who was soon to eclipse in influence all the rest, the young John Calvin.以拉蒂斯邦，那里的大多数王公的德国出席会议并皇帝本人，就出现了两个主要的改革者，菲利普梅兰希顿与马丁塞珥，最后命名带着改革者的第二代的人很快就被掩盖在影响所有其余的，这位年轻的约翰卡尔文。 The pope sent, as legate, the Venetian Gaspar Contarini, theologian and statesman, the greatest figure the Curia had known for generations, and a man of saintly life.教宗派遣，作为legate ，威尼斯人加斯帕尔contarini ，神学家和政治家，最伟大的人物，教廷已经知道，为几代人，是一位圣洁的生活。 If Contarini, a steady opponent of extreme solutions, went to Ratisbon still really believing that disagreement about the essentials was not so serious as many believed, he was soon enlightened.如果contarini ，稳步对手极端的解决办法，去拉蒂斯邦还是真的以为争论是关于必需品就没有那么严重，因为许多人认为，他很快就被开明的。 Though he contrived an apparent, momentary harmony on the question of Justification, there was no resolving the flat contradictions he encountered on the doctrines of the Eucharist and of the sacrament of Penance.虽然他contrived一个显着的，一时的和谐，关于这个问题的理由时，并没有解决矛盾的单位，他遇到了对教义的圣体和圣事的忏悔。 The conference failed utterly, and when Paul III announced that the preparation for the General Council would be resumed the emperor did not dissent.该会议未能完全，而当保罗三宣布说，为筹备总理事会将收回皇帝没有异议。 The conference had had this useful result: it demonstrated to the "practical" minds the truth which the controversial theology of twenty years had ever insisted on, that Catholicism and the new theologies were contradictory, and impossible to reconcile.会议进行了这项有益的结果是：它表明，以"实用"的头脑，实事求是，其中备受争议的神学二十年了以往任何时候都坚持认为，天主教和新的神学互相矛盾，无法调和。
The bull convoking the council is dated May 22, 1542.牛市convoking安理会的日期是1542年5月22日。 It was to meet on November 1 following, at the episcopal city of Trent, the first town outside Italy on the great road along which for a thousand years and more the traffic had travelled between Rome and Germany.它是为了满足11月1日之后，在主教城市的遄达，第一城以外意大利于伟大的路沿，这为1000年及更长远的交通曾去过罗马和德国。 Trent was a city of the empire, a German city where the bishop was also the reigning prince.遄达是一个城市的帝国，一个德国城市，主教，也是执政的王子。 Eighty miles to the north, along the same road, is Innsbruck, the capital of Charles V as Count of Tyrol. 80英里到北，沿同一条路，是因斯布鲁克，首府查尔斯五世作为计数的蒂罗尔州。
The three legates appointed to preside arrived at Trent on November 2.三个legates任命担任抵达遄11月2日。 They found scarcely a single bishop awaiting them.他们发现，几乎没有一个单一的主教，等待他们的。 In January 1543 the representatives of the emperor arrived, and very slowly bishops came in-- very slowly, for by May there were no more than a dozen.在1543年1月代表天皇抵达的，也是非常缓慢主教进来-非常缓慢的，由可有不超过一打。 The fact was that four months before the summons of Paul III's bull, the long-expected war had broken out between France and the empire.事实是， 4个月前发出传票保三的牛市，期待已久的战争已经爆发了法国与帝国。 Francis I had explicitly refused to countenance the council, and had forbidden the hundred bishops of France to leave the country.弗朗西斯我曾明确拒绝将国家进行了理事会，并已禁止百主教的法国离开该国。 The emperor, driven to fury by the pope's determined neutrality in the war, had taken a similar course, barring out thereby any participation of the bishops, not only from Spain, but from his kingdom of the Two Sicilies (110 bishops), from the Netherlands, from Austria and Hungary; and affording an excuse for all the bishops of the empire.皇帝，驱车前往暴跳如雷由教宗的决心中立，在战争中，已经采取了类似的过程，除非有出，从而任何参与的主教，不仅是从西班牙，但他从英国的两西西里王国（ 110位主教） ，从荷兰，奥地利和匈牙利，以及提供一个借口，为所有主教的帝国。 A General Council, at a time when three fourths of the bishops of the world were violently prevented from attending?一般会，在这个时候，四分之三的主教是世界上被粗暴地阻止不能参加？ By July 1543 there was only one thing to be done, suspend the council yet once again.由1543年7月，本港只有一件事要去做，暂停会议，但再次重演。
How, upon the peace between the rival sovereigns (September 1544), Francis I withdrew his prohibition, while Charles was reconciled to the pope, and how next there supervened the new trouble over the investment of the pope's son with the duchies of Parma and Piacenza--all these highly relevant matters must be studied elsewhere.[4] But in November 1544 Paul III revoked the suspension of the council, and on March 13, 1545, the legates once more made their entry into Trent.如何，一经和平与竞争对手的主权国（ 1544年9月） ，弗朗西斯i撤回了他的禁令，而查尔斯是调和向教宗，以及如何在未来有supervened了新的麻烦，在投资的教皇的儿子与duchies的帕尔马和皮亚琴察-所有这些高度相关的事项，一定要认真学习其他地方。 [ 4 ] ，但在1 544年1 1月保三，撤销暂停理事会，并于1 545年3月1 3日， l egates再一次取得了进入遄。
The council was solemnly opened there on December 13, with thirty-one bishops in attendance and forty-eight theologians and canonists, technical experts, summoned to assist them.安理会隆重开幕还有12月13日， 31主教出席和48神学家和canonists ，技术专家，召见，以协助他们。
It will perhaps help the reader if, before the attempt is made to convey what is contained in the legislation of Trent--itself equal in volume to this present work--it is stated, once and for all, that the various political difficulties that had delayed the council's meeting for so many years never ceased to harass it during its entire progress.它也许会帮助读者，如果之前尝试去传达什么是包含在立法的遄达-本身都是平等的数量，以目前的工作-它说明，一劳永逸，即各种政治困难延误了安理会的会议，这么多年，从来没有停止骚扰它，在它的整个进展。 Here, of course, lay the cause of the two long suspensions which the council suffered--one of four years and one of ten.在这里，当然，奠定了事业的两个长期停牌的，其中安理会蒙受之一-四年，其中一1 0。 The council's history has, in fact, three chapters: sessions 1-10, December 13, 1545, to June 2, 1547; sessions 11-16, May 1, 1551, to April 28, 1552; sessions 17-25, January 17, 1562, to December 4, 1563安理会的历史上，其实已经三章： 1-10届， 1545年12月13日， 1547年6月2日;届11-16 ， 1551年5月1日， 1552年4月28日;届17-25 1月17日， 1562 ，以1563年12月4日
What I now propose to do is to explain how the council organised itself, how the bishops and the technicians did their work, and then to show, by some examples, the tone of the council's treatment of the twofold task before it, viz., the restatement of belief in opposition to the new theologies, and the reformation of Catholic life.我现在提出来要做的是解释如何会主办的本身，如何主教和技术人员做他们的工作，然后显示，由一些例子，语气安理会的治疗双重任务面前，即，重述的信念，反对以新的神学，与改革天主教的生活。
The direction of the council was in the hands of the three cardinal- legates.方向安理会是在政府手中的三个红衣主教- legates 。 Of these the senior, Gian Maria del Monte, a man of fifty-eight, had been in the service of the papal curia for well over thirty years.这些高层，吉安玛丽亚Del Monte的，一男的58 ，已经在服务的教皇教廷可为超过三十年。 He was esteemed one of its leading canonists and had a vast experience of administration, civil and ecclesiastical.他是尊敬它的一个领导canonists了相当丰富的经验的政府，民间和教会。 He was the practical man of the trio, level-headed, firm, and a good manager of men.他是实用的男子三人，一级的头脑，坚定的，一个好的经理人的男子。 The second in rank, Marcello Cervini, was another type altogether, a theologian primarily and a man of rigidly austere life, dedicated passionately to the extirpation of the abuses that had almost become an ecclesiastical institution.第二级， 25日cervini ，是另一种类型而言，神学家，主要是和一名男子的硬性过紧日子，尽忠职守，慷慨激昂地向摘除被认为是几乎成为一个教会机构。 He was not really a curialist at all, and had come to the notice of Paul III as a tutor to the pope's two grandsons whom the old man had made cardinals, at the age of fifteen, in the opening weeks of his reign.他是不是一个真正curialist所有，并已到了该公告的保罗三，作为一个导师，以教宗的两个孙子，其中老先生取得了枢机主教，当时年仅十五，在开幕星期他的统治。 The third legate was the solitary English cardinal, Reginald Pole, the near kinsman of King Henry VIII, and an exile for his faith this many a year.第三legate是孤立英语红衣主教（ Reginald极点，近亲人的国王亨利八世，并流亡海外，他的信念，这许多年。 His mother, and other relations, had some years before been executed by the king, and the cardinal was continuously in danger from the Italian bravos whom Henry hired to assassinate him.他的母亲，以及其他关系，有一些几年前被处决，由国王和红衣主教是不断在危险从意大利bravos其中亨利雇来暗杀他。 Pole, at forty-five, was roughly Cervini's contemporary, a scholar primarily, the Christian humanist indeed, and learned in the Fathers, in the new Renaissance manner.一极，在45 ，大致cervini的当代，有学者为主，基督教人文主义事实上，据悉，在父亲，在新的文艺复兴的方式。 With his great friend Contarini, whom a premature death had carried off in 1542, he was regarded by all as the very embodiment of the Catholic Reformation.他的伟大的朋友contarini ，任何人过早死亡进行了起飞，在1542年，他就被所有的作为非常体现了天主教改革。 It fell to him to write the opening address of the legates to the council--a frank admission that it was clerical sin mainly that had brought religion to this pass, and a passionate plea for sincerity in the deliberations.下降到他写开幕致词中的legates向安理会-坦率地承认，这是文员单仲偕认为，主要是带来了宗教这一关，并充满激情的呼吁诚意了分组审议。 One who was present has recorded that as the secretary of the council read the speech, the bishops instinctively turned to look at Pole, recognising from its tone and content who was its actual author.其中一人，目前已录得表示，由于理事会秘书宣读了讲话，主教们本能地把目光转向极点，从认识到它的语气和内容，谁是它的实际作者。 Paul III could have given no clearer sign of his own sincerity than in this association of Cervini and Pole in the direction of the longed-for council.[5]保罗三，可给予不清晰的迹象，他自己的诚意，超过这个协会cervini和极的方向，渴望已久的安理会。 [ 5 ]
As to procedure, the bishops decided that only bishops and generals of religious orders should have the right to a vote.至于程序，主教们决定，只有主教和将领和宗教界人士都应该有权利进行了表决。 The question whether to treat doctrinal matters first (as the pope required, to the anger of Charles V) or the reforms, they settled by treating both simultaneously-- along with each decree about a doctrine called in question by the reformers there would be enacted a definite law about reforms.问题是否对待教义事项首（教宗要求，以愤怒的查尔斯五世）或改革之后，他们解决了治疗两手抓-与对方相处法令约学说呼吁在这个问题改革者将颁布一个明确的法律改革。 After some experiments the following system of work was adopted.经过一番实验，以下的工作系统获得通过。 The technicians would debate the proposed decree with the bishops assisting as an audience.这些技术人员将讨论拟议法令与主教协助作为一个听众。 This was the meeting called the "particular congregation" of the council.这是本次会议上被称为"特别是众"的认识。 Next the bishops, meeting alone, discussed the matter under the presidency of the legates--the "general congregation"--and came to a final conclusion about the text.明年主教，会议仅讨论了这件事的主持下，该legates -"一般会众" -首先来到了一个最后的结论约文本。 Then, in a public meeting called a "session," an open vote was taken and the decree read out as the council's definition.然后，在一次公开会议上被称为"会议" ，公开表决，结果，并命令读出，作为安理会的定义。 In the first chapter of the council's history the public sessions took place in the cathedral of Trent, later in the church of S. Maria Maggiore.在第一章的安理会历史上举行公开会议发生在大教堂的遄达，后来在教会中的第玛丽亚Maggiore的。 The particular congregations were held in various mansions of the little city.特殊的毕业典礼分别在各大厦的小城市。 Of the twenty-five public sessions between 1545 and 1563, seventeen were devoted to definition of doctrine and the promulgation of reform laws.对2005年公开开庭15时45分至1563年， 17个专门的定义，原则，并颁布实施改革法。 The rest were ceremonial occasions for the transacting of the inevitable legal formalities--the opening of the council, the various suspensions, and reopenings, and so forth.其余则红白事为交易的必然法律手续-开幕的理事会，各种悬浮物，并重新挖掘路面，等等。
The technical work done by the bishops, the theologians, and the canonists was of a very high order, and the work was done thoroughly.该技术的工作，由主教，神学家，以及canonists是一个非常高的新秩序，这项工作是做透。 It took, for example, seven months to hammer out the decree on the key doctrine of Justification, forty-four particular congregations and sixty-one general congregations.花了，举例来说， 7个月的谈判进行得法令，对关键学说的理由， 44 ，特别是教会和61一般的毕业典礼。 The decrees about belief especially are evidence of the theological revival that had begun with the emergence of the great figure of Cajetan, and is marked by the teaching of Francis de Vittoria and Soto-- the last named of whom actually took part in the council.该法令对信仰的，尤其是有证据的神学复兴说，政府已开始出现了伟大人物的cajetan ，其标志是教学的弗朗西斯德vittoria和索托-最后点名的人，实际上参加了会议。 The language of the decrees, again, is that of men influenced by the new classical learning of the Renaissance--as is that other literary monument of the council, the so-called Catechism of the Council of Trent.语言的法令，又是男性的影响，由新古典学习的文艺复兴-为的是其他文学碑的理事会，即所谓理讲授了安理会的遄达。 And all in all, the theological achievement of Trent is a memorial to the small band of competent writers who, from Luther's first adventure, had never ceased to examine critically and to expose the weaknesses and the mischievousness of his theology.和所有的一切，神学思想建设成就的遄达是一个纪念，以小波段的主管作家，从路德的第一次冒险，但从未停止过严格审查，并揭露弱点和恶作剧或他的神学。
It was a small band also who, at Trent, whether of the theologians or of bishops, brought about this great result.这是一个小乐队还谁，在遄达，无论是在神学家或主教，使这个伟大的结果。 The modern French historian who, to a statement similar to this, appends the word heureusement was not merely cynical.近代法国一位历史学家，一个类似的陈述， appends字heureusement ，并非单单是玩世不恭。 The comparatively small number of bishops made for manageable discussions.相对少数的主教为便于管理讨论。 When, three hundred years later, there appeared at the Vatican Council some seven hundred or so bishops and, in the early days, the drafts of decrees prepared proved inadequate, and debates dragged on endlessly, a prelate who knew his history said, feelingly, "If the Fathers of Trent could rise from their graves, they would disown us."时，三百年后，出现在梵蒂冈会有些700多主教，并在成立之初，报告草稿的法令，准备证明不足，而辩论的一拖再拖，没完没了，一个总主教谁知道他的历史，说， feelingly ， "如果父亲的遄达可能上升，从他们的坟墓，他们将不承认我们" 。 The number of bishops present at the Tridentine sessions varied greatly.有多少主教目前在德律但丁届有很大的差别。 At the opening of the council there were, besides the legates, 32.在开幕式上，安理会有，除了legates ， 32 。 During the remainder of this first (1545-47) period the numbers gradually increased to 68.在余下的这首（ 1545年至1547年）期间的人数逐渐增加至68条。 In the two sessions of the second (1551-52) period there were 44 and 51, respectively.在两会的第二次（ 1551年至1552年）期间，有44和51 ，分别为。 The third (1562-63) period began with 105, and rose to 228 at the session of November 11, 1563.第三次（ 1562年至1563年）期间开始， 105号，并上升至228人出席了本届会议的1563年11月11日。 At the closing session there were 176.在闭幕会上，有176家。 As well as the bishops, there were also present the generals of five religious orders, who were full members of the council, with the right to speak and to vote.以及主教中，也有本将军的五个宗教命令，他们都充满了安理会成员，话语权和表决权。 Two of these played a principal role in the council, the Augustinian Girolamo Seripando[6] in the Paul III period of the council, and the Jesuit, Diego Lainez in the two closing years.两这些方面起了主要作用，在安理会中， augustinian girolamo seripando [ 6 ]在保罗第三期的理事会，和耶稣，迭戈lainez在两个闭幕。
Throughout the council, the great majority of the bishops were from Italian sees--which does not imply that they were all equally at the disposal of the Curia Romana.整个会议上，绝大多数的主教们分别来自意大利认为-这并不意味着他们都同样在处理被没收的罗马教廷。 The Italy of the sixteenth century was not, of course, a single unified national state.在意大利的16世纪是没有的，当然是一个统一的民族国家。 In central Italy--one sixth of the whole Italian territory--the pope was the sovereign.在意大利中部-六分之一的整个意大利领土-教宗是宗主国。 To the south and in Sicily and Sardinia, it was Charles V (as King of Naples) who ruled, and he also ruled the Duchy of Milan in the north.至该国南部和西西里和撒丁岛，这是查尔斯五世（作为国王的那不勒斯）统治，而且他还统治着大公国的米兰在北方。 Whether the 110 bishops of the kingdom of Naples were likely to favour papal policies against those of their king needs no telling.是否110位主教的王国，那不勒斯人可能赞成教皇政策，对他们的国王