The two books of Samuel, which follow Judges in the Hebrew Bible and Ruth in the English, tell the stories of Samuel, Saul, and David.该两本书，塞缪尔，按照法官在希伯来文圣经和罗思，在英语，讲故事，萨穆埃尔，娑罗双树，和大卫。 The events from the cataclysmic breakup of Israel's premonarchic league through the foundation of Saul's monarchy and the beginnings of David's political emergence to the death of Saul are narrated in 1 Samuel.事件从灾难性的破裂，以色列的premonarchic联盟通过的基础娑罗双树的君主立宪制的开始，大卫的政治出现了向死亡的娑罗双树叙述在一塞缪尔。 David's unification of Israel and Judah, his imperial expansion, and the subsequent struggle to decide who would succeed David are described in 2 Samuel.大卫的统一，以色列和犹大，他的帝国扩张，以及随后的斗争，来决定谁将接替大卫所描述的二黄秉槐。
The books are named after Samuel, the last major representative of the old league, who figured prominently in the transition to monarchy.书籍命名后，萨穆埃尔，最后一项主要代表的旧的联盟，谁占有突出地位，在过渡到君主立宪制。 He plays no role in 2 Samuel, however, which may explain why the Septuagint and Vulgate versions designate 1 - 2 Samuel as 1 - 2 Kings.他扮演的角色，并没有在二萨穆埃尔，不过，这可能解释为什么septuagint和武加大版本，指定1 -2 ，黄秉槐为1 - 2国王。
Both volumes are part of the Deuteronomistic History (compiled in the time of Josiah, c. 640 - 609 BC), but they largely consist of preexisting literary sources, such as the pre Davidic narrative about the Ark (1 Sam. 2, 4 - 6) and the Solomonic Throne Succession Narrative (2 Sam. 9 - 20), that the final editor used relatively unchanged.这两卷的一部分，该deuteronomistic历史（汇编在的时候，乔赛亚，长640 -6 09B C）的，但他们在很大程度上构成既存的文学来源，如前d avidic叙事约方舟（ 1萨姆。 2 ， 4 - 6 ）和solomonic王位继承的叙事（ 2萨姆。 9 -2 0） ，最后编辑器使用相对不变。
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Bibliography
参考书目
PR Ackroyd, The
First Book of Samuel (1971); FM Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (1973); HW
Hertzberg, 1 and 2 Samuel (1964); PK McCarter, 1 Samuel (1980); RN Whybray, The
Succession Narrative (1968).公关ackroyd ，第一本书的塞缪尔（ 1971年） ;调频交叉，
canaanite神话和希伯来语的史诗（ 1973年） ;硬件hertzberg ， 1和第2款，黄秉槐（ 1964 ） ;的PK mccarter
，一，黄秉槐（ 1980年） ;氡whybray ，继承叙事（ 1968年） 。
Samuel, heard of God.萨穆埃尔，听到上帝的。 The peculiar circumstances connected with his birth are recorded in 1 Sam.特殊情况下，与他的出生都记录在一山姆。 1:20. 1时20分。 Hannah, one of the two wives of Elkanah, who came up to Shiloh to worship before the Lord, earnestly prayed to God that she might become the mother of a son.汉娜，其中两个妻子elkanah ，谁出来，以示罗崇拜耶和华面前，认真向上帝祈祷，她可能成为母亲，一个儿子。 Her prayer was graciously granted; and after the child was weaned she brought him to Shiloh nd consecrated him to the Lord as a perpetual Nazarite (1:23-2:11).她的祈祷是宽宏大量批准;之后，孩子断奶，她带他到示罗钕consecrated他向耶和华作为一个永久的把拿细耳人（ 1:23-2:11 ） 。 Here his bodily wants and training were attended to by the women who served in the tabernacle, while Eli cared for his religious culture.在这里，他的身体要和培训出席会议，向由妇女谁曾任职于幕，而ELI的照顾，他的宗教文化。 Thus, probably, twelve years of his life passed away.因此，可能，十二年他生命中去世。 "The child Samuel grew on, and was in favour both with the Lord, and also with men" (2:26; comp. Luke 2:52). “孩子长大就黄秉槐，并在赞成，都与主，也与男人” （ 2时26分;可比。路加福音2时52分） 。 It was a time of great and growing degeneracy in Israel (Judg. 21:19-21; 1 Sam. 2: 12-17, 22).这是一个伟大的时间和日益增长的简并在以色列（ judg. 21:19-21 ;萨姆1 。 2 ： 12月17日， 22 ） 。
The Philistines, who of late had greatly increased in number and in power, were practically masters of the country, and kept the people in subjection (1 Sam. 10:5; 13:3).该非利士人，谁晚已大大提高，在数量和权力，实际上国家的主人，保持了人民的隶属（ 1萨姆。 10时05分; 13时03分） 。 At this time new communications from God began to be made to the pious child.在这个时候新的通讯从上帝开始作出了虔诚的儿童。 A mysterious voice came to him in the night season, calling him by name, and, instructed by Eli, he answered, "Speak, Lord; for thy servant heareth."一个神秘的声音来，他在夜间赛季，称他的名字，并指示由礼，他回答说： “发言，勋爵;你的仆人heareth ” 。 The message that came from the Lord was one of woe and ruin to Eli and his profligate sons.信息来自勋爵是一个悲哀和破坏，以礼和他的儿子挥霍。 Samuel told it all to Eli, whose only answer to the terrible denunciations (1 Sam. 3:11-18) was, "It is the Lord; let him do what seemeth him good", the passive submission of a weak character, not, in his case, the expression of the highest trust and faith.塞缪尔说，这一切，以礼，其唯一的答案，以可怕的谴责（ 1萨姆。 3:11-18 ） ， “这是上帝;让他做什么seemeth他好” ，被动提交了一份弱的性格，不在他的情况下，表达最高的信任和信心。
The Lord revealed himself now in divers manners to Samuel, and his fame and his influence increased throughout the land as of one divinely called to the prophetical office.主透露，自己现在在潜水员的方式，以萨穆埃尔，和他的淡泊名利，他的影响力增加，整个土地作为一个神所谓向prophetical办公室。 A new period in the history of the kingdom of God now commenced.一个新的时期，在历史上神的国度现在开始。 The Philistine yoke was heavy, and the people, groaning under the wide-spread oppression, suddenly rose in revolt, and "went out against the Philistines to battle."该市侩是沉重的枷锁，和人民群众， groaning下，广泛蔓延的压迫，突然上升，反抗，和“走出去对非利士人战斗” 。 A fierce and disastrous battle was fought at Aphek, near to Ebenezer (1 Sam. 4:1, 2).激烈的和灾难性的战役战斗在阿费克，近到心光（ 1萨姆。 4:1 ， 2 ） 。 The Israelites were defeated, leaving 4,000 dead "in the field."以色列人被打败，留下4000人死亡“在该领域” 。 The chiefs of the people thought to repair this great disaster by carrying with them the ark of the covenant as the symbol of Jehovah's presence.酋长的人认为要修复这一伟大的灾害进行与他们的方舟，公约的象征，耶和华的存在。 They accordingly, without consulting Samuel, fetched it out of Shiloh to the camp near Aphek.他们因此，没有谘询，黄秉槐，牵强出来的，以示罗营附近的阿费克。
At the sight of the ark among them the people "shouted with a great shout, so that the earth rang again."在忽略了方舟，其中于民“ ，高呼与一个伟大喊，使地球再次响” 。 A second battle was fought, and again the Philistines defeated the Israelites, stormed their camp, slew 30,000 men, and took the sacred ark.第二次战役战斗，并再次非利士人打败了以色列人，冲进他们的营地，转换30000名男子，并采取了神圣的方舟。 The tidings of this fatal battle was speedily conveyed to Shiloh; and so soon as the aged Eli heard that the ark of God was taken, he fell backward from his seat at the entrance of the sanctuary, and his neck brake, and he died.该福音的这种致命的战场，迅速转达给示罗;这么快，作为岁礼听到的方舟是上帝所采取的，他倒地落后，从他的座位在入口处的庇护，和他的颈部制动，和他的死因。 The tabernacle with its furniture was probably, by the advice of Samuel, now about twenty years of age, removed from Shiloh to some place of safety, and finally to Nob, where it remained many years (21:1).幕与它的家具可能是，所的意见，萨穆埃尔，现在约二十年的年龄，撤职，开除的示罗的一些安全的地方，最后nob ，在那里仍然有很多年（ 21时01分） 。 The Philistines followed up their advantage, and marched upon Shiloh, which they plundered and destroyed (comp. Jer. 7:12; Ps. 78:59).该非利士人跟进他们的优势，和游行后，在示罗，他们掠夺和摧毁（ comp.哲。 7时12分;的PS 。 78:59 ） 。
This was a great epoch in the history of Israel.这是一个伟大时代，在以色列历史上。 For twenty years after this fatal battle at Aphek the whole land lay under the oppression of the Philistines.为二十年后，这种致命的战斗在阿费克整个土地奠定下压迫的非利士人。 During all these dreary years Samuel was a spiritual power in the land.在所有这些阴沉年，黄秉槐是一个强大的精神力量，在土地。 From Ramah, his native place, where he resided, his influence went forth on every side among the people.从ramah ，他的籍贯，他在那里居住，他的影响力去，提出了对每一方在人民中间。 With unwearied zeal he went up and down from place to place, reproving, rebuking, and exhorting the people, endeavouring to awaken in them a sense of their sinfulness, and to lead them to repentance.与unwearied热情，他到向上和向下地方，谴责， rebuking ，并劝告人民群众，努力在唤醒他们的责任感，他们的罪孽，并带领他们悔改之意。 His labours were so far successful that "all the house of Israel lamented after the Lord."他的劳动力，所以到目前为止，成功的“所有以色列家哀叹后勋爵” 。 Samuel summoned the people to Mizpeh, one of the loftiest hills in Central Palestine, where they fasted and prayed, and prepared themselves there, under his direction, for a great war against the Philistines, who now marched their whole force toward Mizpeh, in order to crush the Israelites once for all.黄秉槐召见的人mizpeh ，其中最高的山丘中环的巴勒斯坦，在那里他们禁食和祈祷，并编写了自己的存在，根据他的方向，一个伟大的抗日战争对非利士人，谁现在游行，他们的整个警队对mizpeh ，在秩序粉碎以色列人一旦所有。
At the intercession of Samuel God interposed in behalf of Israel.在干涉塞缪尔上帝的中间人在代表以色列。 Samuel himself was their leader, the only occasion in which he acted as a leader in war.黄秉槐自己是他们的领袖，唯一的一次他在其中担任领导在战争中。 The Philistines were utterly routed.该非利士人被完全改为。 They fled in terror before the army of Israel, and a great slaughter ensued.他们逃离恐怖活动之前，以色列的军队，伟大的屠宰随后。 This battle, fought probably about BC 1095, put an end to the forty years of Philistine oppression.这一仗，打了大概约公元前1095年，付诸表决，结束了四十年的市侩压迫。 In memory of this great deliverance, and in token of gratitude for the help vouchsafed, Samuel set up a great stone in the battlefield, and called it "Ebenezer," saying, "Hitherto hath the Lord helped us" (1 Sam. 7:1-12).在记忆体中这一伟大的解脱，并在象征性的感谢帮助vouchsafed ，黄秉槐成立一个伟大的石头，在战场上，和它称为“心光” ，他说： “迄今祂所主帮助我们” （ 1萨姆。 7 ： 1月12日） 。 This was the spot where, twenty years before, the Israelites had suffered a great defeat, when the ark of God was taken.这是地方，二十年前，以色列人遭受了很大的失败，当方舟是上帝所采取的。 This victory over the Philistines was followed by a long period of peace for Israel (1 Sam. 7:13, 14), during which Samuel exercised the functions of judge, going "from year to year in circuit" from his home in Ramah to Bethel, thence to Gilgal (not that in the Jordan valley, but that which lay to the west of Ebal and Gerizim), and returning by Mizpeh to Ramah.这一胜利，超过非利士其次是一个长期的和平时期，以色列（ 1萨姆。 7点13 ， 14 ） ，在此期间，黄秉槐行使的职能，法官，去“ ，每年在电路”从他家中，以ramah伯特利，再以gilgal （不说，在约旦谷地，但奠定了向西方的ebal和盖里济姆） ，并返还由mizpeh ，以ramah 。
He established regular services at Shiloh, where he built an altar; and at Ramah he gathered a company of young men around him and established a school of the prophets.他建立了定期服务，在示罗，他在那里建立了一个祭坛; ramah ，并在他收集的一间公司的青年男子身边，并建立一所学校的先知。 The schools of the prophets, thus originated, and afterwards established also at Gibeah, Bethel, Gilgal, and Jericho, exercised an important influence on the national character and history of the people in maintaining pure religion in the midst of growing corruption.学校的先知，从而源自，并成立之后又在gibeah ，伯特利， gilgal ，和杰里科，行使的一项重要的影响，对民族性格和历史，人民群众在维护纯洁的宗教之中日益腐败。 They continued to the end of the Jewish commonwealth.他们继续到去年底，犹太英联邦。 Many years now passed, during which Samuel exercised the functions of his judicial office, being the friend and counsellor of the people in all matters of private and public interest.多年来，现在通过，在此期间，黄秉槐行使的职能，他的司法办公室，作为朋友和辅导员的人的一切事项，私人和公共的利益。 He was a great statesman as well as a reformer, and all regarded him with veneration as the "seer," the prophet of the Lord.他是一位伟大的政治家以及作为一个改革者，并把所有与他的崇拜，作为“预言者”先知耶和华。
At the close of this period, when he was now an old man, the elders of Israel came to him at Ramah (1 Sam. 8:4, 5, 19-22); and feeling how great was the danger to which the nation was exposed from the misconduct of Samuel's sons, whom he had invested with judicial functions as his assistants, and had placed at Beersheba on the Philistine border, and also from a threatened invasion of the Ammonites, they demanded that a king should be set over them.在结束这一时期，当他现在一岁男子，长老以色列来，他在ramah （ 1萨姆。 8时04分， 5 ， 19-22 ） ;和感觉如何伟大的是危险，其中国家被揭露出来的不当行为，塞缪尔的儿子，他已投资与司法职能，作为他的助手，并已放置在贝尔谢巴对庸俗的边界，也从一个威胁入侵的菊石，他们要求国王应定为他们的。 This request was very displeasing to Samuel.这一要求是非常displeasing ，以塞缪尔。 He remonstrated with them, and warned them of the consequences of such a step.他remonstrated与他们，并警告他们的后果，这样的一个步骤。 At length, however, referring the matter to God, he acceded to their desires, and anointed Saul (qv) to be their king (11:15).在长度，但是，在谈到此事向上帝，他加入了他们的愿望，并选定娑罗双树（请参阅）成为他们的国王（ 11:15 ） 。 Before retiring from public life he convened an assembly of the people at Gilgal (ch. 12), and there solemnly addressed them with reference to his own relation to them as judge and prophet.退休之前，从公共生活中，他召开了一次大会，人民群众在gilgal （ ch. 12 ） ，并有庄严解决他们参考他自己的关系，向他们担任法官和先知。
The remainder of his life he spent in retirement at Ramah, only occasionally and in special circumstances appearing again in public (1 Sam. 13, 15) with communications from God to king Saul.其余的他的生命，他用在退休ramah ，只是偶尔和在特殊情况下，再次出现在公众（ 1萨姆。 13 ， 15 ）与通信来自上帝的国王娑罗双树。 While mourning over the many evils which now fell upon the nation, he is suddenly summoned (ch.16) to go to Bethlehem and anoint David, the son of Jesse, as king over Israel instead of Saul.而莫宁超过许多邪恶，现在下跌后，国家，他是突然召见（ ch.16 ）去伯利恒和anoint大卫的儿子杰西，作为国王对以色列不是娑罗双树。 After this little is known of him till the time of his death, which took place at Ramah when he was probably about eighty years of age.之后，这个所知甚少的他，直到时间，他的死因，其中发生在ramah时，他很可能是约八十年的年龄。 "And all Israel gathered themselves together, and lamented him, and buried him in his house at Ramah" (25:1), not in the house itself, but in the court or garden of his house. “和所有以色列聚集在自己在一起，哀叹他，和他埋在他的房子在ramah ” （ 25:1 ） ，而不是在房子本身，而是在法庭上或花园，他的房子。 (Comp. 2 Kings 21:18; 2 Chr. 33:20; 1 Kings 2:34; John 19:41.) Samuel's devotion to God, and the special favour with which God regarded him, are referred to in Jer. （ comp. 2国王21时18分;二月人权委员会。 33:20 ; 1国王2时34分;约翰19时41分） ，黄秉槐的奉献给上帝，并特别赞成与上帝把他转介到在哲。 15:1 and Ps. 15时01分和PS 。 99:6. 99:6 。
(Easton Illustrated Dictionary) （伊斯顿说明字典）
The LXX.该lxx 。 translators regarded the books of Samuel and of Kings as forming one continuous history, which they divided into four books, which they called "Books of the Kingdom."翻译把书籍和萨穆埃尔国王形成一个连续的历史，它们分为四本书，而他们所谓的“图书王国” 。 The Vulgate version followed this division, but styled them "Books of the Kings."该武加大版本，其次是这个师，但他们的风格“书籍的国王” 。 These books of Samuel they accordingly called the "First" and "Second" Books of Kings, and not, as in the modern Protestant versions, the "First" and "Second" Books of Samuel.这些书籍的塞缪尔，他们因此被称为“第一”和“第二”的书籍国王，而不是，因为在现代新教的版本， “第一”和“第二”的书籍塞缪尔。 The authors of the books of Samuel were probably Samuel, Gad, and Nathan.作者的书籍塞缪尔可能是萨穆埃尔，总装，及弥敦道。 Samuel penned the first twenty-four chapters of the first book.黄秉槐写的第一个24章的第一本书。 Gad, the companion of David (1 Sam. 22:5), continued the history thus commenced; and Nathan completed it, probably arranging the whole in the form in which we now have it (1 Chr. 29:29).总装，伴侣大卫（ 1萨姆。 22时05分） ，持续的历史，从而展开;及弥敦道的完成它，可能安排在整体的形式在这方面，我们现在有它（ 1人权委员会。 29:29 ） 。
The contents of the books.内容的书籍。
The first book comprises a period of about a hundred years, and nearly coincides with the life of Samuel.第一本书组成，为期约一百年，近，刚好与生活塞缪尔。 It contains (1) the history of Eli (1-4); (2) the history of Samuel (5-12); (3) the history of Saul, and of David in exile (13-31).它包含（ 1 ）历史上礼（ 1-4 ） ; （ 2 ）历史上，黄秉槐（ 5月12日） ; （ 3 ）的历史，娑罗双树，和大卫在流亡（ 13日至31日） 。
The second book, comprising a period of perhaps fifty years, contains a history of the reign of David (1) over Judah (1-4), and (2) over all Israel (5-24), mainly in its political aspects.第二本书，组成一个时期，也许五十年，包含一个历史时期的国宝（ 1 ）犹大（ 1-4 ） ，和（ 2 ）所有的以色列（ 5月24日） ，主要是在政治方面。 The last four chapters of Second Samuel may be regarded as a sort of appendix recording various events, but not chronologically.最后四章二黄秉槐可能被视为一种附录记录的各种活动，而不是顺序。
These books do not contain complete histories.这些书籍不包含完整的历史。 Frequent gaps are met with in the record, because their object is to present a history of the kingdom of God in its gradual development, and not of the events of the reigns of the successive rulers.频繁的差距会见了在记录中，因为他们的目的是，目前的历史，上帝的王国在其逐步发展，而不是事件的时期历任统治者。 It is noticeable that the section (2 Sam. 11:2-12: 29) containing an account of David's sin in the matter of Bathsheba is omitted in the corresponding passage in 1 Chr.值得注意的是，该科（ 2萨姆。 11:2-12 ： 29 ） ，其中载有一个帐户的大卫的单仲偕在这件事的拔示巴是遗漏了相应的通过在一人权委员会。 20. 20 。
(Easton Illustrated Dictionary) （伊斯顿说明字典）
(Also know as the FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF SAMUEL.) （也知道，作为第一和第二的帐簿，黄秉槐） 。
For the First and Second Books of Kings in the Authorized Version see KINGS, THIRD AND FOURTH BOOKS OF.为第一和第二的帐簿，国王在核定的版本，看看国王，第三次和第四次的帐簿。
In the Vulgate both titles are given (Liber Primus Samuelis, quem nos Primum Regum dicimus, etc.); in the Hebrew editions and the Protestant versions the second alone is recognized, the Third and Fourth Books of Kings being styled First and Second Books of Kings.在武加大双方的标题是由于（ liber普里默斯samuelis ，终止数primum regum dicimus等） ;在希伯来文版本和新教版本的第二单是公认的，第三次和第四次图书国王正在式的第一和第二的帐簿国王队。 To avoid confusion, the designation "First and Second Books of Samuel" is adopted by Catholic writers when referring to the Hebrew text, otherwise "First and Second Books of Kings" is commonly used.为了避免混淆，指定“的第一和第二的书籍塞缪尔” ，是通过天主教作家时，提到希伯来文的文字，否则“第一和第二的书籍国王”是常用的。 The testimony of Origen, St. Jerome, etc., confirmed by the Massoretic summary appended to the second book, as well as by the Hebrew manuscripts, shows that the two books originally formed but one, entitled "Samuel".的证词，俄，圣杰罗姆等，证实由massoretic摘要附加到第二本书，以及由希伯来文手稿，表明该两本书，原本形成的，但一，题为“塞缪尔” 。 This title was chosen not only because Samuel is the principal figure in the first part, but probably also because, by having been instrumental in the establishment of the kingdom and in the selection of Saul and David as kings, he may be said to have been a determining factor in the history of the whole period comprised by the book.这个称号被选为这不仅是因为黄秉槐是主要的数字，在第一部分，但也可能是因为，经过仪器在建立王国，以及在选择娑罗双树和大卫作为国王，他可说是已一个决定性因素，在历史上整个期间，包括按本子办事。 The division into two books was first introduced into the Septuagint, to conform to the shorter and more convenient size of scrolls in vogue among the Greeks.该司到两本书首次引入到septuagint ，以符合短和更方便的大小春联在时尚之间的希腊人。 The Book of Kings was divided at the same time, and the four books, being considered as a consecutive history of the Kingdoms of Israel and Juda, were named "Books of the Kingdoms" (Basileiôn biblía).这本书的国王分在同一时间内，四书，被视为一个连续的历史王国以色列和juda ，被命名为“图书王国” （ basileiôn biblía ） 。 St. Jerome retained the division into four books, which from the Septuagint had passed into the Itala, or old Latin translation, but changed the name "Books of the Kingdoms" (Libri Regnorum) into "Books of the Kings" (Libri Regum).圣杰罗姆保留分成四本书，这从septuagint已通过纳入名单，或旧拉丁语翻译，但名称改为“图书王国” （图书regnorum ）到“书籍的国王” （图书regum ） 。 The Hebrew text of the Books of Samuel and of the Books of Kings was first divided in Bomberg's edition of the rabbinical Bible (Venice, 1516-17), the individual books being distinguished as I B. of Samuel and II B. of Samuel, I B. of Kings and II B. of Kings.在希伯来文的书本和萨穆埃尔的书籍国王首次分在邦贝里出版的犹太教圣经（威尼斯， 1516年至1517年） ，个别书籍被尊敬的，正如我乙塞缪尔和第二乙的萨穆埃尔， i乙国王和第二乙国王。 This nomenclature was adopted in the subsequent editions of the Hebrew Bible and in the Protestant translations, and thus became current among non-Catholics.这个名称是通过在随后的版本的希伯来语圣经和基督教在翻译，从而成为目前非天主教徒。
CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS内容和分析
I-II Books of Kings comprise the history of Israel from the birth of Samuel to the close of David's public life, and cover a period of about a hundred years.第一项和第二项的帐簿，包括国王的历史，以色列从出生到黄秉槐，以结束大卫的公共生活，并涵盖，为期约1百年。 The first book contains the history of Samuel and of the reign of Saul; the second, the history of the reign of David, the death of Saul marking the division between the two books.第一本书包含的历史和萨穆埃尔的统治娑罗双树;第二，历史时期的国宝，死亡的娑罗双树标志着部之间的两本书。 The contents may be divided into five main sections: (1) I, i-vii, history of Samuel; (2) viii-xiv or, better, xv, history of Saul's government; (3) xvi-xxxi, Saul and David; (4) II, i-xx, history of the reign of David; (5) xxi-xxiv, appendix containing miscellaneous matter.内容可分为五个主要部分： （ 1 ）我，我七，历史上，黄秉槐; （ 2 ）第八至第十四或，更好，十五，历史娑罗双树的政府; （ 3 ）十六-三十一，娑罗双树和David ; （ 4 ）第二，我- XX条，历史时期的国宝; （ 5 ） 21 - 24条，附录载有杂项问题。 The division between (3) and (4) is sufficiently indicated by the death of Saul and by David's accession to power; the other sections are marked off by the summaries, vii, 15-17; xiv, 47-58; xx, 23-26; xv, however, which is an introduction to what follows, according to the subject-matter belongs to (2).之间的分工（ 3 ）及（ 4 ）是充分显示死亡的娑罗双树和大卫的加入权力;的其他科室，是明显的小康，由摘要，七， 15日至17日;第十四， 47-58段; XX条， 23条-26 ;十五，不过，这是一个介绍什么如下，根据该标的物属于（ 2 ） 。
(1) History of Samuel （ 1 ）历史上，黄秉槐
Samuel's birth and consecration to the Lord, I, i-ii, 11.塞缪尔的出生和consecration向耶和华，我，我-二， 11 。 Misdeeds of the sons of Heli and prediction of the downfall of his house, ii, 12-36.犯错的儿子，直升机和预测下台，他的房子，二， 12-36 。 Samuel's call to the prophetic office; his first vision, in which the impending punishment of the house of Heli is revealed to him, iii.塞缪尔的号召，向先知办公室，他第一次的视觉，在这即将处罚的众院直升机是向他透露，三。 The army of Israel is defeated by the Philistines, Ophni and Phinees are slain and the ark taken; death of Heli, iv.军队打败了以色列是由非利士人， ophni和phinees是被杀害和方舟采取的;死亡的直升机，四。 The ark among the Philistines; it is brought back to Bethsames and then taken to Cariathiarim, v- vii, 1.方舟之间的非利士人，这是带回bethsames ，然后采取cariathiarim ，五至七， 1 。 Samuel as judge; he is instrumental in bringing the people back to the Lord and in inflicting a crushing defeat on the Philistines, vii, 2-17.黄秉槐作为法官，他是在乐器，使人们回到主在造成惨败于非利士人，七， 2月17日。
(2) History of Saul's Government （ 2 ）历史的娑罗双树的政府
The people demand a king; Samuel reluctantly yields to their request, viii.人民群众的需求，一个国王;塞缪尔勉强屈服于他们的要求，第八章。 Saul, while seeking his father's asses, is privately annointed king by Samuel, ix-x, 16.娑罗双树，而寻求他父亲的资产，是私人选定国王由黄秉槐，第九至第十16 。 Samuel convokes the people at Maspha (Mizpah) to elect a king; the lot falls on Saul, but he is not acknowledged by all, x, 17-27.黄秉槐convokes人民群众在maspha （米斯帕） ，以选出一个国王;该地段属于对娑罗双树，但他不是大家公认的，第十， 17-27 。 Saul defeats the Ammonite king, Naas, and opposition to him ceases, xi.娑罗双树战胜菊石国王， naas ，和反对他停止，十一。 Samuel's farewell address to the people, xii.塞缪尔的告别地址向人民负责，第十二章。 War against the Philistines; Saul's disobedience for which Samuel announces his rejection, xiii.战争对非利士人;娑罗双树的抗命，而黄秉槐宣布，他拒绝，十三。 Jonathan's exploit at Machmas; he is condemned to death for an involuntary breach of his father's orders, but is pardoned at the people's prayer, xiv, 1-46.小俊的利用在machmas ;他是谴责死刑，自愿违反了他父亲的命令，赦免，但在人们的祈祷，十四， 1-46 。 Summary of Saul's wars; his family and chief commander, xiv, 47- 52.综述娑罗双树的战争;他的家人和行政指挥官，第十四届， 47 -5 2。 War against Amalec; second disobedience and final rejection of Saul, xv.战争对amalec ;第二抗命，最后拒绝娑罗双树，十五。
(3) Saul and David （ 3 ）娑罗双树和David
David at Court朱在法庭上
David, the youngest son of Isai (Jesse), is anointed king at Bethlehem by Samuel, xvi, 1-33.国宝，最小的儿子的小井（杰西） ，是选定国王在伯利恒由黄秉槐，十六， 1-33 。 He is called to court to play before Saul and is made his armour-bearer, xvi, 14-23.他是所谓的法庭发挥之前，娑罗双树，并取得了他的装甲部队的旗手，十六， 14-23 。 David and Goliath, xvii.大卫和歌利亚，十七。 Jonathan's friendship for David and Saul's jealousy; the latter, after attempting to pierce David with his lance, urges him on with treacherous intent to a daring feat against the Philistines by promising him his daughter Michol in marriage, xviii.小俊的友谊，为大卫和娑罗双树的嫉妒;后者，后企图皮尔斯大卫与他的枪，敦促他就与奸诈的意图大胆的壮举对非利士人承诺，他的女儿michol在婚姻中，十八。 Jonathan softens his father for a time, but, David having again distinguished himself in a war against the Philistines, the enmity is renewed, and Saul a second time attempts to kill him, xix, 1-10.乔纳森软化，他的父亲一时间，但朱经再次尊敬自己在战争中对非利士人，敌意，是续约，娑罗双树，并在第二次试图杀死他，十九， 1月10日。 Michol helps David to escape; he repairs to Samuel at Ramatha, but, seeing after Jonathan's fruitless effort at mediation that all hope of reconciliation is gone, he flees to Achis, King of Geth, stopping on the way at Nobe, where Achimelech gives him the loaves of proposition and the sword of Goliath. michol帮助大卫走火通道;他修理，黄秉槐在ramatha ，但看到后，小俊的徒劳努力，在调解都希望和解，是走了，他逃到阿希斯，国王geth ，停在路在nobe ，其中achimelech给他该面包的主张和剑歌利亚。 Being recognized at Geth he saves himself by feigning madness, xix, 11-xxi.被公认在geth他节省自己feigning疯狂，十九， 11 -二十一。
David as an Outlaw国宝，作为取缔
He takes refuge in the cave of Odollam (QR88-->Adullam), and becomes the leader of a band of outlaws; he places his parents under the protection of the King of Moab.他躲藏在洞穴的odollam （ qr88 -> “亚杜兰） ，并成为领导人，乐队的不法分子;他的地方他的父母的保护下，国王莫阿布。 Saul kills Achimelech and the priests of Nobe, xxii.娑罗双树杀死achimelech和祭司nobe ，二十二。 David delivers Ceila from the Philistines, but to avoid capture by Saul he retires to the desert of Ziph, where he is visited by Jonathan.大卫提供ceila从非利士人，但为了避免捕获娑罗双树他退休到沙漠的ziph ，他在那里是参观由乔纳森。 He is providentially delivered when surrounded by Saul's men, xxiii.他是providentially交付时，包围娑罗双树的男子，二十三。 He spares Saul's life in a cave of the desert of Engaddi, xxiv.他不遗余力地娑罗双树的生活在一个洞穴的沙漠engaddi ，二十四。 Death of Samuel.死亡的塞缪尔。 Episode of Nabal and Abigail; the latter becomes David's wife after her husband's death, xxv.集nabal和阿比盖尔;后者成为大卫的妻子后，她丈夫的死亡，二十五。 During a new pursuit, David enters Saul's camp at night and carries off his lance and cup, xxvi.在一个新的追求，朱进入娑罗双树的阵营在晚间进行了他的枪和杯，二十六。 He becomes a vassal of Achis, from whom he receives Siceleg (Ziklag); while pretending to raid the territory of Juda, he wars against the tribes of the south, xxvii.他将成为附庸阿希斯，从他收到siceleg （ ziklag ） ;而假装的RAID领土juda ，他对战争的部落，南，二十七。 New war with the Philistines; Saul's interview with the witch of Endor, xxviii.新的战争与非利士人;娑罗双树的访谈与巫婆的恩，二十八。 David accompanies the army of Achis, but his fidelity being doubted by the Philistine chiefs he is sent back.朱伴随着军队阿希斯，但他的保真度被质疑，由庸俗的酋长，他是送回。 On his return he finds that Siceleg has been sacked by the Amalecites during his absence, and Abigail carried off with other prisoners; he pursues the marauders and recovers the prisoners and the booty, xxix-xxx.他返回他认为， siceleg已被解职，由amalecites在他离港期间，和阿比盖尔进行过与其他囚犯;他奉行突击队和复苏，战俘和战利品，第29号-三十。 Battle of Gelboe; death of Saul and Jonathan, xxxi.战役gelboe ;死亡的娑罗双树和乔纳森，三十一。
(4) History of the Reign of David （ 4 ）历史时期的国宝
David at Hebron大卫在希伯伦
He hears of the death of Saul and Jonathan; his lament over them, II, i.他听到的死亡娑罗双树和Jonathan ;他慨叹他们的第一，二，一。 He is anointed King of Juda at Hebron, ii, 1-7.他是选定国王juda在希伯伦，二， 1-7 。 War between David and Isboseth, or Esbaal (Ishbaal), the son of Saul, who is recognized by the other tribes, ii, 8-32.之间的战争，大卫和isboseth ，或esbaal （ ishbaal ） ，娑罗双树的儿子，谁是公认的由其他部落的第一，二， 8-32 。 Abner, the commander of Isboseth's forces, having quarrelled with his master, submits to David and is treacherously slain by Joab, iii. abner ，指挥官isboseth的力量，有争吵与他的主人，向朱，是背信弃义的杀害，由乔阿布，三。 Isboseth is assassinated; David punishes the murderers and is acknowledged by all the tribes, iv-v, 5. isboseth是暗杀;国宝惩罚凶手，是大家公认的部落，四-五，五。
David at Jerusalem大卫在耶路撒冷
Jerusalem is taken from the Jebusites and becomes the capital, v, 6-16.耶路撒冷是采取从耶布斯人，成为首都，五，六月十六日。 War with the Philistines, v, 17-25.战争与非利士人，五， 17-25 。 The ark is solemnly carried from Cariathiarim to Sion, vi.方舟是郑重进行从cariathiarim ，以锡永，六。 David thinks of building a temple; his intention, though not accepted, is rewarded with the promise that his throne will last forever, vii.大卫认为，建立一个庙，他的意图，虽然不接受，是回报与承诺，他的宝座，将永远持续，第七章。 Summary of the various wars waged by David, and list of his officers, viii.总结了历次战争中发动的国宝，并列出他的人员，第八章。 His kindness to Miphiboseth, or Meribbaal, the son of Jonathan, ix.他的爱心，以miphiboseth ，或meribbaal ，儿子乔纳森，第九章。 War with Ammon and Syria, x.战争与亚扪人和叙利亚，十。
David's Family History大卫的家族病史
His adultery with Bethsabee, the wife of Urias, xi.他通奸与bethsabee ，妻子乌里亚斯，十一。 His repentance when the greatness of his crime is brought home to him by Nathan, xii, 1-23.他的悔改，当伟大他的犯罪是带回家给他的弥敦道，第十二章， 1月23日。 Birth of Solomon; David is present at the taking of Rabbath, xii, 24-31.所罗门的诞生;国宝，是目前在采取rabbath ，第十二章， 24-31 。 Amnon ravishes Thamar, the sister of Absalom; the latter has him assassinated and flies to Gessur; through the intervention of Joab he is recalled and reconciled with his father, xiii-xiv. amnon ravishes thamar ，妹妹押沙龙;后者对他暗杀，飞往gessur ;通过干预乔阿布他是回顾和调和与他的父亲，十三，十四。 Rebellion of Absalom; David flies from Jerusalem; Siba, Miphiboseth's servant, brings him provisions and accuses his master of disloyalty; Semei curses David; Absalom goes in to his father's concubines, xv-xvi.叛乱押沙龙;国宝苍蝇从耶路撒冷;待职工作人员， miphiboseth的仆人，他带来的规定，并指责他的主人的不忠; semei诅咒国宝;押沙龙云在他父亲的妾，十五-十六。 Achitophel counsels immediate pursuit, but Absalom follows the advice of Chusai, David's adherent, to delay, and thus gives the fugitive king time to cross the Jordan, xvii. achitophel律师立即追求，但押沙龙如下意见chusai ，大卫的粘附，拖延，从而使该逃犯国王的时间跨越约旦，十七。 Battle of Mahanaim; Absalom is defeated and slain by Joab against the king's order, xviii.战役玛哈念;押沙龙是打败和被杀害，由乔阿布对国王的命令，十八。 David's intense grief, from which he is aroused by Joab's remonstrance.大卫的激烈的悲伤，从他所引起的乔阿布的remonstrance 。 At the passage of the Jordan he pardons Semei, receives Miphiboseth back into his good graces, and invites to court Berzellai, who had supplied provisions to the army, xix, 1-39.在通过了约旦，他赦免semei ，收到miphiboseth回到他的青睐，并请法院berzellai ，谁提供的条文，以军队，十九， 1-39条。 Jealousies between Israel and Juda lead to the revolt of Seba; Amasa is commissioned to raise a levy, but, as the troops are collected too slowly, Joab and Abisai are sent with the bodyguard in pursuit of the rebels; Joab treacherously slays Amasa.妒忌之间的以色列和juda导致反抗的施巴;阿马萨是委托提出的征费，但作为部队收集太慢，乔阿布和阿比萨伊发送带有保镖在追求的叛乱分子;乔阿布背信弃义的slays阿马萨。 Summary of officers, xix, 40-xx.综述人员，十九， 40 -第XX 。
(5) Appendix （ 5 ）附录
The two sons of Respha, Saul's concubine, and the five sons of Merob, Saul's daughter, are put to death by the Gabaonites, xxi, 1-14.两个儿子的respha ，娑罗双树的妾，和五儿子merob ，娑罗双树的女儿，提出了死刑由gabaonites ，二十一， 1月14日。 Various exploits against the Philistines, xxi, 15-22.各种利用对非利士人，二十一世纪， 15-22 。 David's psalm of thanksgiving (Ps. xvii), xxii.大卫的诗篇感恩（诗篇十七） ，二十二。 His "last words", xxiii, 1-7.他的“遗言” ，二十三， 1-7 。 Enumeration of David's valiant men, xxiii, 8-39.枚举大卫的英勇的男子，二十三， 8-39 。 The numbering of the people and the pestilence following it, xxiv.编号人民群众和瘟疫以下，二十四。
UNITY AND OBJECT团结和对象
I-II Books of Kings never formed one work with III-IV, as was believed by the older commentators and is still maintained by some modern writers, although the consecutive numbering of the books in the Septuagint and the account of David's last days and death at the beginning of III Kings seem to lend colour to such a supposition.第一项和第二项的帐簿，国王从来没有形成一个工作与三，四，相信是由老年人和评论家仍然维持一些现代作家，虽然连续编号的书籍，在septuagint和帐户大卫最后的日子，和死亡在年初三，国王似乎借给色彩，这样的假设。 The difference of plan and method pursued in the two pairs of books shows that they originally formed two distinct works.的差异，计划和方法，追求，在2对书籍，显示他们最初形成两个截然不同的工程。 The author of III-IV gives a more or less brief sketch of each reign, and then refers his readers for further information to the source whence he has drawn his data; while the author of I-II furnishes such full and minute details, even when they are of little importance, that his work looks more like a series of biographies than a history, and, with the exception of II, i, 18, where he refers to the "Book of the Just", he never mentions his sources.作者三-四，提供了更多或更少简短的示意图，每个统治，然后是指他的读者作进一步的资料来源， whence ，他引起了他的数据，而作者的第一项和第二项，提供这种充分和分钟的细节，即使当他们没有多大的重要性，他的工作看起来更象了一系列的人物传记，比1的历史，和，除二，我18 ，他在那里是指以“一书的正义” ，他从来没有提到他的消息来源。 Moreover, the writer of III-IV supplies abundant chronological data.此外，作家的三-四，供应丰富，顺序的数据。 Besides giving the length of each reign, he usually notes the age of the king at his accession and, after the division, the year of the reign of the contemporary ruler of the other kingdom; he also frequently dates particular events.除了长度，每个时期，他通常会注意到的年龄，国王在他的加入，经过表决，今年的统治当代统治者，其他英国，他也经常日期，特定的事件。 In the first two books, on the contrary, chronological data are so scant that it is impossible to determine the length of the period covered by them.在首两本书，相反，时间顺序的数据是如此微弱，这是不可能确定的长度所涵盖的时期。 The position taken by the author of III-IV, with regard to the facts he relates, is also quite different from that of the author of the other two.所采取的立场，作者三，四，就以他涉及的事实，亦是颇为不同，即作者的其他两项。 The former praises or blames the acts of the various rulers, especially with respect to forbidding or allowing sacrifices outside the sanctuary, while the latter rarely expresses a judgment and repeatedly records sacrifices contrary to the prescriptions of the Pentateuch without a word of censure or comment.前称赞或指责的行为，各项执政者，尤其是与尊重，以禁止或允许的牺牲以外的庇护，而后者则很少表示判断，并多次记录的牺牲，相反，处方的pentateuch没有一个字的谴责或评论。 Lastly, there is a marked difference in style between the two sets of books; the last two show decided Aramaic influence, whereas the first two belong to the best period of Hebrew literature.最后，是有显着差异，在风格之间的两套书籍;过去两年显示，决定阿拉姆语的影响，而头两个属于最好时期希伯莱文学。 At the most, it might be said that the first two chapters of the third book originally were part of the Book of Samuel, and were later detached by the author of the Book of Kings to serve as an introduction to the history of Solomon; but even this is doubtful.在最，它可能会说，前两章的第三本书原先的一部分，这本书的萨穆埃尔，和后来被抽离，由本书的作者国王充当介绍了历史上所罗门;但即使这是令人怀疑的。 These chapters are not required by the object which the author of the Book of Samuel had in view, and the work is a complete whole without them.这些章节是不需要的对象，这本书的作者塞缪尔曾在认为，和工作是一个完整的整体，没有他们。 Besides, the summary, II, xx, 23-26, sufficiently marks the conclusion of the history of David.此外，简易程序，二， XX条， 23日至26日，充分标志着历史的结论大卫。 In any case these two chapters are so closely connected with the following that they must have belonged to the Book of Kings from its very beginning.在任何情况下，这些有两章是如此紧密相连，与以下，他们必须有属于这本书的国王从一开始就。
The general subject of I-II Kings is the foundation and development of the Kingdom of Israel, the history of Samuel being merely a preliminary section intended to explain the circumstances which brought about the establishment of the royal form of government.一般的主题第一项和第二项是国王的基础和发展的英国，以色列，历史，黄秉槐正在只是一个初步节打算解释在何种情况下所带来的成立皇家形式的政府。 On closer examination of the contents, however, it is seen that the author is guided by a leading idea in the choice of his matter, and that his main object is not to give a history of the first two kings of Israel, but to relate the providential foundation of a permanent royal dynasty in the family of David.对密切考试的内容，不过，这是可见，作者是遵循领先的理念，在选择他的事，和他的主要目的是不要让历史的头两个国王，以色列，但涉及该基金会providential一个永久的皇家王朝在家庭中的国宝。 This strikingly appears in the account of Saul's reign, which may be summarized in the words: elected, found wanting, and rejected in favour of David.这突出地出现在该帐户的娑罗双树的统治地位，这可能是在总结的话：当选后，发现要，并拒绝在赞成大卫。 The detailed history of the struggle between David and Saul and his house is plainly intended to show how David, the chosen of the Lord, was providentially preserved amid many imminent dangers and how he ultimately triumphed, while Saul perished with his house.详细的历史之间的斗争大卫和娑罗双树，他的房子，显然是为了表明如何国宝，选择的主，被providentially保存中的许多迫在眉睫的危险，以及他如何，最终的胜利，而娑罗双树灭亡与他的房子。 The early events of David's rule over united Israel are told in few words, even such an important fact as the capture of Jerusalem being little insisted on, but his zeal for God's worship and its reward in the solemn promise that his throne would last forever (II, vii, 11-16) are related in full detail.早期的事件，大卫的统治，美国是以色列说，在几句话，即使是这样一个重要的事实，作为捕获耶路撒冷是很少坚持，但他一心为上帝的崇拜和其奖励，在庄严的承诺，他的宝座，将永远持续（第二，七， 11月16日）是在相关的详细情况。 The remaining chapters tell how, in pursuance of this promise, God helps him to extend and consolidate his kingdom, and does not abandon him even after his great crime, though he punishes him in his tenderest feelings.其余各章真假如何，在根据这项承诺，上帝帮助他扩大和巩固他的王国，并没有放弃他，甚至后，他的伟大的犯罪，虽然他惩罚他，在他的tenderest的感受。 The conclusion shows him in peaceful possession of the throne after two dangerous rebellions.结论表明，他在和平藏的宝座后，两个危险的反叛。 The whole story is thus built around a central idea and reaches its climax in the Messianic promise, II, vii, 11 sqq.整个故事，因此，围绕中央的想法，并达到了高潮，在救世主的承诺，二，七，十一sqq 。 Besides this main object a secondary one may be observed, which is to convey to king and people the lesson that to obtain God's protection they must observe His commands.除了这个主要目的，一中一可以看到，这是转达国王和人民的教训，以获得上帝的保护，他们必须遵守他的命令。
AUTHOR AND DATE作者和日期
The Talmud attributes to Samuel the whole work bearing his name; this strange opinion was later adopted by St. Gregory the Great, who naïvely persuaded himself that Samuel wrote the events which occurred after his death by prophetic revelation.犹太法典的属性，黄秉槐整个工作事关他的名字;这个奇怪的意见，后来通过的圣格里高利大，谁naïvely说服自己，黄秉槐写道发生的事件在他死后由先知的启示。 Rabbinical tradition and most of the older Christian writers ascribe to this prophet the part referring to his time (I, i-xxiv), the rest to the Prophets Gad and Nathan.犹太教的传统，而大部分的老年人基督教作家归于这先知的部分所指的是他的时间（我，我- 24 ） ，其余的先知总装及弥敦道。 This view is evidently based on I Par., xxix, 29, "Now the acts of king David first and last are written in the book of Samuel the seer, and in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the book of Gad the seer."这种观点显然是基于I杆，第29届， 29 ， “现在的行为大卫王第一个和最后一个是写的这本书的塞缪尔的季节能效比，并在这本书中的弥敦道先知，并在这本书中的总装了预言者“ 。 But the wording of the text indicates that there is question of three distinct works.但措辞的案文表示，有问题的三个不同的工程。 Besides, the unity of plan and the close connection between the different parts exclude composite authorship; we must at least admit a redactor who combined the three narratives.此外，统一计划和之间的密切联系的不同部分排除复合的作者，我们必须承认，至少有一redactor谁相结合，三叙述。 This redactor, according to Hummelauer, is the prophet Nathan; the work, however, can hardly be placed so early.这redactor ，根据胡梅劳尔，是先知弥敦道;的工作，但是，难以放在这么早。 Others attribute it to Isaias, Jeremias, Ezechias, or Esdras.其他属性，它以伊萨亚斯， jeremias ，埃泽希亚什，或埃斯德拉斯。 None of these opinions rests on any solid ground, and we can only say that the author is unknown.所有这些意见，在于对任何坚实的地面，我们只可以说，作者是未知之数。 The same diversity of opinion exists as to the date of composition.同时，各种不同的意见存在，以日期组成。 Hummelauer assigns it to the last days of David.胡梅劳尔指派它的最后几天大卫。 Vigouroux, Cornely, Lesêtre, and Thenius place it under Roboam; Kaulen, under Abiam the son of Roboam; Haevernick, not long after David, Ewald, some thirty years after Solomon; Clair, between the death of David and the destruction of the Kingdom of Juda. vigouroux ， cornely ， lesêtre ， thenius的地方，它根据roboam ;考伦，下abiam的儿子roboam ;黑弗尼克，没多久后，大卫，埃瓦尔德，有些三十年后，索罗门;克莱尔之间，死亡的国宝，并销毁了王国对juda 。 According to recent critics it belongs to the seventh century, but received retouches as late as the fifth or even the fourth century.根据最近的批评它属于七世纪，但没有收到retouches迟至第五或什至四世纪。 No sufficient data are at hand to fix a precise date.没有足够的数据是在手订定确切日期。 We can, however, assign cedrtain limits of time within which the work must have been composed.不过，我们可以指派cedrtain限制的时间内的工作，必须已组成。 The explanation concerning the dress of the king's daughters in David's time (II, xiii, 18) supposes that a considerable period had elapsed in the interval, and points to a date later than Solomon, during whose reign a change in the style of dress was most likely introduced by his foreign wives.解释有关的服饰国王的女儿在大卫的时间（二，十三，十八）假设认为，在相当长的时间已经过去了，在区间，并点的日期不迟于所罗门，在其统治的改变，风格的服装是最有可能推出他的外国妻子。 How much later is indicated by the remark: "For which reason Siceleg belongeth to the kings of Juda unto this day."有多少是后来所指出的这句话： “由于这个原因siceleg belongeth向国王juda所不欲，这一天” 。 (I, xxvii, 6). （我，二十七， 6 ） 。 The expression kings of Juda implies that at the time of writing the Kingdom of Israel had been divided, and that at least two or three kings had reigned over Juda alone.表达国王juda意味着，在当时的写作，英国，以色列已分，并且至少有两个或三个国王的统治juda单。 The earliest date cannot, therefore, be placed berfore the reign of Abiam.最早的日期不能，因此，放在berfore统治abiam 。 The latest date, on the other hand, must be assigned to a time prior to Josias's reform (621 BC).最新的日期，另一方面，必须分配到一个时间之前， josias的改革（ 621 BC ）的。 As has been remarked, the author repeatedly records without censure or comment violations of the Pentateuchal law regarding sacrifices.正如已经说过，作者多次的纪录，没有谴责或评论违反了国际法关于pentateuchal牺牲。 Now it is not likely that he would have acted thus if he had written after these practices had been abolished and their unlawfulness impressed on the people, since at this time his readers would have taken scandal at the violation of the Law by such a person as Samuel, and at the toleration of unlawful rites by a king like David.现在是不太可能，他将采取行动，因此，如果他已致函后，这些做法已被取消和他们的不法留下深刻的印象对人民的，因为在这个时候他的读者会采取丑闻，在违反法律，由这样一个人作为黄秉槐，并在容忍非法的仪式，由国王一样，大卫。 The force of this reason will be seen if we consider how the author of II-IV Kings, who wrote after Josias's reform, censures every departure from the Law in this respect or, as in 1 Kings 3:2, explains it.的力量，这个原因可以看出，如果我们考虑如何作者二至四的国王，谁写后josias的改革，指责每偏离了法律在这方面，或者像在1国王3:2 ，说明了它。 The purity of language speaks for an early rather than a late date within the above limits.纯度的语言说话，为尽早而非晚的日期符合上述的限制。 The appendix, however, may possibly be due to a somewhat later hand.附录，不过，可能由于有点迟手。 Moreover, additions by a subsequent inspired revisor may be admitted without difficulty.此外，增订条文，由随后的灵感revisor ，均可予以接纳，而不会有任何困难。
SOURCES来源
It is now universally recognized that the author of I-II Kings made use of written documents in composing his work.现在是公认的，就是作者的第一项和第二项国王取得使用的书面文件，在撰写他的工作。 One such document, "The Book of the Just", is mentioned in connection with David's lament over Saul and Jonathan (II, i, 18).这样一个文件， “周易正义” ，是提到他涉嫌与大卫的慨叹超过娑罗双树和Jonathan （二，我18 ） 。 The canticle of Anna (I, ii, 1-10), David's hymn of thanksgiving (II, 22:2-51; cf. Psalm 17), and his "last words" were very probably also drawn from a written source.该canticle安娜（一，二， 1月10日） ，大卫的赞美诗的感恩节（二， 22:2-51 ;比照诗篇17 ） ，和他的“最后一句话， ”人很可能还提请从书面资料来源。 But besides these minor sources, the writer must have had at hand, at least for the history of David, a document containing much of the historical matter which he narrates.但除了这些轻微的来源，作者必须已在手，至少在历史的国宝，一份文件，载有很多的历史问题，他叙述了。 This we infer from the passages common to I-II Kings and the First Book of Paralipomenon (Chronicles), which are shown in the following list:–这是我们推断，从通道的共同第一项和第二项国王和第一本书的paralipomenon （方志） ，这是表现在以下列表： -
I K., xxxi II K., iii, 2-5 v, 1-10 v, 11-25 vi, 1-11 vi, 12-23 i k. ，三十一k.二，三， 2月5日五， 1月10日五，六， 11月25日， 1月11日六， 12月23日
viiI Par., x, 1-12 iii, 1-4 xi, 1-9 xiv, 1-16 xiii, 1-14 xv, 25-29 xvi, 1-3, 43 xviiI K., viii x,1-xi, 1 xii, 26-31 xxi, 18-22 xxiii, 8-39 xxiv八杆， X的1月12日三， 1-4席， 1月9日十四，十三， 1月16日， 1月14日第十五，十六， 25日至29日， 1月3日， 43第十八k. ，八X的1 -第十一，十二，一， 26-31二十一世纪， 18日至22日二十三，二十四8-39
I Par., xviii xix, 1-xx. i杆，十八，十九， 1至XX 。 1 xx, 1-3 xx, 4-8 xi, 10-46 xxi 1 XX条，第XX 1月3日， 4月8日十一，二十一世纪10-46
Although these passages often agree word for word, the differences are such that the author of Paralipomenon, the later writer, cannot be said to have copied from I-II Kings, and we must conclude that both authors made use of the same document.虽然这些通道往往同意逐字逐句，分歧是这样的作者paralipomenon ，后来的作家，不能说有抄袭一至二国王，我们必须得出结论，两位作者利用了同样的文件。 This seems to have been an official record of important public events and of matters pertaining to the administration, such as was probably kept by the court "recorder" (2 Samuel 8:16; 20:24), and is very likely the same as the "Chronicles of King David" (1 Chronicles 27:24).这似乎已成为正式纪录的重要公众活动及有关的事项，政府当局，例如可能是所保存的法庭“记录” （ 2塞缪尔8时16分; 20时24分） ，并很可能相同“方志的大卫王” （ 1方志27:24 ） 。 To this document we may add three others mentioned in I Par.本文件，我们可以添加其他三人提到在I相提并论。 (xxix, 29) as sources of information for the history of David, namely, the "Book of Samuel", the "Book of Gad", and the "Book of Nathan". （第29届， 29 ）作为信息来源的历史国宝，即“一书，黄秉槐” ， “书总装” ， “图书弥敦道” 。 These were works of the three Prophets, as we gather from II Par., ix, 29; xii, 15; xx, 34, etc.; and our author would hardly neglect writings recommended by such names.这些工程的三个先知，我们聚集在从第二杆，九， 29日;第十二，十五; XX条， 34条等;和我们的作者将难以忽视的著作的建议，这样的名称。 Samuel very probably furnished the matter for his own history and for part of Saul's; Gad, David's companion in exile, the details of that part of David's life, as well as of his early days as king; and Nathan, information concerning the latter part, or even the whole, of his reign.黄秉槐，很可能提供了的事，他自己的历史和部分娑罗双树的;总装，大卫的同伴在流亡，细节的部分，大卫的生活，以及他早年作为国王;弥敦道，信息关于后者的一部分，或什至整个，他的统治。 Thus between them they would have fairly covered the period treated of, if, indeed, their narratives did not partially overlap.因此，它们之间的他们将有相当涵盖的期间的待遇，事实上，如果他们的叙述并没有部分重叠。 Besides these four documents other sources may occasionally have been used.除了这四个文件的其他来源可能偶尔会得到采用。 A comparison of the passages of I-II Kings and I Par.比较通道的第一项和第二项国王和我相提并论。 given in the list above shows further that both writers frequently transferred their source to their own pages with but few changes; for, since one did not copy from the other, the agreement between them cannot be explained except on the supposition that they more or less reproduce the same document.由于在上述清单进一步表明，这两个作家经常转移其来源，以自己的网页上，但是数的变化;为，因为一不复制，从另一方面，双方之间的协议不能解释，除假设他们更多或更少重现同一文件。 We have therefore reason to believe that our author followed the same course in other cases, but to what extent we have no means of determining.因此，我们有理由相信，我们的作者遵循同样的，当然在其他情况下，但到什么程度，我们没有办法确定。
THE CRITICAL THEORY批判理论
According to recent critics, I-II Kings is nothing but a compilation of different narratives so unskillfully combined that they may be separated with comparative ease.根据最近的批评，我第二国王只不过是汇编了不同的叙述，使unskillfully结合起来，他们可能会分开比较安心。 In spite of this comparative ease in distinguishing the different elements, the critics are not agreed as to the number of sources, nor as to the particular souce to which certain passages are to be ascribed.尽管有此比较容易在区分不同的要素，批评是不同意，以数目的来源，也不至于把源，特别是其中某些段落是得益于。 At present the Wellhausen-Budde theory is accepted, at least in its main outlines, by nearly the whole critical school.目前，浩-布德理论是接受，至少在其主要的轮廓，几乎整个学校的关键。 According to this theory, II, ix-xx, forms one document, which is practically contemporary with the events described; the rest (excluding the appendix) is chiefly made up of two writings, an older one, J, of the ninth century, and a later one, E, of the end of the eighth or the beginning of the seventh century.根据这一理论，第二，第九至第XX号文件的形式之一，这几乎是当代与描述的事件;其余的（不包括附录） ，主要是弥补了两个著作，一个老年人一， J以来，该第九世纪，和稍后一，电子商务，年底第八届或年初七世纪。 They are designated J and E, because they are either due to the authors of the Jahwist and Elohist documents of the Hexateuch, or to writers belonging to the same schools.他们是指定的J和英，法，因为它们要么是由于作者的jahwist和elohist文件的hexateuch ，或到作家属于同一所学校。 Both J and E underwent modifications by a revisor, J² and E² respectively, and after being welded together by a redactor, RJE, were edited by a writer of the Deuteronomic school, RD.双方j和电子商务经历了修改，由revisor ， j ²和E ² ，分别和后焊接在一起，由redactor ， rje ，编辑，由作家的deuteronomic学校，路。 After this redaction some further additions were made, among them the appendix.之后，这节录的部分再增加发了言，其中附录。 The different elements are thus divided by Budde:–不同要素，因此，除以布德： -
J.–I, ix, 1-x, 7, 9-16; xi, 1-11, 15; xiii, 1-7a, 15b-18; xiv, 1-46, 52; xvi, 14-23; xviii, 5-6, 11, 20-30; xx, 1-10, 18-39, 42b; xxii, 1-4, 6-18, 20-23; xxiii, 1-14a; xxvi; xxvii; xxix-xxxi. j.我，第九章， 1 - X的， 7 ， 9月16日;席， 1月11日， 15日;第十三， 1 - 7 A条， 15 B - 18岁;第十四， 1-46 ， 52 ;十六， 14日至23日;十八， 5月6日， 11 ， 20-30 ; XX条， 1-10 ， 18-39 ， 42b ;二十二， 1月4日， 6月18日， 20日至23日;二十三， 1 - 14 A条;二十六;二十七;第29号-第三十一。 II, i, 1-4, 11-12, 17-27; ii, 1-9, 10b, 12-32; iii; iv; v, 1-3, 6-10, 17-25; vi; ix-xi; xii, 1-9, 13-30, xiii-xx, 22.二，我1月4日， 11-12 ， 17-27 ;二， 1月9日， 10 B条， 12-32 ;三;四，五， 1月3日， 6月10日， 17日至25日;第六;第九席;第十二， 1月9日， 13-30 ，第十三至XX ， 22 。 J².–I, x, 8; xiii, 7b- 15a, 19-22. j ² .- ，我X的8条;第十三7B条- 15A条， 19日至22日。
E.–I, iv, 1b-vii, 1; xv, 2-34; xvii, 1-11, 14-58; xviii, 1-4, 13-29; xix, 1, 4-6, 8-17; xxi, 1- 9; xxi, 19; xxii, 19-xxiv, 19; xxv; xxviii. e.我，四， 1 B款七，一;十五， 2-34 ;十七， 1月11日， 14-58 ;十八， 1月4日， 13-29 ;十九， 1 ， 4月6日， 8月17日;二十一世纪， 1 -9 ;二十一世纪， 1 9日;二十二， 1 9- 2 4条，第1 9条;二十五;二十八。 II, i, 6-10, 13-16; vii.第二，我6月10日， 13日至16日;七。 E².–I, i, 1-28; ii, 11- 22a, 23-26; iii, 1-iv, 1a; vii, 2-viii, 22; x, 17-24; xii. e ² .-我，我， 1月28日;二， 11 -2 2A条， 2 3日至2 6日;三，一-四，第1 A ;第七， 2 -第八， 2 2日; X的1 7-24;十二。
RJE.–I, x, 25-27; xi, 12-14; xv, 1; xviii, 21b; xix, 2-3, 7; xx, 11-17, 40-42a; xxii, 10b; xxiii, 14b-18; xxiv, 16, 20-22a. rje.我，第十， 25日至27日;席， 12月14日;十五，一;十八，第二十一期乙;十九，二月三日，七日; XX条， 11月17日， 40 - 42 A ;二十二， 10 B条;二十三， 14b -18 ; 24 ， 16 ， 20 - 22A条。 II, i, 5.第二，我， 5 。 RD.–1, iv, 18 (last clause); vii, 2; xiii, 1; xiv, 47-51; xxviii, 3. rd. -一，四， 18 （去年第） ;七，二;第十三， 1 ;第十四， 47-51 ;二十八， 3 。 II, ii, 10a, 11; v, 4-5; viii; xii, 10-12.二，二， 10 A条，第11条;五， 4月5日;第八;十二， 10月12日。
Additions of a later editor.–I, iv, 15, 22; vi, 11b, 15, 17-29; xi, 8b; xv, 4; xxiv, 14; xxx, 5.增订稍后editor.我，四， 15日， 22日;六， 11 B款， 15 ， 17-29 ;席， 8 B条;十五，四;二十四， 14 ;第XXX号5 。 II, iii, 30; v, 6b, 7b, 8b; xv, 24; xx, 25- 26.第二，三， 30 ;五， 6B型， 7B条， 8 B条;十五， 24日; XX条， 25 -2 6。
Latest additions.–I, ii, 1-10, 22b; xvi, 1-13; xvii, 12-13; xix, 18-24; xx, 10-15; xxii, 5.最新additions. -第I ， II ， 1月10日， 22 B条;十六， 1月13日;十七， 12月13日;十九， 18日至24日; XX条， 10月15日;二十二， 5 。 II, xiv, 26; xxi-xxiv.二，第十四届， 26人;二十一-二十四。
This minute division, by which even short clauses are to a nicety apportioned to their proper sources, is based on the following grounds.这分钟记名表决，其中，甚至短期内的条文是一个准确分配给他们适当的来源，是基于以下理由。 (1) There are duplicate narratives giving a different or even a contradictory presentation of the same event. （ 1 ）有重复叙述给予不同的，甚至是矛盾的陈述同一事件。 There are two accounts of Saul's election (I, viii, 1-xi), of his rejection (xiii, 1-14 and xv), of his death (I, xxxi, 1 sqq., and II, i, 4 sqq.), of his attempt to pierce David (I, xxiii, 10-11, and xix, 9-10d).有两个帐户的娑罗双树的选举（一，第八条， 1 - 11 ） ，他拒绝（十三， 1月14日和XV ）号决议，他的死因（我，三十一， 1 sqq ，第一和第二，我， 4 sqq 。 ） ，他企图皮尔斯国宝（我，二十三， 10月11日，和第19条， 9 - 10天） 。 There are also two accounts of David's introduction to Saul (I, xvi, 14 sqq. and xvii, 55-58), of his flight from court (xix, 10 sqq., and xxi, 10), of his taking refuge with Achis (xxi, 10 sqq., and xxvii, 1 sqq.), of his sparing Saul's life (xxiv, and xxvi).也有两个帐户的大卫的介绍娑罗双树（一，十六， 14 sqq 。和XVII ， 55-58 ） ，他的飞行从法院（十九， 10 sqq ，和二十一世纪， 10 ） ，他的避难与阿希斯（ 21 ， 10 sqq ，和二十七， 1 sqq ） ，他不遗余力娑罗双树的生命（ 24 ， XXVI ）号决议。 Lastly, there are two accounts of the origin of the proverb: "Is Saul too among the prophets?"最后，有两个帐目的起源谚语： “是太娑罗双树间的先知” ？ (x, 12; xix, 24). （十， 12岁;十九， 24 ） 。 Some of these double narratives are not only different, but contradictory.一些这种双重的叙述不仅是不同，但矛盾的。 In one account of Saul's election the people demand a king, because they are dissatisfied with the sons of Samuel; the prophet manifests great displeasure and tries to turn them from their purpose; he yields, however, and Saul is chosen by lot.在一个帐户的娑罗双树的选举中人民的需求，一个国王，因为他们是不满意的儿子塞缪尔;先知，体现了伟大的不满，并试图把他们从自己的目的，他的收益，然而，娑罗双树是通过抽签决定。 In the other, Samuel shows no aversion to the kingdom; he privately anoints Saul at God's command that he may deliver Israel from the Philistines; Saul is proclaimed king only after, and in reward of his victory over the Ammonite king, Naas.在另一方面，黄秉槐表明，没有任何的反感王国;他私下意味着娑罗双树在上帝的命令，他可能会提供以色列从非利士人;娑罗双树是国王宣布后，才，并在奖励他的胜利比菊石国王， naas 。 According to one version of Saul's death, he killed himself by falling on his sword; according to the other, he was slain at his own request by an Amalecite.根据一个版本的娑罗双树的死，他杀害自己属于他的剑;据另一方面，他是被杀害在自己的要求，一amalecite 。 Again, in xvi, David, then arrived at full manhood and experienced in warfare, is called to court to play before Saul and is made his armour-bearer, and yet in the very next chapter he appears as a shepherd lad unused to arms and unknown both to Saul and to Abner.再次，在十六，国宝，然后抵达充分青壮年和有经验的在战争中，是所谓的法庭发挥之前，娑罗双树，并取得了他的装甲部队的旗手，但在非常下一章他看来，作为一个牧羊人，法援署未使用的武器和未知既要娑罗双树，并abner 。 Moreover, there are statements at variance with one another.此外，还有报表的差异1 。 In I, vii, 33, it is stated that "the Philistines . . . did not come any more into the borders of Israel . . . all the days of Samuel"; while in ix, 16, Saul is elected king to deliver Israel from them, and in xiii a Philistine invasion is described.在我七， 33岁，这是说： “非利士人。 。 。没有任何更多的进入以色列的边界。 。 。的所有天的塞缪尔” ;而在第九， 16 ，娑罗双树是当选国王提供以色列从他们，并在第十三一市侩入侵所描述的。 In I, vii, 15, Samuel is said to have judged Israel all the days of his life, though in his old age he delegated his powers to his sons (viii, 1), and after the election of Saul solemnly laid down his office (xii).在我七， 15 ，塞缪尔说，是有判断以色列所有的日子，他的生活，虽然在他的晚年，他授予他的权力，他的儿子（八， 1 ） ，并在选举后的娑罗双树郑重放下办公室（十二） 。 Finally, in I, xv, 35, Samuel is said never to have seen Saul again, and yet in xix, 24, Saul appears before him.最后，在我十五， 35 ，塞缪尔是说，从未有见过娑罗双树再次，但在十九， 24 ，娑罗双树出现在他面前。 All this shows that two narratives, often differing in their presentation of the facts, have been combined, the differences in some cases being left unharmonized.这一切表明，两个叙述，往往是不同的在其陈述的事实，已合并，分歧在某些情况下，被左unharmonized 。 (2) Certain passages present religious conceptions belonging to a later age, and must therefore be ascribed to a later writer, who viewed the events of past times in the light of the religious ideas of his own. （ 2 ）某些段落，目前的宗教观念，属于一个后来年龄，因此，必须归因于稍后的作家，谁看的事件，过去的时代，根据宗教的想法，他自己的。 A difference of literary style can also be detected in the different parts of the work.不同的文学风格也可以发现在不同部分的工作。 If all this were true, the theory of the critics would have to be admitted.如果这一切属实，则理论的批评者，都必须承认。 In that case much of I-II Kings would have but little historical value.在这种情况下许多第一项和第二项国王会，但很少有历史价值的。 The argument from the religious conceptions assumes the truth of Wellhausen's theory on the evolution of the religion of Israel; while that from literary style is reduced to a list of words and expressions most of which must have been part of the current speech, and for this reason could not have been the exclusive property of any writer.论据，从宗教观念，假设的真相浩理论的演变的宗教以色列;而从文学风格是减少到名单的字和词句，其中大部分必须有一部分目前的讲话，为这原因可能不会有专属财产，任何作家。 The whole theory, therefore, rests on the argument from double narratives and contradictions.整个理论，因此，在于对论点双重的叙述和矛盾。 As this seems very plausible, and presents some real difficulties, it demands an examination.作为这似乎是很合理的，并提出了一些实际困难，它要求一试。
DOUBLETS AND CONTRADICTIONS doublets和矛盾
Some of the narratives said to be doublets, while having a general resemblance, differ in every detail.一些叙述说是doublets ，而一般的相似，不同的每一个细节。 This is the case with the two accounts of Saul's disobedience and rejection, with the two narratives of David's sparing Saul's life, and of his seeking refuge with Achis.在这种情况下，与这两个帐户的娑罗双树的抗命和排斥反应，与两个叙述大卫的不遗余力娑罗双树的生活，以及他投靠阿希斯。 Such narratives cannot be identified, unless the improbability of the events occurring as related be shown.这样的叙述无法确定，除非improbability的事件发生，相关的显示。 But is it improbable that Saul should on two different occasions have disregarded Samuel's directions and that the latter should repeat with greater emphasis the announcement of his rejection?但是，它难以琢磨的说，娑罗双树，应在两个不同的场合无视塞缪尔的方向，并认为后者应重复更加重视宣布，他拒绝呢？ Or that in the game of hide-and-seek among the mountains David should have twice succeeded in getting near the person of Saul and should on both occasions have refrained from harming him?或认为在游戏中的隐藏和寻求之间的山区，朱应该有两次成功地得到了附近的人娑罗双树，并应在这两次避免伤害他呢？ Or that under changed conditions he should have entered into negotiations with Achis and become his vassal?或根据条件的变化，他应该进入谈判阿希斯，并成为他的附庸？ Even where the circumstances are the same, we cannot at once pronounce the narratives to be only different accounts of the same occurrence.即使在此情况下都是一样的，我们不能在一次宣判的叙述，以只不同的帐目，同一事件。 It is not at all strange that Saul in his insane moods should twice have attempted to spear David, or that the loyal Ziphites should twice have betrayed to Saul David's whereabouts.这不是在所有奇怪的是，娑罗双树在他的疯狂情绪，应两次企图矛国宝，或者说，忠于ziphites应两次出卖，以娑罗双树国宝的下落。 The two accounts of Saul among the prophets at first sight seem to be real doublets, not so much because the two narratives are alike, for they differ considerably, as because both incidents seem to be given as the origin of the proverb: "Is Saul too among the prophets?"这两个帐户的娑罗双树间先知乍看起来似乎是真正的doublets ，而不是这么多，因为两者的叙述是完全一样的，因为他们差别很大，因为，因为这两起事件似乎得到作为原产地的谚语： “是娑罗双树太之间的先知“ ？ The first, however, is alone said to have given rise to the proverb.第一，然而，仅说已引起谚语。 The expression used in the other case–"Wherefore they say, Is Saul also among the prophets?"–does not necessarily imply that the proverb did not exist before, but may be understood to say that it then became popular.表达中使用的另一起案件-“ w herefore他们说，是娑罗双树间，也先知？ ”并不一定意味着谚语是不存在的前，但也可能被理解为说，它后来成为受欢迎的。 The translation of the Vulgate, "Unde et exivit proverbium", is misleading.翻译的武加大， “ unde等exivit proverbium ” ，有误导之嫌。 There is no double mention of David's flight from court.有没有双重提到大卫的航班从法院。 When in xxi, 10, he is said to have fled from the face of Saul, nothing more is affirmed than that he fled to avoid being taken by Saul, the meaning of the expression "to flee from the face of" being to flee for fear of some one.当在二十一世纪， 10 ，据说，他是逃离面对娑罗双树，没有更多的是肯定比他逃离，以避免所采取的娑罗双树，意义的表达“逃离面对”正在逃亡恐惧的一些一。 The double narrative of Saul's election is obtained by tearing asunder parts which complement and explain one another.双重叙事娑罗双树的选举中得到撕裂分裂的部分补充和解释1 。 Many a true story thus handled will yield the same results.许多一个真实的故事，因此处理将产生相同的结果。 The story as it stands is natural and well connected.的故事，因为它的立场是很自然的和，以及连接。 The people, disgusted at the conduct of the sons of Samuel, and feeling that a strong central government would be an advantage for the defence of the country, request a king.人民群众，反感，在行为的儿子塞缪尔，和感觉，一个强有力的中央政府将是一个优势，为保卫国家，要求国王。 Samuel receives the request with displeasure, but yields at God's command and appoints the time and place for the election.塞缪尔在收到请求与不满，但收益率在上帝的命令，并任命的时间和地点的选举。 In the meanwhile he anoints Saul, who is later designated by lot and acclaimed king.在此期间，他意味着娑罗双树，谁是后来所指定的地段和著名的国王。 All, however, did not recognize him.所有，不过，不承认他。 Infl