An ecumenical council gathers bishops and other representatives of the Christian church from all over the world to formulate positions intended to bind or influence the members everywhere. The term ecumenical (from the Greek oikoumene) refers to "the whole inhabited world," but in the history of Christianity it has come to refer to efforts to bring together Christians. After the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, it became impossible for Western Christians to convoke fully ecumenical councils, since those that have been held under papal auspices, the Council of Trent (1545-63) and the First and Second Vatican Councils (1869-70, 1962-65), have excluded Protestants and Eastern Orthodox Christians.一大公会议的主教们收集和其他代表的基督教教堂，来自世界各地制订的立场打算约束或影响的成员无处不在。 任期合一（从希腊oikoumene ）是指“整个居住的世界， ”但是在基督教历史它来指，努力实现共同的基督信徒后 ，新教改革的16世纪，它成为不可能的西方基督徒召集充分合一议会，因为那些已经下举行的教皇的主持下，安理会的特伦特（ 1545年至1563年）和第一次和第二次梵蒂冈议会（ 1869年至1870年， 1962年至1965年） ，已排除新教徒和东欧的东正教基督徒。
| BELIEVE 相信 Religious 宗教 Information 信息 Source 来源 web-site 网址： |
| Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects 我们所列出的1000名宗教科目 |
| E-mail 电子邮箱 |
Non-Roman Catholic Christians for the most part respect the earlier councils, but it is not plausible to call any gathering since the Second Council of Nicaea (787), truly representative.非天主教基督信徒为最的一部分，尊重较早前议会，但它并不是合理的要求，任何聚会，自第二届理事会尼西亚（ 787 ） ，真正具有代表性。 Since that date, Eastern and Western churches, and since the 16th century Protestant and Catholic churches, have not met together.自该日起，东部和西部教会，和自16世纪新教和天主教教堂，未曾谋面在一起。 Throughout the Middle Ages, even Western or Roman Catholics themselves debated the convoking and authority of councils.整个中世纪，甚至西方或罗马天主教徒自己辩论convoking和权威的议会。 Although all the bishops and theologians agreed that the pope should have special prerogatives, for several centuries reformers claimed that when protesters had grievances, they could appeal from the pope to a council.虽然所有的主教和神学家一致认为，教宗应该有特殊的特权，几百年的改革者声称，当示威者的不满，他们可以上诉，从教宗到会。 Out of these reformist parties came a theory of Conciliarism, the idea that a council is ultimately above the pope.出于这些改革派各方来的理论conciliarism ，思想，一会是最终以上的教宗。 The Great Schism in 1378 brought this debate to a head, since there were then two and later three popes.伟大的分裂，在1378年所带来的这次辩论的头部，因为有那么两三个，后来教皇。 The Council of Constance (1414-18) settled the division, but conciliar power was again limited when the pope declared the Council of Basel (1431-37) heretical.安理会的康斯坦茨湖（ 1414年至1418年）解决了分工，但conciliar的权力是有限的再次当教宗宣布安理会的巴塞尔（ 1431年至1437年）的邪教。
Three councils have been held since the Reformation. 3个议会已举行了自改革。 The first, at Trent, met over a period of 18 years to deal with the Protestant revolt; it was decisively anti-Protestant in its decrees.第一，在特伦特在人民大会堂会见了一个时期的18年，以处理与新教的反抗，这是果断的反新教在其法令。 The First Vatican Council, convened at Rome in 1869-70, not only continued the attempts to define Roman Catholicism against the rest of ecumenical Christendom, but decreed that--in matters of faith and morals when he speaks officially and with clear intention to do so--the pope is infallible.第一，梵蒂冈会，召集在罗马在1869年至1870年，不仅继续试图界定罗马天主教反对，其余的普世基督教，但命令-在事项的信仰和道德的发言时，正式和明确的打算这样做所以-教宗是犯错的。 The Second Vatican Council (1962-65), which also met in Rome, showed a different outlook.梵蒂冈第二次会议（ 1962年至1965年） ，这也在罗马举行了会议，表现出不同面貌。 First, it invited observers from Orthodox and Protestant churches; second, the bishops did vote for a principle of collegiality, which gave higher status to their participation.首先，它邀请观察员从东正教和新教教会;第二，主教们没有投票的原则，合议，提供了更高的地位，他们的参与。 Collegiality, however, did not effectively limit the supremacy of the pope.合议，然而，没有有效地限制了至高无上的教宗。
The councils that raise the greatest problems for modern ecumenical Christianity are those that were exclusively Roman: the Council of Trent and the First Vatican Council.议会认为，提高最大的问题，为现代普世基督教，是那些被专门罗马：理事会特伦特和第一，梵蒂冈会。 For almost 30 years before 1545, Protestants were belligerent against Roman authority and teaching, and the Council of Trent replied in kind.近30年前的1545年，新教徒被交战国对罗马的权威和教学，以及安理会的特伦特回答的实物。 Protestants in particular had difficulty with the way Trent saw the authority of the church partly in Scripture and partly in tradition and with the way its bishops rejected their teaching that humans are justified only by Grace through faith.新教徒，特别是有困难，与方式特伦特看到的权威，教会部分在经文和部分在传统与方式，其主教拒绝了他们的教学，人类是合理的宽限期只有通过信仰。 The definition of papal Infallibility at the First Vatican Council was even more unacceptable to them.定义教皇infallibility在第一，梵蒂冈会，更是不能接受的。 For this reason, they welcomed the efforts of the Second Vatican Council to bring Roman Catholics and others into greater accord.为此，他们所作的努力表示欢迎梵蒂冈第二次会议，使罗马天主教徒和其他更大的协议。
Non-Roman Catholics in the modern world, through the World Council of Churches at its plenary conventions, have on occasion felt something of the ecumenical character of conciliar thought again; although representative of most non-Roman Christians, however, these assemblies lack authoritative and binding power and gain credibility only through their power to persuade, and not to coerce, assent.非天主教徒在现代世界，通过世界教会理事会在其全体会议上公约，都对当时觉得有点合一性质的conciliar思想再次，虽然代表大多数非罗马基督徒，不过，这些集会，缺乏权威性和有约束力的权力和公信力，只有通过他们的权力，以说服，而不是强迫，赞同。
Martin E. Marty李柱铭e.马蒂
Bibliography
参考书目
Hughes, Philip,
The Church in Crisis: A History of the General Councils, 235-1870 (1961);
Jaeger, Lorenz, The Ecumenical Council, the Church, and Christendom (1961);
Jedin, Hubert, Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church (1970); Lowrey, Mark
D., Ecumenism: Striving for Unity amid Diversity (1985); Rusch, William G.,
Ecumenism: A Movement toward Church Unity (1985); Watkin, EI, The Church in
Council (1960).休斯，弘，教会在危机：历史，一般议会， 235-1870 （ 1961年） ;
Jaeger所有，洛伦茨，基督教会，教会，基督教（ 1961年） ; jedin ，休伯特，基督教议会的天主教教会（ 1970年） ; lowrey
，马克四，基督信仰合一：争取团结中多样性（ 1985年） ; rusch ，威廉g. ，基督信仰合一：走向教会的团结（ 1985年） ;沃特金斯，指引教会在会（
1960年） 。
A council is a conference called by the leaders of the church to give guidance to the church.一会是一个所谓的会议由领导人教会给予指导，教会。 The first council took place in Jerusalem (ca. AD 50) for the purpose of opposing Judaizing efforts and is recorded in Acts 15.第一届理事会发生在耶路撒冷（约广告50个）为目的，反对犹太化的努力，并记录在行为15 。 The results of this first Council of Jerusalem were normative for the entire early Christian church.结果，这第一届理事会在耶路撒冷被规范为整个早期基督教教堂。 However, the Jerusalem Council must be distinguished from succeeding councils in that it had apostolic leadership.然而，耶路撒冷，安理会必须加以区分接替议会在说，它已使徒的领导。
A council may be either ecumenical and thus representative of the entire church, or it may be local, having regional or local representation.安理会既可以合一，从而代表整个教会，或可能的地方，具有区域或地方的代表性。 For example, twelve regional councils met to discuss the Arian heresy between the ecumenical councils of Nicaea in 325 and Constantinople in 381.举例来说， 12区域市政局举行会议，讨论arian异端之间的合一议会尼西亚在325和君士坦丁堡在381 。
Whereas previously the term "ecumenical" meant a representation based on the widest geographical coverage, during our present millennium the meaning shifted to denote the pope's inherent authority to declare a council ecumenical.而以前而言， “合一”是指代表的基础上，广泛的地域覆盖面，我们在本千年的含义转移到指教宗的固有权力，宣布会合一。 Thus the pope, understood as exercising Christ's rule on earth, has authority to declare or to reject a council as ecumenical.因此，教宗，理解为行使基督的统治地球上，已管理局申报或拒绝一个会合一。 Although this papal prerogative was operative earlier, it finds explicit affirmation in the Vatican II decree "Light of the Nations," which states: "A council is never ecumenical unless it is confirmed or at least accepted as such by the successor of Peter."虽然这是教宗的特权，执行此前，它找到明确的肯定，在梵蒂冈第二法令“ ，根据国家” ，其中规定： “一会是从来没有合一，除非它是证实或至少接受这种由继承彼得” 。 The situation became problematic with general councils that had been called by emperors, as was Nicaea in 325.局势变得有问题，与一般议会已通过所谓的皇帝，正如尼西亚在325 。 These were declared ecumenical by the popes ex post facto.这些被宣布合一由教皇事后事实上的。
It was precisely to this absolute authority of the pope to convene councils that Martin Luther directed one of his significant 1520 pamphlets, Address to the Christian Nobility.也正是这种绝对的权威，教宗召集议会表示，马丁路德针对他的一个显着1520年的小册子，地址，以基督教贵族。 Luther viewed such papal prerogatives as one of the "three walls" that had to be broken down.路德认为，这种教皇的特权之一， “三墙”已被打破。
Historically, councils have been called by emperors, popes, and bishops.历史上，议会已经由所谓的皇帝，教皇，和主教。 The first seven councils were convoked in the East by emperors and were thus typical of Eastern caesaropapism (state over church).首七个月的议会召集在东部地区，由皇帝，因此，属于典型的东欧政教合一（国家超过堂） 。 In the Western church the pope typically convened councils, except for a time during the Great Schism (1378-1417) when the plurality of bishops both convened councils and deposed popes (conciliarism).在西方教会，教宗通常召开的议会，除了一时间在大分裂（ 1378年至1417年）时，多元化的主教们都召集议会和被废黜教皇（ conciliarism ） 。 Indeed, the Council of Constance in 1415 proclaimed the superiority of general councils over the pope.事实上，安理会的康斯坦茨湖在1415年宣布的优越性，一般议会超过教宗。 But their supremacy was short-lived.但他们的优势是短命的。 By 1500 the pontiff had overcome the conciliar movement and was again convening councils.由1500年教宗克服了conciliar运动，并再次召开议会。
While both Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox churches regard the first councils as ecumenical, Protestant churches also regard as valid many of the declarations of these councils.而罗马天主教徒和东部的东正教教堂方面，第一局合一，新教教会也视为有效的许多声明，这些评议会。 This is because these councils largely concerned themselves with controversies over the diety, person, and natures of Christ.这是因为这些评议会，主要是关注自己与争议，神，人，和基督的性质。 After the split between the Roman Catholic (Western) and Orthodox (Eastern) churches each branch began its own authoritative councils.后之间的分裂，罗马天主教（西方）和东正教（东区）教会每个分行开始自己的权威的议会。
The most significant of the early councils were Nicaea (325) and Chalcedon (451).最重要的早期议会尼西亚（ 325 ）和迦克墩（ 451 ） 。 The former settled the issue of the nature of Christ as God, whereas the latter dealt with the issues of the twofold natures of Christ and their unity.前者解决了这个问题的性质，以基督为上帝，而后者则处理问题的双重性质，基督和他们的团结。 In the case of Nicaea a presbyter of Alexandria, Arius, maintained that Christ was not the eternal Son of God.在该案件尼西亚一presbyter亚历山德里亚， arius坚持认为，基督不是永恒的上帝的儿子。 Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, vigorously opposed that idea, declaring Christ to be of the same substance (homoousios) with God.亚他那修主教亚历山德里亚，极力反对这一想法，宣布基督必须有相同的物质（ homoousios ）与上帝。 Athanasius and orthodoxy prevailed.亚他那修和正统占了上风。 In general, this was the first binding theological declaration for the entire postapostolic church.总的来说，这是第一份具有约束力的神学宣言，为整个postapostolic教会。
The Council of Chalcedon was called in 451 by the emperor Marcion for the purpose of settling disputes and clarifying the issue of the unity of the two natures of Christ.理事会迦克墩被称为在451由皇帝马吉安为目的，解决争端和澄清问题的团结，这两个性质的基督。 The resultant Chalcedonian Creed, or Definition, afforded the entire Christian Church a standard of Christological orthodoxy in declaring that Christ's two natures exist "without confusion, without change, without division, without separation."由此产生的chalcedonian信仰，或定义，给予整个基督教教堂的标准christological正统在宣称基督的两个性质不存在“没有混乱，没有改变，但无师，无分离” 。
Subsequent councils found it necessary to consolidate the gains of Chalcedon and to oppose further Christological errors.随后议会认为有必要巩固所取得的迦克墩，并反对进一步christological错误。 These councils terminated with the Third Council of Constantinople in 680-81.这些评议会终止与第三届理事会君士坦丁堡在680-81 。
In the West the Second Synod of Orange (529) was very significant in both combating semi-Pelagianism and setting forth the gracious character of salvation apart from works.在西方国家的第二个主教的橙（ 529 ）是非常重要的在这两个打击半佩拉纠学派和设置提出了殷勤的性质救亡除了工程。 Although it was not officially ecumenical, its declarations prevailed de jure but not de facto in the Roman Catholic Church down to the Reformation era.虽然不是正式合一，其申报普遍存在的法律上，而不是事实上的在罗马天主教会回落到改革的时代。
After the separation of the Eastern and Western churches in 1054 it became characteristic of the pope to convene councils in the Roman Catholic Church.分离后，东部与西部教会在1054年它成为的特点，教宗召集议会在罗马天主教会。 Beginning in 1123 a series of so-called Lateran Councils was held at Rome in the Church of St. John Lateran.在1123年开始了一系列的所谓拉特兰议会是在罗马举行，在教堂圣若望拉特朗。 The most important of these was the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) convened by the great Pope Innocent III.其中最重要的是第四次拉特兰会（ 1215 ）召开由伟大的教宗诺森三世。 This council declared transubstantiation to be the accepted interpretation of Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper.本会宣布陷于变体说被接受的解释，基督的存在，在上帝的晚餐。
The next most significant council was the Council of Trent, 1545-63.未来最重要的会是理事会特伦特， 1545年至1563年。 This council should be viewed as both a counter to the Protestant Reformation and an establishing of key tenets of Roman Catholicism.本会应被视为既是一个柜台，以新教改革和建立的关键原理，罗马天主教。 Both Scripture and tradition were declared authoritative for the church.双方的经文和传统被宣布为具有权威性的教会。 Salvation by grace alone through faith was jettisoned in favor of sacramental and works righteousness.由救国的宽限期，仅通过信仰被抛弃在赞成圣及工务局正义。 Modern Roman Catholicism, in general, continues to be Tridentine Catholicism.现代罗马天主教，在一般情况，继续成为德律但丁天主教。
The two Vatican Councils each represent both the old and the new.两个梵蒂冈议会每个代表都新和旧的。 Vatican I (1869-70) made official what had long been practiced, papal infallibility.梵蒂冈（ 1869年至1870年）所作的正式什么长久以来一直实行的，教皇infallibility 。 Vatican II (1962-65) was attended by both traditional and radical Roman Catholics.梵蒂冈第二（ 1962年至1965年）出席了这两个传统的和激进的罗马天主教徒。 Its pronouncements regarding the universal character of the church approach sheer universalism.其言论有关的普遍性质，教会的做法，纯粹的普遍性。 Its more open stance toward the Bible is hailed by most Protestants as very salutary.它更开放的态度，圣经是由被誉为最新教徒非常有益的。 Thus the term used at Vatican II, aggiornamento (modernization), has to some extent been realized in post-Vatican II Roman Catholicism.因此，使用的术语在梵蒂冈第二， aggiornamento （现代化） ，已在一定程度上实现了在后，梵蒂冈第二罗马天主教。
JH
Hall家音乐厅
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
GJ Cuming and D.
Baker, eds., Councils and Assemblies; P. Hughes, The Church in Crisis: A History
of the General Councils 325-1870; The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided
Church: Their Canons and Dogmatic Degrees, NPNF. gj
cuming和D贝克编，议会和集会;页休斯，教会在危机：历史，一般议会325-1870 ; 7合一议会的不可分割的教会：他们的大炮和教条式的学位， npnf
。
Twenty-one official Ecumenical Councils have been held. 2001年正式合一议会已举行了。 They are listed and briefly described as follows, with the inclusion of some additional Synods and Councils that have historical importance:他们是上市公司及简要介绍如下，与列入一些额外的主教和市政局有重要的历史意义：
Ecumenical Councils were Councils that originated from the link between the Christian church and Roman state during the fourth century.基督教议会议会表示，源自之间的联系，基督教教会和罗马国家在第四世纪。 Originally summoned by emperors to promote unity, the early councils were intended to represent the whole church.原本传唤皇帝，以促进团结，早日议会的用意是要代表整个教会。 Throught the centuries the Roman Catholic canon law came to stipulate that an ecumenical council must be convened by the pope and be duly representative of the dioceses of the Roman Church (although decision making was subordinated to papal confirmation).思想世纪罗马天主教教会法来规定，一个大公会议，必须召开由教宗和妥为代表的教区，罗马教会（虽然决策是服从罗马教皇的确认） 。 Because of this switch in policy and representation, Christians have disagreed on which councils were "ecumenical."因为此开关在政策和代表性，基督徒不同意对其中议会“合一” 。 While the Roman Catholic Church accepts twenty-one, the Coptic, Syrian, and Armenian churches accept only the first three in the Roman Catholic list.而罗马天主教会接受2001年，科普特，叙利亚，亚美尼亚教会，只接受前三个在罗马天主教的名单。 Most Protestant groups and the Eastern Orthodox Church accept the first seven.最新教团体和东部东正教教堂接受第7 。 To the Roman Catholic Church the ecumenical or universal council binds the whole church, while a particular council binds only one part of the church.以罗马天主教会合一或通用会具有约束力，整个教会，而尤其是安理会具有约束力，只有一部份的教会。
The first eight councils that were called by emperors and had a representation of both Eastern and Western bishops were the councils of Nicaea I (325); Constantinople I (381); Ephesus (431); Chalcedon (451); Constantinople II (553); Constantinople III (680-81); Nicaea II (787); and Constantinople IV (869-70).首八个月的议会被称为皇帝，并已代表双方东部和西部的主教被议会尼西亚（ 325 ） ;康士坦丁堡（ 381 ） ;以弗所（ 431 ） ;迦克墩（ 451 ） ;君士坦丁堡第二（ 553 ） ;君士坦丁堡三（ 680-81 ） ;尼西亚第二（ 787 ） ;和君士坦丁堡四（ 869-70 ） 。
With the First Lateran Council (1123) the papacy initiated and assumed control, continuing this policy with Lateran II (1139); Lateran III (1179); Lateran IV (1215); Lyon I (1245); Lyon II (1274); and Vienne (1311-12).与第一拉特兰会（ 1123 ）教宗发起，并主动承担了控制，继续这项政策与拉特兰二（ 1139 ） ;拉特兰三（ 1179 ） ;拉特兰四（ 1215 ） ;里昂（ 1245 ） ;里昂二（ 1274 ） ;维埃纳省（ 1311年至1312年） 。 During the conciliar movement, when the papacy had reached a low ebb, the Council of Constance (1414-18) and the Council of Basel (called 1431, transferred to Ferrara in 1438 and Florence in 1439) were convened.在conciliar运动，当教皇达成了低潮，安理会的康斯坦茨湖（ 1414年至1418年）和安理会的巴塞尔（所谓的1431年，转移到费拉拉在1438年和1439年在佛罗伦斯）召开。 During the sixteenth century the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17) and the Council of Trent (1545-63) were called to meet challenges to the Roman Church.在16世纪第五次拉特兰会（ 1512年至1517年）和安理会的特伦特（ 1545年至1563年）被称为迎接挑战，向罗马教会。 In the modern period the papacy has convened two councils nearly a century apart, Vatican I (1869-70) and Vatican II (1962-65).在现代时期，教宗召集了两个市政局近一个世纪，除了，梵蒂冈（ 1869年至1870年）和梵蒂冈第二（ 1962年至1965年） 。
DA
Rausch大rausch
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
This subject will be treated under the following heads:这一主题将治疗根据以下元首：
Definition定义
Classification分类
Historical Sketch历史素描
The Pope and General Councils教宗和一般议会
Composition of General Councils组成一般议会
Right of participation参与的权利
Requisite number of members所需的委员数目
Papal headship the formal element of Councils教宗校长的正式组成部分议会
Factors in the Pope's Co-operation with the Council因素，在教宗的合作，运作与安理会
Convocation召开
Direction方向
Confirmation确认
Business Methods商业方法
The facts事实
The theory理论
Infallibility of General Councils; infallibility一般议会;
Correlation of Papal and Conciliary Infallibility相关教皇和conciliary infallibility
Infallibility Restricted to Unanimous Findings infallibility限制，以一致的结果
Promulgation颁布
Is a Council above the Pope?是一个会上述教宗？
Has a General Council Power to Depose a Pope?有一个总理事会的权力，废除教宗？
I. DEFINITION一，定义
Councils are legally convened assemblies of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts for the purpose of discussing and regulating matters of church doctrine and discipline.议会是合法召开大会教会政要和神学专家为目的的讨论和规范的事项教会的教义和纪律。 The terms council and synod are synonymous, although in the oldest Christian literature the ordinary meetings for worship are also called synods, and diocesan synods are not properly councils because they are only convened for deliberation.该条款会和主教是同义词，虽然在最古老的基督教文学的普通会议崇拜也称为主教，教区主教没有适当的议会，因为他们只是召开了审议。 Councils unlawfully assembled are termed conciliabula, conventicula, and even latrocinia, ie "robber synods".议会非法组装被称为conciliabula ， conventicula ，甚至latrocinia ，即“贼主教会议” 。 The constituent elements of an ecclesiastical council are the following:构成要素一教会会是以下几点：
A legally convened meeting一项具有法律召开会议
of members of the hierarchy,成员的层次，
for the purpose of carrying out their judicial and doctrinal functions,为目的进行其本人的司法和理论的职能，
by means of deliberation in common的方式，在共同商议
resulting in regulations and decrees invested with the authority of the whole assembly.导致在规章和法令，投资与的权力，整个大会。
All these elements result from an analysis of the fact that councils are a concentration of the ruling powers of the Church for decisive action.所有这些因素的结果，从分析事实，即议会是一个集中的执政党的权力，教会采取果断的行动。 The first condition is that such concentration conform to the constitution of the Church: it must be started by the head of the forces that are to move and to act, eg by the metropolitan if the action is limited to one province.第一个条件是，这种浓度符合宪法教会：它必须是由团长的力量，是提出和采取行动，例如大都会，如果采取该行动是有限的，以一个省。 The actors themselves are necessarily the leaders of the Church in their double capacity of judges and teachers, for the proper object of conciliar activity is the settling of questions of faith and discipline.行动者本身不一定是领导人，教会在其双重的能力，法官和教师，为妥善对象conciliar活动是解决问题的信念和纪律。 When they assemble for other purposes, either at regular times or in extraordinary circumstances, in order to deliberate on current questions of administration or on concerted action in emergencies, their meetings are not called councils but simply meetings, or assemblies, of bishops.当他们组装作其他用途，无论在定期的时代或在特殊情况下，在以蓄意对当前的问题，政府当局或对协调一致的行动，在紧急情况下，他们的会议并没有所谓的议会，只是会议，或集会，主教。 Deliberation, with free discussion and ventilation of private views, is another essential note in the notion of councils.商议后，与自由讨论及通风的私人意见，是另一项必不可少的注意：在概念议会。 They are the mind of the Church in action, the sensus ecclesiae taking form and shape in the mould of dogmatic definition and authoritative decrees.他们心目中的教会在行动上，感觉ecclesiae采取的形式和形状，在模具的教条式的定义和权威的法令。 The contrast of conflicting opinions, their actual clash necessarily precedes the final triumph of faith.对比冲突的意见，其实际的冲突一定的先导最后胜利的信念。 Lastly, in a council's decisions we see the highest expression of authority of which its members are capable within the sphere of their jurisdiction, with the added strength and weight resulting from the combined action of the whole body.最后，在一个安理会的决定，我们看到的最高表现的权威，其成员有能力在该领域在其管辖范围内，与补充的实力和重量所造成的合并行动的全身。
II.二。 CLASSIFICATION分类
Councils are, then, from their nature, a common effort of the Church, or part of the Church, for self-preservation and self-defence.议会，然后从它们的性质，一个共同的努力，教会，或部分的教会，自我保全和自卫。 They appear at her very origin, in the time of the Apostles at Jerusalem, and throughout her whole history whenever faith or morals or discipline are seriously threatened.他们出现在她非常的起源，在的时候，使徒在耶路撒冷，并在她的整个历史上，每当信仰或道德或纪律的严重威胁。 Although their object is always the same, the circumstances under which they meet impart to them a great variety, which renders a classification necessary.虽然他们的对象总是相同的，在何种情况下，他们满足传授给他们很大的不同，使得分类的必要。 Taking territorial extension for a basis, seven kinds of synods are distinguished.采取的领土范围为基础，七种主教是尊敬。
Ecumenical Councils are those to which the bishops, and others entitled to vote, are convoked from the whole world (oikoumene) under the presidency of the pope or his legates, and the decrees of which, having received papal confirmation, bind all Christians.基督教议会是那些其中主教，和其他人有权投票，召集从整个世界（ oikoumene ）的主持下，教宗或其legates ，和法令，其中，收到了教皇的确认，约束所有基督徒。 A council, Ecumenical in its convocation, may fail to secure the approbation of the whole Church or of the pope, and thus not rank in authority with Ecumenical councils.一会，基督教在其召开，可能会失败，以确保认可整个教会，或教宗，因此没有职级的权威与普世议会。 Such was the case with the Robber Synod of 449 (Latrocinium Ephesinum), the Synod of Pisa in 1409, and in part with the Councils of Constance and Basle.这种情况与劫匪主教会议的449 （ latrocinium ephesinum ） ，主教会议的比萨在1409年，并在部分与议会的康斯坦茨湖和巴塞尔。
The second rank is held by the general synods of the East or of the West, composed of but one-half of the episcopate.第二级是举行由一般主教会议的东或西，组成的，但其中一半的主教。 The Synod Of Constantinople (381) was originally only an Eastern general synod, at which were present the four patriarchs of the East (viz. of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem), with many metropolitans and bishops.主教君士坦丁堡（ 381 ）原本只是一个东部一般主教，在哪个人出席四个patriarchs的东（即君士坦丁堡，亚历山大，安提阿，和耶路撒冷） ，与许多大都市和主教。 It ranks as Ecumenical because its decrees were ultimately received in the West also.它被列为合一，因为它的法令，最终收到的，在西方也。
Patriarchal, national, and primatial councils represent a whole patriarchate, a whole nation, or the several provinces subject to a primate.父权，国家和primatial议会代表整个东正教会，整个国家，或几个省份受到灵长目动物。 Of such councils we have frequent examples in Latin Africa, where the metropolitan and ordinary bishops used to meet under the Primate of Carthage, in Spain, under the Primate of Toledo, and in earlier times in Syria, under the Metropolitan -- later Patriarch -- of Antioch.这种议会，我们有频繁的例子，在拉丁美洲非洲，在那里都会和普通主教用来满足下，灵长类动物的迦太基，在西班牙，根据灵长类托莱多，并在较早的时代，在叙利亚，根据大都会-后来老人家- -安提。
Provincial councils bring together the suffragan bishops of the metropolitan of an ecclesiastical province and other dignitaries entitled to participate.省议会召集suffragan的主教们都会的一省，教会和其他贵宾有权参加。 Diocesan synods consist of the clergy of the diocese and are presided over by the bishop or the vicar-general.教区主教组成神职人员的教区，并主持了由主教或副主教秘书长。
A peculiar kind of council used to be held at Constantinople, it consisted of bishops from any part of the world who happened to be at the time in that imperial city.一个奇特的种会用来举行君士坦丁堡，它构成主教从世界任何地方发生的事情谁必须在时间，在这皇城。 Hence the name synodoi enoemousai "visitors' synods".因此，名称synodoi enoemousai “旅客主教会议” 。 Lastly there have been mixed synods, in which both civil and ecclesiastical dignitaries met to settle secular as well as ecclesiastical matters.最后有好有坏主教，在双方民间和教会政要会晤，以解决世俗化，以及教会的事宜。 They were frequent at the beginning of the Middle Ages in France, Germany, Spain, and Italy.他们经常在开始中世纪在法国，德国，西班牙和意大利。 In England even abbesses were occasionally present at such mixed councils.在英格兰，甚至abbesses偶尔出席这样的混合议会。 Sometimes, not always, the clergy and laity voted in separate chambers.有时候，并非总是，神职人员和俗人投了单独的分庭。
Although it is in the nature of councils to represent either the whole or part of the Church organism yet we find many councils simply consisting of a number of bishops brought together from different countries for some special purpose, regardless of any territorial or hierarchical connection.虽然这是在性质上的议会代表，无论是全部或部分教会的有机体，但我们发现许多议会的简单构成的一些主教聚集了来自不同国家对一些特殊的目的，不论任何领土或分层连接。 They were most frequent in the fourth century, when the metropolitan and patriarchal circumscriptions were still imperfect, and questions of faith and discipline manifold.他们最常见的在四世纪时，都会和家长circumscriptions仍然不完善，问题的信念和纪律多方面的。 Not a few of them, summoned by emperors or bishops in opposition to the lawful authorities (such as that of Antioch in 341), were positively irregular, and acted for evil rather than good.不是几个人，传唤皇帝或主教在反对以合法的当局（如认为安提在341 ） ，呈不规则，充当邪恶而非良好。 Councils of this kind may be compared to the meetings of bishops of our own times; decrees passed in them had no binding power on any but the subjects of the bishops present, they were important manifestations of the sensus ecclesiae (mind of the Church) rather than judicial or legislative bodies.议会的这种可能相比，会议的主教们，我们自己的时代;法令通过，他们没有约束力的权力，但任何科目的主教出席，他们的重要表现的感觉ecclesiae （心中的教会） ，而不是比司法或立法机构。 But precisely as expressing the mind of the Church they often acquired a far-reaching influence due, either to their internal soundness, or to the authority of their framers, or to both.但恰恰是表达心中的教会他们往往获得了深远的影响，由于，无论是其内部的健全性，或向主管当局，他们制定者，或两者并处。
It should be noted that the terms concilia plenaria, universalia, OR generalia are, or used to be, applied indiscriminately to all synods not confined to a single province; in the Middle Ages, even provincial synods, as compared to diocesan, received these names.应该指出的是，该条款concilia plenaria ， universalia ，或generalia ，或用，适用于不分青红皂白地向所有主教，并不局限于一个单一的省;在中世纪，甚至省主教，比较拔萃，收到这些名称。 Down to the late Middle Ages all papal synods to which a certain number of bishops from different countries had been summoned were regularly styled plenary, general, or universal synods.到中世纪晚期，所有主教到罗马教皇，其中有一定数目的主教们来自不同的国家被传唤定期式的全体会议，一般，或普遍的主教。 In earlier times, before the separation of East and West, councils to which several distant patriarchates or exarchates sent representatives, were described absolutely as "plenary councils of the universal church".在较早的时代，前分离的东方和西方，议会，其中的几个遥远的patriarchates或exarchates派出代表，介绍了绝对“议会全体会议的普世教会” 。 These terms are applied by St. Augustine to the Council of Arles (314), at which only Western bishops were present.但这些条款适用于由圣奥古斯丁向安理会提交的阿尔勒（ 314 ） ，其中只有西方的主教们出席了会议。 In the same way the council of Constantinople (382), in a letter to Pope Damasus, calls the council held in the same town the year before (381) "an Ecumenical synod" ie a synod representing the oikoumene, the whole inhabited world as known to the Greeks and Romans, because all the Eastern patriarchates, though no Western, took part in it.在同样的方式会君士坦丁堡（ 382 ） ，在一封信中向教宗达玛斯，呼吁安理会举行了在同一个城市前一年（ 381 ） “合一主教” ，即一主教代表oikoumene ，整个居住的世界，众所周知，希腊人和罗马人，因为所有东部patriarchates ，虽然没有西方，参加了在它。 The synod of 381 could not, at that time, be termed Ecumenical in the strict sense now in use, because it still lacked the formal confirmation of the Apostolic See.主教会议的381不能在那个时间，被称为合一在严格意义上目前使用的，因为它仍然缺乏正式确认使徒见。 As a matter of fact, the Greeks themselves did not put this council on a par with those of Nicaea and Ephesus until its confirmation at the Synod of Chalcedon, and the Latins acknowledged its authority only in the sixth century.作为一个的问题，事实上，希腊人自己没有付诸表决，本会看齐，与那些尼西亚和以弗所，直到其确认在主教迦克墩，以及拉丁美洲承认它的权威，只有在第六世纪。
III.三。 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ECUMENICAL COUNCILS历史示意图合一议会
The present article deals chiefly with the theological and canonical questions concerning councils which are Ecumenical in the strict sense above defined.本条款处理，主要是与神学和典型的问题，议会是普世在严格意义上上述的界定。 Special articles give the history of each important synod under the head of the city or see where it was held.特别的文章，让历史的每一个重要的主教下的首长，市或见那里举行。 In order, however, to supply the reader with a basis of fact for the discussion of principles which is to follow, a list is subjoined of the twenty Ecumenical councils with a brief statement of the purpose of each.在秩序，不过，供应读者的基础上，其实为讨论的原则，这是遵循了一份清单，是subjoined的20合一议会的一份简短声明的目的，每个。
First Ecumenical Council: Nicaea I (325)第一大公会议：尼西亚（ 325 ）
The Council of Nicaea lasted two months and twelve days.安理会尼西亚，历时两个月，并且12天。 Three hundred and eighteen bishops were present. 318主教出席了会议。 Hosius, Bishop of Cordova, assisted as legate of Pope Sylvester.侯休斯，主教科尔多瓦，作为协助legate教皇西尔维斯特。 The Emperor Constantine was also present.皇帝君士坦丁也出席了会议。 To this council we owe The Creed (Symbolum) of Nicaea, defining against Arius the true Divinity of the Son of God (homoousios), and the fixing of the date for keeping Easter (against the Quartodecimans).本局我们欠的信条（ symbolum ）尼西亚，确定对arius真正的神上帝的儿子（ homoousios ） ，以及订定的日期为保持复活节（对quartodecimans ） 。
Second Ecumenical Council: Constantinople I (381)第二次大公会议：康士坦丁堡（ 381 ）
The First General Council of Constantinople, under Pope Damasus and the Emperor Theodosius I, was attended by 150 bishops.第一次总理事会君士坦丁堡，根据教宗达玛斯和皇帝狄奥多西一世，出席了由150名主教。 It was directed against the followers of Macedonius, who impugned the Divinity of the Holy Ghost.它是针对追随者macedonius ，谁非难的神圣灵。 To the above-mentioned Nicene Creed it added the clauses referring to the Holy Ghost (qui simul adoratur) and all that follows to the end.以上面提到的尼西亚信它补充条文，指圣灵（ qui模拟adoratur ）和所有如下到去年底。
Third Ecumenical Council: Ephesus (431)第三次大公会议：以弗所（ 431 ）
The Council of Ephesus, of more than 200 bishops, presided over by St. Cyril of Alexandria representing Pope Celestine I, defined the true personal unity of Christ, declared Mary the Mother of God (theotokos) against Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople, and renewed the condemnation of Pelagius.安理会的以弗所， 200多名主教，主持了由圣西里尔的亚历山大代表教宗天青石，我所界定的真实个人的团结，基督，宣布玛丽天主之母（ theotokos ）对涅斯，主教，君士坦丁堡，并再次谴责伯拉纠。
Fourth Ecumenical Council: Chalcedon (451)第四次大公会议：迦克墩（ 451 ）
The Council of Chalcedon -- 150 bishops under Pope Leo the Great and the Emperor Marcian -- defined the two natures (Divine and human) in Christ against Eutyches, who was excommunicated.理事会迦克墩-1 50主教，教宗利奥下的伟大和皇帝马尔奇安-界定了两个性质（神和人力资源）在基督里对欧迪奇，谁是e x communicated。
Fifth Ecumenical Council: Constantinople II (553)第五次大公会议：君士坦丁堡第二（ 553 ）
The Second General Council of Constantinople, of 165 bishops under Pope Vigilius and Emperor Justinian I, condemned the errors of Origen and certain writings (The Three Chapters) of Theodoret, of Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia and of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa; it further confirmed the first four general councils, especially that of Chalcedon whose authority was contested by some heretics.第二次总理事会的君士坦丁堡， 165名主教，教宗下vigilius和皇帝查士丁尼，我谴责的错误，俄和某些著作（三章） theodoret ，西奥多，主教摩普绥提亚和ibas ，主教伊得撒;它进一步确认第4个一般议会，特别是对迦克墩其权威是有争议的一些异端。
Sixth Ecumenical Council: Constantinople III (680-681)第六次大公会议：康士坦丁三世（ 680-681 ）
The Third General Council of Constantinople, under Pope Agatho and the Emperor Constantine Pogonatus, was attended by the Patriarchs of Constantinople and of Antioch, 174 bishops, and the emperor.第三次总理事会的君士坦丁堡，根据教宗agatho和皇帝君士坦丁pogonatus ，出席了由patriarchs君士坦丁堡和安提阿， 174主教，和皇帝。 It put an end to Monothelitism by defining two wills in Christ, the Divine and the human, as two distinct principles of operation.它杜绝monothelitism界定二遗嘱，在基督里，神和人类，为两个不同的原则运作。 It anathematized Sergius, Pyrrhus, Paul, Macarius, and all their followers.它anathematized谢尔盖， pyrrhus ，郑明训，米加利阿斯，以及所有他们的追随者。
Seventh Ecumenical Council: Nicaea II (787)第七次大公会议：尼西亚第二（ 787 ）
The Second Council of Nicaea was convoked by Emperor Constantine VI and his mother Irene, under Pope Adrian I, and was presided over by the legates of Pope Adrian; it regulated the veneration of holy images.第二届理事会尼西亚是召集由皇帝君士坦丁六世和他的母亲艾琳，根据教宗阿德里安，我和主持了由legates教皇阿德里安;它规范的崇拜神圣的形象。 Between 300 and 367 bishops assisted. 300至367主教协助。
Eighth Ecumenical Council: Constantinople IV (869)第八大公会议：君士坦丁堡四（ 869 ）
The Fourth General Council of Constantinople, under Pope Adrian II and Emperor Basil numbering 102 bishops, 3 papal legates, and 4 patriarchs, consigned to the flames the Acts of an irregular council (conciliabulum) brought together by Photius against Pope Nicholas and Ignatius the legitimate Patriarch of Constantinople; it condemned Photius who had unlawfully seized the patriarchal dignity.第四次总理事会的君士坦丁堡，根据教宗阿德里安II和皇帝罗勒编号102的主教，三教皇legates ，和4 patriarchs ，寄售，以火焰的行为不规则会（ conciliabulum ）聚集了由photius违背教宗尼古拉斯和伊格内修斯的合法君士坦丁堡宗主教;谴责photius谁曾检获的非法父权的尊严。 The Photian Schism, however, triumphed in the Greek Church, and no other general council took place in the East.该photian裂，然而，胜利，在希腊教会，并没有其他的一般会发生在东部地区。
Ninth Ecumenical Council: Lateran I (1123)第九大公会议：拉特兰我（ 1123 ）
The First Lateran Council, the first held at Rome, met under Pope Callistus II.第一拉特兰会，首先在罗马举行的，下举行了会议，教宗callistus二。 About 900 bishops and abbots assisted.约900名主教和abbots协助。 It abolished the right claimed by lay princes, of investiture with ring and crosier to ecclesiastical benefices and dealt with church discipline and the recovery of the Holy Land from the infidels.它取消的权利，声称奠定王子， investiture与环和crosier ，以教会benefices和处理与教会的纪律和复苏的圣地，从异教徒。
Tenth Ecumenical Council: Lateran II (1139)第十大公会议：拉特兰二（ 1139 ）
The Second Lateran Council was held at Rome under Pope Innocent II, with an attendance of about 1000 prelates and the Emperor Conrad.第二拉特兰会在罗马举行的下诺森二，凡出席约1000主教和皇帝康拉德。 Its object was to put an end to the errors of Arnold of Brescia.其目的是要杜绝错误阿诺德布雷西亚。
Eleventh Ecumenical Council: Lateran III (1179)第十一大公会议：拉特兰三（ 1179 ）
The Third Lateran Council took place under Pope Alexander III, Frederick I being emperor.第三拉特兰会下发生教皇亚历山大三世，冯同时被皇帝。 There were 302 bishops present.有302主教出席。 It condemned the Albigenses and Waldenses and issued numerous decrees for the reformation of morals.它谴责比根斯派和waldenses ，并发出了许多法令，为改革的道德。
Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV (1215)第十二大公会议：拉特兰四（ 1215 ）
The Fourth Lateran Council was held under Innocent III.第四次拉特兰会是下举行的诺森三世。 There were present the Patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem, 71 archbishops, 412 bishops, and 800 abbots the Primate of the Maronites, and St. Dominic.有目前patriarchs君士坦丁堡和耶路撒冷， 71大主教，主教， 412 ， 800和abbots灵长类的马龙派教徒，和圣星。 It issued an enlarged creed (symbol) against the Albigenses (Firmiter credimus), condemned the Trinitarian errors of Abbot Joachim, and published 70 important reformatory decrees.它发出了扩大信条（符号）对比根斯派（ firmiter credimus ） ，谴责三位一体的错误住持约阿希姆，并出版了70重要的改革法令。 This is the most important council of the Middle Ages, and it marks the culminating point of ecclesiastical life and papal power.这是最重要的会，中世纪，它标志着最终点的教会生活和教皇的权力。
Thirteenth Ecumenical Council: Lyons I (1245)第十三届大公会议：里昂（ 1245 ）
The First General Council of Lyons was presided over by Innocent IV; the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Antioch, and Aquileia (Venice), 140 bishops, Baldwin II, Emperor of the East, and St. Louis, King of France, assisted.第一次总理事会在里昂主持了由无辜四; patriarchs君士坦丁堡，安提阿，和阿奎（威尼斯） ， 140主教，鲍德温二，皇帝东，和圣路易斯，法国国王，协助。 It excommunicated and deposed Emperor Frederick II and directed a new crusade, under the command of St. Louis, against the Saracens and Mongols.它excommunicated和被废黜皇帝，冯检II和指示的新十字军东征，指挥下，圣路易斯，对撒拉逊和蒙古人。
Fourteenth Ecumenical Council: Lyons II (1274)第十四届大公会议：里昂二（ 1274 ）
The S