Vedas vedas

The Vedas (Sanskrit: "knowledge"), the most sacred books of Hinduism and the oldest literature of India, represent the religious thought and activity of the Indo European speaking peoples who entered South Asia in the 2d millennium BC, although they probably also reflect the influence of the indigenous people of the area.该vedas （梵语： "知识" ） ， 最神圣的书印度教和最古老的文献，印度，代表着宗教思想和活动的印支欧洲人民来说，他们进入南亚在二维公元前3000年，尽管他们可能也反映了的影响，土著人的地区。 The Vedic texts presumably date from between 1500 and 500 BC.该吠陀文本大概日期，从1500西元前500年。 This literature was preserved for centuries by an oral tradition in which particular families were entrusted with portions of the text for preservation.这是文献保存数百年，由口头传统，其中特别是家庭，受委托的部分文本保存。 As a result, some parts of the texts are known by the names of the families they were assigned to.因此，某些部分的文本由已知姓名的家庭，他们被分配到不同的。

In its narrowest sense, the term Veda applies to four collections of hymns (samhita): Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda. These hymns and verses, addressed to various deities, were chanted during sacrificial rituals.在其最窄的意义上来说，中期吠陀适用于四个收藏的圣歌（ samhita ） ： 钻机吠陀，萨马吠陀，亚朱尔吠陀，并阿塔发吠陀这些圣歌和小诗，给各种神灵，呼喊着，在祭祀礼仪。 In a wider sense, Veda refers to both these hymns and the materials that accreted around them to form four books with four parts. For each of the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva, there are not only hymns, but also Brahmanas - prose texts that explain and illustrate the significance of the ritual; Aranyakas, or forest - treatises - esoteric texts providing symbolic or magical interpretations of ritual formulae; and the commentaries called Upanishads - the beginnings of Hindu philosophy.在更广泛的意义上说，吠陀既指这些圣歌和材料增益他们周围形成四本书，与四个部分。对于每一种钻机，萨玛，亚朱尔，阿塔发，不仅是赞美诗，而且还brahmanas -散文文本的解释和说明的意义，祭祀; aranyakas ，或森林-论文-深奥的文本提供象征性或神奇的诠释礼仪公式;和评所谓up anishads-开始印度教哲学。

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Vedic rituals essentially involved offerings to and with fire under precisely prescribed conditions by which the sacrificer hoped to communicate with the deities and thus to obtain desired results.吠陀礼仪本质上涉及的产品和符合消防，正是根据既定的条件，其中牺牲者，希望能与神，从而获得理想的效果。 The importance attached to the satisfaction of formal conditions required that a priest with knowledge of the proper forms officiate at the sacrifice.重视，以满足形式上的条件，要求一名神职人员与知识的适当形式主持牺牲。 Many of the deities addressed by the sacrifice were identified or associated with natural objects of forces such as fire, water, and wind.许多关于神佛处理牺牲了鉴定或与其有联系的自然物的力量，例如水，火，风。 Among the most important were Indra (thunder, war, and perhaps creator), Varuna (guardian of the cosmic order and moral law), Agni (fire, light), and Soma (a liquid used in the sacrifice).其中最重要的分别为因陀罗（雷雨，战争，也许造物主） ， varuna （监护人的宇宙秩序与道德律） ，烈火（火，光） ，及体（一液用于牺牲了） 。 The form and functions of one god, however, were not strictly distinguished from those of others and, as the Vedic period progressed, thought developed from polytheism to monotheism and thence, in the Upanishads, to monism.形式和功能的一个神，但是，并没有严格区分，从这些别人的，而作为吠陀时期的进步， 思想的发展，从多神教到一神教进而，在upanishads ，以一元论。

The relation of Vedism to the Hinduism of later centuries is complex and not well understood.关系vedism向印度教的后几百年，是非常复杂和不充分的了解。 The Vedas are preserved in traditional fashion in certain parts of India, and the tendency is widespread to look to them as expressions of the fundamental genius of Hindu thought and aspiration.该vedas保存在传统时装中的某些部分，印度和趋势是普遍看他们的表现根本的天才印度教思想和愿望。 The originals of the major Hindu gods - Shiva and Vishnu - can be found among the minor deities of the Vedas.正本的印度教大神-湿婆和v ishnu-可以发现其中未成年人的神灵的v e das。 The sacrifice has, however, all but disappeared from India in its Vedic form, replaced by different rites; and the analogy, central to the Vedic ritual, between actions on Earth and events in the heavens is replaced in Hinduism by the goal of liberation from actions on Earth, from life itself.而牺牲了，但是，全部消失了，从印度，在其吠陀的形式，取而代之的是由不同的仪轨;和类比，中央到吠陀仪式中，行动之间的地球上的事件，老天爷是取代印度教所的目标，从解放行动对地球，从生活本身。 The concepts of Karma and Transmigration of Souls are not found in the Vedic corpus until the Upanishads.概念的因果报应和轮回的心灵，是没有找到在吠陀语料库直到upanishads 。

Karl H Potter卡尔h哈利波特

Bibliography: 参考书目：
EV Arnold, The Rigveda (1960); S Aurobindo, The Secret of the Veda (1971); J Gonda, Vedic Literature: Samhitas and Brahmanas (1975); AB Keith, Religion and Philosophy of the Vedas and Upanishads (1926); CK Raja, The Vedas: A Critical Study (1957).电动汽车阿诺德，梨俱吠陀（ 1960年） ; s Aurobindo的，秘密的吠陀（ 1971年） ; j gonda ，吠陀文学： samhitas和brahmanas （ 1975年） ;抗体基思，宗教和哲学的vedas和upanishads （ 1926年） ;对照（ Raja ， vedas ：一个批判的研究报告（ 1957 ） 。

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