Transmigration of Souls轮回的灵魂

Transmigration of souls, sometimes called metempsychosis, is based on the idea that a soul may pass out of one body and reside in another (human or animal) or in an inanimate object.轮回的心灵，有时也被称为metempsychosis ，是基于主张一个民族的灵魂，可以通过列的一个机构和居住在另一个国家（人或动物） ，或在一个无生命的物体。 The idea appears in various forms in tribal cultures in many parts of the world (for example, Africa, Madagascar, Oceania, and South America).这个主意出现在各种形式的部落文化在世界上许多地方（例如，非洲，马达加斯加，大洋洲，南美洲） 。 The notion was familiar in ancient Greece, notably in Orphism, and was adopted in a philosophical form by Plato and the Pythagoreans.概念是熟悉的，在古希腊，尤其是在orphism ，获得通过，在哲学上的形式，由柏拉图和pythagoreans 。 The belief gained some currency in gnostic and occult forms of Christianity and Judaism and was introduced into Renaissance thought by the recovery of the Hermetic books.信念，取得了一些货币的诺斯替和隐匿形式的基督教和犹太教，并引入文艺复兴思想所回收的气密性书籍。

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The most fully articulated doctrine of transmigration is found in Hinduism.最充分阐明教义的轮回，是发现在印度教。 It does not appear in the earliest Hindu scriptures (the Rig Veda) but was developed at a later period in the Upanishads (c. 600 BC).它没有出现在最早的印度教经文（钻机吠陀） ，但发达国家在后一时期在upanishads （约公元前600 ） 。 Central to the conception of human destiny after death was the belief that human beings are born and die many times.环观，人的命运后，死因是信仰，人是出生和死亡很多次了。 Souls are regarded as emanations of the divine spirit.心灵，是被视为emanations的神圣精神。 Each soul passes from one body to another in a continuous cycle of births and deaths, their condition in each existence being determined by their actions in previous births.每一个灵魂及格，由一个机构到另一个在一个连续循环的出生和死亡，他们的情况，在每一个存在被确定自己的行动在以前出生。

Thus, transmigration is closely interwoven with the concept of Karma (action), which involves the inevitable working out, for good or ill, of all action in a future existence.因此，轮回是密切交织在一起理念与因果报应（行动） ，其中涉及无可避免的工作，为良好或生病，在所有行动，在未来的存在。 The whole experience of life, whether of happiness or sorrow, is a just reward for deeds (good or bad) done in earlier existences.整个的生活经验，无论是幸福或悲伤，是一个公正的报酬，事迹（好或坏）做早期存在的。 The cycle of karma and transmigration may extend through innumerable lives; the ultimate goal is the reabsorption of the soul into the ocean of divinity from whence it came.循环的因果报应和轮回，可延续至2005无数人的生命;其终极目标是重吸收的灵魂到大洋的神何时来。 This union occurs when the individual realizes the truth about the soul and the Absolute (Brahman) and the soul becomes one with Brahman.这个联盟发生时，个别实现了真相灵魂和绝对（婆罗门）和灵魂，成为一个与婆罗门。 It is often mistakenly thought that Buddhism also involves transmigration.人们常常误以为佛教，也涉及轮回。 The classical Buddhist doctrine of anatta ("no soul"), however, specifically rejects the Hindu view.经典佛法的anatta （ "没有灵魂" ） ，不过，具体否定了印度教的看法。 The Buddhist position on the workings of karma is exceedingly complex.佛教的立场上的运作，因缘，是极其复杂的。

The idea of transmigration has been propagated in the Western world by movements such as Theosophy and by the more recent proliferation of Oriental religious cults.构思轮回一直在宣扬西方世界所动作，如theosophy和较近期的扩散东方教派。 Most of these Westernized versions appear to lack the intellectual rigor and philosophical content of the classical Hindu doctrine.大部分这些西化的版本似乎缺乏智慧的严谨和哲学内容的古典印度教教义。

Charles W Ranson查尔斯瓦特ranson

Bibliography: 参考书目：
J Head, ed., Reincarnation in World Thought (1967); AW Holzer, Born Again (1970). j头，版，轮回，在世界思想（ 1967年） ;胡贺尔沙，再次降生（ 1970年） 。

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