Tantra tantra

The term Tantra refers to a pan Indian religious movement (also called Tantrism) that arose in about the 6th century AD within both Buddhism and Hinduism and to the texts (either Buddhist or Hindu) setting forth its practices and beliefs.任期tantra指的是一个泛印度宗教运动（亦称密宗）表示，发生在大约西元六世纪无论是佛教和印度教，以及文本（无论是佛教或印度教）提出，其做法和信念。 The main emphasis of Tantrism is on the development of the devotee's dormant psychophysical powers by means of special meditations and ritual techniques.主要是强调密宗，是对发展我国devotee的冬眠身心权力的手段，特别沉思和礼仪技巧。 These are essentially esoteric and must be passed on personally from master to initiate.这些人基本上是深奥了，而且必须予以通过对个人，从硕士开始。 Stressing the coordination of body, speech, and mind, they include the use of symbolic gestures (mudras); the uttering of potent formulas (Mantras); the entering (through meditation) of sacred diagrams (Mandalas) and yantras; the meditator's creative visualization of and identification with specific divine forms; and the physical, iconographic, or mental use of sexual forces and symbols.强调协调的身体，言语，转变心态，这些措施包括：使用象征性的姿态（姆德拉） ;讳莫如深的烈性公式（ mantras ） ;进入（通过打坐）的神圣图表（ mandalas ）和yantras ; meditator的创意可视化和认同具体的神圣形式和实物，影像，或精神上的使用性和力量的象征。

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Because of the last of these emphases, Tantra has sometimes been considered as a degenerate form of religion rather than as the final outgrowth of trends whose roots reach deep into YOGA and Indian cosmology.因为其中最后的侧重点， tantra ，有时被认为是一种堕落的形式，宗教，而不是作为最终产物的趋势，其根系深入到瑜珈及印度的宇宙观。 Although the particulars of practice vary between the Buddhist and Hindu Tantras and within each of these traditions from one text or lineage to another, they all stress the realization, within the body, of the union of polar opposites, whether these be conceived of as devotee and goddess, the masculine principle (Shiva) and the feminine (Shakti), reason and compassion, or samsara and nirvana.虽然具体的做法各有不同，佛教和印度教tantras和每一个这些传统，从一个文本或系别，他们都强调，把实现好，内部组织，该联盟的两极对立的东西，无论这些设想作为devotee和女神，男性化的原则（湿婆）和女性（ shakti ） ，理性和同情的，或轮回和涅槃。 Tantrism is traditionally practiced in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and other countries where Tibetan Buddhism is followed, as well as in India.密宗是传统上实行的，在西藏，尼泊尔，不丹，和其他国家在藏传佛教中的内容，以及在印度。

Joseph M Kitagawa and John S Strong约瑟夫米北川和约翰s强

Bibliography: 参考书目：
B Bhattacharya, The World of Tantra (1988); NN Bhattacharya, History of the Tantric Religion (1983); S Chattopadhyaya, Reflections on the Tantras (1978); A Mookerjee and M Khanna, The Tantric Way: Art, Science, Ritual (1989). b bhattacharya ，世界的tantra （ 1988年） ;神经网络bhattacharya ，历史的密宗宗教（ 1983年） ; s chattopadhyaya思考，对tantras （ 1978 ） ; mookerjee和M ，他将，密宗方式：艺术，科学，礼仪（ 1989年） 。

Mahayana Buddhism 大乘佛教

Theravada Buddhism theravada佛教

Lamaism 喇嘛教

Zen Buddhism 禅

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