Sikhs are followers of Sikhism, an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab in northwest India.锡克人是追随者的锡克教，一名印度宗教起源于旁遮普省在西北印度。 In 1971, India had approximately 10.3 million Sikhs, 1.9% of the population.在1971年，印度拥有大约1030万锡克人， 1.9 ％的人口。 Small communities of Sikhs also exist in the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Malaysia, and East Africa.小社区的锡克教徒，也存在于美国，英国，加拿大，美国，马来西亚，非洲和东部非洲。
The movement was founded in the Punjab by Guru Nanak (1469 - 1539), who sought to combine Hindu and Muslim elements in a single religious creed. He taught "the unity of God, brotherhood of man, rejection of caste and the futility of idol worship." He was followed by nine masters, the last of whom was Guru Gobind Singh (1666 - 1708; guru 1675 - 1708), who involved his followers in an unsuccessful martial struggle against Mogul rule. 不结盟运动成立于旁遮普由大师诞辰（ 1469 -1 539） ，他试图结合印度教和穆斯林分子在一个单一的宗教信条，他教" 的统一，上帝，兄弟情谊的人，排斥反应的种姓和徒劳的偶像崇拜" ，在他之后是9个大师，最后一位是大师gobind辛格（ 1666 -1 708;大师1 675- 17 08），涉及他的追随者在一个不成功的武术斗争大亨统治。
After Gobind's assassination, the Sikhs were persecuted by the Muslim Mogul rulers until 1799 when, under Ranjit Singh (1780 - 1839), they laid claim to a large part of northwest India.经过gobind的暗杀，锡克教徒遭到迫害，由穆斯林Mogul的统治者，直到1799年时，根据兰吉特-阿特沃尔（ R anjit辛格（ 1 780- 18 39），他们开出的索赔相当大的一部分，西北印度。 After Ranjit's death his Sikh kingdom disintegrated into anarchy.经过兰吉特-阿特沃尔（ R anjit的去世他的锡克王国土崩瓦解，陷入无政府状态。 The British moved into the Punjab, and the Sikh Wars followed (1845 - 46, 1848 - 49).英国搬进旁遮普邦和锡克教徒的战争之后（ 1845 -4 6， 1 848- 49 ）。
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The holiest place for Sikhs is the Golden Temple at Amritsar (now in the Indian state of Punjab) founded by the fourth guru, Ram Das (guru 1574 - 81).最神圣的地方，是锡克人的金庙，在阿姆利则（现已在印度旁遮普邦）创办的第四个大师，羊之（大师1574 -8 1） 。 The fifth guru, Arjun (guru 1581 - 1606), gave Sikhism its holy book, the Granth Sahib, which contains hymns of Sikh gurus as well as those of Hindu and Muslim saints such as Kabir.第五大师，三轮（大师1581 -1 606） ，给予其锡克教圣书， g ranths ahib，其中载有圣歌的锡克教大师以及那些印度教和回教圣人如卡比尔。
Sikhs are readily identifiable by their turbans. They take a vow not to cut their hair as well as not to smoke or drink alcoholic beverages. 锡克人很容易识别其turbans ，他们以我壮志激情，并非要削减自己的头发，以及不要吸烟或喝含酒精饮料。 When Gobind Singh founded (1699) the martial fraternity Khalsa ("pure"), his followers vowed to keep the five K's: to wear long hair (kesh), a comb in the hair (kangha), a steel bracelet on the right wrist (kara), soldier's shorts (kachha), and a sword (kirpan). The tradition persists to the present day.当gobind辛格成立（ 1699年）的武侠博爱据路透社报道（ "纯" ） ，他的信徒们发誓要保持五K的：穿长头发（凯什） ，梳子在发（ kangha ） ，钢手镯，就右手腕（卡拉） ，为军人的短裤（ kachha ） ，和一把剑（吉尔班） 。传统，坚持到今天。
Some of India's Sikhs favor the establishment of a separate Sikh nation.一些印度的锡克人主张建立一个单独的锡克民族。 In the early 1980s Akali Dal, a Sikh nationalist party, provoked a confrontation with the Indian government by demanding greater autonomy for Punjab.在八十年代初期， akali高，一个锡克民族主义党，挑起对抗，与印度政府，要求更大的自主权，为旁遮普邦。 Unassuaged by the election of a Sikh, Zail Singh, to the largely ceremonial office of president of India in 1982, the militants continued to stage violent demonstrations. unassuaged由选举产生了锡克教， zail辛格，向主要是象征意义主席一职的印度在1982年，这伙武装分子继续举行暴力示威活动。 As fighting between Sikhs and Hindus became widespread in Punjab, the central government took direct control of the state in 1983.作为战斗锡克教徒和印度教徒成为普遍在旁遮普邦，中央政府采取直接控制该国于1983年。 By April 1984 50,000 troops occupied Punjab and the neighboring state of Haryana.四月1984 5.0万军队占领旁遮普邦和周边国家的哈里亚纳邦。 Sant Jarnail Bhindranwale, leader of Akali Dal's most intransigent faction, sought refuge from arrest in the Golden Temple.桑特jarnail宾德兰瓦莱领导人akali高的最顽固的派系，寻求庇护不受逮捕，在金庙。
Karl H Potter卡尔h哈利波特
Bibliography:
参考书目：
MA Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion
(1909); WH McCleod, Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion (1968); G Singh, The
Religion of the Sikhs (1971); H Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs (1964); M
Singh, Sikhism: Its Impact (1973).马麦考利夫，锡克教徒的宗教（ 1909年） ;
mccleod起，纳克的诞辰和锡克教徒的宗教（ 1968 ） 100辛格，宗教的锡克人（ 1971年） ; h辛格，传统的锡克人（ 1964年）
;米辛格锡克教：它的影响（ 1973年） 。
The basic creed
of the Sikhs - the Mul Mantra - gives the idea of Reality in a few
telling words.基本教义的锡克教徒-多口头禅-给人的思想实际，在数说的话。 The creed is:该信条是：
Ekonkar
Satnam, Karta Purkh, Nirbhav, Nirvair, Akal Murat, Ajoni, Suabhav, Gur
Parsad. ekonkar satnam ， karta purkh ， nirbhav ， nirvair ，
akal穆拉特， ajoni ， suabhav ， gur parsad 。
In these words, Guru Nanak praises God and mentions some of His great attributes: He is Truth, self-created, beyond the limits of time, He can be realized through the grace of the Guru.在上面这些话，那纳克的诞辰赞美上帝，并提到他的一些伟大的特质：他是真理，自我创造的，超越极限的时候，他就能够实现通过恩典大师。 Let us study the meaning of each word of the Mul Mantra.让我们学习的意义，每个单词的多口头禅。
The short form of the creed is Ekonkar Satgur Prasad as used in the Guru Granth Sahib.短期形成的信条是ekonkar satgur普拉萨德作为用在大师granth sahib 。
The religion of a warlike sect of India, having its origin in the Punjab and its centre in the holy City of Amritsar, where their sacred books are preserved and worshipped.宗教的一个好战节的印度，它的起源在旁遮普邦和其中心在圣城阿姆利则，那里当作自己的神圣书籍得以保存和崇拜。 The name Sikh signifies "disciple", and in later times the strict observants or elect were called the Khalsa.名称锡克意味的"大弟子" ，并在稍后的时间严格observants或选举被称为路透社报道。 The founder of the sect, Nanak (now called Sri Guru Nanak Deva), a Hundu belonging to the Kshastrya caste, was born near Lahore in 1469 and died in 1539.的创始人，该教派，诞辰（现称斯里兰卡大师诞辰deva ） ，洪杜属于该kshastrya种姓，出生不久的拉合尔，在1469年死在第1539 。 Being from childhood of a religious turn of mind, he began to wander through various parts of India, and perhaps beyond it, and gradually matured a religious system which, revolting from the prevailing polytheism, ceremonialism, and caste-exclusiveness, took for its chief doctrines the oneness of God, salvation by faith and good works, and the equality and brotherhood of man.正在从童年的一项宗教之交的心态下，他开始流连通过各种印度部分地区，而且可能超越它，并逐步走向成熟，是一个宗教系统，反叛，从当时的多神教， ceremonialism ，种姓制度的排他性，在其行政教义唯有真主，由救国信念和好的作品，并在平等和兄弟情谊的人。 The new religion spread rapidly and, under the leadership of nine successive gurus or teachers, soon became an active rival not only to the older Hinduism, but also the newer Mohammedanism of the reigning dynasties.新宗教的迅速蔓延和领导下，连续9权威或老师，很快就成了一个活跃的对手不仅有利于老年人的印度教，但也较新的mohammedanism的统治朝代。 The "disciples" were therefore somewhat ill-treated by the governing powers. "弟子" ，因此有些病患者治疗的，由执政的权力。 This persecution only gave fresh determination to the sect, which gradually assumed a military character and took the name of Singhs or "champion warriors"; under Govind Sing, their tenth and last guru (b. 1660; d. 1708), who had been provoked by some severe ill-treatment of his family by the Moslem rulers, they began to wage active war on the Emperor of Delhi.这只是迫害了新的决心，以该教派，逐渐摆出了军事性质，并采取了名称singhs或"冠军勇士" ;下govind唱歌，他们的第十次也是最后大师（乙设1660个;四1708 ） ，将已挑起一些严峻的不当待遇，他的家人由穆斯林统治者，他们就开始打工活跃战争对皇帝德里。 But the struggle was unequal.但斗争是不平等的。 The Sikhs were defeated and gradually driven back into the hills.锡克教徒被打败，并逐步带动放回山上。 The profession of their faith became a capital offence, and it was only the decline of the Mogul power, after the death of Aurungzeb in 1707, which enabled them to survive.业内人士侮辱他们的信仰，成为资本罪，它是唯一下降的大亨电力，去世后， aurungzeb在1707年，这使他们能够生存下去。 Then seizing their opportunity they emerged from their hiding places, organized their forces, and established a warlike supremacy over a portion of the Punjab round about Lahore.然后抓住自己的机会，他们的出现，从他们的藏身地，有组织力量，并建立一个好战的霸权超过部分旁遮普一轮关于拉合尔。
A reversal took place in 1762, when Ahmed Shah badly defeated them and defiled their sacred temple at Amritsar.逆转发生在1762年，当艾哈迈德沙阿大败他们玷污神圣的寺庙，在阿姆利则。 In spite of this reverse they manged still to extend their dominion along the banks of the Sutlej and the Jumna Rivers, northwards as far as Peshawar and Rawalpindi, and southwards over the borders of Rajputana.尽管有此扭转他们manged仍在扩大其统治沿银行的sutlej和朱木那河河流，向北据白沙瓦和拉瓦尔品第，并向南超过边界rajputana 。 In 1788 the Mahrattas overran the Punjab and brought the Sikhs under tribute.在1788年该mahrattas占领了旁遮普和带来的锡克教徒下的敬意。 Upon the Mahrattas supervened the British, who received the allegiance of a portion of the Sikhs in 1803, and later on, in 1809, undertook a treaty of protection against their enemy Runjeet Singh, who although himself a prominent Sikh leader, had proved overbearing and intolerable to other portions of the sect.经mahrattas supervened英国，他们收到了效忠的一部分锡克教徒在1803年，之后，于1809年，开展了一项条约的保护，以免他们的敌人runjeet Singh ，他虽然自己是一个突出的锡克族领导人，而且事实证明霸道令人不能容忍的其他部分的节。 Various other treaties between the British and the Sikhs, with a view of opening the Indus and the Sutlej Rivers to trade and navigation, were entered into; but as these agreements were not kept, the British declared war on the Sikhs in 1845.其他各项条约中英之间的锡克教徒，以期在开放工业品和sutlej河流，以贸易和航行，分别进入，但由于这些协议均不能兑现时，英国宣战，对锡克教徒于1845年。 By 1848, partly through actual defeat, partly through internal disorganization and want of leaders, the Sikh power was broken; they gradually settled down among the rest of the population, preserving only their religious distinctiveness intact.由1848年，部分是透过实际的失败，部分是透过内部瓦解和匮乏的领袖，锡克教徒的权力被打破，他们逐渐安定下来当中，其余的人口集中，保存，只有他们的宗教特色完好无损。 According to the census of 1881 the number of Sikhs was reckoned at 1,853,426, which in the census of 1901 rose to 2,195,339.据普查， 1881年，有多少名锡克教徒被忽视的，在1853426 ，在普查的1901年上升至2195339 。 At the time of writing the census of 1911 is not yet published.在当时的写作普查， 1911年是尚未公布。
Their sacred books, called the "Granth" (the original of which is preserved and venerated in the great temple of Amritsar) consists of two parts: "Adi Granth", the first book or book of Nanak, with later additions compiled by the fifth guru, "Arjoon, and with subsequent additions from later gurus down to the ninth, and contributions by various disciples and devotees; secondly, "The Book of the Tenth King", written by Guru Govind Sing, the tenth and last guru, chiefly with a view of instilling the warlike spirit into the sect. The theology contained in these books is distinctly monotheistic. Great and holy men, even if divinely inspired, are not to be worshipped-not even the Sikh gurus themselves. The use of images is tabooed; ceremonial worship, asceticism, and caste-restrictions are explicitly rejected. Their dead leaders are to be saluted simply by the watchword "Hail guru" and the only material object to be outwardly reverenced is the "Granth", or sacred book. In practice, however, this reverence seems to have degenerated into a superstitious worship of the "Granth"; and even a certain vague divinity is attributed to the ten gurus, each of whom is supposed to be reincarnation of the first of the line, their original founder -- for the Hindu doctrine of transmigration of souls was retained even by Nanak himself, and a certain amount of pantheistic language occurs in parts of the sacred hymns. Salvation is to be obtained only by knowledge of the One True God through the Sat Guru (or true spiritual guide), reverential fear, faith and purity of mind and morals -- the main principles of which are strictly inculcated as marks of the true Sikh; while such prevailing crimes as infanticide and suttee are forbidden. They place some restriction on the killing of animals without necessity, but short of an absolute prohibition. Peculiar to the sect is the abstention from tobacco, and in part from other drugs such as opium -- a restriction introduced by Guru Govind Sing under the persuasion that smoking was conducive to idleness and injurious to the militant spirit. At the present time an active religious revival is manifesting itself among the Sikhs, having for its object to purge away certain superstitions and social restrictions which have gradually filtered in from the surrounding Hinduism.他们神圣的书籍，被称为" granth " （原来的是保存和崇敬，在大庙会的阿姆利则）包含两个部分： " ADI公司granth " ，第一本书或书的诞辰，后来增补编制由第五大师， " arjoon ，并与随后的加算后，权威下降至第九名，比贡献的各弟子和信徒;其次， "这本书的第十届王" ，写的宗师govind唱歌，第十次也是最后大师，主要是与观灌输好战精神，使之成为该教派。神学载这两本书具有鲜明的一神教。伟大而神圣的男人，即使神圣的，不应该被崇拜-甚至不是锡克教大师自己。使用图像是禁忌;礼仪崇拜，禁欲主义，种姓制度的限制，明确否定了，他们的死领导人要敬礼，手续简单的口号， "冰雹宗师" ，而且是唯一的物质对象当作外表reverenced是" granth " ，或神圣的书。实践不过，现在这个虔敬似乎已完全堕落成为迷信崇拜的" granth " ;甚至某一个空泛的神，是归功于以十大师，每个人应该是轮回的第一线，其原先的创始人-为印度教教义轮回的灵魂被保留甚至诞辰自己，而且有相当多的p antheistic语言出现在零件的神圣赞美诗。救恩是必须征得只有了解一个真实的上帝透过坐在大师（还是真正的精神导师） ， reverential恐惧，信仰和纯洁性的胸襟和道德-主要原则是严格灌输作为商标的真实锡克教，而这种普遍的犯罪，杀婴和s uttee严禁他们发生了一些限制，对捕杀动物的，没有必要，但短期的绝对禁止。特有的该教派是弃权，由烟草，部分来自其他毒品如鸦片-限制引进大师g ovind唱下劝导吸烟是有利于闲置并损害了战斗精神，在当今时代是一个积极的宗教复兴，是显现之间的锡克教徒，因为它的对象，以整肃远离某些迷信和社会的限制，已逐步过滤中，从周边印度教。
Publication information Written by Ernest R. Hull.出版信息撰稿欧内斯特传译船体。 Transcribed by John Looby.转录约翰looby 。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIII.天主教百科全书，体积十三。 Published 1912. 1912年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1912. nihil obstat ， 1912年2月1日。 Remy Lafort, DD, Censor.人头马lafort ，副署长，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
CUNNINGHAM, "A History of the Sikhs" (Calcutta, 1904; MACGREGOR, "History of the Sikhs" (2 vols., London, 1846); COURT, "History of the Sikhs"' GOUGH, "The Sikhs and the Sikh Wars" (London, 1897); SAYED MOHAMED LATIF, "History of the Punjab" (Calcutta, 1891); SEWARAM SINGH THAPAR, "Sri Guru Nanak Deva" (Rawalpindi, 1904); BHAGAT LAKSHMAN SINGH, "A short Sketch of the life and Work of Guru Govind Singh" (Lahore, 1909); MACAULIFFE, "The Sikh Religion" (6 vols., Oxford, 1909); TRUMPP, "The Adi Granth, the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs" (London, 1877), stigmatised by Macauliffe as an unreliable translation.坎宁安，是"历史的锡克教徒" （加尔各答， 1904年; macgregor ， "历史的锡克教徒" （ 2卷，伦敦， 1846年） ;法庭"的历史，以及锡克教徒" ，歌赋， "锡克教徒和锡克教徒的战争" （伦敦， 1897年） ;赛义德穆罕默德拉提夫， "历史的旁遮普邦" （加尔各答， 1891年） ; sewaram辛格thapar ， "斯大师诞辰deva " （拉瓦尔品第， 1904年） ; bhagat拉克什曼•辛格， "短期素描的生命和工作的宗师govind辛格" （拉合尔， 1909年） ;麦考利夫， "锡克教徒的宗教" （ 6卷，牛津， 1909年） ; trumpp ， " ADI公司granth ，圣经中的锡克教徒" （伦敦， 1877年） ，受耻辱，由麦考利夫作为一个不可靠的译本。
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