Shintoism was the primitive religion of Japan before the coming of Buddhism, which is currently the main religion of Japan. Shintoism is a very simple religion. It gives only one command, the necessity of being loyal to one's ancestors.神道是原始宗教的日本之前，未来的佛教，这是目前主要的宗教日本。 神道是一个很简单的宗教，它给人只有一个指挥，有必要忠于自己的祖宗。
Its early aspects were naturalistic, which included spiritism, totemism, nature worship, and a crude sort of monotheism.其早期方面自然主义，其中包括spiritism ，图腾崇拜，自然崇拜，以及原油排序的一神教。 Early Japanese worshipped the sun, thunder, earth, volcanoes, tigers, serpents, trees, shrubs, vines, etc. and even stones.日本早期崇拜太阳，一声惊雷，地球，火山爆发，老虎， serpents ，树木，灌木，藤蔓等，甚至结石。 A later stage is more intellectual and ethically oriented.稍后阶段，是智力上和道德上导向。
The only deity actually recognized in higher Shintoism is the spiritualized human mind.唯一的神，实际上承认在更高的神道是spiritualized人的头脑。
For the masses, Shintoism has about 800,000 gods, mostly the deified heroes of the Japanese.为群众办事， 神道有大约80万人神，大多是神化的英雄抗日。 The chief god is Amaterasu, the Sun God, from whom the Imperial Family of Japan traces its roots.行政上帝是天照，太阳神，从谁的皇室日本的根源可追溯。
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A linguistic definition of Shinto is somewhat anathema to Shinto.一种语言的定义，神道是有点诅咒，以神道。
But anyway, Shinto is awash with idols.但是，无论如何，神道，是充斥着偶像。 There is (almost) no god that you cannot point to.有（几乎） ，没有上帝，你不能点。 Shinto approves of the representation of God in the material.神道核准的任职上帝在物质。 Having said that, in Shinto thought too there is an insistence that God is spiritual: the kami is the power in the mountain, the tree, the sun and not these objects themselves.话虽如此说，在神道思想也有一个坚持的原则，就是上帝是精神：上是权力的时候，在山，树，太阳，并没有这些物体本身。 But Shinto is extremely "idol tolerant".但神道是极其"偶像宽容" 。 Conversely, Shinto is I believe, very logo-clastic, it believes that God can not and should not be expressed in words.反过来说，神道的是，我相信，非常图案-碎屑，它认为上帝不可能，不应该表达的话。
Shinto is a loose collection of faiths without any written commandments or creed.神道是一个松散的集信仰，没有任何书面的诫命，或信仰。 It is conveyed by ritual, practice, and behaviour rather than by word.它传达的礼仪，实践和行为，而不是一个字。 The following linguistic description of Shinto is, therefore, at best an external analysis rather than "Shinto doctrine" since Shinto avoids linguistic definition to the extent that other religions avoid idolatory.以下语言描述的神道，所以，在最好的一个外部分析，而非"神道主义" ，因为神道避免语言上的定义，以致于其他宗教，避免idolatory 。
An infinite number of gods or spirits are revered in Shinto, but at the supreme level in the Shinto cosmology is the unity of Nature from which all things are born.无限多的神或烈酒受尊崇神道，但在最高水平的神道宇宙是统一的天性使所有的东西都是诞生了。 Humans depend upon the spirits, which are features of nature (such as mountains, waterfalls, trees and the sun) and our human ancestors.人类取决于精神状态，其中有特色的性质（如高山，瀑布，树木和太阳） ，我们人类的祖先。 The spirits depend upon humans and by being enshrined and how revered they come to be.神取决于人类和载入以及如何崇敬他们来。
While born pure and at one with nature, humans become defiled through their participation in society.而出生的纯洁，在与大自然，人类成为玷污通过他们参与社会生活。 In order to purify themselves they must worship the spirits.为了净化自己，他们必须敬拜神。 Shintoists perform simple and often silent prayers, rituals and offerings to the spirits at Shrines and at altars within the home. shintoists进行简单的，往往沉默祈祷，礼仪，服务范围以神在神龛和在神坛内的家中。 They try to maintain an attitude of gratitude and humility.他们尝试，以保持自己的态度，感激和谦卑。 Shintoists believe that when they die they eventually become one with the spirits and in turn, with nature to which all things return. shintoists相信当他们死，他们最终成为一个与酒精及反过来，与大自然，这是所有事情的回报。
The number 13 (of
sects) came from the number that were approved by the Meiji (late nineteenth,
early 20th century) Japanese government.人数13 （教派）来自人数经批准，由明治（ 19 ，
20世纪初）日本政府。 Shinto was
reorganised by the government.神道被改组，由政府决定。 This had the effect
of这产生的效果
As part of (2) the government had religions practioners register and they only recognised 13 religions sects outside of their new State/Shrine Shinto framework.由于部分（ 2 ）政府有宗教的执业登记，他们只认可13个宗教教派以外的部分新的国家/神社神道框架。
T Leuers吨leuers
Advanced Information 先进的信息
Shinto is the indigenous religious tradition of Japan.神道是土著宗教传统的日本。 Unlike some religions, Shinto has no historical founder; its roots lie deep in the prehistoric religious practices of the Japanese people.不像有些宗教，神道已没有历史的创始人，其根源深植于史前宗教习俗的日本人民。 Nor does Shinto have any canon of sacred scriptures, although important elements of its mythology and cosmology may be found in ancient Japanese chronicles (the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki), and ritual prayers called norito were compiled into written collections at an early date.也不神道有佳能的神圣经文，虽然重要组成部分，其神话和宇宙论中可以找到古老的日本三多（古事记和nihonshoki ） ，并祭祀祈祷所谓的祝词被汇编成书收藏在早日实现。
The name Shinto is actually the Sino Japanese reading for the more purely Japanese kami no michi , which means the "way of the kami."名称神道，实际上是中日读为较单纯的日语上没有michi ，这是指"的方法，是根据上" 。 The kami are innumerable Japanese deities that may be thought of as full fledged gods (such as the sun - goddess Amaterasu, from whom the imperial family is said to descend); the divinized souls of great persons (warriors, leaders, poets, scholars); the ancestral divinities of clans (uji); the spirits of specific places, often of natural beauty (woods, trees, springs, rocks, mountains); or, more abstractly, the forces of nature (fertility, growth, production).本上是无数的日本神可能被看作是正式的神（如太阳-天照女神，从谁的皇室是说，下降） ; d ivinized灵魂的伟大的人（勇士领导人，诗人，学者） ;祖神的氏族（宇治） ;神明的具体名额，往往自然美（伍兹，树木，泉水，岩石，山） ;或更抽象的，自然的力量（生育，生长，生产） 。
Kami are generally worshiped at shrines (jinja), which are established in their honor and house the go - shintai (sacred objects) in which the kami are said to reside.上一般都崇尚在神社（神社） ，它是成立于自己的荣誉和众议院围棋-s hintai（圣物） ，其中上是说，居住。 Worshipers will pass under a sacred arch (torii), which helps demarcate the sacred area of the shrine.朝拜者将穿越一个神圣弓（牌坊） ，这有助于划定的神圣领域的靖国神社参拜。 They will then purify themselves by washing their hands and rinsing their mouths, approach the shrine itself, make an offering, call on the deity, and utter a silent prayer.然后将净化自己洗自己的双手和清洗自己的嘴巴，对待靖国神社本身，使公开招股，请神，这完全是一种无声的祈祷。
Special times for worship include important moments in the life cycle of individuals (birth, youth, marriage, and, more recently, school entrance examinations) and festival dates (matsuris) that reflect the rhythm of the year: the New Year, the advent of spring, rice planting, midsummer, harvesting, and so on.特殊时代的敬拜，包括重要的时刻，在生命周期的个人（出生，青少年，婚姻，以及最近的学校入学考试）和节日期（ matsuris ）反映的节奏一年：新的一年，到来春天，水稻种植，盛夏，收割等。 In addition, each shrine will usually have its own special matsuri particular to its own history or foundation.此外，每个神社通常也会有自己的特殊节特别以自己的历史和基础。 On any of these occasions the shrine will be crowded with worshipers, many of whom may wish to have their fortunes told or to receive special blessings or purifications from the Shinto priests.对上述任何场合参拜将挤满了朝拜者，其中许多人可能希望拥有自己的财富，告诉或须接受特别的祝福或purifications从神道神父。 Certain shrines have also taken on national importance.某神社，也采取了对国家的重要性。 The Grand Shrine of Ise, for example, is sacred to Amaterasu.宏伟参拜伊势，举例来说，是神圣的，以天照。 Because she is associated with the imperial family, her shrine is a national center of pilgrimage - the focal point for paying respect to the emperor and, through him, to Japan.因为她是与皇室成员，她的靖国神社，是一个国家的中心，朝圣-重点加以尊重天皇，并通过他向日本。
With the establishment of Buddhism in Japan during the Nara and Heian periods (710 - 1185 AD), Shinto quickly came under its influence as well as that of Confucianism and Chinese culture as a whole.自从成立了佛教在日本，在奈良和平安时期（ 710 -1 185年） ，神道很快根据其影响力，以及认为儒家思想与中国文化作为一个整体。 On the one hand, it became more highly structured, following the Buddhist lead.在一方面，它成为更高度结构化，随着佛教领先。 On the other hand, certain kami came to be thought of as manifestations of particular Buddhas or bodhisattvas.在另一方面，某些上都以思想的表现，尤其是佛或菩萨。 (Amaterasu, for example, was identified with the cosmic Buddha Vairocana.) Thus the two religions both mixed and coexisted at the same time. （天照，举例来说，被认定与宇宙佛毗卢遮那佛） ，因此，这两种宗教都混合和共存于同一时间举行。
During the Tokugawa period (1603 - 1868), the Buddhist sects became tools of the feudal regime and neo Confucianism served as the guiding ideology.在德川时期（ 1603 -1 868） ，佛教宗派，成为工具的封建政权和新儒家思想作为指导思想。 Shinto was overshadowed in the process.神道被蒙上了这一进程。 Gradually, however, certain nationalist scholars, reacting against what they considered foreign ideologies, turned more and more to Shinto as the source of a uniquely Japanese identity.渐渐地，但是，某些民族主义学者，对反应是什么，他们认为外国的意识形态，使越来越多的，以神道为来源的一个独特的日本人身份。
With the Meiji Restoration in 1868 - and the disestablishment of both the Tokugawa regime and the Buddhism that had accompanied it - Shinto naturally came to the fore.与明治维新后，在1868年-和脱离均德川政权和佛教已经伴随着它-神道自然来到前列。 In the 1880s the government guaranteed freedom of religion to practitioners of all faiths but also drew a distinction between shrine Shinto (sometimes called state Shinto) and sect Shinto.在1880年，政府保障宗教自由，以中医的所有信仰，但也提请区分神社神道（有时也被称为国家神道）和教派神道。 The former was a nominally secular organization by means of which the state transformed shrines into centers of a patriotic and nationalistic "cult" applicable to followers of all faiths.前者是一个名义上的世俗组织的方式，其中国家神社转化成中心的爱国主义精神和民族主义的"邪教" ，适用于追随者的所有信仰。
In the 1930s shrine Shinto was used by the ultranationalists and militarists as one of several vehicles for their views.在1930年神社神道是由ultranationalists和军国主义的一个好几辆汽车，为他们的意见。 Sect Shinto, on the other hand, was a separate category for various popular religious groups (a total of 13 Shinto "denominations" were distinguished), which were thereby separated from the state sponsored shrines and had, like the Buddhist sects and Christian denominations, to rely on private, nongovernmental support.教派神道，但另一方面，是一个单独的一类，为各种流行的宗教群体（共13神道" ，面额"尊敬） ，其中，从而脱离国家主办的神龛和曾一样，佛教宗派和基督教教派，要依靠私人资本，民间支持。 These sect Shinto groups were, in many instances, the prototypes of various new religions that have emerged in Japan during the 20th century, especially since World War II.这些教派神道团体，在许多情况下，原型的各种新兴宗教现象已经出现在日本，在20世纪，特别是第二次世界大战以来。
With the end of World War II and the American occupation of Japan, the shrine Shinto system was dismantled and Shinto as a whole was disassociated from the state.随着二战结束时和美国占领日本，神社神道系统被拆除，并神道作为一个整体，是脱离状态。 Following that period, however, the shrines were revitalized and today remain one of the sacred focuses of Japanese religious sentiment.以下这期间，不过，神社被振兴和今天仍然是一个神圣的重点是日本的宗教情操。
Joseph M Kitagawa And John S Strong约瑟夫米北川和约翰s强
Bibliography:
参考书目：
WG Aston, Shinto: The Way of the Gods
(1905); DC Holtom, Modern Japan and Shinto Nationalism (1963), and The National
Faith of Japan (1938); G Kato, A Study of Shinto (1971); S Ono, Shinto: The Kami
Way (1962).工作组阿斯顿，神道：未来路的神仙（ 1905 ） ;直流holtom ，近代日本和神道的民族主义（ 1963 ）
，和国家的信仰：日本（ 1938年）的100加藤，研究神道（ 1971年） ; s小野，神道：加美路（ 1962 ） 。
Shinto is an ancient Japanese religion.神道，是一个古老的日本宗教。 Beginning about 500 BC (or earlier) it was originally an amorphous mix of nature worship, fertility cults, divination techniques, hero worship, and shamanism.开始约西元前500年（或更早） ，它本来是一个无定形的组合自然崇拜，肥力邪教，占卜技巧，英雄崇拜，萨满教。 Its name was derived from the Chinese words "shin tao" (The Way of the Gods) in the 8th Century AD.它的名字来自于中国话"善道" （道路的神）在第八世纪广告。 At that time, the Yamato dynasty consolidated its rule over most of Japan, divine origins were ascribed to the imperial family, and Shinto established itself as the official religion of Japan, along with Buddhism.在这个时候，大和王朝巩固其统治的大部分日本，神的起源被归因于皇室，神道自己确立为官方宗教的日本，随着佛教。
The complete separation of Japanese religion from politics did not occur until just after World War II.完全分离的日本宗教与政治并没有出现，直到二次世界大战后。 The Emperor renounced his divinity at that time.天皇放弃他的神性在那个时候。
Shinto has no real founder, no written scriptures, no body of religious law, and only a very loosely-organized priesthood.神道也没有真正的创始人，没有任何书面经文，没有任何机构的宗教法，而且只有一个非常松散的组织神职人员。
Shinto does not have as fully developed a theology as do most other religions.神道的影响并不如充分开发了神学作为做最信奉其他宗教。 Their religious texts discuss the High Plain of Heaven and the Dark Land which is an unclean land of the dead, but give few details.他们的宗教经文，讨论以高度的政治责任感天堂和黑土地，这是一个不洁之地死亡，但给几个细节。 Shinto creation stories tell of the history and lives of the Kami.神道创作故事告诉的历史和生活中的上。 Among them was a divine couple, Izanagi-no-mikoto and Izanami-no-mikoto, who gave birth to the Japanese islands.它们之间是一个神圣的夫妇，伊邪那岐-无命和伊邪那美不尊，她孕育了日本列岛。 Their children became the deities of the various Japanese clans.他们的子女成为神灵的日本各部族。 Amaterasu (Sun Goddess) was one of their daughters.天照（太阳女神） ，是他们的一个女儿。 She is the ancestress of the Imperial Family.她是女祠堂的皇室。 Her descendants unified the country.她的子孙统一的国家。 Her brother, Susano came down from heaven and roamed throughout the earth.她的弟弟， susano下来，从天上漫游整个地球。 He is famous for killing a great evil serpent.他是著名的因杀害一名伟大的恶蛇。 The Sun Goddess is regarded as the chief deity.太阳女神被视为是行政神像。 There are numerous other deities who are conceptualized in many forms.还有许多其他神佛的人概念化的形式有多种。
Some are related to natural objects and creatures, from food to rivers to rocks.有些人与自然物体和动物，从粮食到了江河，以岩石。 There are Guardian Kami of particular areas and clans.有监护人上的特定领域和部族。 Some are exceptional past people, including all but the last of the emperors.有些特殊，过去的人，包括所有的，但最后的皇帝。 Some are abstract creative forces.有些是抽象的创造性力量。 They are seen as benign; they sustain and protect.它们被视为良性;它们维持和保护。 There are no concepts which compare to the Christian beliefs in the wrath of God, His omnipotence and omni-presence, or the separation of God from humanity due to sin.有没有概念，其中比较基督教信仰上帝所憎恶的，他的全能和全方位的存在，或分离的神，从人类由于单。
Ancestors are deeply revered and worshipped.先人的深深崇敬和崇拜。 All of humanity is regarded as Kami's child.全人类都被视为上的孩子。 Thus all human life and human nature is sacred.因此，所有的人的生命和人性是神圣的。 Believers revere musuhi , the Kamis' creative and harmonizing powers.信徒们尊崇musuhi ， kamis创造性和协调权力。 They aspire to have makoto , sincerity or true heart.他们渴望有诚 ，有诚意或内心的真实写照。 This is regarded as the way or will of Kami.这被看作是单向或意志上。 Morality is based upon that which is of benefit to the group.道德是基于认为这是有利于该集团的实力。 Shinto emphasizes right practice, sensibility, and attitude.神道强调正确的做法，感性和态度。
There are Four
Affirmations in Shinto:有四个誓词神道：
Seasonal celebrations are held at spring planting, fall harvest, and special anniversaries of the history of a shrine or of a local patron spirit.季节性节日期间举行庆祝活动，春天播种，秋天收获，并特别纪念日的历史神社或当地一个靠山的精神。 Followers are expected to visit Shinto shrines at the times of various life passages.信徒们预计参观神社在时代的各种生活通道。 For example, the annual Shichigosan Matsuri involves a blessing by the shrine Priest of girls aged 3 and 7 and boys aged 5.举例来说，每年shichigosan节涉及的祝福，由神社的大祭司岁女孩第3和第7和男孩5岁。
Estimates of the number of Shintoists vary a lot.估计数目shintoists差距甚大。 Some sources give numbers in the range of 2.8 to 3.2 million.一些消息来源说，让数字范围为2.8至320万。 One states that 40% of Japanese adults follow Shinto; that would account for about 50 million Shintoists.一个国家， 40 ％的日本成年人后续神道，这将占到约5000万shintoists 。 Others state that about 86% of Japanese adults follow a combination of Shinto and Buddhism; that would put the number of followers of Shinto at 107 million.另一些人表示，约86 ％的日本成年人后续的组合神道和佛教，这将付诸表决，有多少追随者的神道107万美元。
One source estimates 1000 followers of Shinto in North America.一个消息来源估计， 1000名追随者的神道在北美。 The Canadian Census (1991) recorded 445 in Canada.加拿大人口普查（ 1991年）录得445 ，在加拿大。
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