Semites are peoples who speak Semitic languages; the group includes Arabs, Aramaeans, Jews, and many Ethiopians. In a Biblical sense, Semites are peoples whose ancestry can be traced back to Shem, Noah's eldest son. 闪米特人，是人民的人发言，反犹的语言;小组包括阿拉伯人， aramaeans ，犹太教和许多埃塞俄比亚人，在一个圣经意义上说，都是闪米特人，其祖先可以追溯到SHEM后，诺亚的长子。 The ancient Semitic populations were pastoral Nomads who several centuries before the Christian Era were migrating in large numbers from Arabia to Mesopotamia, the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and the Nile River delta.古代闪族的人口分别为牧民游牧的人几百年前基督教时代迁徙大批来自阿拉伯，以美索不达米亚平原，沿海的地中海，尼罗河三角洲。 Jews and other Semites settled in villages in Judea, southern Palestine.犹太人和其他闪米特人定居在乡村，在朱迪亚，南部巴勒斯坦。
Present day speakers of Semitic languages are as diverse in physical, psychological, cultural, and sociological characteristics as are speakers of Indo European languages. The most prominent Semites today are Arabs and Jews. They are different in many ways, and they have absorbed a variety of European traits through centuries of migration and trade.现今发言者的反犹的语言是多样的生理，心理，文化，社会特征是由于发言者的印支欧洲语言。 最突出的闪米特人，今天是阿拉伯人和犹太人，他们是在许多方面，他们已吸纳各类欧洲性状是通过几百年的移民和贸易。 The origin of Semitic languages, however, and many similarities in the stories of Islam and Judaism reflect a common ancient history.起源反犹的语言，但是，和许多相似之处，在故事的伊斯兰教和犹太教反映了一个共同的古老历史。
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Bibliography:
参考书目：
B Lewis, Semites and Anti Semites
(1987); J Morgenstern, Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death, and Kindred Occasions
among the Semites (1966); S Moscati, Ancient Semitic Civilizations (1957); WR
Smith, The Religion of the Semites (1890). b刘易斯，闪米特和反闪米特人（ 1987年） ;
j穆根士顿，仪轨的出生，结婚，死亡，和骨肉场合当中，闪米特人（ 1966年） ; s moscati ，古代闪族文明（ 1957年）
;水利史密斯，宗教的闪米特人（ 1890 ） 。
A Semite is someone descended from Sem or Shem, the eldest son of Noah. (See the article from the 1912 Edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia, presented below.) 1 semite是有人后裔扫描电镜或SHEM后，身为长子的诺亚（见文章，从1912年版的天主教百科全书，下文） 。
A HEBREW is someone descended from Heber (or, "Eber"), one of the great-grandsons of Shem.希伯来是有人后裔heber （或" ， EBER " ） ，其中的大孙子的SHEM后。 So all Hebrews are Semites, but not all Semites are Hebrews.使所有希伯来人都是闪米特人，但并非所有闪米特人，是希伯来人。 ( Both Sunnite Arabs and Jews are Semites, and Hebrews, as well as Jews. ) （逊尼派阿拉伯人和犹太人都是闪米特人，希伯来人，以及犹太人 ） 。
Six generations after Heber, Abraham was born to his line, so Abraham was both a Hebrew and a Semite, born of the line of Heber and Shem.六代后heber ，亚伯拉罕出生到他的路线，所以亚伯拉罕既是一个希伯来语和semite出生的路线heber和SHEM后。
Ishmael was born of Abraham, and (Sunnite) Arabs (and specifically Muslims) consider themselves to be descendants of him, so they are both Semitic and Hebrews. Isaac was born of Abraham, then Jacob of Isaac. 伊斯梅尔出生的亚伯拉罕（逊尼派）阿拉伯人（特别是穆斯林）把自己视为华夏子孙，他的，所以他们都是犹太人和希伯来人。艾萨克出生亚伯拉罕，然后雅各布的艾萨克。 Jacob's name was changed to "Israel," and he fathered 12 sons.雅各布的名称也改为"以色列" ，他的父亲12个儿子。 His sons and their descendants are called Israelites, and they would therefore be both Semitic and Hebrew.他的儿子和他们的后人被称为以色列人，他们将因此既反犹和希伯来语。 However, this would not make either Abraham or Isaac "Israelites."不过，这将不会作出任何亚伯拉罕或艾萨克"以色列人" 。 Those who poorly use the words "Jew" and Israelite, call Abraham a Jew, even though Abraham was not even an Israelite, and where the word "Jew" is not used in the Bible until 1,000 years AFTER Abraham.那些不善使用"犹太人" ，并israelite ，呼叫亚伯拉罕犹太人，即使亚伯拉罕是我们甚至没有israelite ，并在其词"犹太人" ，是没有用的圣经，直到1000年之后，亚伯拉罕。
One of Jacob-Israel's children was Judah (Hebrew - Yehudah).其中雅各布-以色列的儿童被犹大（希伯来语-y ehudah） 。 His descendants were called Yehudim ("Judahites").他的后代，被称为yehudim （ " judahites " ） 。 In Greek this reads Ioudaioi ("Judeans").在希腊这个写着ioudaioi （ " judeans " ） 。 The confusing thing here is that almost all Bible translations employ the word "Jew," which is a modern, shortened form of the word "Judahite."混乱的东西在这里指出的是，几乎所有圣经译本聘请字"犹太人" ，这是一个现代化，缩短形式改为" judahite " 。 Every time you come to the word "Jew" in the Old Scriptures, you should read "Judahite;" and every time you come to the word "Jew" in the New Scriptures, you should read it as "Judean."每一次你来字， "犹太人"在旧经文，你应该改为" judahite ; " ，并在您每次来字， "犹太人" ，在新的经文，你应该看它是"嚣张" 。
R Novosel r novosel
The term Semites is applied to a group of peoples closely related in language, whose habitat is Asia and partly Africa. The expression is derived from the Biblical table of nations (Genesis 10), in which most of these peoples are recorded as descendants of Noah's son Sem (Shem) .任期闪米特人，是适用于一组人民密切相关，在语言，其栖息地，是亚洲和部分非洲国家。 表达的是来自圣经表的国家（创10 ） ，其中的大部分，这些民族都记录作为华夏子孙，挪亚儿子扫描电镜（ SHEM后） 。
The term Semite was proposed at first for the languages related to the Hebrew by Ludwig Schlözer, in Eichhorn's "Repertorium", vol.任期semite有人提议，在第一次为语文涉及到希伯来语由路德维希schlözer ，艾希霍恩的" repertorium " ，第一卷。 VIII (Leipzig, 1781), p.第八章（莱比锡， 1781 ） ，页 161. 161 。 Through Eichhorn the name then came into general usage (cf. his "Einleitung in das Alte Testament" (Leipzig, 1787), I, p. 45. In his "Gesch. der neuen Sprachenkunde", pt. I (Göttingen, 1807) it had already become a fixed technical term. Since then the name has been generally adopted, except that modern science uses it in a somewhat wider sense to include all those Peoples who are either demonstrably of Semitic origin, or who appear in history as completely Semitized.通过艾希霍恩的名字，接着又到一般使用（参见他的" einleitung中之更改及遗嘱" （莱比锡， 1787年） ，我，第45页。在他的" gesch 。明镜neuen sprachenkunde " ，铂，我（哥廷根， 1807 ）它已成为一个固定的技术术语。从那时起的名字已被普遍采用，除了认识到现代科学用途的，它在某种更广泛的意义上，以包括所有这些人民，他们是被证实的犹太人血统，或者出现在历史上完全semitized 。
CLASSIFICATION分类
In historic times all Western Asia (see below), with the exception of the peninsula of Asia Minor, was Semitic.在历史时期都西亚（见下文） ，除小亚细亚半岛，是犹太人。 From the philological point of view the Semitic peoples are divided into four chief Babylonian-Assyrian Semites (East Semites), Chanaanitic Semites, (West Semites), Aramaic Semites (North Semites), and Arabian Semites (South Semites).从语言学角度来看，反犹人民共分为四个行政巴比伦-亚述闪米特人（东闪米特人） ， chanaanitic闪米特人， （西闪米特人） ，阿拉米文闪米特人（北闪米特人） ，以及阿拉伯的闪米特人（南闪米特人） 。 The last-named group is divided into North and South Arabians, of which last the Abyssinians are a branch.最后命名集团分成北部和南部阿拉伯人，其中最后abyssinians是为分行。 The first three groups are usually termed North Semites, in contrast to the Arabian group, or South Semites.前三个小组通常被称为北方闪米特人，相反，阿拉伯集团，或南闪米特人。 But the classification of the Babylonian with the Aramaic and Chanaanitic Semites is not permissible from the philological point of view.但分类巴比伦与阿拉姆语和chanaanitic闪米特人，是不容许的，从语言学的角度来看。
TERRITORY领土
The great mountain-chains which begin at the Syro-Cilician boundary, and then curving towards the south-west extend to the Persian Gulf, separate on the north and east the territory of the Semites from that of the other peoples of Western Asia.大山-连锁店开始在syro - cilician边界，然后对弯西南方延伸到波斯湾，另对北部和东部领土上的闪米特人从表示，在该国人民的西亚。 It includes the Syro-Arabian plain with the civilized countries extending to the east and west and the Arabian Peninsula which joins it on the south.它包括syro -阿拉伯平原与文明的国家扩展到东部和西部以及阿拉伯半岛，其中加入它于南。 The lowlands to the east are formed by the Euphrates and the Tigris, and include the homes of two very ancient civilizations, in the north the rather undulating Mesopotamia, in the south the low Babylonian plain; the land extending to the west from the lower Euphrates is called Chaldea.低地向东部是由幼发拉底河和底格里斯河，其中包括家中有两个很古老的文明，在北部地区，而不是起伏的美索不达米亚平原，在南部低巴比伦平原;土地延伸到西，从低幼发拉底河所谓chaldea 。 These are the territories of the East Semitic tribes and states.这些都是领土的东闪族部落和国家。 On the west lies Northern Syria, then the Lebanon Mountains with the intervening Coelo-Syria, the oasis of Damascus, the seat of an ancient culture, the Hauran, and in the midst of the desert the oasis of Palmyra (Tadmor).就在于西北方叙利亚，那么，黎巴嫩山与干预coelo -叙利亚，绿洲大马士革，所在地的一个古老的文化， hauran ，并在一片沙漠中的绿洲巴尔米拉（ tadmor ） 。 These territories were at a later period occupied principally by Aramaic tribes.这些领土在后一时期被占领的主要由阿拉姆语部落。 The territory on the coast extending westwards from Lebanon, and Palestine, which joins it on the south, are the principal seats of the Chanaanitic Semites.港九新界海岸向西延伸，从黎巴嫩和巴勒斯坦，加入它于南，是主要席位的chanaanitic闪米特人。 The mountainous country to the east of Arabia and the Sinaitic peninsula extending to the west of Arabia, belong to Arabia proper, the territory of the South Semites.多山的国家，以东部和阿拉伯半岛西乃半岛延伸至西部的阿拉伯，同属阿拉伯正确的，该领土的南部闪米特人。
ORIGINAL HOME原主页
The tribes which inhabited these territories, and to some extent still inhabit them, show in language, traits, and character a sharply characterized individuality which separates them distinctly from other peoples.该部族居住在这些地区，并在一定程度上仍然居住在他们查看，在语言，特质和品格尖锐的特点是个性化隔开，他们明显较其他民族。 Their languages axe closely related to one another, not being almost independent branches of language, like the great groups of Indo-Germanic languages, but rather dialects of a single linguistic group.他们的语言斧头密切相关的另外一个人，而不是被几乎独立党支部的语言，就像伟大的群体印支日耳曼语言，但方言，而不是一个单一的语言群体。 Physically, also, the Semitic form it is found in Arabia.在身体，同时，反犹形式，它是在阿拉伯。 Here also the phonetics and partly also the grammatical structure of the Semitic language, are most purely, as the vocabulary is most completely, preserved.这里也是语音和部分也是语法结构的闪族语言，是最单纯，因为词汇是最完整，保存。 From these as well as from other circumstances the conclusion has been drawn that Arabia should be considered the original home of the Semitic peoples.从这些以及其他的情况，结论已经得出，阿拉伯应视为原居的反犹人民。 All the racial peculiarities of the Semites are best explained from the character of a desert people.所有种族特殊性的闪米特人，是最好的解释，从性质沙漠的人。 All Semites settled in civilized lands are, therefore, to be considered offshoots of the desert tribes, which were detached one after the other from the parent stem.所有闪米特人定居在文明之地，因此，要考虑想出名的沙漠部落，其中一个超脱后，另一名来自母公司干。 This pressing forward towards civilized lands was a continuous movement, often in a slow development lasting through centuries but often also in mighty and sudden invasions, the last of which appears in that of the Arabs of Islam.这个紧迫迈向文明的土地是一个持续的运动，往往在一个缓慢发展的持久经过几百年，但还常常在威武突然入侵，其中最后一次出现在这对阿拉伯人的伊斯兰教。 The further question as to how the original ancestors of the Semites came to Arabia, is for the present beyond historical knowledge.进一步的问题，至于如何将原有的祖先的闪米特人来到阿拉伯，是本超越历史知识。
EAST SEMITES东闪米特人
The first emigrants from Arabia who succeeded in acquiring new landed possessions were the Semitic Babylonians.第一个移民国家，他们成功地获取新的降落家产被闪巴比伦人。 In Babylonia the invaders proceeded to adopt the highly-developed civilization of an ancient non-Semitic people, the Sumerians, and with it the cuneiform alphabets which the latter had invented.在巴比伦王国侵略者，进而通过高度发达的文明的一个古老的非犹太人的人， sumerians ，而与楔形文字字母，其中后者曾发明。 When this invasion occurred is not known; but that it was accomplished in several stages, and after temporary settlements on the borders, is unquestionable.当这个入侵发生是不知道，但它是在分几个阶段进行，并经过临时定居点，边界，是不可置疑的。 By 3000 BC the dominion of the Semites in Babylonia was an accomplished fact.由公元前3000年统治的闪米特人在巴比伦王国是一个既成的事实。
Ethnologically considered, the Babylonians are a mixed people, composed partly of the Sumerian and the most ancient Semitic emigrants, partly also of the continuously invading West Semites, and further more of Kassites and other people, all of whom were amalgamated. ethnologically考虑，巴比伦人，是一个混合的人，组成部分的苏美尔和最古老的犹太人移民，这部分也正在不断侵入西闪米特人，并进一步更多的kassites和其他人，所有这些人都被合并。 The principal seat of the Semitic element was in the north, in the land of Accad, while in the south the Sumerians were most numerous.主要席位的反犹的要素是在北部地区，在土地的阿卡德，而在南sumerians最为众多。 Under Sargon and Naram-Sin was completed the amalgamation of the Sumerian and the Accadian (Semitic) civilization, which in the age of Hammurabi appears as an accomplished fact.根据sargon和naram -单是完成合并的苏美尔和亚加底亚（犹太人）的文明，这在时代的汉谟拉比似乎是一个既成的事实。 The mighty expansion of the kingdom to the Mediterranean naturally resulted in the wide extension of the Sumerian-Accadian civilization, and for a millennium and a half Babel was the intellectual centre of Western Asia.浩荡扩张的英国到地中海，自然造成了广泛的延伸部分苏美尔-亚加底亚文明，为千禧年半的通天塔是智力中心的西亚。 As is proved by the Tel-el-Amarna letters, the Babylonian language and script were known in Western Asia as well as in Egypt and Cyprus, at least at the courts of the rulers.作为证明，由电话-埃及阿玛尔纳封，巴比伦的语言和文字，称为西方亚洲以及在埃及和塞浦路斯问题，至少在法院的统治者。 At an early period the Semites must have invaded the mountainous territory to the east of Babylonia.在较早的时期，闪米特人必须有侵占多山地区向东部的巴比伦王国。 Not until about 2300 BC do we find a foreign element in Elam.直到大约公元前2300年，我们找到一个外国成份在elam 。 Before this time, according to inscriptions which have been found, Babylonian Semites lived there.在此之前的时间，根据铭文，其中已发现，巴比伦的闪米特人住在这里。
On the Accadian border dwelt the Semitic tribes of Mesopotamia, which are included under the general term Subari.关于亚加底亚边境白景富闪部落的美索不达米亚平原，其中包括根据一般任期subari 。 The centre of this region is desert, but on the banks of the Euphrates, Chaboras, and Tigris are strips of land capable of cultivation, upon which at an early period Semitic settlements were established for the most part probably under local dynasties.该中心的这一地区是沙漠，但对银行的幼发拉底河， chaboras ，和底格里斯河正试纸条的土地能种植，其中后，在较早的时期，犹太人定居点的建立在大多数情况下，可能当地朝代。 The Subari include also the Assyrians, who founded on the right bank of the Tigris - between the mouths of the two Zab rivers a city which bore the same name as the race and its god.该subari还包括亚述人，创办人对右岸的底格里斯河-之间的嘴巴的两个z ab河流的城市上面有同一个名字，因为种族和其神。 All these tribes and states were under the influence of Babylonia and its civilization, and Babylonian-Semitic was their official and literary language.所有这些部族和国家的影响下，巴比伦王国及其文明，巴比伦的犹太人，是他们的官方和文学语言。 But while in Babylonia the Semitic element was amalgamated with different strata of the original population, in Mesopotamia the Semitic type was more purely preserved.不过，虽然在巴比伦王国的闪族元素的合并与不同阶层的原居民，在美索不达米亚闪类型较为单纯的保存。
Briefly recapitulating the political history of the Eastern Semites, we may distinguish four periods.简要地回顾一下政治史的东方闪米特人，我们可区分四个时期。 The first includes essentially the fortunes of the ancient Babylonian realm; the second witnesses the predominance of Assur, involved in constant struggles with Babylonia, which still maintained its independence.第一类包括本质上的命运，古巴比伦的境界;第二个证人为主杆，在所涉及的不断斗争与巴比伦王国，它仍然保持其独立性。 During the third period Amur, after the overthrow of Babylonia, achievers the summit of its power; this is followed, after the destruction of Nineveh, by the short prosperity of the new Babylonian Kingdom under the rule of the Chaldeans.在今年第三期的阿穆尔州，被推翻后，巴比伦王国，成绩首脑，其权力，这是其次，摧毁后尼尼微，由短期繁荣的新巴比伦王国的统治下，在迦勒底。 This power, and with it the entire dominion of the Semites in south-western Asia, was overthrown by the Persians.这项权力，而与整个统治的闪米特人在东南亚，西亚，也被推翻，由波斯人。
CHANAANITIC SEMITES chanaanitic闪米特
This designation was chosen because the races belonging to this group can best be studied in the land of Chanaan.这一名称被选中，是因为该赛事属于这个组最能加以研究，在土地的chanaan 。 They represent a second wave of emigration into civilized territory.他们所代表的第二波移民潮进入文明的领土。 About the middle of the third millennium before Christ they were a race of nomads in a state of transition to settled life, whose invasions were directed against the East as well as the West.约中的第三个千禧年基督之前，他们是一个种族的游牧民族，在一个国家的转型，以解决生活，他们的入侵都是针对东部地区以及西部地区。 About this time there constantly appear in Babylonia the names of gods, rulers, and other persons of a distinctly Chanaanitic character.大约在这个时候，有不断出现在巴比伦王国的名字神，统治者，和其他人的一个鲜明chanaanitic性格。 To these belongs the so called first Babylonian dynasty, the most celebrated representative of which is Hammurabi.这些属于所谓第一巴比伦王朝最有名的代表，这是汉穆拉比。 Its rule probably denotes the high tide of that new invasion of Babylonia, which also strongly influenced Assyria.其统治的，大概是指高潮这一新的侵略巴比伦王国，其中也强烈影响assyria 。 In time the new stratum was absorbed by the existing population, and thereby became a part of Babylonian Semitism.在时间的新阶层是吸纳现有的人口，从而成为部分巴比伦的犹太人。 Through the same invasion the civilized territory of the West received a new population, and even Egypt was affected.通过相同的入侵文明领土上的西方收到一个新的人口，甚至埃及受影响。 For the Hyksos (shepherd kings) are in the main only the last offshoot of that Chanaanitic invasion, and in their rulers we see a similar phenomenon as that of the Chanaanitic dynasty of Babylonia.为希克索斯（牧羊人国王） ，是在主体只有最后一个分支，即chanaanitic入侵，并在他们的统治者，我们看到类似的现象，因为这本chanaanitic王朝的巴比伦王国。 As regards the Semites in Chanaan itself, the earliest wave of the invasion, which in consequence of subsequent pressure was ultimately pushed forward to the coast, is known to us under the name of the Phoenicians.至于闪米特人在chanaan本身，最早浪的侵袭，而这后果是以后的压力，最终推动了以沿海，是众所周知的，我们的名义下，腓尼基人。 A picture of the conditions of the races and principalities of Palestine in the fifteenth century BC is given in the Tel-el-Amarna letters.一幅条件的种族和principalities巴勒斯坦在15世纪公元前改动是在电话-埃及阿玛尔纳信。 In them we find a series of Chanaanitic glosses, which show that even at that time the most important of those characteristic peculiarities had been developed, which gave their distinctive character to the best known Chanaanitic dialects, the Phoenician and the Hebrew.在他们发现了一系列chanaanitic敷衍了事，这表明即使在那个时候最重要的是这些特征的特殊性，已经制定，这使得他们的鲜明的时代特色，以最知名的chanaanitic方言，腓尼基和希伯来语。 Further examples of Chanaanitic language of the second millennium, especially as regards the vocabulary, are the Semitic glosses in the Egyptian.进一步的例子chanaanitic语文的第二个千年，特别是对于词汇，是犹太人一带而在埃及。
To the Chanaanitic races settled in Palestine belong also the Hebrew immigrants under Abraham, from whom again the Moabites and Ammonites separated.向chanaanitic种族定居在巴勒斯坦，也属于希伯来移民石礼谦下，从谁再次亚比特人及菊石分开。 A people closely related to the Hebrews were also the Edomites in the Seir mountains, who later appear under the name of Idumaeans in Southern Judea.人民密切相关的希伯来人，同时亦是edomites中的SEIR山，后来出现的名义下， idumaeans在南朱迪亚。 These mountains had before them been settled by the Horities who were partly expelled, partly absorbed by the Edomites.这些山脉收到了他们已经解决了horities人被部分开除，这部分是由edomites 。 A last wave of the immigration into Chanaan are the Israelites, descendants of the Hebrews, who after centuries of residence in Egypt, and after forty years of nomadic life in the desert, returned to the land of their fathers, of which they took possession after long and weary struggles.最后一浪的新移民chanaan是犹太人后裔的希伯来人，他们经过几百年的居住在埃及，经过四十年的游牧民族生活在沙漠中，回到土地，他们父辈，他们拿走后藏漫长而厌世的斗争。 That the influence of Chanaanitic Semitism extended far into the North is proved by the two Zendsirli inscriptions: the so-called Hadad inscription of the ninth century, and the Panammu inscription of the eighth century, the language of which shows a Chanaanitic character with Aramaic intermixture.这影响chanaanitic主义延伸到远在北方证明，由两个zendsirli题字：所谓哈达德754第九世纪，并panammu 754 8世纪，语文，其中显示chanaanitic性格与阿拉姆语intermixture 。 On the other hand, the so-called building inscription of Bir-Rokeb, dating from the last third of the eighth century, is purely Aramaic - a proof that the Aramaization of Northern Syria was in full progress.在另一方面，所谓的大厦题词的比尔- rokeb ，约会，从最后三分之一的第八世纪，纯粹是阿拉姆语-即证明该a ramaization北部叙利亚是在全面进步。
ARAMAIC SEMITES阿拉姆语闪米特
These represent a third wave of Semitic immigration.这些代表了第三次浪潮的犹太人移民。 In cuneiform inscriptions dating from the beginning of the fourteenth century BC They are mentioned as Ahlami.在楔形文字铭文约会从一开始的14世纪公元前他们提到ahlami 。 Their expansion probably took place within the fifteenth and fourteenth centuries BC from the plain between the mouth of the Euphrates and the mountains of Edom.其扩张可能发生在第15和第14次在公元前数百年，从平原之间口的幼发拉底河和山区益登。 As early as the reign of Salmanasar I (1300) they had pressed far into Mesopotamia and become a public scourge, in consequence of which the stream of immigration could not longer be restrained.早在腥风血雨的salmanasar我（ 1300 ） ，他们曾经催促远到美索不达米亚平原，并成为一个公共祸害，在后果的，其中流移民无法再克制。 During the new expansion of Assyrian power under Tiglath-Pileser I (1118-1093 BC) his reports enumerate victories over the Aramaeans.在新扩建的亚述人的权力下tiglath - pileser我（公元前1118至1093年） ，他的报告中列举的胜利比aramaeans 。 Their further advance into the territory of the Euphrates and towards Syria took place about 1100-1000 BC By then ninth century all Syria was Aramiaicized; many small states were formed, principally successors of the Hittite Kingdom.他们进一步进军境内幼发拉底河和对叙利亚发生约在公元前1100年至1000年，由当时的第九世纪所有叙利亚是aramiaicized ;许多小国组成，主要接班人的赫梯王国。 The most important Arammaean principality was that of Damascus, which was destroyed by Tiglath-Pileser III in 732.最重要的arammaean摩纳哥是大马士革的，这是摧毁tiglath - pileser三，在732 。 In like manner the remaining Aramaic states succumbed.同样地，其余阿拉米文国屈从。 A new rebellion was suppressed by Sargon, and with this the rule of the Aramaeans in Syria ended.一个新的叛乱被镇压sargon ，以及与此有关的统治地位aramaeans在叙利亚结束。 In the meanwhile, the Aramaean element in Mesopotamia was constantly growing stronger.在此期间，阿拉米亚文元在美索不达米亚平原是不断的日益强大。 At the beginning of the ninth century we hear of a number of small Aramaic states or Bedouin territories there.在一开始的第九世纪，我们听到了一些小阿拉姆语的国家或地区的贝多因人的存在。 They were subdued under Assurnasirpal (Asshur-nasir-pal) III (884-860), and the independence of their princes was destroyed by his successor Salmanasar (Shalmaneser) II.他们被制服下阿苏尔纳斯帕二世国王（ asshur -纳西尔- PAL ）的三（ 884-860 ） ，以及独立的，他们的王子毁了他的继任者salmanasar （撒缦以色五世）二。 Nevertheless, the immigration continued.不过，入境处继续进行。 In the struggles of Assyria the Aramaeans of Mesopotamia always made common cause with its enemies and even under Assurbanipal they were allied with his opponents.在斗争中的assyria该aramaeans的美索不达米亚平原始终把共同的事业，与它的敌人，甚至assurbanipal下，他们被盟军与他的对手。 From this time we hear nothing more of them.从这个时候我们听到的只是他们。 They were probably absorbed by the remaining population.他们可能吸纳其余人口。
Their language alone, which the Arammans in consequence of their numerical superiority forced upon these countries, survived in the sphere of the North Semitic civilization, and was not obliterated until the Islam's conquest.他们的语言，仅其中arammans后果的，他们的数值优势强加这些国家中，存活在政治界，北闪族文明，并没有抹杀直到伊斯兰教的征服。 The potent Arabic displaced the Aramaic dialects with the exception of a few remnants.具有阿拉伯语流离失所的阿拉姆语方言与除少数残余分子。 Since the second half of the eighth century the use of Aramaic as a language of intercourse can be proved in Assyria, and about the same time it certainly prevailed in Babylonia among the commercial classes of the population.自去年下半年以来的第八个世纪的使用阿拉姆语作为一种语言相通，可以证明在assyria ，大约同一时间，它肯定占了上风，在巴比伦王国之间的商业阶层居民。 In the West also their language extended in a southerly direction as far as Northern Arabia.在西方，还他们的语文延长在朝南方向，据北部阿拉伯。 For Aramaic had become the general language of commerce, which the Semitic peoples of Western Asia found themselves compelled to adopt in their commercial, cultural, and political relations.对于阿拉姆语已经成为通用语言的，其中的反犹人民西亚发现自己被迫采取在自己的商业，文化和政治关系。 The Aramaic elements of the population were absorbed by the other peoples of the existing civilized lands.该阿拉姆语那部分人口所吸收其他民族的现有文明的土地上。 They developed a distinct nationality in Damascus.他们制定了一个独特的民族，在大马士革。 In Mesopotamia itself, in the neighbourhood of Edessa, Mardin, and Nisibis, Aramaic individuality was long preserved.在美索不达米亚平原本身，在附近的edessa ，马尔丁， nisibis ，阿拉姆语的个性被长期保存。 But the culture of this country was afterwards strongly permeated by Hellenism.但文化的，这个国家是事后强烈贯穿了由希腊。 One of the last political formations of the Aramaeans is found in Palmyra, which in the first century BC became the centre of a flourishing state under Arabian princes.最后一个政治编队的aramaeans发现在巴尔米拉，在公元前一世纪，成为该中心的一个欣欣向荣的国家根据阿拉伯王子。 It flourished until the ambitious design of Odenathus and Zenobia to play the leading part in the East caused its destruction by the Romans.它兴盛，直到雄心勃勃的设计odenathus和塞诺维娅发挥主导作用，在东方，其造成的破坏而入乡随俗。 A small fragment of Aramaic-speaking population may be still found in Ma'lula and two other villages of the Anti-Lebanon.一小片段的阿拉姆语为母语的人口中，仍有可能发现马卢拉和另外两个村庄的反黎巴嫩。 So-called New Syrian dialects, descendants of the East Aramaic, are spoken in Tur'Abdin in Mesopotamia, to the east and north of Mosul, and in the neighbouring mountains of Kurdistan, as well as on the west shore of Lake Urmia.这个所谓的新叙利亚方言，其后裔东阿拉姆语，是说在tur'abdin在美索不达米亚平原，东部和北部的摩苏尔，并在邻近山区的库尔德地区，以及对西岸的湖urmia 。 Of these Aramaic-speaking Christians a part lives on what was clearly ancient Aramaic territory; but for those on Lake Urmia we must assume a later immigration.这些阿拉姆语为母语的基督徒的一部份生命就这显然是古老的阿拉米文领土，但对于那些对湖urmia我们必须假定以后入境的问题。 Nestorian bishops of Urmia are mentioned as early as AD 1111.景教主教的urmia提到，早在公元1111 。
ARABIC-ABYSSINIAN SEMITES阿拉伯语-阿比西尼亚闪米特
A. Arabs答：阿拉伯人
The most powerful branch of the Semitic group of peoples, are indigenous to Central and Northern Arabia, where even today the original character is most purely preserved.最强大分行闪组的人民，是土著人，以中部和北部阿拉伯，甚至到今天，原来的性格是最纯粹的保存。 At an early period they pressed forward into the neighbouring territories, partly to the North and partly to the South.在较早的时期，他们催促着到邻近地区，这部分是前往北方部分向南方。 In accordance with linguistic differences they are divided into North and South Arabians.按照语言上的差异，他们分成北部和南部阿拉伯人。 Northern Arabia is composed partly of plains and deserts, and is, therefore, generally speaking, the home of wandering tribes of Bedouins.北部阿拉伯组成部分的平原和沙漠，以及中，因此，一般来说，家庭的流浪部落的贝都因人。 The South, on the other hand, is fertile and suitable for a settled population.南方，在另一方面，肥沃，适合定居人口。 For this reason we find here at an early date political organizations, and the sites of ruins and inscriptions bear witness to the high culture which once prevailed.出于这个原因，我们在这里找到早日在一个政治组织，和遗址遗迹及碑文见证高级文化一度盛行。 The natural richness of the country and its favourable situation on the seacoast made the South Arabians at an early period an important commercial people.天然丰富的国家，其有利的情况，对取得的海岸南部阿拉伯人在早期期间的一个重要的商业人士。 In the fertile lowlands of the South Arabian Djôf the Kingdom of Ma'in (Minaeans) flourished.在肥沃低地南部阿拉伯djôf王国ma'in （ minaeans ）蓬勃发展。 It is generally dated as early as the middle of the second millennium before Christ, although for the present it is better to maintain a somewhat sceptical attitude as regards this hypothesis.人们普遍日期为早中的第二个千禧年基督之前，虽然为目前最好是维持一个有点怀疑的态度，至于这一假说。 At all events, the Minaeans, at an early period, probably avoiding the desert by a journey along the eastern coast, emigrated from North-eastern Arabia.在所有比赛中， minaeans ，在较早时期，有可能避免沙漠之旅沿着东部海岸，移居海外，从东北部地阿拉伯。 To the south and south-east of the Minaeans were the Katabans and the Hadramotites, who were cognate in language and who stood in active commercial relations with Ma'in, under whose political protectorate they seem to have lived.至该国南部和东南部的minaeans分别katabans和hadramotites人，在相同的语言和他们站在活跃的商业关系ma'in下，其政治保护，他们似乎已经住了。 The spirit of enterprise of this kingdom is shown by the foundation of a commercial colony in the north-western part of the peninsula in the neighbourhood of the Gulf of Akabah, viz., Ma'in-Mussran (Mizraimitic, Egypt Ma'in).企业精神的，这是英国所表现出的基础，一个商业殖民地，在该国的西北部部分的半岛在附近的海湾的亚克巴寺，即， ma'in - mussran （ mizraimitic ，埃及ma'in ） 。 The downfall of the Ma'in kingdom was, according to the usual assumption, connected with the rise of the Sabaean kingdom.衰落的ma'in英国，根据一般的假设，与崛起的萨巴王国英。 The Sabaeans had likewise emigrated from the North, and in constant struggles had gradually spread their dominion over almost all Southern Arabia.该sabaeans已移居同样来自北方，并在不断的斗争中逐渐推广其统治几乎所有南部阿拉伯。 Their capital was Ma'rib.他们的资本是马里卜。 Their numerous monuments and inscriptions extend from about 700 BC until almost the time of Mohammed.其众多纪念碑及碑文扩大从约公元前700年，直到差不多的时候，穆罕默德。 At the height of its power, Saba received a heavy blow by the loss of the monopoly of the carrying trade between India and the northern regions, when the Ptolemies entered into direct trade relations with India.在身高，其权力，萨巴收到一个沉重的打击，受损失的垄断地位，进行贸易与印度和北方地区，当ptolemies进入直接贸易与印度的关系。 Still the Sabaean Kingdom maintained itself, with varying fortune, until about AD 300.仍萨巴王国英国维持本身，在不同际遇，直到约公元300人。 After its fall the once powerful Yeman was constantly under foreign domination, at last under Persian.之后，其秋季一度强大yeman不断被外国统治下，在去年下波斯语。 Ultimately, Southern Arabia was drawn into the circle of Islam.最终，南部阿拉伯被拖入循环伊斯兰教。 Its characteristic language was replaced by the Northern Arabic, and in only a few localities of the southern coast are remnants of it to be found: the so-called Mahri in Mahraland and the Socotri on the Island of Socotra.其特点是语言所取代北部阿拉伯语，并只能在少数地方的南部沿海的残留物，它可以发现：所谓mahri在mahraland和socotri于岛上的索科特拉。
Northern Arabia had in the meanwhile followed its own path.北地阿拉伯已在同时接着走自己的道路。 To the east of Mussran to far into the Syrian desert we hear of the activity of the Aribi (at first in the ninth century BC), from whom the entire peninsula finally received its name.到东mussran远到叙利亚沙漠中，我们听到的有关活动的阿里比（起初在公元前9世纪） ，其中从整个半岛终于获得了它的名字。 Assurbanibal, especially, boasts of important victories over them in his struggles with them for the mastery of Edom, Moab, and the Hauran (c. 650). assurbanibal ，尤其是在高水平的重要胜利，他们在斗争中，他与他们掌握的益登科技，单抗，并hauran （长650 ） 。 Some of the tribes possessed the germs of political organization, as is shown in their government by kings and even queens.一些部族拥有该病菌的政治组织，表现在他们的政府，由国王，甚至皇后区。 While these ancient Aribi for the most part constituted nomadic tribes, certain of their descendants became settled and achieved a high culture.而这些古老的阿里比为最部分构成游牧部族，它们的某些子孙成了解决，并达到很高的文化。 Thus, about BC 200 we hear of the realm of the Nabataeans in the former territory of the Edomites.因此，约在公元前200 ，我们听到的境界纳巴泰人在前者领土的edomites 。 From their cliff-town of Petra they gradually spread their dominion over North-western Arabia, Moab, the Hauran, and temporarily even over Damascus.从他们的峭壁城市佩特拉他们逐渐推广其统治西北部，阿拉伯单抗， hauran ，暂时甚至超过大马士革。 Their prosperity was chiefly due to their carrying trade between Southern Arabia and Mediterranean lands.它们的繁荣主要是由于他们开展贸易与南部阿拉伯和地中海地区的土地上。 The language of their inscriptions and coins is Aramaic, but the names inscribed upon them are Arabic.语言，他们的题字和硬币是阿拉姆语，但名字刻后，他们都十分高兴。 In AD 106 the Nabataean Kingdom became a Roman province.在公元106纳巴泰英国成为一个罗马省。 Its annexation caused the prosperity of the above-mentioned Palmyra, whose aristocracy and dynasty were likewise descended from the Aribi.其吞并造成的繁荣，上面提到的巴尔米拉，其贵族与王朝，同样是从阿里比。 Subsequent to these many other small Arabian principalities developed on the boundary between civilized lands and the desert; but they were for the most part of short duration.随后，以这些其他许多小阿拉伯principalities开发之间的界限，文明的土地和沙漠，但他们在大多数情况都是短暂的。 Of greatest importance were two which stood respectively under the protection of the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Kingdom as buffer states of those great powers against the sons of the desert: the realm of the Ghassanites in the Hauran, and that of the Lahmites, the centre of which was Hira, to the south of Babylon.最重要的人，其中两个分别站在保护下，拜占庭帝国和波斯王国作为缓冲国，这些大国对儿子的沙漠：境界的ghassanites在hauran ，并表示，在该lahmites ，中心其中平川，到南部的巴比伦。
In the second half of the sixth century AD, when Southern Arabia had outlived its political existence, Northern Arabia had not yet found a way to political union, and the entire peninsula threatened to become a battle-ground of Persian and Byzantine interests.在下半年的六世纪广告中，当绑架的德国人质已失去其政治存在，北部地阿拉伯尚未找到一种方法，以政治联盟，对整个半岛的威胁，成为了战地上的波斯和拜占庭的利益。 In one district alone, the centre of which was Mecca, did pure Arabism maintain an independent position.在一个地区，仅该中心的一项是麦加，没有纯粹的阿拉伯维持一个独立的立场。 In this City, AD 570, Mohammed was born, the man who was destined to put into motion the last and most permanent of the movements which issued from Arabia.在这个城市里，专案570个，穆罕默德诞生了，该名男子是注定要付诸实施最后也是最永久的运动，发出阿拉伯。 And so in the seventh century another evolution of Semitism took place, which in the victorious power of its attack and in its mighty expansion surpassed all that had gone before; the offshoots of which pressed forward to the Atlantic Ocean and into Europe itself.因此，在公元7世纪又演化反犹事件发生后，即在战胜国的权力，其进攻，并在其强大的扩张超越了所有曾经历了前;出名，其中催促着大西洋到欧洲本身。
B. Abyssinians乙abyssinians
At an early epoch South Arabian tribes emigrated to the opposite African coast, where Sabaean trade colonies had probably existed for a long time.在早期划时代南阿拉伯部落移居到对面非洲海岸，那里萨巴王国贸易殖民地，大概存在了很长的时间。 As early as the first century AD we find in the north of the Abyssinian mountain - lands the Semitic realm of Aksum.早在公元一世纪，我们发现在北方的阿比西尼亚山脉-地闪境界a ksum。 The conquerors brought with them South Arabian letters and language, which in their new home gradually attained an individual character.征服者带来了他们南阿拉伯字母和语言，而在他们的新家园，逐步实现个人性格。 From this language, the Ge'ez, wrongly called Ethiopian, two daughter-languages are descended, Tigré and Tigriña.从这个语言， ge'ez ，错误地称为埃塞俄比亚，两个媳妇都是语言的后裔， tigré和tigriña 。 The confusion of this kingdom with Ethiopia probably owes its origin to the fact that the Semite emigrants adopted this name from the Graeco-Egyptian sailors, at a time when the Kingdom of Meroë was still in some repute.混乱的，这与英国埃塞俄比亚大概欠其原产地的事实，即semite移民通过这个名字来自希腊，埃及水手，在这个时候，英国的meroë仍然在一些享负盛名。 And so they called their kingdom Yteyopeya.所以他们呼吁其英国yteyopeya 。 From Aksum as a base they gradually extended their dominion over all Abyssinia, the northern population of which today shows a purer Semitic type, while the southern is strongly mixed with Hamitic elements.从aksum为基地，逐步扩展自己的统治所有阿比西尼亚，北方人口，其中今天呈现纯洁反犹型，而南部是强烈混hamitic元素。 At an early date the south must have been settled by Semites, who spoke a language related to Ge'ez, which was afterwards to a great extent influenced by the languages of the native population, particularly by the Agau dialects.早日在一个南方必须得到解决，由闪米特人，他们以一种语言相关ge'ez ，这是事后在很大程度上受语言的土著人口中，特别是由agau方言。 A descendant of this language is the Amharic, the present language of intercourse in Abyssinia itself and far beyond its boundaries.后代，这语言是阿姆哈拉语，目前的语言相通，在阿比西尼亚本身并远远超过其国界。
Publication information Written by F. Schühlein.出版信息撰稿楼schühlein 。 Transcribed by Jeffrey L. Anderson.转录由杰弗里属安德森。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIII.天主教百科全书，体积十三。 Published 1912. 1912年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1912. nihil obstat ， 1912年2月1日。 Remy Lafort, DD, Censor.人头马lafort ，副署长，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
See the articles on the separate titles treated above; also MASPERO, Histoire ancienne, des peuples de l'Orient classique (1895); MEYER, Gesch.看到文章就分开对待职称以上;也maspero ，历史ancienne ，实用德l'东方classique （ 1895年） ;迈耶， gesch 。 des Altertums, I (1909), extending to the sixteenth century BC; BARTON, Sketch of Semitic Origins (New York, 1902).万altertums ，我（ 1909 ） ，延伸至16世纪公元前;巴顿，素描的反犹起源（纽约， 1902年） 。
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