Early in the 19th century in Italy certain Catholic professors of philosophy began to see in Thomas Aquinas's teaching basic principles that might resolve the problems associated with Kantian and Hegelian Idealism, British Empiricism, current Rationalism, Skepticism, and Liberalism. By 1850, neo Thomism or neoscholasticism began to be heard through the writings of Gaetano Sanseverino in Naples, Matteo Liberatore in Rome, and the Jesuit periodical Civilita Cattolica founded in Naples in 1850.早在19世纪，在意大利的某些天主教教授的哲学开始见到，在托马斯阿奎那的教学基本原则，即有可能解决相关问题康德和黑格尔唯心主义，英国经验主义，目前的理性主义，怀疑主义，自由主义，由1850年，新thomism或neoscholasticism开始被听到的著述加埃塔诺阿兰sanseverino在那不勒斯，几个问题liberatore在罗马，和耶稣期刊civilita Cattolica的成立，在那不勒斯，在1850年。 These efforts were brought to a head by Josef Kleutgen in Germany, Henri LaCordaire in France, Zeferino Gonzales in the Philippines and Spain, and Tommaso Zigliara and Pope Leo XIII in Italy.这些努力都是为了使头部冯嘉kleutgen在德国，亨利拉科代尔在法国， zeferino冈萨雷斯在菲律宾和西班牙，并tommaso齐利亚拉和教宗利奥十三世在意大利。 The charter of this neo Thomism was Leo's Aeterni Patris (1879).宪章的这一新thomism是利奥的aeterni patris （ 1879 ） 。 Through subsequent encyclicals, Leo exemplified the applicability of Thomistic ideas to contemporary problems. All subsequent popes, including John Paul II, reiterated the need for a Christian philosophy based on Thomistic principles.通过以后的通谕， 利奥典范，适用性thomistic理念，以现代的问题。其后所有的教皇，包括教宗若望保禄二世重申，有必要为一个基督教哲学的基础上thomistic原则。
The rise of Modernism in the Roman Catholic church after 1900, however, resulted in a multiplicity of ecclesiastical condemnations, a legislated Thomism, and a failure to realize the hopes of Leo XIII.崛起的现代主义在罗马天主教会后， 1900年，然而，结果是多方面的教会谴责，一个法定thomism ，以及未能实现的希望利奥十三世。 Despite this and two world wars, much fruitful work was accomplished by outstanding scholars, numerous periodicals, and editors of historical texts, including the critical edition of the works of Aquinas (the Leonine Edition).尽管这与两次世界大战，许多卓有成效的工作是由杰出的学者，许多期刊，和编辑的历史文本，包括关键版作品阿奎那（ leonine版） 。 Among the great number of modern scholars who called themselves Thomists (but not neo Thomists or neoscholastics) were Jacques Maritain, Etienne Gilson, Martin Grabmann, and Yves Congar.其中有大量的现代学者们的人称自己thomists （但不包括新thomists或neoscholastics ）雅克马里丹，艾蒂安吉尔松，马丁格拉布曼， yves琼加尔。
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Bibliography:
参考书目：
Y Congar, A History of Theology (1968);
E Gilson, The Christian Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1957); RM McInerny,
ed., New Themes in Christian Philosophy (1968); B Smalley, The Becket Conflict
and the Schools: A Study of Intellectuals in Politics (1973) y琼加尔，历史，神学（
1968 ） ;电子吉尔松，基督教哲学的圣托马斯阿奎那（ 1957年） ;马币mcinerny ，版，新的主题，在基督教哲学（ 1968条） ， b
Smalley ） ，贝克特的冲突和学校：研究知识分子在政治上（ 1973 ）
Neo-Thomism is a twentieth century revival of the thought of Thomas Aquinas.新thomism是二十世纪的复兴思想的托马斯阿奎那。 Thomism had been the dominant philosophy undergirding Roman Catholic theology from the fifteenth century. thomism一直占主导地位的哲学undergirding罗马天主教神学，从15世纪。 Under the pace setting interpretations of such thinkers as Cajetan in the early sixteenth century a complex system which spoke to the needs of both theology and contemporary philosophical questions developed.根据速度设定的诠释，例如思想家，因为cajetan在16世纪初一个复杂的系统，其中以到双方的需要神学与当代哲学问题的发展。 Thomism appeared to have triumphed in 1880 when Pope Leo XIII declared it to be the official (though not exclusive) philosophy of Catholic schools. thomism似乎已经五十五年， 1880年时，教宗利奥十三世宣布这应该是官方（虽然不是唯一的）哲学的天主教会学校。
However, at the same time it became clear that Thomism's posture was threatened by the increasing popularity of Kantian philosophical principles.然而，在同一时间，人们清楚地看到， thomism的态势，但当时的威胁日益普及康德哲学原理。 In the twentieth century the movement bifurcated.在二十世纪运动岔。 Transcendental Thomism, represented by Joseph Marechal, Bernard Lonergan, and Karl Rahner, self consciously adapted itself to Kantian thought.先验thomism ，派约瑟夫marechal ，伯纳德lonergan ，卡尔拉内，自律，自觉适应以康德的思想。 But another wing, under the leadership of Etienne Gilson and Jacques Maritain, sought to recover a pure version of the teachings of Aquinas himself.但另一翼的领导下，艾蒂安吉尔松和马利坦，想追回纯文本的遗训阿奎那自己。 Eventually this understanding crossed confessional boundaries to include such Protestants as EL Mascall.最终这一认识越过自白界限，将包括诸如新教徒的El马斯科尔。 This article will concentrate on this latter movement.这篇文章将集中于后者的运动。
The metaphysical distinctive of neo Thomism may be found in its insistence on the maxim that "existence precedes essence."形而上鲜明的新保守主义thomism可能会发现，在其坚持的格言： "存在先于本质" 。 For that reason Maritain has claimed that Thomism is the original existentialism.出于这个原因旦声称thomism是原来存在的。 Put simply, this means that one has to know that something exists before one knows what it is, and before one knows that something exists, one has to accept that anything exists.简单来说，这意味着一个人必须知道的东西存在，才知道它是什么，以及前一个知道的东西存在，一个人必须接受任何存在。 This latter conviction is not the result of a rational deduction; it is an immediate awareness.这后一种信念，是没有结果的一个合理扣除，它是一个现实的认识。 Thus the act of being, apprehended in a direct intuition, precedes its various modalities.因此，该法令的，是在直接的直觉，其先导的各种方式。
This apprehension of being leads the Thomist to posit the existence of God via the cosmological argument.这项逮捕正在引领thomist要把存在点石成金宇宙的说法。 For even though the reality of being is an inescapable fact, it is not a logically necessary truth.为即使现实的，是一个无法回避的事实，这不是一个逻辑上必要的真理。 Being exists, but need not exist.正在存在，但不必存在。 Thus being is inherently contingent, and its contingency makes it finite.因此，是天生的队伍，其应变，使有限的。 If it exists in view of having no inherent necessity to do so, it must be caused to exist.如果是已存在的，鉴于有没有内在的必要性，这样做的话，它必须引起存在。 Also, the very forms which being assumes are due to the interplay of various causes; and the fact of change, so characteristic of being, must be the result of causal actions as well.此外，很形式，其中被假定是由于相互作用的各种原因及事实的改变，因此，特征，要结果的因果关系的行动一样。 Thus being is bounded by causes wherever it appears.因此，正在位于原因而出现的。
However, since it is a logical absurdity for anything to cause itself, there must be an external cause of being.不过，因为这是一个符合逻辑的荒谬事情，以自己的事业，必须有一个外在原因。 Now if that cause is also finite, we have not grounded finite being yet, and it still should not exist.现在，如果说事业也是有限的，我们并没有停飞有限正在然而，它仍然是不应该存在的。 A chain of finite causes would carry the same problem with it.连锁有限的原因，将进行同样的问题。 Hence the Thomist posits an original uncaused cause of all being, viz.因此thomist posits原始uncaused事业的各个方面都在，即。 God.神。 It must be noted that this argument is based on the metaphysical necessity for a cause of being, not on a need for explanation, as would be the case with Leibniz's principle of sufficient reason.必须指出的是，这个论点是基于形而上的必要性的一个原因，不是一个需要解释，也不会被如此莱布尼兹的原则，有足够的理由。
The understanding of God as unconditioned necessary existence goes far in providing the basis for Thomistic natural theology.谅解上帝无条件必要存在远远在提供基础thomistic自然神学。 For if God is uncaused, he is unlimited.如果上帝是uncaused ，他是无限的。 Then he contains all perfections infinitely; eg, he is all - good, omnipresent, omniscient, all - loving, perfect person, etc. There can be only one such God, since a God who possesses all perfections cannot differ from any other God who would also possess all the identical possessions.然后他包含了所有完善无穷;例如，他是一切-好的，无所不在，无所不知，所有-爱，完美的人，等只能有一个这样的上帝，因为上帝的人拥有所有完善不能不同于其他任何神的人也具备所有内容相同的遗物。 Thus Thomists feel confident that their philosophical arguments concern the same God whom they worship in church.因此thomists非常自信，他们的哲学论据关注，同时上帝的人，他们崇拜的教会。
Thomism understands the relationship between God the Creator and the created order to be analogical. thomism理解之间的关系，上帝造物和创造才能类比。 God is the source of all being, and finitude participates in his being, but only with limitations.上帝是源头的所有福利，有限性，参与他的，但只局限。 In the matter of applying language to God, predication proceeds analogically as well.在这件事的应用语言的上帝，预测收益analogically以及。 Language is derived from the finite world.语言是来自于有限的世界。 But then it is applied to God with the understanding that he is the source of all named properties and that he posseses all those properties without limitation.但后来将它应用到上帝达成的谅解是，他是从源头上所有命名属性和表示，他拥有所有这些特性，没有限制。 For example, one may apply the word "love" to God, even though it is a word learned within human finite relationships, because God is pure love and the originator of all human love.例如，有一个可申请字"爱"的上帝，即使它是一个词据悉，在人类有限的关系，因为上帝是纯洁的爱与发端的所有人类的爱。
The insistence on being over essence also makes itself felt in Thomism's understanding of the human person.坚持过分的本质，也让自己感受到thomism的了解人的人。 Thomism avoids both a Platonic mind - body dualism and a reductive materialism. thomism避免既是柏拉图记-身体二元论和还原唯物主义。 With the understanding of the soul as the form of the body, the human is seen as a unit, composed of soul and body in mutual dependence.与此相关的谅解的灵魂，作为形式的人体，人体被看作是一个单位组成的灵魂与身体，在相互依存的。 Thus, for instance, cognition combines both the physical / empirical (sensation) and the spiritual (abstraction).因此，例如，认知结合起来，既包括有形/经验（轰动）和精神（抽象） 。 Thomistic writings have consistently defended the dignity and integrity of human personhood, particularly against totalitarian ideologies. thomistic著作始终捍卫尊严和正直的人的人格，特别是对极权主义意识形态。
In theology Thomism has usually been linked to conservative expressions of orthodox doctrines, partially due to the close dependence on Aquinas's own formulations.在神学thomism通常也被挂保守表达东正教的教义，部分原因是由于密切依赖阿奎那自己的配方。 Since the Second Vatican Council it has lost much ground in Catholic circles to philosophies of more recent origin, eg, phenomenology or process thought, due to a certain impatience with Thomism's supposedly outmoded Aristotelianism.自从梵蒂冈第二届大公会议，它已失去了很多的地面，在天主教界人士，以哲学的比较近的原产地，如现象学或过程思想，是由于某种不耐烦thomism的假定陈旧亚里士多德。 At the same time there has been some movement in evangelical Protestantism to adopt Thomistic philosophical principles for purposes of apologetics and theological enhancement, eg, by Norman L Geisler.在同一时间内已经取得了一些运动的福音派新教采取thomistic哲学原理为目的的护教学与神学的提升，例如，由诺曼升geisler 。
W
Corduan瓦特科尔迪昂
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
NL Geisler,
Philosophy of Religion; E Gilson, The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomas
Aquinas; J Maritain, The Degrees of Knowledge and Scholasticism and Politics; EL
Mascall, Existence and Analogy.荷geisler ，宗教哲学;电子吉尔松，基督教哲学的圣托马斯阿奎那;
j旦，程度的知识和士林哲学与政治下午马斯科尔，存在和类比。
This subject presentation in the original English language这一主题演讲，在原有的英语
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