Lamaism is the Tibetan religion of about 3 million Tibetans and 7 million Mongols and others.喇嘛教，是藏族的宗教，约300万西藏人和700万蒙古人等。 The Dalai Lama is the equivalent of the Pope for them.达赖喇嘛是相当于教宗给他们。 A secondary leader is the Teshu Lama (or Panchen Lama).一所中学的领导，是teshu喇嘛（或班禅喇嘛） 。 These two are regarded as 'Living Buddhas', being reincarnations of Buddha passing from one existence to another.这两项被视为'活佛' ，正在reincarnations佛像从一种存在到另一个地方。 When one dies, his successor is sought from among the baby boys born at the time the leader passed away because it is believed that the soul of the Buddha has only passed into another existence.当一个人去世后，他的继任者是试图从其中男婴出生在当时的领导人去世了，因为它相信，是灵魂，佛祖只能通过成为另一个的存在。
Lamaism is considered a corrupt form of Buddhism.喇嘛教被认为是一种腐朽的佛法。 It is sometimes called the Yellow Religion.它有时也被称为黄河宗教。 In some areas it has degenerated into a form of spirit worship.在一些地区，它已演变成为一种形式的精神崇拜。
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Tibetan Buddhism, also called Lamaism, is a distinctive form of Buddhism that arose (7th century) in Tibet and later spread throughout the Himalayan region, including the neighboring countries of Bhutan, Nepal, and Sikkim.在藏传佛教中，又称为喇嘛教，是一个独特的佛法出现（公元7世纪） ，在西藏，后来扩及整个喜马拉雅地区，包括周边国家在内的不丹，尼泊尔和锡金。 The history of Tibetan Buddhism can be divided into three periods.历史上藏传佛教中，可分为三个时期。 During the 7th - 9th century AD Buddhism was first introduced from India and was slowly accepted under Buddhist kings in the face of opposition by adherents of the indigenous shamanistic religion of Tibet, Bon.在第七-九世纪专案佛教最初推出时，由印度，并且正缓慢地接受佛教的国王，在面对一片反对遗民土著萨满教的宗教，西藏，盂兰盆会。 Instrumental in this process were the Indian Mahayana Buddhist masters Padmasambhava and Shantarakshita.在这一过程中被印度大乘佛教的主人padmasambhava和shantarakshita 。 During the 9th century, however, King gLang Dar Ma persecuted the new faith and effectively eclipsed it for some time.在九世纪，但是，国王glang达累斯萨拉姆马迫害，新的信仰和有效地掩盖了它一段时间。
The second period began with the reintroduction of Buddhism from India and its successive reform in the 11th century.第二个时期开始重新佛教从印度和历届改革，在11世纪。 Powerful ecclesiastical organizations were established and soon began to rule the countryside in alliance with clans of nobles or the distant Mongol rulers.强大的教会组织的成立并即将开始统治农村，在联盟与部落的贵族或遥远的蒙古统治者。 During this period the Tibetan Buddhist canon (notable for its accurate translations of now - lost Sanskrit texts and its helpful commentaries) was compiled, and some of the sects that have persisted to the present were formed.在此期间，信奉藏传佛教的佳能（显着，其准确翻译的，现在-失物招领处梵语文本及其有益的评论）汇编成，而有些教派认为，坚持到现在形成的。 These include the Sa - skya - pa, the rNying - ma - pa (who traced their roots back to Padmasambhava), and the bKa'rgyud - pa (to which belonged the famous yogi Milarepa, or Mi - la ras - pa, 1040 - 1123).这些措施包括股份有限公司-s kya-坝，初译大乘-马-坝（世卫组织追查其根源回到pa dm asambhava），以及b k a' rgyud-坝（属于著名的yo gi米拉日巴，或密-香格里拉ra s基因-坝，1 04 0 -1 123年） 。
The third period began with the great reformer Tsong - kha - pa (1357 - 1419), who founded the dGe - lugs - pa sect - the so called Yellow Hats - to which the line of the Dalai Lamas belongs.第三期开始与伟大的改革者陈聪-黎-坝（ 1 3 57-1 41 9），创办人dg e -连接块-坝节-所谓的黄色帽子-这路线达赖藏僧属于。 Each of these lamas was thought to be the reincarnation of his predecessor (as well as that of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara) and became, at least nominally, the religious and secular ruler of the country.每年这些喇嘛被视为转世的，他的前任（以及时表示，在该菩萨观音） ，并成为，至少在名义上，宗教和世俗统治者的国家。 In 1959 the present, or 14th, Dalai Lama fled the Chinese presence in Tibet along with thousands of ordinary Tibetans and many other high incarnate lamas.在1959年到现在，还是第14 ，达赖喇嘛逃离了中国在西藏，随着数以千计的普通藏族和其他许多高成肉身的喇嘛。 Since then they have all been living in exile, primarily in India but also in Nepal and elsewhere.自那时以来，他们都一直生活在流亡的，主要是在印度，而且在尼泊尔及其他地方。
Among the characteristic features of Tibetan Buddhism are its ready acceptance of the Buddhist Tantras as an integral and culminating part of the Buddhist way; its emphasis on the importance of the master - disciple relationship for both religious scholarship and meditation; its recognition of a huge pantheon of Buddhas, bodhisattvas, saints, demons, and deities; its sectarianism, which resulted less from religious disputes than from the great secular powers of the rival monastic organizations; and, finally, the marked piety of both monastic and lay Tibetan Buddhists, which receives expression in their spinning of prayer wheels, their pilgrimages to and circumambulation of holy sites, prostrations and offerings, recitation of texts, and chanting of Mantras, especially the famous invocation to Avalokitesvara Om Mani Padme Hum.当中的特点是藏传佛教中是其准备接受佛教tantras作为一个不可分割的，并最终导致部分佛教方式，其重要性的强调师父-弟子的关系，为双方的宗教学术研究和冥想;承认一个庞大的万神殿对佛，菩萨，圣魔，神，它的宗派主义，导致少从宗教纠纷比从大世俗权力的对手寺院组织，并最终显着虔诚的两个寺院，并奠定藏传佛教，在接到体现在他们的纺纱祈祷的轮子，他们的进香活动，并circumambulation的圣地， prostrations和产品，朗读的文本，并呼喊的mantras ，尤其是著名的调用，以观音关于玛尼padme哼声。
Joseph M Kitagawa And John S Strong约瑟夫米北川和约翰s强
Bibliography:
参考书目：
C Bell, The Religion of Tibet (1931); S
Beyer, The Cult of Tara - Magic and Ritual in Tibet (1973); T Gyatso, The
Buddhism of Tibet and and the Key to the Middle Way (1975); RA Stein, Tibetan
Civilization (1972); G Tucci, The Religions of Tibet (1980); LA Waddell,
Buddhism of Tibet (1939). c钟，宗教，西藏（ 1931 ） ; s beyer
，这个邪教组织的塔拉-魔术与仪式，在西藏（ 1 973）和t g yatso，佛教的西藏和重点向中间道路（ 1 975年） ;类风湿性关节炎施泰因，藏族文明（
1972 ） 100图斯，宗教，西藏（ 1980年） ;香格里拉Waddell ） ，佛教的西藏（ 1939年） 。
General Information 一般资料
Dalai Lama is the title of the religious leader of Tibetan Buddhism, who was also, until 1959, temporal ruler of Tibet.达赖喇嘛是所有权的宗教领袖藏传佛教中，他也是直到1959年，时态统治者的西藏。 Each Dalai Lama is believed to be the reincarnation of his predecessor.每次达赖喇嘛相信是转世的，他的前任。 When one dies, the new incarnation is sought among newly born boys; the child is identified by his ability to pick out possessions of the former Dalai Lama from a group of similar objects.当一个人去世后，新的化身，是寻求在新出生的男孩;儿童是确定他的能力，筛选出的遗物前，达赖喇嘛从一组相似的物体。 The Dalai Lama is also regarded as an emanation of the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, the Lord of Compassion.达赖喇嘛也被视为一个泄漏的观音菩萨，上帝的怜悯。
The first Dalai Lama was Gan - den Trup - pa (1391 - 1474), head of the dominant Ge - luk - pa (Yellow Hat) monastic sect and founder of the Tashi Lhunpo monastery.第一，达赖喇嘛是甘-书斋t rup-坝（ 1 3 91-1 47 4），团长主导戈-豪-坝（黄帽子）寺院教派创始人的扎西lh u np o寺。 He and his successor, however, did not actually bear the title Dalai, which was first bestowed on the third Dalai Lama (1543 - 88) by a Mongol prince in 1578 and applied retroactively.他和他的继任者，但是，实际上并没有承受标题达赖，这是第一次赐予的第三世达赖喇嘛（ 1543 -8 8） ，由蒙古王子，在1 578年，并追溯适用。
The 14th Dalai Lama, born Tenzin Gyatso, 1935, was installed in 1940.十四世达赖喇嘛，生于丹增gyatso ， 1935年，被安装于1940年。 He remained in Tibet from the Chinese takeover in 1950 until 1959, when he fled to India following an abortive Tibetan revolt against Chinese Communist rule.他仍坚持在西藏从中国收购，在1950年，直到1959年，当他逃到印度后胎死腹中西藏反抗中共统治。 He established a Tibetan government - in - exile in Dharmsala, India, and has worked to preserve Tibetan arts, scriptures, and medicine.他成立了一个藏族政府--流亡dh armsala，印度，并一直致力于维护藏族艺术，经文，医学等。 In 1989 he was warded the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent struggle to end Chinese domination of his homeland. 1989年，他被地抵御了诺贝尔和平奖，表彰他的非暴力斗争，以结束中国统治的故乡。
Tibet's secondary spiritual leader is the Panchen Lama.西藏中学的精神领袖班禅喇嘛。 The 10th Panchen Lama (1939 - 89) served as nominal ruler of Tibet from 1959 until 1964.十世班禅爱国（ 1939年-8 9）担任名义上的统治者，西藏从1 959年到1 964年为止。 He was imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution but later was returned to favor.他被囚禁在文化大革命期间，但后来已归还青睐。
Bibliography:
参考书目：
J Avedon, In Exile from the Land of
Snows (1984); B Burman, Religion and Politics in Tibet (1979); Dalai Lama, My
Land and My People (1962), Freedom in Exile (1990), and My Tibet (1990); MH
Goodman, The Last Dalai Lama (1986); R Hicks and N Chogyam, Great Ocean (1990);
CB Levenson, The Dalai Lama: A Biography (1989). j埃夫登，在流亡从土地的初雪（ 1984条） ，
b缅，宗教和政治在西藏（ 1979年） ;达赖喇嘛，我的土地和我的人（ 1962年） ，自由流亡政府（ 1990 ） ，和我的西藏（ 1990 ）
;晚上古德曼，最后达赖喇嘛（ 1986 ）与r希克斯和N仲巴，大洋（ 1990 ）及CB列文森，达赖喇嘛：传（ 1989 ） 。
Theravada Buddhism theravada佛教
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