The Jews are a people who trace their descent from the biblical Israelites and who are united by the religion called Judaism.犹太人是一个人，追查他们的后裔，从圣经中以色列人和他们团结在一起的宗教所谓的犹太教。 They are not a race; Jewish identity is a mixture of ethnic, national, and religious elements.他们是不是一场竞赛;犹太身份是一种混合的种族，民族，宗教等元素。 An individual may become part of the Jewish people by conversion to Judaism; but a born Jew who rejects Judaism or adopts another religion does not entirely lose his or her Jewish identity.个人可能成为部分犹太人民所转换犹太教;而是一个出生的犹太人，他们拒绝犹太教或采取了另一种宗教，并不完全失去了他或她的犹太身份。
The word Jew is derived from the kingdom of Judah, which included 2 of the 12 Israelite tribes.字犹太人是来自英国的犹大，其中包括2条12 israelite部落。 The name Israel referred to the people as a whole and especially to the northern kingdom of 10 tribes.姓名以色列所指的人民作为一个整体，特别是向英国北部的10个部落。 Today it is used as a collective name for all Jewry and since 1948 for the Jewish state.今天，它是用来作为一个集体的名字，为所有犹太人，并自1948年以来对这个犹太国家。 (Citizens of the state of Israel are called Israelis; not all of them are Jews.) In the Bible, Hebrew is used by foreign peoples as a name for the Israelites; today it is applied only to the Hebrew Language. （公民的以色列国，是所谓的以色列人;并非全部都是犹太人）在圣经中，希伯来语，是用外国人民作为一个名称为犹太人，现在是只适用于希伯莱语言。
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Later they, or some of them, settled in Egypt, where they were reduced to slavery; they finally fled to freedom under the leadership of an extraordinary man named Moses, probably about 1200 BC.后来，他们或他们中的一些人，定居在埃及，他们将在那里沦为奴隶，他们最后逃到自由的领导下，一个不平凡的男子叫摩西，大概约在公元前1200个。 After a period of desert wandering, the tribes invaded Canaan at different points, and over a lengthy period of time they gained control over parts of the country.经过一段时间的沙漠中游荡，部落入侵迦南，在不同点，而超过一个漫长的时间内，他们控制了该国部分地区。 (It is uncertain if there is any connection between the Hebrews and the Habiru mentioned in 14th century BC Egyptian documents found at Tell el - Amarna.) （这是不确定的，如果有任何关系希伯来和哈皮鲁人提到在14世纪公元前埃及发现的文件在告诉下午-阿玛尔纳） 。
David crushed the Philistine power and established a modest empire.朱粉碎了庸俗的权力，并成立了一个温和的帝国。 He conquered the fortress city of Jerusalem, which up to that time had been controlled by a Canaanite tribe, and made it his capital.他征服了堡垒耶路撒冷城，直到那个时候，一直受一个canaanite部落，并使得他的资本。 His son Solomon assumed the trappings of a potentate and erected the Temple in Jerusalem, which became the central sanctuary of the distinctive monotheistic Israelite religion and ultimately the spiritual center of world Jewry.他的儿子所罗门就任服饰一potentate架设第二圣殿，成为中央圣殿的鲜明一神教israelite宗教，并最终精神中心的世界犹太人。
Judah managed to outlive the Assyrian Empire (destroyed c. 610), but the Chaldean (Neo Babylonian) Empire that replaced it also insisted on control of Judah.犹大设法outlive亚述帝国（销毁长610 ） ，但加尔丁（新巴比伦）帝国取代它还坚持控制的犹大。 When a new revolt broke out under Egyptian influence, the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Jerusalem and burned the Temple (587 or 586 BC); the royalty, nobility, and skilled craftsmen were deported to Babylonia.当一个新的起义爆发，根据埃及的影响力，迦勒底下nebuchadnezzar二摧毁耶路撒冷，放火烧庙（ 587或586 BC ）的人;王族，贵族和熟练技工被驱逐到巴比伦王国。
Loss of state and Temple, however, did not lead to the disappearance of the Judeans, as it did in the northern kingdom.损失的国家和庙，但并没有导致失踪的judeans的，因为它没有在英国北部地区。 The peasantry that remained on the land, the refugees in Egypt, and the exiles in Babylonia retained a strong faith in their God and the hope of ultimate restoration.农民依然对土地，难民在埃及，和流亡在巴比伦王国保留了一个强烈的信念，在他们的神，并希望最终恢复。 This was largely due to the influence of the great Prophets.这主要是由于受伟大的先知。 Their warnings of doom had been fulfilled; therefore, the hopeful message they began to preach was believed.他们警告悲观的预言已基本实现，因此，有希望的讯息，他们就开始鼓吹相信。 The universal prophetic teaching assured Jews that they could still worship their God on alien soil and without a temple.普遍的预言果然教学保证犹太人，他们仍然可以崇拜他们的神对外国人的土壤和无庙。 Henceforth the Jewish people and religion could take root in the dispersion (Diaspora) as well as in the homeland.从此犹太人民和宗教扎根于色散（散居） ，以及在故乡。
New spiritual forces emerged during the Maccabean and Herodian periods.新的精神力量出现在maccabean和herodian时期。 The leadership of hereditary priests was contested by laymen distinguished for their learning and piety, who won the respect and support of the people.领导世袭祭司，是有争议的，由外行尊敬，为他们的学习和孝道，谁赢得了尊重和人民的支持。 The priestly conservatives came to be known as Sadducees, the more progressive lay party as the Pharisees.该司铎保守派后来被称为撒都该人，更进步打牢党为法利。 The latter came to dominate the Sanhedrin, which was the highest religious and legal authority of the nation.后者来主宰公会，这是最高的宗教和法律的权威，全国第一。
Burdened by excessive taxation and outraged by acts of brutality, the Judeans became more and more restive under Roman rule, all the more because they were confident that God would ultimately vindicate them.承担过高的税收和愤怒的暴行， judeans成为越来越多的躁动不安罗马人统治，都更因为他们有信心，神最终会平反。 Revolutionary groups such as the Zealots emerged calling for armed revolt.革命团体如痴迷者出现呼吁武装起义。 The Sadducees were inclined to collaborate with the Romans; the Pharisees advocated passive resistance but sought to avoid open war.该撒都该人倾向与入乡随俗;法利主张消极抵抗，但他要求，以避免公开战争。
The Pharisaic leaders, shortly thereafter given the title of Rabbi (Hebrew, "my teacher"), rallied the people for a new undertaking - the reconstruction of religious and social life.该pharisaic领导人，其后不久，由于所有权的拉比（希伯来文， "我的老师" ） ，唤起了人们一个全新的事业-重建宗教和社会生活。 Using the institution of the Synagogue as a center of worship and education, they adapted religious practice to new conditions.利用该机构的犹太教堂为中心的崇拜和教育，他们适应宗教实践的新情况。 Their assembly, the Sanhedrin, was reconvened at Jabneh, and its head was recognized by the Romans and given the title of patriarch; the Diaspora Jews accepted his authority and that of the Sanhedrin in matters of Jewish law.他们的集会，公会，重新在贾卜奈，其头部被公认是由罗马人，并获得冠军的元老;散居各地的犹太人接受他的权威，并表示，在该公会的事宜犹太法律。 The leaders of the Jabneh period included Johanan Ben Zakkai, Gamaliel of Jabneh, and Akiba Ben Joseph.领导人的贾卜奈期包括约哈难奔zakkai ，加马的贾卜奈，秋叶贲约瑟夫。
Many Diaspora Jewish communities rebelled against Rome early in the 2d century; however, their rebellions were crushed, with much bloodshed.许多散居犹太人社区的反抗罗马早在二维世纪，但他们的叛乱被粉碎，不少流血事件。 Still more bitter was the revolt of Palestinian Jewry led by Bar Kochba in 132; it was put down after three years of savage fighting.还有更苦的是反抗的巴勒斯坦犹太人为首的酒吧kochba在132个，这是放下经过3年的野蛮战斗。 For a time thereafter observance of basic Jewish practices was made a capital crime, and Jews were banned from Jerusalem.今后一个时期，此后遵守基本的犹太习俗被作为一个资本犯罪，犹太人被禁止来自耶路撒冷。 Under the Antonine emperors (138 - 92), however, milder policies were restored, and the work of the scholars was resumed, particularly in Galilee, which became the seat of the patriarchate until its abolition (c. 429) by the Romans.根据antonine皇帝（ 138 -9 2） ，但较温和的政策，恢复了，和工作的学者得到恢复，尤其是在加利利，从而成为所在地的牧首，直到其取消（长4 29）入乡随俗。 There the sages called tannaim completed the redaction of the Mishnah (oral law) under the direction of Judah Ha - Nasi.有先哲所谓tannaim完成编撰学的mishnah （口服法）的指导下犹大公顷-纳斯。
This situation was not significantly changed by the Muslim conquest of the Persian empire.这种状况没有明显改变，由穆斯林征服波斯帝国。 At the end of the 6th century, the heads of the academies had adopted the title of gaon (Hebrew, "excellency"), and the next four centuries are known as the gaonic period; communities throughout the world turned to the Babylonian leaders for help in understanding the Talmud and applying it to new problems.在去年底的6世纪，首脑们的院校已通过标题gaon （希伯来语， "阁下" ） ，并在未来4个世纪被称为该gaonic期;社区在整个世界转向巴比伦的领导人寻求帮助在理解犹太法典并应用到一些新的问题。 About 770 the sect of Karaites, biblical literalists who rejected the Talmud, appeared in Babylonia.约770该教派的卡拉，圣经literalists人拒绝了犹太法典，出现在巴比伦王国。 Despite the vigorous opposition of the great Saadia Ben Joseph Gaon and other leaders, the Karaites continued to flourish for centuries in various lands; today the sect has only a few small remnants.尽管极力反对的伟大saadia贲约瑟夫gaon和其他领导人，卡拉继续蓬勃发展，数百年来在各个地;今天第一节只有几个小的残余势力。
Jews participated in the Arab cultural renaissance.犹太人参加了阿拉伯文化复兴。 They wrote in Arabic on science, philosophy, grammar, and rhetoric; they also produced notable biblical commentaries, legal works, and outstanding Hebrew poetry.他们写道，在阿拉伯语对科学，哲学，文法与修辞，他们也产生了显着的圣经评论，法律工程，杰出的希伯来语诗。 (Among the scholars of this period were Solomon Ibn Gabirol, Judah Ha - Levi, Levi Ben Gershon, and the great Maimonides.) But this golden age was not entirely without problems. （当中学者的这一时期被所罗门伊本盖比鲁勒，犹大公顷-利维，利维贲g ershon，伟大的迈蒙尼德） ，但这个黄金年龄是不是完全没有问题的。 Muslim religious leaders and many of the common people resented the authority entrusted by their monarchs to Jewish statesmen and bankers.穆斯林宗教领袖和许多普通百姓反感权力赋予他们的君主犹太政治家和银行家。 In the 12th century the Almohads, a fanatical sect from North Africa, took control of Muslim Spain, and the Jews had to choose between Islam, martyrdom, and flight.在12世纪的阿尔摩哈德王朝，一个狂热教派，从北非，控制了穆斯林西班牙和犹太人之间作出选择伊斯兰教殉道，以及飞行。 Many found a precarious refuge in northern Spain, where Christian rulers found Jews useful to them in their effort to reconquer the peninsula.许多发现一个不稳定躲藏在西班牙北部，那里的基督教统治者发现，犹太人对他们有用，在他们的努力reconquer半岛。
Fanaticism continually stirred the Spanish mobs.狂热不断搅拌，西班牙暴徒。 In 1391 thousands of Jews were massacred and thousands more were converted by force or accepted baptism to save their lives.在第1391数以千计的犹太人被屠杀数千人改装以武力或接受洗礼，以挽救他们的生命。 These "new Christians" (also known as Marranos, Spanish for "swine") were suspected of practicing Judaism in secret; it was largely to ferret out these Marranos that the Inquisition was introduced.这些"新基督徒" （也称为marranos ，西班牙语为"猪" ） ，被怀疑的实践犹太教的秘密，它主要是要深挖这些marranos说，宗教裁判所的简介。 Many Marranos rose to high posts in the court and in the church, but they were constantly spied on, and many perished in the autos - da - fe, festive celebrations in which heretics were burned at the stake.许多marranos上升到高职位，在法庭及教会，但他们不断地来搞，而很多灭亡了，在汽车-大-铁，欢度佳节，在这异端被烧毁，在股份。 Such tragic events stimulated the spread among Spanish Jews of the mystical doctrines of Kabbalah.这样的悲惨事件，刺激了分散于西班牙犹太人的神秘教义的卡巴拉。
Once the last Muslim rulers were driven out and Spain was united under Ferdinand II and Isabella I, all professing Jews had to choose between baptism and expulsion.一旦最后的穆斯林统治者被赶出和西班牙是根据美国的费迪南二和伊莎贝拉，我都自称犹太人之间作出选择的洗礼，并驱逐出境。 In August 1492 most of them left Spain in search of new homes.在1492年8月，他们大多离开西班牙寻找新的家园。 Under Spanish pressure, Portugal expelled its Jews in 1498.根据西班牙的压力，葡萄牙驱逐犹太人，其在1498年。 The exiles found refuge in North Africa, Italy, and especially in the Ottoman Empire, including the Balkans.流亡者找到了他们的避难所，在北非，意大利，特别是在奥斯曼帝国，包括巴尔干半岛。
Nevertheless, Jews were needed in the very countries that persecuted them.然而，犹太人必须在国家正是迫害他们。 Medieval Christian doctrine forbade Christians to take interest on loans; as a result, Jews were required to engage in money lending.中世纪的基督教教义禁止基督徒以贷款利息;因此，犹太人被要求从事放债。 The royal treasuries took a large part of the profits, and the Jews bore the popular resentment against usurers.皇家国库券了很大一部分利润，人和犹太人之所以受欢迎的不满高利贷者。 In general, they were excluded from ownership of land and from the guilds that controlled the skilled trades.一般来说，他们被排除在土地所有权和会馆即控制了熟练工种。
When Christian money lenders learned to collect interest under other names, Jews were no longer needed.当基督教放债人的教训，以收集利息根据其他人的名字，犹太人已不再需要。 They were expelled from England in 1290, and, after several earlier bans, finally from the kingdom of France in 1394.他们被驱逐出英国在1290年，而且，经过几早些时候禁令，最后由英国，法国1394年。 In the German states, life for Jews was difficult and uncertain.在德语国家，生活的犹太人被困难和不确定的。 Many moved eastward into Poland, which lacked a middle class with the financial and commercial skills Jews could provide.许多动议向东到波兰公司，因为它们缺乏中产阶级与金融及商业技能犹太人可以提供。
The Ashkenazim were not exposed to a broad secular culture such as the Jews of Spain (and Provence) had enjoyed.该ashkenazim没有接触到广泛的世俗文化，如犹太人的西班牙（ Provence的）享有。 Theirs was a simple intense piety that repeatedly found expression in martyrdom.他们是一个简单激烈的虔诚所一再表现在殉难。 Their scholars produced important commentaries on the Bible and Talmud, and works on Kabbalah.他们的学者，产生了重大的评论对圣经和犹太法典，并就工程的卡巴拉。
In Poland and Lithuania, social conditions also had a segregatory effect.在波兰和立陶宛，社会条件，也产生了segregatory效果。 The Jews continued to speak a German dialect, mixed with many Hebrew words and with borrowings from Slavic languages - now known as Yiddish.犹太人继续讲德语方言，混合与许多希伯来语的言行与借款斯拉夫语言-现在被称为意第绪语。 Intellectual life was focused on study of the Talmud, in which they achieved extraordinary mastery.智力生活的重点是研究犹太法典，他们在其中所取得的不平凡的通达。 They enjoyed a large measure of self government, centralized in the Council of the Four Lands.他们享有很大程度的自治政府，集中在安理会中的四个地。
Persecutions became more frequent, however, inspired by competition from the growing Christian merchant class and by overly zealous churchmen.迫害变得更加频繁，然而，灵感来自竞争日益基督教商人阶级和过于热心的教会人士。 In 1648 a rebellion of Cossacks and Tatars in the Ukraine - then under Polish rule - led to an invasion of Poland, in which hundreds of thousands of Jews were massacred. 1648年叛乱的哥萨克人与鞑靼人在乌克兰-然后根据波兰统治-导致了一场入侵波兰，其中数以十万计的犹太人被屠杀。 Polish Jewry never recovered from this blow.波兰犹太人再也没有恢复过来，从这次的打击。 A little over a century later, Poland was partitioned (1772, 1793, 1795) among Prussia, Austria, and Russia, and most of Polish Jewry found itself under the heartless rule of the Russian tsars.一个多世纪后，波兰被分割（ 1772年， 1793年， 1795年）之间普鲁士，奥地利，俄罗斯等，而大部分的波兰犹太人发现自己下不仁统治的俄罗斯沙皇。
An outgrowth of the Sabbatean movement was the sect founded in 18th century Poland by Jacob Frank.一个新的衍生的sabbatean运动是节创立于18世纪波兰亮的坦诚。 The latter ultimately converted to Roman Catholicism, and his sect died out early in the 19th century.后者最终转化为罗马天主教和他的死节，明年初，在19世纪。
Poland was also the birthplace of Hasidism, the mystical sect founded by Baal Shem Tov.波兰也诞生地hasidism ，神秘教派创办的巴力SHEM后tov 。 Although condemned by the rabbinic leadership, most notably by Elijah Ben Solomon, it established deep roots and became a significant social factor in the life of East European Jewry.虽然谴责由rabbinic领导，最显着的，由利亚本索罗门，它确立了深深扎根，并成为一个重要的社会因素，在生活中的东欧犹太人。
Equal rights were achieved in the Netherlands, and more slowly in Great Britain.享有平等的权利，取得了在荷兰，速度比较慢，在大不列颠。 Germany and Austria, even after 1870, discriminated against Jews in military and academic appointments; in these countries much popular hostility continued, now called Anti Semitism and supposedly justified on racial rather than religious grounds.德国和奥地利，即使在1870年，受歧视犹太人，在军事和学术任命;在这些国家中许多受欢迎的敌意继续，现在所谓的反犹太人主义，并假定是合理的种族，而不是宗教的理由。 In the American colonies the Jews had suffered relatively minor disabilities; with the founding of the United States, Jews became full citizens - although in a few states discriminatory laws had to be fought.在美洲殖民地，犹太人遭受了较为轻微的残疾人;与美国立国，犹太人成为正式公民-尽管在少数几个国家的歧视性法律不得不作斗争。
Jews entered the life of the Western world with keen enthusiasm; they contributed significantly to commercial, scientific, cultural, and social progress.犹太人进入生活的西方世界与渴望的热情，他们作出重大贡献的商业，科学，文化和社会全面进步。 But the old structure of Jewish life was severely damaged: community controls became less effective, and neglect of religious observance, mixed marriage, and conversion to Christianity occurred.但是，旧体制的犹太人生活遭到严重破坏：社区对照成了不那么有效，而忽略宗教戒律，异族通婚，并转化为基督教的发生。 In response to such challenges, new modernist versions of Judaism were formulated; these movements originated in Germany and had their greatest development in North America.在回应这种挑战，新的现代版本的犹太教制定;这些运动起源于德国，并获得他们的最大发展，在北美地区。
After 1804, Jews were allowed to reside only in Poland, Lithuania, and the Ukraine; Russia proper was closed to them. 1804年后，犹太人被允许居留，只有在波兰，立陶宛和乌克兰，俄罗斯，适当关闭它们。 This Pale of settlement was later made smaller.这苍白的沉降后来变小了。 From 1881 on, anti Jewish riots (Pogroms), tolerated and sometimes instigated by the government, sent thousands fleeing to Western Europe and the Americas.从1881年，反犹太人暴动（大屠杀） ，容忍，有时甚至唆使，由政府派出数千名逃往西欧及美洲。 Because Russia refused to honor the passports of American Jews, the United States abrogated a trade treaty in 1913.因为俄罗斯拒绝履行其护照上的美国犹太人，美国废除了一项贸易条约于1913年。
In response to these policies, new trends appeared in Russian Jewry.针对这些政策，新的趋势出现在俄罗斯犹太人。 A movement of Jewish nationalism expressed itself in a revival of Hebrew as a secular language and in a few attempts at colonization in Palestine.一场运动的犹太人的民族主义表示了自己在复兴希伯来语作为一个世俗的语言，并在少数企图在定植巴勒斯坦。 A Jewish socialist movement, the Bund, appeared in urban centers, stressing the Yiddish language and folk culture.一个犹太社会主义运动，外滩，出现在城市中心，强调意第绪语的语言和民俗文化。
During World War I, East European Jews suffered heavily from troops on both sides.在第一次世界大战期间，东欧犹太人遭受沉重，由双方部队。 American Jewry now found itself for the first time the leading element in the world Jewish community, bearing the major responsibility for relief and reconstruction of the ravaged centers.美国犹太人，现在发现自己对于第一次领先元素，在世界上的犹太社区，承担主要责任，为救济和重建工作的蹂躏中心。 The peace treaties guaranteed equal rights to minorities in the newly constituted or reconstituted countries, but these agreements were not consistently upheld with regard to Jewish minorities, and colonization in Palestine expanded considerably.和平条约所保障的平等权利，少数人在新组建或改组的国家，但这些协议并没有一贯坚持的关于犹太少数民族，并在殖民统治巴勒斯坦的扩展。
In the Balfour Declaration of 1917, Great Britain announced its support for a Jewish national home; this purpose, approved by the Allied governments, was embodied in the mandate for Palestine that Britain assumed after the war.在鲍尔弗宣言的1917年，大英帝国宣布，它支持建立一个犹太国家，家中为此，经盟国政府，是体现在对巴勒斯坦的英国假定战争结束后。 British agents had secretly made contradictory promises to Arab leaders, however, and growing Arab nationalism expressed itself in anti Jewish riots in Palestine in 1920 - 21 and 1929.英国特工曾秘密作出相互矛盾的承诺，向阿拉伯领导人，但是，越来越多的阿拉伯民族主义表达了自己的反犹太人暴动，在巴勒斯坦于1920年-2 1和1 929。 In the latter year leading non Zionist Jews, convinced that Palestine alone offered hope for impoverished and oppressed millions (since Western nations had rigidly restricted immigration), joined with the Zionists to form the Jewish Agency to assist and direct Jewish settlement and development in Palestine.在后者今年主要的非犹太复国主义犹太人，确信说，巴方仅提供了希望，为贫困和受压迫的千百万（因为西方国家有硬性限制移民） ，同犹太复国主义者组成的犹太机构，以协助和直接犹太人定居点和发展的巴勒斯坦人。
In Germany the Weimar Republic for the first time abolished all official discrimination against Jews.在德国魏玛共和国第一时间取消所有官方歧视犹太人。 The republic was unpopular, however, and anti Semitism was popular.中华民国是不得人心的，但是，反犹太人主义，是受欢迎的。 Calculated use of anti Semitism as an instrument was a major factor in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, whereupon the German Jews were immediately disfranchised, robbed of possessions, deprived of employment, barred from the schools, and subjected to physical violence and constant humiliation.计算使用的反犹太人主义作为一种工具，是一个主要因素，在希特勒的崛起力量，在1933年，在这种情况下，德国的犹太人，立即无法参与，抢劫财物，被剥夺了就业，禁止学校，并遭受身体暴力和不断的羞辱。 Once World War II occupied the attention of the democracies, Hitler and his supporters attempted "the final solution," the complete extermination of the Jews (Holocaust).曾经在第二次世界大战被占领的注意，各民主政体，希特勒和他的支持者试图"最后解决方案" ，完全灭绝犹太人（大屠杀） 。 About 6 million Jews - almost a third of their total number - were massacred, starved, or systematically gassed in Concentration Camps.约600万犹太人-有近三分之一的，他们的总人数-被屠杀，饥饿，或有系统毒气关进集中营。 In addition to destroying so many individual lives, the Holocaust eradicated the communities of Central and Eastern Europe, which had been the chief centers of learning and piety for nearly a thousand years.此外，销毁这么多个人的生命，纳粹大屠杀铲除了社区的中欧和东欧地区，其中已被行政中心的学习和孝道，为近1000年。
On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed.于1948年5月14日，以色列国宣告成立。 Since then Israel has fought five wars against Arab coalitions to establish and preserve its independence (Arab - Israeli Wars).自那时以来，以色列已经打了五年的战争对阿拉伯联盟，以建立和维护其独立性（阿拉伯-以色列战争） 。 A peace treaty (Mar. 26, 1979) between Israel and Egypt was not accepted by the other Arab states.一项和平条约（ 1979年3月26日） ，以色列与埃及是不接受其他阿拉伯国家。
Since World War II the Jews of the United States have achieved a degree of acceptance without parallel in Jewish history, and Jews play a significant role in intellectual and cultural life.自第二次世界大战以来，犹太人的美国已取得了一定程度的接受，如果没有水货，在犹太民族历史上，犹太人发挥了重要作用，在智力和文化生活。 The elimination of social barriers has led to a high rate of mixed marriage.消除社会障碍，导致了高利率的异族通婚。 During the same period there has been a growth in synagogue affiliation and support for Israel.在同一期间，有一种生长在犹太教堂的从属关系和对以色列的支持。
Recent estimates put the total number of Jews at about 14 million, of whom over 5 million reside in the United States, more than 2 million in the USSR, and over 3 million in Israel.最近的估计总人数的犹太人约有14万，其中500多万居住在美国，已有超过200万人，在苏联，以及超过300万，在以色列。 France, Great Britain, and Argentina also have significant Jewish populations.法国，英国，阿根廷也有显着的犹太人群体。 The once - substantial communities in North Africa and the Middle East have been reduced to small fragments.曾经是-庞大的社区在北非和中东地区已减少到小片段。 Most of these Oriental Jews have settled in Israel.大部分这些东方犹太人定居在以色列。 Thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Falashas), for example, were airlifted to Israel in 1984 and 1985.数以千计的埃塞俄比亚犹太人（法拉沙人） ，例如，被空运到以色列在1984年和1985年。 Israel's Jewish population increased significantly in the early 1990s, when it received hundreds of thousands of immigrants from the Soviet Union.以色列的犹太人口的显着增加， 20世纪90年代初，当它收到了数以十万计的移民来自苏联。
Bernard J Bamberger伯纳德j巴姆博格
Bibliography:
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A Semite is someone descended from Shem , the eldest son of Noah. 1 semite是有人后裔SHEM后 ，身为长子的诺亚。
A HEBREW is someone descended from Heber (or, "Eber"), one of the great-grandsons of Shem.希伯来是有人后裔heber （或" ， EBER " ） ，其中的大孙子的SHEM后。 So all Hebrews are Semites, but not all Semites are Hebrews.使所有希伯来人都是闪米特人，但并非所有闪米特人，是希伯来人。 (Sunnite Arabs are therefore also Semites.) （逊尼派阿拉伯人，因此也闪米特人） 。
Six generations after Heber, Abraham was born to his line, so Abraham was both a Hebrew and a Semite , born of the line of Heber and Shem.六代后heber ，亚伯拉罕出生到他的路线，所以亚伯拉罕既是一个希伯来语和semite出生的路线heber和SHEM后。
Ishmael was born of Abraham, and (Sunnite) Arabs (and specifically Muslims) consider themselves to be descendants of him, so they are both Semites and Hebrews. Isaac was born of Abraham, then Jacob of Isaac. 伊斯梅尔出生的亚伯拉罕（逊尼派）阿拉伯人（特别是穆斯林）把自己视为华夏子孙，他的，所以他们都是闪米特和希伯来人。 艾萨克出生亚伯拉罕，然后雅各布的艾萨克。 Jacob's name was changed to "Israel," and he fathered 12 sons.雅各布的名称也改为"以色列" ，他的父亲12个儿子。 His sons and their descendants are called Israelites, and they would therefore be both Semitic and Hebrew.他的儿子和他们的后人被称为以色列人，他们将因此既反犹和希伯来语。 However, this would not make either Abraham or Isaac "Israelites."不过，这将不会作出任何亚伯拉罕或艾萨克"以色列人" 。 Those who interchange the words "Jew" and Israelite, call Abraham a Jew, even though Abraham was not even an Israelite, and where the word "Jew" is not used in the Bible until 1,000 years AFTER Abraham.那些交汇处改为"犹太人" ，并israelite ，呼叫亚伯拉罕犹太人，即使亚伯拉罕是我们甚至没有israelite ，并在其词"犹太人" ，是没有用的圣经，直到1000年之后，亚伯拉罕。
One of Jacob-Israel's children was Judah (Hebrew - Yehudah).其中雅各布-以色列的儿童被犹大 （希伯来语-y ehudah） 。 His descendants were called Yehudim ("Judahites").他的后代，被称为yehudim （ " judahites " ） 。 In Greek this reads Ioudaioi ("Judeans").在希腊这个写着ioudaioi （ " judeans " ） 。 The confusing thing here is that almost all Bible translations employ the word "Jew," which is a modern, shortened form of the word "Judahite."混乱的东西在这里指出的是，几乎所有圣经译本聘请字"犹太人" ，这是一个现代化，缩短形式改为" judahite " 。 Every time you come to the word "Jew" in the Old Scriptures, you should read "Judahite;" and every time you come to the word "Jew" in the New Scriptures, you should read it as "Judean."每一次你来字， "犹太人"在旧经文，你应该改为" judahite ; " ，并在您每次来字， "犹太人" ，在新的经文，你应该看它是"嚣张" 。 (two distinctly different peoples.) （两个截然不同的民族） 。
In the late 1960s, Ashkenazi Jews numbered some 11 million, about 84 percent of the world Jewish population.在六十年代后期，德系犹太人的人数约为1100万，大约有84 ％的世界犹太人口。
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