Islam is the religion of many Arabic and Persian nations.伊斯兰教是宗教的许多阿拉伯语和波斯语。 Followers are called Muslims (or Moslems).信徒称为穆斯林（伊斯兰教徒） 。
Mahomet Mohammed (or Muhammad) (c. 570 - 632 AD) is the primary prophet马霍米特穆罕默德（即穆罕默德） （长570 -6 32A D）的，是首要的先知
(Editor's Note: Muslims strongly dislike the word Mohammedanism and insist on Islam. They feel that Mohammedanism implies some Divine aspect to Muhammad himself. They revere Muhammad as a glorious Prophet but insist on making clear that he is not a God and does not deserve to have their religion named for him. They feel that Islam is the only correct name. Early Western and Christian authors tended to use the term Mohammedanism. Western authors also tended (and some still tend) to use the term Moslem rather than Muslim for the believers.) （编者注： 穆斯林的强烈反感字mohammedanism坚持伊斯兰教，他们觉得mohammedanism意味着一些神圣的一环，以穆罕默德本人，他们尊崇穆罕默德作为一项光荣的先知，但坚持要作出明确表示，他不是神，不值得有自己的宗教命名为他的，他们觉得伊斯兰教是唯一正确的名称。早期西方和基督教的作者倾向于使用术语mohammedanism西方作家还倾向于（有些仍然倾向于） ，以使用该词穆斯林而非穆斯林为信徒） 。
Muhammad taught that man must submit himself to the one God; that nations are punished for rejecting God's prophets; that heaven and hell await in the future life; and that the world will come to an end in a great judgment day. 穆罕默德告诉我们，男子必须提交自己的一个神，这是国家为惩罚拒绝上帝的先知;天堂与地狱等待，在今后的生活中，并认为世界将走到了尽头，在一个伟大的判决。
Muhammad offered himself to the Jews and Christians as the successor of Jesus Christ but met with severe opposition.穆罕默德将自己给犹太人和基督徒作为继承耶稣基督也遭到严厉的反对。 He severely condemned the Jews in his teachings.他严厉谴责犹太人在他的教诲。 In general, Muhammad and Muslims feel that Jews originally had the correct "book" (The Torah or the First Five Books of the Christian Bible), but that the Jews had improperly altered the texts of those important Manuscripts.一般来说，穆罕默德和穆斯林认为犹太人本来是正确的"书" （或律法的第一个五年书籍的基督教圣经） ，但犹太人曾不适当地改变了文本的这些重要文稿。 For that reason, Muhammad and Muslims feel that Jews (and Christians) are sinful in following texts that have been distorted.出于这个原因，穆罕默德和穆斯林认为犹太人（和基督徒） ，是罪孽深重，在下列文本已被扭曲。 Muslims rely on a book which presents the Messages that Muhammad received from the Angel Jibril (Gabriel) which they feel are precisely correct, which is called the Koran.穆斯林靠一本书，其中介绍的信息，穆罕默德收到来自天使贾布里勒（加布里埃尔） ，他们觉得恰恰是正确的，这是所谓的可兰经。 The Koran regularly refers to "the book", where it is actually referring to those Original texts, but it is conceded that no copy of those original (correct) texts still exists today.古兰经定期是指"书" ，它实际上是指那些原始文本，但它承认，没有副本，这些原始（正确）的文本仍然存在。 Many Muslims incorrectly interpret those many references to "the book" as somehow referring to the Koran itself, but a careful examination of the Koran text make clear that that is clearly not true.许多穆斯林错误地解释许多参考资料，以"书" ，因为或多或少提到古兰经本身，但经仔细研究后古兰经文明确指出，这显然是不正确的。 The Original texts of the First Five Books, which Muslims feel no longer exist, are referred to as the Taurah.原文的第一个五年书籍，其中穆斯林觉得不再存在，是被称为taurah 。
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Eternal punishment is the fate of those guilty of hypocrisy (false religion), murder, theft, adultery, luxury, dishonesty, and a few other sins. 永恒处罚的命运是那些犯有虚伪的（假宗教） ，杀人，抢劫，盗窃，通奸，豪华，弄虚作假和其他几个罪孽。 There are great similarities to the sins described in the Ten Commandments of Christian Judaist beliefs. Drinking, gambling and usury are rigorously prohibited. 有极大的相似之处，以罪孽描述十诫基督教judaist信念。饮酒，赌博和高利贷都会被严格禁止。
Since Muslims feel that Jews and Christians use distorted copies of the Torah text as the basis of their beliefs, that is seen as the above mentioned hipocracy or false religion.由于回教徒认为，犹太人和基督徒使用歪曲份的律法文本为基础，他们的信仰，被认为是上述hipocracy或假宗教。 The fact that Christians and Jews are attempting to Worship that same One True God, is not sufficient for many Muslims, and in some cases, great hatred has developed due to that.事实上，基督教徒和犹太教徒正试图崇拜同一一的真神，是不足够的许多穆斯林，并在某些情况下，巨大的仇恨已经发展由于这一点。
The Koran includes many references that Muslims are to treat "all believers in the One True God" as brothers.古兰经包括了许多参考资料穆斯林对待"所有信徒在一的真神"为兄弟。 Those references in the Koran indicate that Jews and Christians should be treated as brothers.这些提法，在可兰经表明，犹太人和基督徒应被视为兄弟。 It is only that aspect where Muslims insist that Jews and Christians use intentionally distorted versions of the Lord's texts where severe animosity arose.这只是这方面的穆斯林坚持认为，犹太人和基督徒使用故意歪曲版本的主的文本那里严重敌意出来了。
Early on, Muslims divided into two groups.在初期，穆斯林分为两组。 The Eastern (or Persian) Muslims are known as Shiites or Shi'a. The Western (or Arabic) Muslims are known as Sunnites or Sunnis. Sunnites (Arabs) generally consider Shiites as schismatics. Sunnites are Semites; Shiites are not.东区（或波斯语）穆斯林被称为什叶派还是什叶派。西部（或阿拉伯文）穆斯林被称为逊尼派或逊尼派。逊尼派（阿拉伯人）普遍认为，什叶派作为schismatics 。 逊尼派都是闪米特人;什叶派却没有。
Muhammad was born of poor parents in Mecca.穆罕默德出身于贫困的父母在麦加朝圣。 He was orphaned early and had to tend sheep for a living, so he received little education.他是早期的孤儿，并已趋向羊为口奔驰，所以他收到的教育水平普遍偏低。 At 25, he became a commercial agent for a rich widow, whom he soon married.在25日，他成为一个商业机构提供丰富的遗孀，他很快就结婚了。
Muhammad was not particularly well-known until one specific incident occurred.穆罕默德并没有特别著名的，直到一个特定的事件发生。 The celebrated Black Stone had been removed from the Kaaba building to be cleaned, and four Tribal leaders were arguing over which of them would get the honor of carrying it back to the Kaaba.著名的黑石头已被拆掉，从天房建设进行清洁工作，以及四个部落领袖被争论，其中，他们将获得这一荣誉，携带回给天房。 The argument was becoming extremely serious, as each of the four Tribal leaders wanted that honor personally.争论正变得极其严重的，因为每个四个部落领袖希望这荣誉个人。 It seemed that there was no possible resolution for this situation, and that a Tribal war seemed unavoidably about to begin.似乎有没有可能解决这一情况，并表示，部落战争似乎不可避免地即将开始。 At this point, the young Muhammad stepped forward to offer a suggestion.在这一点上，年轻的穆罕默德挺身而出，提供一个建议。 He suggested locating a blanket and placing the Black Stone on top of it.他建议寻找一名毯，并把黑石头在它之上。 Then each of the four would lift a corner, and all four would equally receive the honor of carrying it back to the Kaaba.然后每家将电梯的一个角落，四人全都将同样获得这一荣誉，携带回给天房。 That suggestion showed such brilliant insight that forever after that, Muhammad was asked for solutions whenever difficult situations arose, and his fame became enormous virtually overnight.这一建议表明，这种辉煌的洞察，永远随后，穆罕默德被要求提供解决方案，每当困难的情况出现时，和自己的名声，成为巨大的，几乎在一夜之间。 All Muslim children today, world wide, are taught about this impressive accomplishment of Muhammad.所有穆斯林儿童的今天，世界各地的，是教这个骄人成绩的穆罕默德。
Years later, Muhammad had a vision in the desert north of Mecca in which he believed he was commanded to preach.若干年后，穆罕默德有一个梦想，在沙漠以北的麦加，而他相信他是指挥者，以言行一致。 He came to believe that he was a medium for divine revelation and that he was a prophet of God (Allah).他认为他是一个中等为神的启示，而且他是一个上帝的先知（真主） 。 He received many such revelations in some caves.他收到许多这样的启示，在一些洞穴。 His followers memorized his revelations and his successor, Abu Bakr, had them compiled as a book (the Koran).他的信徒们背他的启示和他的继任者，阿布巴克尔，他们汇编成一本书（古兰经） 。
Muslims believe that Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus received revelations from God, but they regard Muhammad as the greatest and the last prophet of God. 穆斯林认为诺亚，亚伯拉罕，摩西和耶稣得到启示来自上帝，但他们把穆罕默德作为最大和最后的先知的上帝。
At first, few converts followed Muhammad.起初，数转换之后穆罕默德。 In 622, the people of Mecca actually drove him out of the city and he fled to Medina.在622 ，全国人民麦加其实开车送他出城，他逃亡到麦地。 This flight (called the Hegira) was taken as the beginning of the Muslim calendar.这次飞行（称为hegira ）采取了，因为一开始的穆斯林日历。 After the Hegira, he often turned to warfare, plunder and conquest.后hegira ，他常常求助于战争，掠夺和征服。 In 630, he returned to Mecca in triumph and treated his former persecutors with kindness. He called all his followers to a holy war in which he promised that all who died fighting (specifically in defending Islam) would ascend straight to Paradise.在630年，他回到麦加，在胜利和对待他的前迫害者与慈爱的， 他呼吁所有的信徒以神圣的战争中，他许诺说，所有的人死于战斗（特别是在捍卫伊斯兰教） ，将直接升入天堂。 This single comment from the generally peace - loving Muhammad has been used as the central cause of numerous religious (jihad) wars, and more recently, terrorism. Virtually all of his other teachings emphasize peace, charity, tolerance and kindness to all. 这种单一的评论，从总体和平-爱穆罕默德已被作为中央事业的广大宗教界（杰哈德）的战争，以及最近的恐怖主义，几乎他的所有其他教义强调的和平，慈善，宽容和爱心，向所有。 After he died in 632, the war was carried on by his successors (Caliphs).在他去世后，在632 ，战争已经进行了由他的继任者（ caliphs ） 。
Critics find many things to attack in Islam.批评者找出很多事情来攻击伊斯兰教。 Many suras of the Koran were composed before 622 AD, while Muhammad was still in Mecca.许多章节的可兰经人组成的前622专案，而穆罕默德仍然在麦加朝圣。 In general, those suras tend to be extremely peaceful, compassionate, considerate.总体而言，这些章节往往是非常和平，富有同情心，非常体贴。 In fact, historian Sir W Muir (in Life of Mahomet , 1864, four volumes, vol. 1, p. 503) said " In the Meccan period of his life there certainly can be traced no personal ends or unworthy motives . . . Mahomet was then nothing more than he professed to be, 'a simple Preacher and a Warner'; he was the despised and rejected prophet of a gainsaying people, having no ulterior object but their reformation. He may have mistaken the right means for effecting this end, but there is no sufficient reason for doubting that he used those means in good faith and with an honest purpose."事实上，历史学家先生瓦特和国防部长（在生活中的马霍米特 ， 1864年， 4卷，第1卷，页503 ）说： " 在meccan期间，他的人生中有一定可以追溯到没有个人目的或卑微的动机… … 。马霍米特当时没有什么比他还多自称被'一个简单的布道者和华纳' ;他是藐视，被先知一个不可否认的人，没有任何不可告人的目的，但他们的改革，他可能弄错了正确的途径，为实施这项完，但没有足够的理由怀疑，他用这些手段诚意和真正目的" 。
After he arrived in Medina, those suras seem to have a generally much harsher tone, often even mean-spirited and barbaric, as regarding non-believers.之后，他来到在Medina ，这些章节似乎有一个普遍得多更严厉的语气，甚至常常意味着一种昂扬的精神状态和野蛮的，因为对于不信教的。 Muir continued the above citation "But the scene changes at Medina. There temporal power, aggrandisement, and self-gratification mingled rapidly with the grand object of the Prophet's life, and they were sought and attained by just the same instrumentality. Messages from heaven were freely brought down to justify political conduct, in precisely the same manner as to inculcate religious precept. Battles were fought, executions ordered, and territories annexed, under cover of the Almighty's sanction. Nay, even personal indulgences were not only excused but encouraged by the divine approval or command. A special license was produced, allowing the Prophet many wives; the affair with Mary the Coptic bond-maid was justified in a separate Sura; and the passion for the wife of his own adopted son and bosom friend was the subject of an inspired message in which the Prophet's scruples were rebuked by God, a divorce permitted, and marriage with the object of his unhallowed desires enjoined. . . . As the natural result, we trace from the period of Mahomet's arrival in Medina a marked and rapid declension in the system he inculcated. Intolerance quickly took the place of freedom; force, of persuasion. "国防部长续上述引文" ，但现场的变化，在麦迪那有时间功率，扩张，自我满足的交融，迅速与大物体的先知的生命，而他们寻求和达到的只是同一部门的规定。讯息从天上人自由回落到自圆其说的政治行为，正是在同样的方式，灌输宗教信条。共作战，下令处决，和领土所附的掩护下万能的制裁。不仅如此，甚至个人indulgences不仅是情有可原，但受到鼓舞神州核准或指挥一个特别许可生产，让许多先知的妻子;内政与玛利亚的科普特国债女仆是有道理的，在一个单独的苏拉和热情的妻子，他通过自己的儿子和知己是主题一个灵感的讯息，其中先知的顾忌被责骂上帝，离婚获准，并与结婚的对象，他unhallowed欲望，是受命于… … 。视为必然的结果，我们从微量时期马霍米特的到来在Medina显和快速衰退中，他系统灌输。容忍迅速取代了自由;力量，说服的" 。
Muir later added "If Mohammed deviated from the path of his early years, that should cause no surprise; he was a man as much as, and in like manner as, his contemporaries, he was a member of a still half-savage society, deprived of any true culture, and guided solely by instincts and natural gifts which were decked out by badly understood and half-digested religious doctrines of Judaism and Christianity. Mohammed became thus the more easily corruptible when fortune in the end smiled upon him. . . . [In Medina], he offered very little resistance to the corrupting action of the new social position, more particularly in view of the fact that the first steps were accompanied by bewildering triumphs and by fatal sweetness of practically unlimited political power. . . . The deterioration of his moral character was a phenomenon supremely human, of which history provides not one but a thousand examples."国防部长稍后补充说： "如果穆罕默德偏离了道路，他的最初几年，这应当引起毫不奇怪，他被一名男子之多，而在喜欢的方式，他的同时代的，他是一个成员的仍是半野蛮的社会，失去任何真正的文化，并引导完全是由本能和自然的礼物，挂满了由极理解和半消化了宗教的教义，犹太教和基督教。穆罕默德成了，因此更容易腐朽的财富时，在结束后，笑着对他… … 。 [在Medina ，他很少抵抗，以防范行动的新的社会地位，特别是在事实来看，第一步骤，伴随着扑朔迷离辉煌，由致命的甜头，几乎不受限制的政治权力… … 。恶化，他的品德是一个现象千钧人，其中历史提供而不是一个1000的例子" 。
Following generations of Muslims were often brutal and gruesome in their treatment of people who did not accept Islam or who questioned anything about it.以下几代人的穆斯林往往残酷和可怕的，在其治疗的人，不接受伊斯兰教的人质疑这样的讯息。
Muslims consider the Koran to be EXACTLY the very Word of God (Allah).穆斯林认为古兰经完全相同十分上帝的话（阿拉） 。 They do not doubt or question even the slightest aspect of it.他们并不怀疑或问题，甚至有丝毫的一面。 However, by the year 325 AD, three hundred years before the Koran, Christians had established the concept of the Trinity, as being ONE God, Who seemed to exist as Three different Persons, the Father (YHWH or Jehovah), the Son (Jesus) and the Holy Ghost, and never varied from that.然而，由今年的325个专案，三百年前，可兰经，基督教已建立的概念， 三位一体，作为一个上帝，似乎存在着三种不同的人，父亲（ yhwh或耶和华） ，儿子（耶稣）和圣灵，也从来不会有所不同。 (Christians believe that the One True God had decided to "divide Himself in Two" such that He could experience an entirely human lifetime as Jesus, while still remaining in Heaven/Paradise to oversee the Universe. Christians feel that God has unlimited Ability so that He could do that, possibly in order to better understand why His people seemed to always fail Him. So Christians have NO doubt that there has ever only been One True God, but that He chose a course where it appeared for 33 years that He was simultaneously in two places. With these understandings, Christians feel that Muslims should realize that the One True God [Allah] that they worship was actually present in walking the Earth just 600 years before Muhammad.) （基督徒相信一个真正的上帝已决定， "分化自己的两个"这样的，他可以体验完全是人类一生中，因为耶稣，而仍然留在天堂/天堂监督的宇宙。基督徒认为上帝具有无限的能力，使他能做到这一点，可能是为了更好地了解为什么他的人似乎总是失败他，所以基督徒毫无疑问，有以往只发生过一次的真神，但他选择了，当然如果它出现了33年，他是同时在两地与这些谅解，基督教徒认为穆斯林应该认识到，一个真正的上帝[阿拉]他们崇拜实际上，目前在步行地球只是600年前，穆罕默德） 。
If the Koran is actually the words of God (Allah), and not altered in any way since they were given to Muhammad, it seems odd that the Koran presents the Christian Trinity as being God, Jesus, and Mary !如果古兰经实际上是的话上帝（真主） ，并不会以任何方式改变，因为他们给了穆罕默德，似乎奇怪的是可兰经介绍基督教三一为上帝，耶稣，玛利亚 ！ (Sura 5:116) (Christians have never considered Mary to be Divine, except for her function as Mother of Jesus.) This seems to imply that God (Allah) made a mistake, or Muhammad made a mistake, or later copyists/commentators made a mistake (several times, as at Sura 5.77 and Sura 4.169). （苏拉5:116 ） （基督徒从来没有考虑过玛丽被神圣的，除了她的功能，作为母亲的耶稣） ，这似乎意味上帝（真主）犯了一个错误，或穆罕默德犯了一个错误，或稍后copyists /评论员犯了一个错误（几倍，截至苏拉5.77和苏拉4.169 ） 。 Scholars see such things as obvious problems, but virtually all Muslims overlook them, and consider anyone bringing up such things as blasphemous.学者们看到这样的事情，作为突出问题，但几乎所有的穆斯林忽视他们，并考虑任何造就这类事情，因为亵渎。
Observers have noted that, if the Koran was precisely and exclusively the Word of God, there are many Suras that seem instead to have been expressed by either Muhammad, the Archangel Gabriel or other Angels, without clarification.观察家们注意到，如果古兰经正是专门上帝的话，有很多章节似乎反而已经表示，无论是穆罕默德，的Archangel加布里埃尔或其他天使，如果没有澄清。 For example, the opening Sura, called the Fatiha, is clearly address TO Allah and not BY Him.例如，开幕苏拉，被称为fatiha ，显然是针对以真主而不是由他来决定。 If the exact wording had been provided by Allah, it should be worded slightly differently.如果确切措辞已提供的安拉，但应措辞略有不同。 Sura 19.64 was clearly spoken by Angels.苏拉19.64显然，由天使。 The observation is: the Koran either IS or IS NOT exclusively the Word of God that Muslims claim.这些观察是：古兰经要么是或不完全是上帝的话，穆斯林索赔。
It is certainly true that the Koran contains many hundreds of concepts, beliefs and stories from the Bible, particularly the Pentateuch, the first five Books of the Bible (also called the Torah or Taurah).它的确可兰经载有数以百计的观念，信仰和故事来自圣经，尤其是pentateuch ，首五本书的圣经（又称律法或taurah ） 。 These similarities involve roughly half of the 80,000 words of the Koran (while representing but a very small portion of the Bible's 800,000 words).这些相似之处，涉及大约半数的80000字的可兰经（同时代表，而是一个非常小的部分圣经中的有80万多字） 。 As a result, the Koran and Islam contains many similarities and many parallels with Christianity and Judaism.因此，在可兰经和伊斯兰教载有许多相似之处，有很多相似之处，与基督教和犹太教。 However, there are very great differences in some areas.但是，也有很大的差异，在一些地区。
General Information 一般资料
The place of the Prophet Muhammad in world history is directly related to the formation of Islam as a religious community founded on the message of the Koran, which Muslims believe to be the words of God revealed to the Prophet.地方的先知穆罕默德，在世界历史上是有直接关系的形成， 伊斯兰教作为一种宗教的社会基础上的讯息， 可兰经，而穆斯林认为，要的话，上帝透露给先知。
About 610, Muhammad, while in a cave on Mount Hira outside Mecca, had a vision in which he was called on to preach the message entrusted to him by God. Further revelations came to him intermittently over the remaining years of his life, and these revelations constitute the text of the Koran. The opening verses of chapters 96 and 74 are generally recognized as the oldest revelations; Muhammad's vision is mentioned in 53:1 - 18 and 81:19 - 25, and the night of the first revelation in 97:1 - 5 and 44:3. 约610个，穆罕默德，而在山洞山平川外麦加，有一个梦想，而他是所谓的对宣扬的讯息托付给他的上帝。透露进一步来找他断断续续地过剩下的几年他的一生，和这些启示构成了文本的可兰经。开幕小诗的章节96和74 ，一般公认的最古老的启示;穆罕默德的愿景是提到在53:1 -1 8和8 1:19- 25 ，而夜间的第一个启示，在9 7 ： 1 -5和4 4:3。 At first in private and then [613] publicly, Muhammad began to proclaim his message: that there is but one God and that Muhammad is his messenger sent to warn people of the Judgment Day and to remind them of God's goodness.首先，在私人和则[ 613 ]公开说，穆罕默德开始宣告他的信息：有一个上帝，并认为穆罕默德是他的信使发送警告人民的判决日，并提醒他们，上帝的良善。
The [pagan] Meccans responded with hostility to Muhammad's monotheism and iconoclasm. [异教] meccans回应与敌意，以穆罕默德的一神教和iconoclasm 。 As long as Abu Talib was alive Muhammad was protected by the Hashim, even though that clan was the object of a boycott by other Quraysh after 616.只要阿布利布在世穆罕默德是受保护的由哈希姆，即使是家族的对象抵制其他quraysh后616 。 About 619, however, Abu Talib died, and the new clan leader was unwilling to continue the protective arrangement.大约619 ，然而，阿布利布死了，和新的部族领导人不愿继续保护安排。 At about the same time Muhammad lost another staunch supporter, his wife Khadijah.在大约同一时间，穆罕默德又丧失了坚定的支持者，他的妻子罕迪贾。 In the face of persecution and curtailed freedom to preach, Muhammad and about 70 followers reached the decision to sever their ties of blood kinship in Mecca and to move to Medina, a city about 400 km (250 mi) to the north.在面对迫害和剥夺自由传教，穆罕默德和大约70名追随者达到决定断绝血缘亲情在麦加迁移到麦地，一个城市的约400公里（ 250英里）到北方来。 This move, called the Hegira, or hijra (an Arabic word meaning "emigration"), took place in 622, the first year of the Muslim calendar. (Muslim dates are usually followed by AH, "Anno Hegirae," the year of the hegira.)这一举动，被称为hegira ，或希吉拉（阿拉伯语字，意思是"移民" ） ，发生在622 ，第一年的穆斯林日历。 （穆斯林日期通常其次是啊， "标注hegirae ， "岁次hegira ） 。
In Medina an organized Muslim community gradually came into existence under Muhammad's leadership.在Medina一个有组织的穆斯林社会逐渐开始存在下，穆罕默德的领导。 Attacks on caravans from Mecca led to war with the Meccans.攻击大蓬车从麦加导致战争与meccans 。 Muhammad's followers obtained (624) victory at Badr but were defeated at Uhud a year later.穆罕默德的追随者获得（ 624 ）胜利巴德尔但被打败uhud一年以后。 In 627, however, they successfully defended Medina against a siege by 10,000 Meccans.在627人，但是，他们成功地捍卫了麦迪对包围10000 meccans 。 Clashes with three Jewish clans in Medina occurred in this same period.发生冲突的三个犹太部落中的麦迪那发生在这同一时期。 One of these clans, the Banu Qurayza, was accused of plotting against Muhammad during the siege of Medina; in retaliation all of the clan's men were killed and the women and children sold into slavery.其中的氏族，巴努qurayza ，被指控策划针对穆罕默德在围困麦迪;报复所有的氏族的男子被打死，妇女和儿童卖为奴。 Two years later, in the oasis of Khaybar, a different fate befell another Jewish group.两年后，在绿洲的海拜尔，不同遭此命运的另一个犹太集团。 After defeat they were allowed to remain there for the price of half their annual harvest of dates.战败后，他们被允许留在那里的价格的一半，每年收获的日期。
Since 624 AD (2 AH) the Muslims of Medina had been facing Mecca during worship (earlier, they had apparently turned toward Jerusalem). 自624助理署长（ 2啊） ，信众的麦迪一直面对麦加朝圣期间崇拜 （此前，他们已明显转向耶路撒冷） 。 Mecca was considered of primary importance to the Muslim community because of the presence there of the Kaaba. This sanctuary was then a pagan shrine, but according to the Koran (2:124 - 29), it had been built by Abraham and his son Ishmael and had therefore to be reintegrated in Muslim society. An attempt to go on pilgrimage to Mecca in 628 was unsuccessful, but at that time an arrangement was made allowing the Muslims to make the pilgrimage the next year, on condition that all parties cease armed hostilities.麦加被视为头等重要的穆斯林社区是因为存在有对天房，这避难所当时是一个异教的靖国神社，但根据古兰经（ 2:124 -2 9） ，它已建成由亚伯拉罕和他的儿子伊斯梅尔并因此重新在穆斯林社会。试图去麦加朝觐，在628时失利，但在当时的一个安排是让回教徒把此次进香团在未来一年，但条件是所有各方停止武装敌对行动。 Incidents in 629 ended the armistice, and in January 630, Muhammad and his men marched on Mecca.事件发生在629结束了停战，并在1月630 ，穆罕默德和他的男人游行，对麦加朝圣。 The Quraysh offer to surrender was accepted with a promise of general amnesty, and hardly any fighting occurred. Muhammad's generosity to a city that had forced him out 8 years earlier is often quoted as an example of remarkable magnanimity.该quraysh提供交出被接受与承诺实行大赦，几乎没有任何战斗发生。 穆罕默德的慷慨，这个城市曾强迫他出去八年较早，是经常被引用的一个例子是了不起的包容性。
In his final years Muhammad continued his political and military involvements, making arrangements with nomadic tribes ready to accept Islam and sending expeditions against hostile groups.在他的最后几年穆罕默德继续他的政治和军事介入，作出部署与游牧部族愿意接受伊斯兰教，并派遣远征打击敌对的团体。 A few months after a farewell pilgrimage to Mecca in March 632 he fell ill.几个月后告别麦加朝觐，在632 3月他病倒。 Muhammad died on June 8, 632, in the presence of his favorite wife, Aisha, whose father, Abu Bakr, became the first caliph.穆罕默德死于6月8日， 632 ，在目前他最喜爱的妻子的Aisha ，他的父亲，阿布巴克尔，成为首个哈里发。
Willem A Bijlefeld威廉1 bijlefeld
Bibliography:
参考书目：
M Ali, The Living Thoughts of Muhammad
(1950); T Andrae, Muhammad: The Man and His Faith (1936); A Azzam, The Eternal
Message of Muhammad (1964); J Glubb, The Life and Times of Muhammad (1970); A
Guillaume, ed., The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasaul
Allah' (1955); A Jeffrey, ed., Islam: Muhammad and His Religion (1958); M
Rodinson, Mohammed (1971); WM Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Stateman
(1961).米的阿里生活的思考穆罕默德（ 1950年）和t andrae ，穆罕默德：他的为人和他的信仰（ 1936年）
;阿扎姆是永恒的信息，穆罕默德（ 1964 ） ; j glubb ，生活和所处时代的穆罕默德（ 1970 ）
;纪尧姆，教育署，生命的穆罕默德：一个翻译的伊本伊沙克的希拉特rasaul阿拉' （ 1955 ） ; Jeffrey说，这版，伊斯兰：穆罕默德和他的宗教（
1958年） ;米罗丹松，穆罕默德（ 1971年） ;西医结合瓦特说，穆罕默德：先知和stateman （ 1961年） 。
The article above
presents the "traditional" story of Muhammad's life, as generally understood by
nearly all Muslims.文章介绍了上述的"传统"的故事穆罕默德的生活，作为一般的理解，几乎所有穆斯林。 There is extremely little "external"
confirmation of the many facts presented, and so virtually all of the knowledge
of Muhammad's life come from either the Koran (which was assembled from his
statements) or from the Hadith (which was again assembled from his statements
and those of people near
him).有极少的"外部"确认了许多事实，所以几乎所有的知识穆罕默德的生命来，也可以在可兰经（这是组装，从他的声明）
，或从圣训（即再次集结，从他的发言和这些人不久他） 。 There were also a few biographies of
Muhammad (he died in 632 AD):也有少数的传记穆罕默德（他死于公元632 ） ：
There are some important details of that traditional Muslim biography that were not included in the article above.有一些重要的细节，那是传统的穆斯林出版传记的人，并不包括在上述文章。 These following points are all described in the writings of the respected Muslim writers listed above.这几点都是在描述的著作，尊敬的穆斯林作家上市以上。
The original wording was: "What do you think of al-Lat and al-Uzza And Manat the third beside? These are exalted Females, Whose intercession verily is to be sought after."原来的措辞是： "你怎么想的基地拉脱维亚和基地uzza和马纳特第三旁边？这是开天辟地的女性，其干涉，能众志成城，是要寻求后" 。
These references were to some of the many Gods the Meccans then worshipped, (and some of their very favorites among their hundreds of gods) so the words seem to acknowledge the existence and even the importance of them, TOTALLY opposite of what Islam claims (of the One God, Allah).这些提法都在一定的许多神的meccans那么崇拜， （以及它们的一些非常喜爱他们的数百名神） ，所以话似乎承认存在，甚至重要性，他们完全相反的是什么伊斯兰教索赔（一个神，安拉） 。 Islam now says that Muhammad was later visited by Gabriel again, who reprimanded him and gave him the "true" ending for that verse, which eliminated the praise for the gods and turned it into denigration.伊斯兰教现在说，穆罕默德后来参观了由加布里埃尔再次，他们申斥他，并给了他的"真正"结束，为这首诗，它消除了赞誉为神和把它变成诋毁。 They consider those initial verses as being put into his mouth by Satan, ie Satanic Verses.他们认为，这些最初的小诗作为被放进他的嘴，受魔鬼的试探，即撒旦小诗。
These verses represent a serious problem for Muslims.这些小诗代表了一个严重的问题，为穆斯林。 They seem to imply that Muhammad was carefully cultivating the Meccan leaders by saying things they "politically" wanted to hear.他们似乎暗示穆罕默德是经过精心培育meccan领导人说，他们的"政治" ，喜欢听的话。 That idea would greatly damage his credibility as a Prophet.这一设想将大大损害他的信誉，作为一个先知。 His sincerity would seem to be in question.他的真诚，似乎应该在质询。 On the other hand, if Satan was so easily able to put words in the mouth of the Prophet, how much Faith could anyone put in him?在另一方面，如果撒旦是这么容易能够把字口的先知，有多少信心，可以把任何人，在他吗？ Might there be (many?) other passages where Satan affected the wording of the Koran?可能有（许多？ ）其他通道，而受撒旦的措辞古兰经？
A revelation from God came to him, instructing him to cast his scruples away.一个启示来自上帝来找他，指使他投下他的顾忌。 While sitting next to his wife Aisha, he had a prophetic swoon.而坐在旁边，他的妻子的Aisha ，他的先知swoon 。 When he recovered, he said "Who will go and congratulate Zaynab and say that the Lord has joined her to me in marriage?"当他痊愈，他说： "谁去祝贺zaynab说上帝已经加入，她给我的婚姻" ？ (Sura 33.2-33.7) （苏拉33.2-33.7 ）
His wife Aisha is said to have then remarked "Truly your God seems to have been very quick in fulfilling your prayers."他的妻子的Aisha是说，有那么说过， "真正的你的上帝似乎已经非常快，在履行你们的祈祷" 。
There appear to be other parallels.看来有其他相似之处。 Both the Bible and the Koran seem to contain confusing sections, where there even seem to be internal contradictions.无论是圣经和可兰经，似乎含有混乱路段，那里甚至似乎是内部矛盾。 Both contain many examples of repetitive statements, where the same concept is repeated, either in exactly the same words or very similar ones.既包含了很多的例子，重复陈述，而同一个概念，是反复，无论是在完全一样的字或非常相似。 Whichever of these two Faiths one might believe, it seems difficult to try to claim the high ground as to absolute credibility if one elects to criticize the other.两者的这两个信仰的人们可能认为，这似乎很难设法追讨高地上，以绝对的公信力，如果当选，以批评对方。
As with the many Christian subject presentations in BELIEVE, where both supportive and challenging positions are presented, there is no intention to promote or dismiss Islam or any claims it makes, but rather to just present as accurate a set of facts as is known.同许多基督教主题演讲中认为，无论是赞成或具有挑战性的立场陈述，我们并没有打算，以促进或辞退伊斯兰教或任何声称它使，而是为了正义，目前最准确的一套事实，是众所周知的。 We intend no improper criticism of Islam, but rather simply honest discussion of both solid and weak aspects of it.我们打算在没有任何不当的批评回教，而是单纯诚实的讨论，包括固体和薄弱方面。 In this vein, we include here both the traditional Islamic understandings and some seemingly credible alternatives, hopefully without suggesting judgment.在这种情况下，包括我们这里无论是传统的伊斯兰谅解和某些看似可信的替代品，希望能在没有提示的判断。
Author Michael Cook has researched non-Muslim historical sources regarding these aspects of Muhammad's biography.作者迈克尔库克研究了非穆斯林的历史根源就这些方面的穆罕默德的传记。 He confirms that a person named Muhammad lived, that he was a merchant, and that something significant occurred in 622, and that Abraham was important in his teaching.他证实，一个名叫穆罕默德住了，他是一个商人，并具有一定发生在622 ，亚伯拉罕是很重要的在他的教学中。 However, there appears to be no indication that Muhammad was in central Arabia and there is no mention whatever of Mecca or Medina and there is no historical reference to the Koran until nearly 700 AD.不过，似乎没有迹象表明穆罕默德是在中央和阿拉伯有没有提到什么麦加或麦地，不存在历史借鉴，以可兰经，直到近700个专案。 He also found compelling evidence that early Muslims prayed in a direction far north of Mecca, which seems to suggest that some different city was involved than Mecca.他还发现令人信服的证据表明，早在穆斯林祈祷，在一个方向，到目前为止，北方的麦加朝圣，这似乎暗示了一些不同的城市参与比麦加朝圣。 Also, he found that coins minted around 700 AD which had Koranic quotations, have different wordings than the current authorized canonical text of the Koran.此外，他还发现，硬币铸造大约700个专案，其中有古兰经的报价，有不同的措辞，比目前核定的典型文本的可兰经。 This seems to suggest that the text of the Koran had not yet been permanently established, seventy years after the death of the Prophet.这似乎表明，该文的古兰经尚未得到永久确立， 70年后死亡的先知。
An early Greek source mentions Muhammad being alive in 634 AD, two years after the traditional Muslim death date.早期希腊语源提到穆罕默德被活埋634专案，两年后，传统的穆斯林死亡日期。 [Wansbrough] That same Greek source (c. 634-636 AD) presents the Prophet's message as essentially being Jewish messianism. [旺斯伯勒]同希腊语源（长634-636 AD ）的介绍先知的消息基本上被犹太人messianism 。
There was a Christian writer of the fifth century (prior to Muhammad) named Sozomenus who describes an Ishmaelite monotheism identical to that of the Hebrews prior to the time of Moses (1600 BC).有一位基督教作家的第五世纪（前穆罕默德）命名sozomenus人描述了一种ishmaelite一神教完全相同，即希伯来之前的时候，摩西（ 1600年） 。 He also argued that Ishmael's laws must have been corrupted by the passage of time and by the influence of pagan neighbors.他还认为，伊斯梅尔的法律，必须有被腐蚀的，由时间的推移和受影响的异教邻居。 Essentially identical beliefs later became central aspects of Islam.基本上是相同的信仰，后来成为中央方面的伊斯兰教。
The Arabic term muhajirun corresponds to the English term Hagarism, the reference to their ancestry as being through Hagar, Abraham's maid who was the father of Ishmael.该阿拉伯语muhajirun一词对应的英文来说hagarism ，参考他们的祖先被认为是通过hagar ，亚伯拉罕的女仆，她是父亲的伊斯梅尔。 This term seems to have arisen early in Islamic history.这个名词似乎已经出现了早在伊斯兰的历史。
In early Jewish history (c. 722 BC), a group known as Samaritans did not accept the later Books of the Old Testament of the Bible, and their Bible consisted exclusively of the Pentateuch, the first Five Books.早在犹太民族历史上（长722 BC ）的，一组被称为撒玛利亚会不接受，后来书籍的旧约的圣经，他们的圣经组成专门的pentateuch ，第一个五年书籍。 Islam and Muhammad show familiarity with the Samaritans, and indeed, recognized and revered the very same Books.伊斯兰教和穆罕默德查看熟悉撒玛利亚会，而事实上，承认和崇敬非常相同的书籍。 Critics feel that Muhammad adopted most of his early theology from the much earlier Jewish Samaritans.批评者认为，穆罕默德通过他的大部分早期神学，从远早于犹太人撒玛利亚。 Samaritan liturgies constantly included the concept "There is no God but the One", again, a central and essential component of Islam.撒玛利亚liturgies不断，包括概念" ，是没有上帝，但在一个" ，同样地，中央和必不可少的组成部分伊斯兰教。
General Information 一般资料
Islam, a major world religion, is customarily defined in non - Islamic sources as the religion of those who follow the Prophet Muhammed. The prophet, who lived in Arabia in the early 7th century, initiated a religious movement that was carried by the Arabs throughout the Middle East. 伊斯兰教的一个主要世界宗教，习惯上界定在非-伊斯兰源作为宗教人士效法先知穆罕默德。先知，住在地阿拉伯在7世纪初，发起了一个宗教运动，进行了由全国各地的阿拉伯人中东。 Today, Islam has adherents not only in the Middle East, where it is the dominant religion in all countries (Arab and non - Arab) except Israel, but also in other parts of Asia, Africa and, to a certain extent, in Europe and in the United States.今天，伊斯兰教的信徒们，不仅在中东，而这是占主导地位的宗教，在所有国家（阿拉伯和非-阿拉伯） ，除了以色列，而且在亚洲其他地区，非洲及，在一定程度上，在欧洲和在美国。 Adherents of Islam are called Muslims (sometimes spelled Moslems).遗民伊斯兰教被称为穆斯林（有时拼写穆斯林） 。
For Muslims, therefore, the proper name of their religion expresses the Koranic insistence that no one but God is to be worshiped. 对于穆斯林，因此，正确的名称，他们的宗教活动，表达了古兰经坚持的原则，就是没有人，但上帝是被崇拜。 Hence, many Muslims, while recognizing the significance of the Prophet Muhammad, have objected to the terms Muhammadanism (or Mohammedanism) and Muhammadans (or Mohammedans) - designations used widely in the West until recently - since they detect in them the suggestion of a worship of Muhammad parallel to the worship of Jesus Christ by Christians. 因此，许多穆斯林信徒，同时认识到意义的先知穆罕默德，有反对的条款muhammadanism （或mohammedanism ）和muhammadans （或伊斯兰教） -番号广泛使用在西方，直到最近-因为他们发现在他们的建议，一个礼拜由Muhammad平行崇拜耶稣基督的基督徒。
Throughout history, practices and opinions have differed with regard to the exact way in which Islam determines life in all its aspects, but the basic notion of Islam's comprehensive character is so intrinsic to Muslim thought and feeling that neither the past history of the Muslim world nor its present situation can be understood without taking this characteristic into consideration.在整个历史上，做法和意见有分歧在于具体方法，其中伊斯兰教决定生活的一切方面， 但基本的概念，伊斯兰教的综合素质，是使固有的穆斯林思想和感觉的是，无论是过去的历史，以及穆斯林世界也不其目前的状况可以理解，而不必考虑这一特点在考虑之列。
According to
Muslim jurists, the sharia is derived from four sources根据穆斯林法学家，
伊斯兰教是来自四个来源
By the time of his death in 632, Muhammad had won the allegiance of most of the Arab tribespeople to Islam.经过一段时期对他的去世在632 ，穆罕默德赢得了效忠的大多数阿拉伯族人伊斯兰教。 He had laid the foundation for a community (umma) ruled by the laws of God. The Koran records that Muhammad was the Seal of the Prophets, the last of a line of God's messengers that began with Adam and included Abraham, Noah, Moses, and Jesus. He left for the future guidance of the community the words of God revealed to him and recorded in the Koran, and the sunna, the collective name for his opinions and decisions as recorded in the tradition literature (hadith).他已奠定了基础，为共同体（乌玛）裁定，受瑞士法律的上帝。 古兰经记载，穆罕默德是密封的先知，最后一排上帝的信使开始与亚当与包括亚伯拉罕，挪亚，摩西，与耶稣，他留给未来的指导社区的话，上帝透露给他，并记录在可兰经，以及逊尼派，集体的名义为他的意见和决定记录在传统文学（圣训） 。