The Essenes were members of an ascetic Jewish sect of the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. Most of them lived on the western shore of the Dead Sea. 该essenes成员，是一个苦行犹太节的公元前一世纪和1世纪的广告，他们大多居住在西部海岸的死海。 They are identified by many scholars with the Qumran community that wrote the documents popularly called the Dead Sea Scrolls.他们发现有不少学者与库姆兰社区写文件俗称死海古卷。 They numbered about 4,000 members.他们的人数约达四千人。 Admission required two to three years of preparation, and new candidates took an oath of piety, justice, and truthfulness.入学需要2至3年的准备，新的候选人上台宣誓的虔诚，正义和真理性。
According to Philo of Alexandria and other writers of the 1st century AD, the Essenes shared their possessions, lived by agriculture and handicrafts, rejected slavery, and believed in the immortality of the soul. Their meals were solemn community affairs.据斐洛亚历山大和其他作者的1世纪专案， essenes分享他们的家产，在生活中的农业和手工业，拒绝奴役，并相信灵魂，他们的膳食庄严的社区事务。 The main group of Essenes opposed marriage.该小组的主要essenes反对婚姻。 They had regular prayer and study sessions, especially on the Sabbath.他们经常祈祷和学习班，尤其是对安息日。 Transgressors were excluded from the sect.触犯者排除在节。
The similarity between a number of Essene and Christian concepts and practices (kingdom of God, baptism, sacred meals, the position of a central teacher, titles of officeholders, and community organization) has led some people to assume that there was a close kinship between the Essenes and the groups around John the Baptist and Jesus Christ. It is possible that after the dissolution of the Essene community some members followed John the Baptist or joined one of the early Christian communities, but any other direct connection seems unlikely. 之间的相似性的一些essene和基督教的观念和做法（神的国度，洗礼，神圣的膳食，该位置的一个中央师资，职称任职官员，及社区组织） ，已导致有些人以为有密切的亲缘关系该essenes和团体围绕施洗约翰和耶稣，它是有可能解散后，该essene社区部分委员其次是施洗约翰或加入的一个早期基督教社区，但其他任何可以直接连接似乎不大可能。
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Bibliography
参考书目
Beall, Todd S.,
Josephus' Descriptions of the Essenes Illustrated by the Dead Sea Scrolls
(1988); Davies, Philip, Behind the Essenes (1987); Larson, Martin, The
Essene-Christian Faith (1980); Simon, Marcel, Jewish Sects at the Time of Jesus,
trans. beall ，展现美国，约瑟夫描述的essenes说明了死海古卷（ 1988年） ;戴维斯弘，背后essenes （ 1987 ）
;拉尔森，马丁， essene -基督信仰（ 1980年） ;西蒙（ Marcel ，犹太支派在的时候，耶稣，跨。 by James Farley
(1980).由詹姆斯farley （ 1980 ） 。
The Essenes were an important Jewish group which flourished in Palestine from the late second century BC to the late first century AD该essenes一个重要的犹太集团蓬勃发展，在从巴勒斯坦已故公元前二世纪至迟公元一世纪
Though they explicitly mention the Essenes, these sources present several problems.虽然他们明确提及essenes ，这些来源，目前几个问题。 None of them gives a firsthand, inside view of the Essenes.他们之中没有人给出了第一手资料，里面鉴于对essenes 。 Furthermore, these sources generally cater to Greekor hellenized readers and thus, on some points, misrepresent Essene practices, doctrines, and motives.此外，上述消息人士普遍迎合greekor hellenized读者，因此，在某些内容上，谎称essene做法，教条和动机。 Finally, it is doubtful that any of these sources has anything to say, by way of description, about the Essenes as they existed before the reign of Herod the Great (37-4 BC).最后，这是令人怀疑的，任何对这些来源有话想说的方式描述，对essenes ，因为他们之前就存在，在位的希律伟大（ 37-4 BC ）的。
In the last thirty years scholars have sought to mitigate these difficulties by using information derived from the Dead Sea Scrolls.在过去三十年学者都试图缓解这些困难，通过使用信息来自死海古卷。 This approach has problems of its own, however.这种做法的问题，它自己的，但。 The relationship between the Essenes and the Qumran sectaries is uncertain.关系essenes和库姆兰sectaries是不确定的。 The name "Essene" never appears in the Qumran literature, and viable cases have been made for identifying the Qumran sectaries with Pharises, Zealots, Sadducees, and other Jewish and Christian groups.取名" essene "从来没有出现在库姆兰文学，和可行的情况下已经作出鉴定库姆兰sectaries与pharises ，狂热者，撒都该人，以及其他犹太和基督教团体。 Nevertheless, on the basis of archaeological and literary evidence most scholars now believe that the Qumran sectaries were Essenes, though not necessarily the Essenes.然而，在此基础上的考古和文学证据多数学者现在认为，库姆兰sectaries被essenes ，虽然不一定是essenes 。 The inhabitants of Qumran may have been the leaders, or perhaps only a small branch, of a broad Essene movement.居民库姆兰可能已被领导，或者只是一个小分支，一个基础广泛的essene运动。 In either case it is impossible to know just how and to what extent the Qumran documents reflect standard Essene practices and beliefs.在这两种情况下，是不可能知道如何及在何种程度上库姆兰文件反映了标准essene习俗和信念。 For this reason, it would seem prudent to make at least a provisional distinction between what Philo and Josephus claim to know about the Essenes and the potentially relevant evidence of Qumran.基于这个理由，这似乎审慎，使至少有一个临时的区别是什么斐洛和约瑟夫索赔了解essenes和潜在的相关证据的库姆兰。 Of the Qumran documents the Manual of Discipline, the Damascus Document, the War Scroll, the recently published Temple Scroll, and the various pesher-type commentaries on the Minor Prophets are proving to be the most useful in the discussion of Essene life, doctrine, and history.该库姆兰文件手册的纪律，大马士革文件中，战争条幅，最近出版的庙条幅，以及各种pesher型评未成年人的先知，证明是最有用的，在讨论的essene生活，学说和历史的检验。
Essene life was also communal. essene生活也公用。 Not only was property held in common, but it seems that many, if not all, of their meals were taken together as well.不仅是财产共通之处，但似乎很多，如果不是所有的吃饭通常被列为好。 An essene traveler could always be certain of finding free lodging wherever fellow Essenes lived.一个essene旅行者总是可以在一定找免费住宿哪里研究员essenes住了。 Essene communities were highly structured with four different classes of membership divided according to seniority. essene社区被高度结构与四个不同类别的会员分为按年资。 It would seem that priests occupied the top rung of the Essene social ladder; Josephus explicity mentions that the ones who administered the communal finances were priests.它似乎神父被占领顶部响起的essene社会阶梯;约瑟夫明确地提到那些经管公用财政的神父。 The internal social structure of Essene communities was maintained by careful and exacting discipline.内在的社会结构essene社区保持审慎和严格的纪律。 An entrance procedure requiring a three-year novitiate and solemn vows ensured a committed membership.一个入口程序，要求一项为期3年的novitiate ，并郑重发誓，保证了承诺的成员。
There is some disagreement between Philo and Josephus on the Essene attitude toward the temple and sacrifices.也有一些分歧，斐洛和约瑟夫对essene态度庙和牺牲。 Philo claims that the Essenes abstained from animal sacrifices altogether, while Josephus reports that, because of their views on purity, the Essenes were excluded from the temple courts and for this reason sacrificed among themselves.斐洛指essenes弃权从动物的牺牲完全，而约瑟夫报告说，因为他们的意见，对纯度， essenes被排除在庙法院基于这个原因，其中牺牲自己。
Finally, Josephus says that the Essenes were thoroughgoing predestinarians, and that along with a belief in the immortality of the soul they held to a doctrine of preexistence.最后，约瑟夫说，该essenes彻底predestinarians ，并且随着一个信念，在灵魂，他们举行了一个中庸preexistence 。
This picture of Essene life and doctrine is, on the whole, corroborated by the information derived from Qumran and its documents.这一幅essene生活和学说，从总体上看，佐证资料来自库姆兰及其证明文件。 As one might expect, however, the agreement is not perfect; there are some outright contradictions.正如人们可能预期，但该协议并不完美，还有一些买断矛盾。 For example, the Manual of Discipline mandates a two-year, not a three-year, novitiate.举例来说，该手册有纪律的任务一项为期两年的，而不是一项为期3年， novitiate 。 According to Philo, the Essenes eschewed oaths, but the Damascus Document prescribes several oaths for the Qumran sectaries.据斐洛， essenes避免宣誓，但大马士革文件明几宣誓为库姆兰sectaries 。 These and other incongruities highlight the uncertainties of using the Dead Sea Scrolls to illuminate Essenism.这些和其他不适应，突出的不明朗因素，利用死海古卷，照亮essenism 。 Even if one assumes that Philo and Josephus were mistaken on some points (and this is quite probable), one must still reckon with the possibility that the Dead Sea Scrolls do not reflect universal Essene characteristics.即使假定斐洛和约瑟夫被误有关的若干要点（这是相当有可能） ，一还是要独霸的可能性，即在死海古卷并不反映普遍essene特点。
Yet, with this possibility in mind, one can still appreciate the tremendous value of the Qumran scrolls for Essene studies.然而，这种可能性出发，仍可以体会到巨大价值的库姆兰春联，为essene研究。 The scrolls give clear evidence that at least some of the Essenes followed a solar, 364-day calendar as opposed to official Judaism, which used a lunar one.涡旋给予明确的证据表明，至少有一些该essenes其次是一个太阳能， 364天的日历，因为反对官方犹太教，其中用了一个春节。 Moreover, the scrolls intimate that the Qumran Essenes (if no others) were implacable foes of the Hasmonean high priests.此外，春联亲密认为库姆兰essenes （如没有其他人）被implacable敌人的hasmonean高神父。 In fact, it seems that many Essene leaders were Zadokites, members of the high priestly family displaced by the Hasmoneans.事实上，它似乎很多essene领导人zadokites ，委员的高司铎的家庭流离失所，由哈斯摩年王朝" 。 This information has in turn shed light on the vexing problem of the Essenes and temple sacrifices.这一信息，从而揭示了苦恼的essenes和庙祭祀。 It seems that the Qumranians abstained from temple sacrifices because of a rift with the ruling priests in Jerusalem, not because they repudiated the sacrificial system, as Philo implies.它似乎是qumranians弃权，由庙祭祀，因为裂痕与执政党神父在耶路撒冷，而不是因为他们推翻了祭祀制度，作为哲学意味。 Finally, the scrolls expose an Essenism which was thoroughly eschatological in outlook.最后，春联揭露一个essenism被彻底eschatological在Outlook中。 The writers of the scrolls believed themselves the true remnant of Israel living in the last days.作家的春联，相信自己的真实的残余以色列居住在最后的日子。 They eagerly awaited the appearance of both a political messiah and an eschatological high priest.他们急切等待的外观，无论是从政治弥赛亚和eschatological大祭司。
In general it can be said that the Dead Sea Scrolls have preserved a place for Essenism within the mainstream of Judaism.一般而言，它可以说，死海古卷，保留一处地方供essenism内部主流的犹太教。 Josephus's and Philo's accounts show it was difficult to fit the Essenes into what was known about late second temple Judaism.约瑟夫的和斐洛的帐目显示，它是难以适应essenes到被称为约晚第二圣殿犹太教。 The Essenes were often regarded as syncretistic monastics, imbued with a hellenistic asceticism.该essenes通常被视为融修道，充满与希腊禁欲主义。 Recent studies on the Qumran scrolls, however, have revealed an ascetic and communal life style not based on some Greek philosophical ideal but on an overwhelming concern for ritual purity.最近的一些研究对库姆兰卷轴，但是，揭示了一个禁欲和社区生活作风不是基于某些希腊哲学理想，但对绝大多数的关注，为祭祀纯洁性。 Regardless of the identity of the Qumran sectaries, it is now possible to understand the Essenes as one of the numerous purity-conscious groups which flourished in Judaism before AD 70.不论以何种身份的库姆兰sectaries ，现在有可能理解essenes之一，众多的纯洁性意识的群体蓬勃发展，在犹太教之前公元70年。
Also still undecided is the importance and influence of Essenism within pre-AD 70 Judaism and early Christianity.也仍然是未定的重要性和影响力essenism内部预公元70年犹太教和早期基督教的。 It has often been dismissed as a peripheral Jewish sect or hailed as the very seedbed of the Christian faith.它往往被革职，因为周围的犹太教派或被誉为非常苗床的基督教信仰。 Both of these positions are too extreme.上述两种立场过于极端。 It is more likely that the Essenes were one expression of a widespread pietistic reaction to the pragmatic and tepid spirit of the official Judaism.它更有可能认为essenes人的一种表现普遍pietistic反应，以务实和温和的精神官方犹太教。 From the ranks of such a reaction the early church would have drawn heavily.从队伍的这种反应初期教会，将有大量利用了。
S Taylor
s泰勒
(Elwell
Evangelical Dictionary) （ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
G. Vermes, The
Dead Sea Scrolls in English; A. Dupont-Sommer, The Jewish Sect of Qumran and the
Essenes; M. Burrows, the Dead Sea Scrolls; FF Bruce, Second Thoughts on the Dead
Sea Scrolls; WS LaSor, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the NT; R. deVaux, Archaeology
and the Dead Sea Scrolls; JH Charlesworth, "The Origin and Subsequent History of
the Authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Four Transitional Phases among the Qumran
Essenes," RQum 10:213-33; CD Ginsburg, The Essenes. g. vermes
，死海古卷的英语水平;甲杜邦-索默，犹太节的库姆兰和essenes ;米打洞，死海古卷;法郎布鲁斯，第二个思考死海古卷;被lasor
，死海古卷和新台币;传译devaux ，考古学与死海古卷; JH的charlesworth
"的起源和其后的历史，作者的死海古卷：四名过渡阶段，其中库姆兰essenes ， " rqum 10:213 - 33 ;镉金斯伯格， essenes
。
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