The word convent was first used by the mendicant friars of the 13th century, in place of "abbey" or "monastery."字修道院首次被该乞讨方济各会士的13世纪，在地方的"修道院"或"修道院" 。 Signifying the building in which monks shared a common life, it was later extended to mean any residence in which the members of a Religious Order lived in community under vows.标志着建设中的和尚有着共同的生活，后来扩大到指任何居住在其中的成员的一项宗教命令居住在社区下誓言。 Today, however, the word is applied almost exclusively to the domiciles of religious women, or nuns, although it is also frequently used to refer to convent life in general.然而，今天，这个词是适用于几乎毫无例外地的住所地，宗教，妇女，或尼姑，虽然它也经常被用来指修道院生活一般。 Roman Catholic canon law requires a minimum of three members to establish a convent.罗马天主教教会法最少需要3名成员组成，以建立一个修道院。
Both general and specific requirements are imposed on a person wishing to join a convent. They include normal intelligence, sound mental and physical health, and a desire to serve God in a life dedicated to the work of the church. 既有一般性的，具体的要求是强加给一个人希望加入一个修道院，它们包括智力正常，良好的精神和身体健康，并渴望服务于上帝，在生命奉献给工作的教会。 Specific requirements are set according to the makeup and work of a particular religious group.具体要求是根据化妆和工作的某一特定宗教群体。 Cloistered religious orders are called to a life of prayer and contemplation, whereas missionary orders are called to a life of compassionate, loving service. cloistered宗教令是为了所谓的生活，祈祷和沉思，而传教的命令被称为一个生命的同情心，爱心的服务。 Still others teach and do nursing work in schools and hospitals.还有的人，教导，做护理工作，在学校和医院。 The various orders seek to respond to every human need; thus specific requirements depend on the kind of work undertaken.各订单寻求回应每个人的需要，因而具体要求，在很大程度上依赖于种的工作。
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Agnes Cunningham王春波坎宁安
(Latin conventus). （拉丁语conventus ） 。
Originally signified an assembly of Roman citizens in the provinces for purposes of administration and justice.原来，标志着一个集会的罗马公民，在省为宗旨的行政和司法。 In the history of monasticism the word has two distinct technical meanings:在过去的历史修道一词有两种截然不同的技术含义：
A religious community of either sex when spoken of in its corporate capacity.一个宗教社区的任一性别的时候，谈到了在其企业的能力。 The word was first used in this sense when the eremitical life began to be combined with the cenobitical.这个词最初是用在这个意义上，当eremitical生活开始结合起来，同学习cenobitical 。 The hermits of an Eastern laura, living in separate cells grouped around that of their common superior, when spoken of collectively, were called a conventus.该隐士的东方劳拉，生活在不同的细胞中都围绕着说，他们的共同上级，当谈到集体，被称为conventus 。 In Western monasticism the term came into general use from the very beginning and the technical phrase abbas et conventus signifies to this day the entire community of a monastic establishment.在西方修道生活的任期到一般使用从一开始就与技术短语阿巴斯等conventus标志着这一天，整个社会的一个寺院的建立。
The buildings in which resides a community of either sex.建筑物中居住社区的任一性别。 In this sense the word denotes more properly the home of a strictly monastic order, and is not correctly used to designate the home of what is called a congregation.从这个意义上讲一词指更妥善的家中严格的寺院秩序，是不正确地使用指定的家中什么是所谓的聚集。 In addition to these technical meanings, the word has also a popular signification at the present day, by which it is made to mean in particular the abode of female religious, just as monastery denotes that of men, though in reality the two words are interchangeable.除了这些技术性的含义，这个词也有流行的意义，在现今社会中，它是指在特定的居留权的女性宗教，正如寺意味着男人，但在现实中这两个词是可以互换。 In the present article the word is taken chiefly in its popular sense.在目前的条字，是采取主要是在其广受欢迎的常识。 The treatment, moreover, is limited to those features which are common to all, or nearly all, convents, while peculiarities due to the special purpose, rule, or occupation of each religious order are explained in the pertinent article.治疗，而且，只限于那些特点，是共同的全部或几乎全部，修道院，而特殊性，因特殊用途外，规则，或占领的每一个宗教秩序解释有关文章。
CONVENT LIFE修道院生活
The life lived by the inmates of a convent naturally varies in its details, according to the particular object for which it has been founded, or the special circumstances of time and place by which it is affected.生活在生活中的囚犯一个修道院自然不同，在它的细节，根据具体对象，它已成立，或特殊情况下的时间和规定的地点，因为它的影响。 Convents are often roughly divided into two classes, strictly enclosed and unenclosed, but with regard to the convents existing at the present day this division, though correct as far as it goes, it not a very satisfactory one, because both classes are capable of subdivision, and, on account of the varied kinds of work undertaken by the nuns, these subdivisions overlap one another.修道院往往大致分成两班，严格围封及unenclosed ，但考虑到现有的修道院，在现今这个师，但正确的，因为到目前为止，因为它，它不是一个很令人满意的，因为这两个班，有能力细分，并考虑到了多种不同的工作，由尼姑，这些分支部门相互重叠。 Thus, of the strictly enclosed communities, some are purely contemplative, other mainly active (ie engaged in educational or rescue work), while other again combine the two.因此，在严格的封闭式社区的，有些是纯粹contemplative ，其他主要活跃（即从事教育或抢救工作） ，而其他再次将两者合而为一。 Similarly, of the unenclosed orders, some are purely active (ie undertaking educational, parochial, hospital, or other work), and others unite the contemplative with the active life, without, however, being strictly enclosed.同样，该unenclosed命令，有些是纯粹的积极（即承诺教育，狭隘的，医院或其他工作） ，以及其他团结contemplative与积极的生活，但不被严格封闭。 As a general deduction it may be stated that the contemplative life, in which women are actuated by a desire to save their own souls and the souls of other by their lives of prayer, seclusion, and mortification, was the idea of the older orders, while the distinctive note of the more modern congregations is that of active work amongst others and the relief of their bodily wants.作为一般扣除额可以说， contemplative生活中，妇女是驱动一个愿望，以挽救他们自己的灵魂与灵魂的，由其他生命的祈祷，隐居，并mortification ，这一创意的老常规，而鲜明注意到了更现代的毕业典礼，就是积极工作，其中包括和纾缓他们的身体想干什么。
With regard to the educational work of the convents, it may here be stated that this includes the teaching of both elementary and secondary schools, as well as the training of teachers for such schools and higher education.关于教育工作的修道院，它可能在这里需要说明的，这包括教学双方的小学和中学，以及作为教师的培训，对于这样的学校和高等教育。 The hospital and nursing work comprises the management of hospitals, bother general and for special classes of patients, as well as the nursing of both rich and poor in their own homes.医院及护理工作，包括医院管理，懒得一般和特殊班的病人，以及为护理富国和穷国都在自己的家中。 Rescue work includes the conduct of penitentiaries, orphanages, and homes for the aged poor.救援工作，包括：进行教养所，孤儿院，老人院穷人。 A few convents make special provision for the reception of guests, for retreats and other spiritual purposes, and a large proportion of them receive boarders at moderate charges.数修道院做出特殊规定，为酒会的嘉宾，为务虚会和其他精神目的，并且其中很大一部分是寄宿生得到适度控制收费。 Some, mostly of enclosed communities, have undertaken the work of Perpetual Adoration, while others devote themselves to ecclesiastical embroidery and the making of church vestments.一些人来说，大部分的封闭式社区，已承诺的工作，永远崇拜，而另投身教会刺绣和制作教会总有一套。 This particular kind of work has always been characteristic of English nuns, whose embroidery, known as the opus anglicanum, was famous in medieval times (Matthew Paris, Rolls, ed., IV, an. 1246).这种工作一直特征英语尼姑，其刺绣，称为该工作anglicanum ，是著名的中世纪时期（马太巴黎，卷，版，四， 。 1246名） 。 The ordinary routine of life in a nunnery has always corresponded approximately with that of a monastery.一般日常的生活中的原名一直相当于大约与一个修道院。 The nunUs day is divided between the choir, the workroom, the schoolroom, the refectory, the recreation room, the cell, and, with the active orders, the outside work, in periodical rotation.该nunus一天分为合唱团，车间，教室，餐厅，文体活动室，细胞，并与积极的命令，兼职工作，在定期轮换。 Idleness or lack of occupation is never permitted.闲置或缺乏职业是从来不允许的。 The earliest rules for nuns, as well as the most modern, all prescribe labour of some useful kind.最早的规则，为尼姑，以及最现代的，所有处方劳工的一些有益的实物。 The medieval nuns could always read and write Latin, and they also employed themselves in transcribing and illuminating sacred books, and in many of the fine arts, the cultivation of which they consecrated to the service of God.中世纪的修女们总是可以阅读和书写拉丁语，他们还聘请自己在抄写和启发神圣的书籍，并在许多美术，培养他们consecrated向天主服务。 The convents thus were always homes of industry, and just as formerly they played no small part in the spread of civilization, so now they are almost indispensable handmaids to the cause of the Catholic Church.该修道院，因此总是舍的产业，正如以前他们发挥不小的一部分，在传播文明，因此现在他们几乎是不可缺少的handmaids这一事业的天主教会。
UNFOUNDED CALUMNIES毫无根据的诽谤
It is not necessary here to refute the many base and vile charges that have from time to time been brought against the conventual system; a mere general reference to them is sufficient, for the evidence of the salutary work done by convents and the gruits of the lives of the nuns are in themselves ample refutation.这是没有必要在这里驳斥了许多基地和恶毒的指控曾经不时被提起conventual系统;只是笼统地提到他们是不够的，对于证据的有益工作，由修道院和gruits的生命的修女们都在自己充裕驳。 In the past there have been "anti-convent" and "convent-inspection" societies, as well as the lectures of "escaped nuns" and literature in abundance of the "Maria Monk" type, and they may be expected to crop up again periodically in the future.在过去有"反修道院" ， "女修道院检查"社团，以及作为讲课的"逃尼姑" ，并在文学丰富的"玛丽亚和尚"型的，他们预期可能出现的再次定期在未来。 These may and do for a time hamper the work of the nuns and cause a certain amount of disquietude in some quarters, but it is a significant fact that, whatever excitement they may raise for the time being, the agitation always dies down again as suddenly as it arises, and its harmful effects never appear to leave behind them any lasting results, except perhaps an increased interest in, and respect for, the conventual life that has been vilified.这些可以做，一时间，妨碍工作的修女们并造成一定数额的disquietude在某些角落，但它是一个重要的事实，不管他们的兴奋可能会提高，为在这段期间，激荡总是去世再次为突然因为它的时候，它的有害影响，从来没有出现留下任何持久的结果，或许除增加的兴趣和尊重， conventual生活一直诋毁。
LEGISLATION AS TO CONVENTS立法，以修道院
Canon law contains a large and important section relating to the establishment and government of convents.佳能法律载有大型和重要的一段有关建立和政府的修道院。 The privileges of such as are exempt from episcopal jurisdiction, the appointment of confessors for the nuns, and the duties of the same, the regulations of the Church concerning enclosure, and the admission and testing of candidates, the nature and obligations of the vows, the limits of the powers of superiors, and the conditions regarding the erection of new convents are among the many points of detail legislated for.特权等，都获豁免主教管辖，任命confessors为尼姑，和职责，同时，法规的教会有关附文，并接纳和测试的考生，其性质和义务的誓言，范围内的权力，上级的，也具备条件就竖立新的修道院等等许多要点，详细制定了。 One or two points may be alluded to here.一，两点，可提到这里。 The law of the Church requires that no new convent be established, whether it be one that is exempt from episcopal jurisdiction or not, without the consent of the bishop of the diocese; for what is technically called canonical erection further formalities, including approbation from Rome, have to be complied with.该法的教会要求如果没有新的修道院设立，不论它是一个能免于主教管辖范围内或没有，没有征得该主教教区;什么是技术上称之为典型勃起进一步手续，其中包括赞许，从罗马，都必须遵守这些规定。 All confessors for nuns must be specially approved by the bishop, even those of convents that are exempt from his ordinary jurisdiction, and the bishop has also to provide that all nuns can have access two or three times in the year to an "extraordinary" confessor, other than their usual one.所有confessors为尼姑必须特别批准的主教，即使这些修道院是免除他的普通管辖权问题，并主教也规定所有修女能够获得两个或3倍，在今年的"不平凡"的忏悔外，其他超过了他们通常一。 The bishop also is obliged periodically to visit and inspect all the convents in his diocese, excepting those that are exempt, at the time of which visitation every nun must be free to see him privately in order to make any complaints or suggestions that she may wish.主教也有义务定期向参观考察各修道院，在他的教区，除那些有豁免，在时间，其中每一个探视尼姑必须是免费看到他私下以使任何投诉或建议，她不妨。 With regard to the admission of postulants the law provides for every precaution being taken, on the one hand, to prevent coercion and, on the other, to safeguard the community from being obliged to receive those about whose vocation there may be any doubt.对于接纳postulants法律规定，一切预防措施正在采取中，一方面，为防止胁迫，另一方面，为保障社会大众，免除被有义务接受那些对他们的天职，有可能是没有疑问的事情。 Physical fitness on the part of a candidate is in most orders an indispensable condition, thought there are some which admit women of delicate health; but, once admitted and professed, the tract becomes reciprocal, and while the nun undertakes to keep her vows, the convent, on its side, is bound to provide her with lodging, food, and clothing, and to maintain her in sickness or in health (see NOVITIATE; VOW).体能上的一个组成部分候选人是在大部分订单是一个不可缺少的条件，自以为有某些承认妇女的微妙健康，但一旦被接纳，并自称，呼吸道成为互惠的，而尼姑承诺，坚守自己的誓言，修道院，就其副作用，必将给她提供住宿，伙食，服装，才能永远保持她在生病或健康（见novitiate ;发誓） 。
DOWRY嫁妆
With regard to the dowry required of a nun, the customs and rules of the different orders vary much according to circumstances.至于嫁妆具备了一个尼姑，海关和规则的不同订单变化不大，根据情况而定。 Some convents, on account of their poverty, are obliged to insist upon it, and, generally speaking, most expect their members to bring some contribution to the general fund.一些修道院，就到他们的贫困，必须坚持它，而且，一般而言，最期望他们的会员带来一些贡献，向普通基金。 A convent that is rich will often dispense with the dowry in the case of a highly promising candidate, but it must always depend upon particular circumstances.一女修道院是富国往往会省掉嫁妆在一个极有希望的候选人，但它必须始终取决于具体情况而定。 The minimum amount of the dowry required is generally fixed by the rule or constitutions of the convent or order.最低数额的嫁妆需要的是固定的，一般由规则或宪法的修道院或命令。
OFFICE办公室
In most of the older contemplative orders the choir nuns are bound to rthe whole Divine Office in choir.在大多数的老年人contemplative订单唱诗班修女势必rthe整个神州办事处合唱团。 In only a very few of the English convents, eg Cistercians, Dominicans, and Poor Clares, do the nuns rise in the night for Matins and Lauds; in the others these Offices are generally said in the evening "by anticipation".在只有极少数的英语修道院，如cistercians ，多米尼加人，差clares ，做尼姑崛起在今天夜间在晨祷和赞扬，在其他国家，这些办事处一般都表示，在傍晚的"期待" 。 In some there are other additional offices recited daily; thus the Cistercians and the Poor Clares say the Office of Our Lady and that of the Dead every day, and the Brigittines say the latter thrice in the week, as well as an Office of the Holy Ghost.在有些还有其他额外的办事处，每天背诵，因此cistercians和穷人clares说，该办事处的圣母，并表示对死者的每一天，和brigittines说后者曾先后三次在这星期内，以及作为办公室的圣地鬼。 Almost all the active orders, both enclosed and unenclosed, use the Office of Our Lady, but some, like the Sisters of Charity, are not bound to the recitation of any Office at all.几乎所有活跃的订单，无论是封闭式和unenclosed ，使用Office的圣母，但有些，像慈善修女，都没有约束，以背诵的任何职位都没有。
LAY SISTERS奠定姐妹
In most orders the nuns are divided into choir sisters and lay sisters.在大部分订单修女分为唱诗班修女和普通姐妹。 The latter are usually employed in the household duties and other manual work.后者通常是受聘于家务活和其他从事体力劳动的工作。 They take the usual vows and are as truly religious as the choir nuns, but they are not bound to the choir Office, though they often attend the choir at the time of Office and recite certain prayers in the vernacular.他们采取一贯的誓言，并当作真正的宗教，作为合唱团的修女们，但他们并非必然合唱团办公室，虽然他们经常参加合唱团的时候，办公室和背诵祈祷某在白话文。 There is always a distinction between their habit and that of the choir nuns, sometimes very slight and sometimes strongly marked.始终存在着区别，他们的习惯和表示，在该合唱团的修女，有时很轻微，有时强烈显着。 In some orders where the choir sisters are enclosed the lay sisters are not; but in others they are as strictly enclosed as the choir nuns.在一些常规的地方合唱团姐妹都是封闭式业外人士姐妹都没有，但在其他国家，他们都是严格封闭的，因为合唱团的修女。 Several orders have, by their rule, no lay sisters, among them being the Sisters of Notre Dame, the Sisters of Charity, the Sisters of Bon Secours, the Little Sisters of the Poor, and the Poor Servants of the Mother of God.数次下令，由他们的统治，没有打好姐妹，其中作为圣母修女会，慈善修女，修女盂兰盆secours ，小姐妹的穷人，而穷人的公仆和勤务员，天主之母。
CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS conventual大厦
The internal arrangement of a properly constituted convent is, for the most part, similar to that of a monastery for men (see ABBEY and MONASTERY), but from poverty and other obvious causes, many convents have had to be established in already-existing ordinary dwelling-houses, which do not always lend themselves to ideal adaption.内部安排一个适当组成修道院是，在大多数情况下，类似当年的一个修道院，为男性（见修道院和寺院） ，但由贫穷和其他一些明显的原因，许多修道院不得不建立在已经存在的普通歌特式的房子，并不一定适合自己理想的适应性。 (See CLOISTER; DOWER OF RELIGIOUS; NUN; OFFICE; SCHOOLS.) （见回廊;嫁妆的宗教;尼姑;办公室;学校） 。
Publication information Written by G. Cyprian Alston.出版信息书面，由G.塞浦路斯和阿尔斯通。 Transcribed by Marcia L. Bellafiore.转录由（ Marcia属bellafiore 。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IV.天主教百科全书，第四卷。 Published 1908. 1908年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat. nihil obstat 。 Remy Lafort, Censor.人头马lafort ，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰米farley ，大主教纽约
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