Atheism, from the Greek a ("without") and theos ("deity"), commonly and loosely refers to the theoretical or practical denial of the existence of a deity.无神论的，从希腊语（ "没有" ）和theos （ "神" ） ，和松散是指以理论或实际否认存在着一个神。 The concrete meaning of atheism has varied considerably in history: even the earliest Christians were labeled "atheists" because they denied the existence of the Roman deities.具体含义无神论的差异相当大，在历史上：即使是最早的基督徒被标记为"无神论者" ，因为他们否认存在罗马神。 In Western culture, where monotheism has been the dominant mode of religious belief, atheism has generally referred to the denial of the existence of a transcendent, perfect, personal creator of the universe.在西方文化中，哪里一神教一直占主导地位的模式，宗教信仰，无神论已普遍转介予否认存在一个超越它，完善它，个人宇宙的创造者。 To be an atheist need not mean that one is nonreligious, for there are "high" religions, such as Buddhism and Taoism, that do not postulate the existence of a supernatural being. Atheism should be distinguished from Agnosticism, which means that one does not know whether or not a deity exists.是一个无神论者，并不意味着一个是nonreligious ，有"高"的宗教，如佛教和道教，不设存在着一个神灵。 无神论应有别于不可知论，这意味着我们不知道有没有神存在。
Monotheism has been so basic to and compounded with Western moral and philosophical beliefs as well as political institutions that until recently atheism has been widely believed to be both immoral and dangerous to society.神已使基本和复杂化与西方的道德和哲学信仰以及政治体制，直到最近无神论已被广泛认为将两者不道德的和危险的社会。 Plato not only viewed atheism as irrational but argued that certain atheists deserved the death penalty.柏拉图不仅看无神论不合理，但争辩说，某些无神论者当之无愧地被判处死刑。 When Christianity finally became the dominant religion in the West, atheism and heresy were thought to be worthy of exile or death because, as Thomas Aquinas argued, it was a much more serious matter to corrupt the soul than to damage the body.当基督教终于成为占主导地位的宗教，在西方，无神论和异端被认为是值得流放或死亡，因为，正如阿奎那辩称，它是一个更为严重的问题，腐败的灵魂，而不是损害身体。 Atheism was also dangerous to the political authority of Western monarchies that claimed to rest upon divine right.无神论也是有危险的，以政治权威的西方君主自称休息后，神权。
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The believability of atheism seems directly proportionate to the growth of the sciences and the emergence of humanism since the Renaissance. In the 19th century the biological sciences seemed to make theological explanations of the origins of the universe and of the emergence of humankind unnecessary. 该可信度的无神论似乎直接成正比的增长，科学和出现的人文主义自文艺复兴时代，在19世纪生物科学的，似乎使神学解释的起源，宇宙的，并出现人类不必要的。 Particularly important were the writings of David Hume and Immanuel Kant, which established that attempts to prove the existence of God from the world order were invalid.尤其重要的著作大卫休谟和康德，其中确定，试图证明上帝存在，从世界秩序的人无效。 In the mid 19th century, explicitly atheistic and humanistic systems of philosophy appeared.在十九世纪中叶，明确无神论与人文系统的哲学出现了。 Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Friedrich Nietzsche were not only atheists but also militant critics of religion generally and of Christianity particularly.路德维希费尔巴哈，马克思，亚瑟叔本华，尼采不仅是无神论者，但也激进的批评者一般宗教和基督教的特别。 In the 20th century there have been influential atheistic thinkers who were Marxists, existentialists, Freudians, and logical positivists, although one may be any of these and not necessarily also an atheist.在刚刚过去的二十世纪有有影响力的无神论的思想家，他们的马克思主义者，存在主义， freudians ，逻辑实证主义，不过，有一个可能是上述任何一个，而不一定是一个无神论者。
Modern philosophical atheism is based on both theoretical and practical reasons.现代哲学无神论是基于对一些理论和实际的原因。 Theoretically, atheists argue either that there are no good arguments for believing in the existence of a personal deity, whether this deity be conceived of anthropomorphically or metaphysically, or that the statement God exists is incoherent or meaningless.从理论上说，无神论者的论据，有没有好的论据，相信存在着一个个人的神，这是否神设想anthropomorphically或形而上学的，或者说，声明存在上帝是相干或无意义的。 The last type of logical criticism of theism is characteristic of logical positivism and analytic and linguistic philosophy.过去式的逻辑批判有神论的特点是逻辑实证主义和分析和语言哲学。 Practically, some atheists have argued, as did Nietzsche, that belief in a supernatural and supreme being requires a devaluation of this life; or, as Freud did, that the belief is an expression of infantile helplessness.实际上，一些无神论者辩称，像尼采，这个信念在神灵和最高法院正在要求人民币贬值的，这生命;或者，正如弗洛伊德曾表示，信仰是一种表达的婴幼儿无奈。
Van A Harvey范一哈维
Bibliography:
参考书目：
D Berman, A History of Atheism in
Britain (1987); MJ Buckley, At the Origins of Modern Atheism (1987); L
Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (1957); A Flew, God and Philosophy
(1966); S Freud, The Future of an Illusion (1964); F Nietzsche, The Gay Science
(1974); J Turner, Without God, Without Creed: the Origins of Unbelief in America
(1986). d伯曼，一个历史的无神论在英国（ 1987年） ;兆焦耳巴克利，在起源的现代无神论（ 1987年） ;升费尔巴哈，基督教的本质（
1957 ） ;飞到，上帝与哲学（ 1966 ） ; s弗洛伊德，未来的一个幻想（ 1964 ） ，女尼采，同性恋者的科学（ 1974年） ;
j特纳，没有上帝，没有信条：起源不信，在美国（ 1986年） 。
The Greek word atheos, "without God," is found only once in the NT (Eph. 2:12).希腊字atheos ， "没有神" ，是发现，只有一次是在新台币（以弗所书2时12分） 。 There it is used in the plural form to designate the condition of being without the true God.因此，它是用的是复数形式，在指定的条件没有被真正的上帝。 It refers to the deepest state of heathen misery (cf. Rom. 1:28).它是指以深切的状态异教徒的苦难（参见光盘。 1时28分） 。 It is not found in either the LXX or the Apocrypha.这是中未发现任何lxx或apocrypha 。 Both the OT and NT begin with or assume the reality of God, not as some speculative premise, but as universally manifest in nature, man's reason and conscience, and divine revelation.无论是城市旅游局及新台币首先或承担现实的上帝，而不是作为一些投机性的前提下，但由于普遍表现在自然，人的理性和良心，和神圣的启示。 The normal human state includes the knowledge of God; atheism is thus viewed as abnormal.正常人类状态，包括知识的上帝;无神论，因此，被视为不正常的现象。 Hebrew has no equivalent word for atheism.希伯来语已经无对应词为无神论。 In the OT the form of atheism that one encounters is practical atheism, human conduct that is carried out without consideration of God (Pss. 10:4; 14;1; 53:1; cf. Isa. 31:1; Jer. 2:13, 17 - 18; 5:12; 18:13 - 15).在城市旅游局的形式，无神论认为，一个人不论遭遇的是实用无神论，人的行为是进行而不考虑神（ pss. 10时04分， 14 ; 1 ; 53:1 ;比照伊萨。 31:1 ;哲2 ： 13 ， 17 -1 8岁; 5时1 2分; 1 8时1 3分- 15 ）。
The Greeks used "atheism" in three senses: (1) impious or godless; (2) without supernatural help; (3) not believing in any god or the Greek conception of god.希腊人用"无神论" ，在这三种含义： （ 1 ） impious或无神论; （ 2 ）在超自然的帮助; （ 3 ）不相信任何上帝或希腊语观神。 Because Christians denied the popular gods of the day, they were often accused of atheism by the pagans.因为基督徒否认流行的神的一天，他们经常被指责无神论由异教徒。 Protestants at times have been called atheists because of their refusal to deify Mary and to worship saints.新教徒的时候，被称为无神论者，因为他们拒绝神化玛利亚和崇拜圣人。 More and more in speculative circles the term came to mean a denial of God or the negation of the spiritual idea.越来越多的投机各界一词来等于否定了上帝或否定其精神理念。
Just as the first century introduced a devotion to theism unique in its scope and depth, so the twentieth century has produced a somewhat parallel commitment to atheism.正如第一世纪推出了献身有神论有其独特的范围和深度，因此，二十世纪产生了一定的平行承诺无神论。 This century has seen the development of communism with its devotion to atheism, as well as the establishment in 1925 of the American Association for the Advancement of Atheism.本世纪已经看到了发展的共产主义与献身精神，以无神论，以及成立于1925年的美国商会为提高无神论。 The latter organization was formed to attack all religions through the distribution of atheistic literature.后者组织成立攻击所有宗教透过派发无神论的文学作品。 In 1929 its successor was formed, the League of Militant Atheists, with goals of the undermining of the religious foundations of Western society, the establishment of centers for atheistic lectures, the placement of atheistic professors, and the sponsorship of lectureships.在1929年，其继任者组成的，该联盟的好战无神论者，与目标的破坏宗教基金会的西方社会，建立中心无神论的讲座，安置无神论的教授，赞助讲学。 By 1932 this organization claimed a membership of five and a half million. 1932年这个组织宣称，会员有5个半月万美元。
Twentieth century atheism may be contrasted with older forms in two ways.二十世纪的无神论，可对比与旧形式两方面。 (1) Today atheism is claimed to be the logical consequence of a rational system that accounts for all human experience without the need to appeal to God. （ 1 ）今日无神论是声称自己的逻辑后果是一个合理的制度，占所有人类的经验，而不需要向上诉上帝。 Communism is such an organized and integrated system.共产主义是这样一种有组织和集成系统。 At its heart is a materialistic view of history and the complete secularization of life.它的核心是一个唯物的历史观，并彻底世俗化的生活方式。 (2) Earlier atheists were thought to be vulgar and depraved. （ 2 ）早无神论者被认为是庸俗和堕落。 Today many serve on the faculties of the most prestigious universities, and more often than not the theist seems to be the obscurantist.今天，许多服务于院系的最负盛名的大学，而且往往不是者似乎已成为愚民政策。
Thus, in modern usage four senses of "atheism" may be identified: (1) Classical atheism.因此，在现代用法四种意识的"无神论" ，可确定： （ 1 ）古典无神论。 This is not a general denial of God's existence but the rejection of the god of a particular nation.这不是一般的否定上帝的存在，但拒绝上帝的某一民族。 Christians were repeatedly called atheists in this sense because they refused to acknowledge heathen gods.基督信徒被一再呼吁无神论者在这个意义上，因为他们拒绝承认异教徒神。 It was also in this sense that Cicero called Socrates and Diagoras of Athens atheists.也有人从这个意义上说，西塞罗所谓苏格拉底和diagoras雅典无神论者。 (2) Philosophical atheism. （ 2 ）哲学无神论。 This position may be contrasted with theism, which affirms a personal, self conscious deity (not a principle, first cause, or force).这一立场可能会形成对照的有神论，其中确认了个人的，自我的自觉神（而不是一个原则，第一个原因，或者力量） 。 (3) Dogmatic atheism. （ 3 ）教条式的无神论。 This is the absolute denial of God's existence.这是绝对否定上帝的存在。 This position is more rare than one might think, as people have more often declared themselves agnostics or secularists.这一立场是较为罕见的，比人们可能认为，由于人们有越来越长，往往宣称自己不可知论者或世俗。 There have, however, been those who claimed to hold this view (the eighteenth century French atheists).有，不过，被那些自称是持这种观点（十八世纪法国无神论者） 。 (4) Practical atheism. （ 4 ）切实无神论。 While God is not denied, life is lived as if there is no God.而上帝是没有否认，生活是生活，因为如果没有神。 There is complete indifference to his claims, and often there is outspoken and defiant wickedness (Ps. 14:1).有完整的冷漠态度，以他的说法，而且往往有敢言违抗邪恶（诗篇14时01分） 。 This form of atheism is widely prevalent, as can be seen from the Scriptures cited above.这种形式的无神论是广泛流行，可以看出，从经文列举以上。
Numerous arguments for atheism have been given.无数的论据，无神论已获得。 Some of the more important are: (1) The onus of proof is on the theist, since atheism is prima facie a more reasonable position.一些较重要的是： （ 1 ）举证责任，是对者，因为无神论是表面较合理的位置。 (2) Closely related is the belief that theistic proofs are inadequate. （ 2 ）密切相关，是相信有神论的证据不足。 (3) Theism is harmful to society, as it leads to intolerance and persecution. （ 3 ）有神论，是对社会有害，因为它会导致不宽容和迫害。 (4) With the advances in modern science there is no need for God as an explanatory hypothesis. （ 4 ）与先进的现代科学有没有需要上帝作为一个解释性的假说。 The supernatural is unneeded.超自然的，是不需要的。 (5) Belief in God is psychologically explainable. （ 5 ）信仰上帝，是在心理上能够解释清楚的。 (6) The logical positivists argue that theism is neither true nor false because it is unverifiable (eg, nothing counts for or against it) by public sense experience. （ 6 ）的逻辑实证主义认为，有神论，是既不真实也不假，因为它是未经核实的（例如，没有什么罪状赞成或反对） ，由公众意识的经验。 (7) Classical theism is logically contradictory or incoherent. （七）古典有神论在逻辑上是矛盾或不一致。
For instance, it has been claimed that the notion of necessary existence is incoherent and that the existence of an omnipotent, perfectly good God is inconsistent with the presence of evil in the world.举例说，它已声称这一概念的必要存在，是不连贯，并且存在着一个万能的，完美的善神，是不符合在场的罪恶，在世界上。 Finally, objections have been raised to atheism in its theoretical form: (1) It is against reason.最后，提出过异议，以无神论，在其理论形态： （ 1 ）这是对的理由。 The existence of something rather than nothing requires God.存在的东西，而不是什么需要上帝。 (2) It is contrary to human experience, where some knowledge of God, no matter how suppressed and distorted, has universally existed. （ 2 ） ，这是违背人类的经验，那里的一些知识上帝的，无论怎样压抑，扭曲，已得到普遍的存在。 (3) Atheism cannot account for design, order, and regularity in the universe. （ 3 ）无神论不能帐户设计，秩序，规律，在宇宙中去。 (4) It cannot explain the existence of man and mind. （ 4 ）它不能解释的存在，男子和胸襟。
PD
Feinberg钯feinberg
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
E Borne, Atheism;
A Flew, God and Philosophy and The Presumption of Atheism; J Lacroix, Meaning of
Modern Atheism; A MacIntyre and P Ricoeur, Religious Significance of Atheism; I
Lepp, Atheism in Our Time; C Fabro, God in Exile.
e传染的，无神论;飞到，上帝和哲学推定的无神论; j lacroix ，意思是现代无神论;麦金太尔和P吕格尔，宗教意义的无神论，我lepp
，无神论，在我们这个时代; c fabro ，上帝流亡政府。
(a privative, and theos, God, ie without God). （一privative ， theos ，上帝，即没有上帝） 。
Atheism is that system of thought which is formally opposed to theism.无神论是这一系统的思想指的是从形式上反对有神论。 Since its first coming into use the term atheism has been very vaguely employed, generally as an epithet of accusation against any system that called in question the popular gods of the day.自第一次投入使用该词无神论一直很含糊地雇用，一般作为修饰语的指控，任何制度，即所谓的有问题的民意神的一天。 Thus while Socrates was accused of atheism (Plato, Apol., 26,c.) and Diagoras called an atheist by Cicero (Nat. Deor., I, 23), Democritus and Epicurus were styled in the same sense impious (without respect for the gods) on account of their trend of their new atomistic philosophy.因此，虽然苏格拉底被控的无神论（柏拉图， apol 。 ， 26 ，丙）和diagoras所谓无神论者由西塞罗（ nat. deor 。来说，我和23人） ，德谟克利特半径被冠之在同样的意义上impious （不尊重神）根据其趋势，为他们的新原子哲学。 In this sense too, the early Christians were known to the pagans as atheists, because they denied the heathen gods; while, from time to time, various religious and philisophical systems have, for similar reasons, been deemed atheistic.从这个意义上讲，也早期基督信徒被称为向异教徒作为无神论者，因为他们否认异教徒神;一阵子，从时间，久而久之，各种宗教和哲学体系，出于同样的原因，被认为是无神论的。
Though atheism, historically considered, has meant no more in the past critical or sceptical denial of the theology of those who have employed the term as one of reproach, and has consquently no one strict philisophical meaning; though there is no one consistent system in the exposition of which it has a definite place; yet, if we consider it in its broad meaning as merely the opposite of theism, we will be able to frame such divisions as will make possible a grouping of definite systems under this head.虽然无神论的，从历史上考虑，也意味着没有更多的，在过去是批评还是怀疑，否定了神学的那些雇用一词的一个责备，并已consquently没有一个严格的哲学意义;虽然没有一个一致的系统在博览会的，它是有一定的地方，然而，如果我们考虑到它在其广泛的意义，因为仅仅是相反的有神论，我们将能够帧这种师会，使之有可能分组一定制度下，这头。 And in so doing so we shall at once be adopting both the historical and the philosophical view.并在这样做，所以我们应立即予以采纳的历史和哲学观点。 For the common basis of all systems of theism as well as the cardinal tenet of all popular religion at the present day is indubitably a belief in the existence of a personal God, and to deny this tenet is to invite the popular reproach of atheism.为共同利益的基础上的所有系统的有神论以及为枢机特尼特的所有民间宗教在现今是indubitably相信存在着一个个人的神，并否认这一点，宗旨是邀请流行非议的无神论。 The need of some such definition as this was felt by Mr. Gladstone when he wrote (Contemporary Review, June 1876):需要一些这样的定义，因为这是感受到格拉德斯通先生时，他写道： （当代审查， 1876年6月） ：
By the Atheist I understand the man who not only holds off, like the sceptic, from the affirmative, but who drives himself, or is driven, to the negative assertion in regard to the whole unseen, or to the existence of God.由无神论者，据我所知，该名男子，他们不仅拥有过，就像表示怀疑，从肯定的，但如在驾驶自己的，或者是驱动的，以消极的断言对于整个看不见的，或上帝存在。
Moreover, the breadth of comprehension in such a use of the term admits of divisions and cross-divisions being framed under it; and at the same time limits the number of systems of thought to which, with any propriety, it might otherwise be extended.此外，广度的理解，在这样一个术语的使用坦承分部和跨师被诬陷下，它和在同一时间内，限制了多项制度的思考，与任何正当性，否则可能延长。 Also, if the term is thus taken, in strict contradistinction to theism, and a plan of its possible modes of acceptance made, these systems of thought will naturally appear in clearer proportion and relationship.另外，如果任期内，因此采取了严格对比有神论，并计划在其可能的方式接受，这些制度的思想，自然会出现在更清晰的比例和关系。
Thus, defined as a doctrine, or theory, or philosophy formally opposed to theism, atheism can only signify the teaching of those schools, whether cosmological or moral, which do not include God either as a principle or as a conclusion of their reasoning.因此，界定为一种学说，或理论，或哲学正式反对有神论，无神论只能意味着教学的学校，无论是宇宙学上或道德上，其中不包括上帝要么作为一个原则，还是作为一个结论，他们的推理。
The most trenchant form which atheism could take would be the positive and dogmatic denial existence of any spiritual and extra-mundane First Cause.最trenchant形式无神论可以采取将成为积极的和教条式的否认存在任何精神和课外柴米油盐的第一个原因。 This is sometimes known as dogmatic, or positive theoretic, atheism; though it may be doubted whether such a system has ever been, or could ever possibly be seriously maintained.这有时被称为教条化，或积极进行理论概括，无神论的，虽然它可能受到怀疑这种系统是否已被或可能以往任何时候都可能受到严重的维持。 Certainly Bacon and Dr. Arnold voice the common judgment of thinking men when they express a doubt as to the existence of an atheist belonging to such a school.当然培根和阿诺德博士的声音共同判断的思维男人的时候，他们表示了怀疑，因为存在着一个无神论者属于这样的学校。 Still, there are certain advanced phases of materialistic philosophy that, perhaps, should rightly be included under this head.尽管如此，有一些先进阶段的唯物主义哲学，或许，理应纳入本头。 Materialism, which professes to find in matter its own cause and explanation, may go farther, and positively exclude the existence of any spiritual cause.唯物主义，而自称找到事自己的事业和解释，可以走得更远，并积极排除存在任何精神的事业。 That such a dogmatic assertion is both unreasonable and illogical needs no demonstration, for it is an inference not warranted by the facts nor justified by the laws of thought.这种教条式的断言，是既不合理和不合逻辑的，无须论证，因为它是一种推理，但却并非不符合事实，也没有正当理由的法律思考。 But the fact that certain individuals have left the sphere of exact scientific observation for speculation, and have thus dogmatized negatively, calls for their inclusion in this specific type.但事实上，某些个人已经离开球的准确的科学观测，为投机活动，并就此dogmatized否定的，则要求将其列入在这种特定的类型。 Materialism is the one dogmatic explanation of the universe which could in any sense justify an atheistic position.唯物论是一个教条式的解释的宇宙，可以在任何意义上证明了一个无神论的立场。 But even materialism, however its advocated might dogmatize, could do no more than provide an inadequate theoretic basis for a negative form of atheism.但即使是唯物主义，但其主张可能dogmatize ，可以做不超过提供足够的理论依据负面形式的无神论。 Pantheism, which must not be confused with materialism, in some of its forms can be placed also in this division, as categorically denying the existence of a spiritual First Cause above or outside the world.泛神论，而绝不能混同于唯物主义，在它的一些形式，可置于此外，在这处作为断然否认存在着一种精神上的第一个原因上面或外面的世界。
A second form in which atheism may be held and taught, as indeed it has been, is based either upon the lack of physical data for theism or upon the limited nature of the intelligence of man.第二种形式，其中无神论可能被追究，并教导，因为事实上它一直是基于后，要么缺乏物理数据为有神论或后的有限性情报的人。 This second form may be described as a negative theoretic atheism; and may be furthur viewed as cosmological or psychological, according as it is motived, on the one hand, by a consideration of the paucity of actual data available for the arguments proving the existence of a super-sensible and spiritual God, or, what amounts to the same thing, the attributing of all cosmic change and development to the self-contained potentialities of an eternal matter; or, on the other hand, by an empiric or theoretic estimate of the powers of reason working upon the data furnished by sense-perception.这第二种形式可以被描述为一种消极的理论，无神论和可furthur看作是宇宙或心理，根据，因为这是motived ，一方面，是考虑到缺乏实际数据供论据证明存在一个超级理智和精神神，或相当于同样的事情，归功于所有宇宙的变化和发展，以自我载有潜力的一个永恒的事情，或在另一方面，由一个经验性或理论估计权力的原因，工作后，提供的数据感知觉。 From whichever cause this negative form of atheism proceeds, it issues in agnosticism or materialism; although the agnostic is, perhaps, better classed under this head than the materialist.从哪个原因，这种消极的形式无神论的收益，它的问题在不可知论或唯物主义;虽不可知的是，也许，更好地归类根据这一头，比唯物主义者。 For the former, professing a state of nescience, more properly belongs to a category under which those are placed who neglect, rather than explain, nature without a God.对于前者，自称状态nescience ，是比较恰当的，属于一类，即那些被置于人忽视，而不是解释，性质，没有神。 Moreover, the agnostic may be a theist, if he admits the existence of a being behind and beyond nature, even while he asserts that such a being is both unprovable and unknowable.此外，不可知论可能是一个者，如果他也承认，确实存在一种被抛在后面，超越自然，甚至当他声称，这种被既是unprovable与不可知。 The materialist belongs to this type so long as he merely neglects, and does not exclude from his system, the existence of God.唯物主义属于这一类，只要他只是忽略了，不排除由他的系统，上帝存在的。 So, too, does the positivist, regarding theological and metaphysical speculation as mere passing stages of thought through which the human mind has been journeying towards positive, or related empirical, knowledge.所以，也没有实证，关于神学和形而上学的猜测仅仅及格阶段的思想通过这些人的头脑一直旅朝正面的，或相关的经验，知识。 Indeed, any system of thought or school of philosophy that simply omits the existence of God from the sum total of natural knowledge, whether the individual as a matter of fact believes in Him or not, can be classed in this division of atheism, in which, strictly speaking, no positive assertion or denial is made as to the ultimate fact of His being.事实上，任何制度的思路或学校的理念，简单地舍弃了上帝存在的，从总和的自然知识，无论是将个人作为的问题，事实上相信，在他还是没有，可以被归类在这个师的无神论，其中严格来说，没有任何积极的断言或剥夺了，以最终的事实，而他的。 There are two systems of practical or moral atheism which call for attention.有两个系统的实际或道义上的无神论，其中呼吁重视。 They are based upon the theoretic systems just expounded.他们所依据的理论体系只是阐述。 One system of positive moral atheism, in which human actions would neither be right nor wrong, good nor evil, with reference to God, would naturally follow from the profession of positive theoretic atheism; and it is significant of those to whom such a form of theoretic atheism is sometimes attributed, that for the sanctions of moral actions they introduce such abstract ideas as those of duty, the social instinct, or humanity.一个系统中的正确的道德无神论，人的行动，既不是正确的，也没有错的，不好不恶，参照上帝，自然会跟随来自医学界的积极理论，无神论和重要的是，这些人这样的一种形式理论无神论是有时归因，对于制裁的道德行动，他们引入这些抽象的概念，因为那些不履行责任的社会本能，还是人类。 There seems to be no particular reason why they should have recourse to such sanctions, since the morality of an action can hardly be derived from its performance as a duty, which in turn can be called and known as a "duty" only because it refers to an action that is morally good.似乎没有特别的理由，为什么他们应该求助于这种制裁，因为道德的一个行动，很难从其表现一种责任，这反过来又可以称为被称为"义务" ，因为这不仅是指一项行动是在道义上的好。 Indeed an analysis of the idea of duty leads to a refutation of the principle in whose support it is invoked, and points to the necessity of a theisitic interpretation of nature for its own justification.的确是一个分析的思想，有责任，导致驳原则，在他们的支援，这是引用，并指出有必要建立theisitic解释的性质，为自己的道理。
The second system of negative practical or moral atheism may be referred to the second type of theoretic atheism.第二个系统的负实际或道义上的无神论，可转介到第二种类型的理论无神论。 It is like the first in not relating human actions to an extra-mundane, spiritual, and personal lawgiver; but that, not because such a lawgiver does not exist, but because the human intelligence is incapable of so relating them.它简直就象是第一次在不涉及人的行动，以课外活动，世俗的，精神，及个人lawgiver ;但是，并没有因为这种lawgiver并不存在，但由于人类的智慧是无能的，所以有关。 It must not be forgotten, however, that either negative theoretic atheism or negative practical atheism is, as a system, strictly speaking compatible with belief in a God; and much confusion is often caused by the inaccurate use of the terms, belief, knowledge, opinion, etc. Lastly, a third type is generally, though perhaps wrongly, included in moral atheism.我们绝不能忘记，但是，无论是消极的理论无神论或负实际无神论是，作为一个系统，严格来说，与信仰上帝，以及许多混乱，往往造成不准确的使用条款，信仰，知识，民意等，最后，第三类是一般，虽然也许是错，包括在道义上无神论。 "Practical atheism is not a kind of thought or opinion, but a mode of life" (R. Flint, Anti-theisitc Theories, Lect. I). "实用无神论，是不是一个样的思想或见解，而是一种模式的生活" （传译火石，反theisitc理论， lect我） 。 This is more correctly called, as it is described, godlessness in conduct, quite irrespective of any theory of philosophy, or morals, or of religious faith.这是更正确地叫，因为它是叙述， godlessness的行为，无论任何理论的哲学，或道德，或宗教的信仰。 It will be noticed that, although we have included agnosticism, materialism, and pantheism, among the types of atheism, strictly speaking this latter does not necessarily include any one of the former.它会注意到的是，虽然我们已经纳入了不可知论观和唯物论，泛神论，在众多类型的无神论，严格来说，这后者不一定包括其中任何一个选择前者。 A man may be an agnostic simply, or an agnostic who is also an atheist.一名男子可能是一个不可知的，简单来说，还是一个不可知论者，也是无神论者。 He may be a scientific materialist and no more, or he may combine atheism with his materialism.他可能是一个科学的唯物主义精神，并没有更多的，还是他可能结合起来，无神论与他的唯物主义。 It does not necessarilly follow, because the natural cognoscibility of a personal First Cause is denied, that His existence is called in question: nor, when matter is called upon to explain itself, that God is critically denied.它不necessarilly后续的，因为自然cognoscibility一个个人第一个原因是否认，他的存在就是所谓的在问：也不是，此事时呼吁，解释本身而言，上帝是批判地否认。 On the other hand, pantheism, while destroying the extra-mundane character of God, does not necessarily deny the existence of a supreme entity, but rather affirms such as the sum of all existence and the cause of all phenomena whether of thought or of matter.另一方面，关于泛神论，而摧毁课外柴米油盐的性格上帝的，不一定否认存在一个最高实体，而是申明等的总和，所有的生存和事业的现象，无论是思想或事物。 Consequently, while it would be unjust to class agnostics, materialists, or pantheists as necessarily also atheists, it cannot be denied that atheism is clearly perceived to be implied in certain phases of all these systems.因此，尽管这将是不公平的，以一流的不可知论者，唯物论者，或pantheists为一定也是无神论者，但不能否认，无神论是清楚的认识到隐含在某些阶段，所有这些系统。 There are so many shades and gradations of thought by which one form of a philosophy merges into another, so much that is opinionative and personal woven into the various individual expositions of systems, that, to be impartially fair, each individual must be classed by himself as atheist or theist.有这么多的色调和等级思想，其中一种形式的市场理念融入另外，这么多是opinionative和个人编织成各种单独的论述，系统，即，以公正公平的，每个人必须被归类由自己作为无神论者，或者。 Indeed, more upon his own assertion or direct teaching than by reason of any supposed implication in the system he advocated must this classification be made.的确，想想自己的断言或者直接教学，而不是因为任何假设的含义，在制度，他主张必须在这个分类了。 And if it is correct to consider the subject from this point of view, it is surprising to find to what an exceedingly small number the supposed atheistic ranks dwindle.如果这是正确的考虑对象，从这个角度看，人们惊讶地发现，以什么极其少数假定的无神论队伍萎缩。 In company with Socrates, nearly all the reputed Greek atheists strenuously repudiated the charge of teaching that there were no gods.在公司与苏格拉底，几乎所有知名的希腊无神论者在增强时代感，加强批判了分管教学有没有神。 Even Bion, who, according to Diogenes Laertius (Life of Aristippus, XIII, Bohn's tr.), adopted the scandalous moral teaching of the atheist Theodorus, turned again to the gods whom he had insulted, and when he came to die demonstrated in practice what he had denied in theory.甚至，比昂，卫生组织，据第欧根尼laertius （生活aristippus ，十三，玻尔的的TR ） ，通过造谣中伤德育课教学的无神论者theodorus ，拒绝再次向神人，他曾辱骂，而当他来到死亡证明，在实践中他已否认，在理论上。 As Laertius says in his "Life of Bion", he "who never once said, `I have sinned but spare me --作为laertius说，在他的"生命的，比昂" ，他"从来没有人曾经说， '我是否犯罪，但备件箱-
Then did this atheist shrink and give his neck那时，这个无神论者萎缩，并给予他的脖子
To an old woman to hang charms upon;一个老女人到杭后的魅力;
And bound his arms with magic amulets;装订成他的武器与魔法护身符;
With laurel branches blocked his doors and windows,与桂树党支部阻挡他的门窗，
Ready to do and venture anything已经做好了准备和创业投资什么
Rather than die."而非死亡" 。
Epicurus, the founder of that school of physics which limited all causes to purely natural ones and consequently implied, if he did not actually assert, atheism, is spoken of as a man whose "piety towards the gods and (whose) affection for his country was quite unspeakable" (ib., Life of Epicurus, V).其半径，创办人表示，学校的物理限制一切事业，以纯粹自然的，并因此暗示，如果他实际上并没有断言，无神论，是口语的，因为一名男子的"孝道对神（其）的感情，他的国家很难以形容的" （ ib. ，生活半径，五） 。 And though Lucretius Carus speaks of the downfall of popular religion which he wished to bring about (De Rerum natura, I, 79-80), yet, in his own letter to Henaeceus (Laert., Life of Epicurus, XXVII), he states plainly a true theistic position: "For there are gods: for our knowledge of them is indistinct. But they are not of the character which people in general attribute to them."虽然lucretius亲爱谈到下台，民间宗教，他想实现（德rerum自然，我和79-80 ） ，然而，在他自己的信henaeceus （ laert. ，生活半径，二十七） ，他国显然是一个真正的有神论的立场： "因为有我是神：据我们所知，他们是模糊的，但它们不是的，而一般人的属性，以他们" 。 Indeed, this one citation perfectly illustrates the fundamental historic meaning of the term, atheism.的确，这一个完美的引文说明了历史性的根本一词的含义，无神论。
The naturalistic pantheism of the Italian Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) comes near to, if it is not actually a profession of, atheism; while Tomaso Campanella (1568-1639), on the contrary, in his nature-philosophy finds in atheism the one impossibility of thought, Spinoza (1632-77), while defending the doctrine that God certainly exists, so identifies Him with finite existence that it is difficult to see how he can be defended against the charge of atheism even of the first type.自然主义泛神论的意大利布鲁诺（ 1548年至1600年）开始接近，如果不是实际上是一个专业的，无神论，而tomaso campanella （ 1568至1639年） ，与此相反，在他的自然哲学的认定，在该无神论一个不可能的思路，斯宾诺莎（ 1632年至1677年） ，而护法神确实存在，所以确定了他的有限存在，这是很难看出他如何能防御的电荷的无神论，甚至第一类。 In the eighteenth century, and especially in France, the doctrines of materialism were spread broadcast by the Encyclopedists.在十八世纪，特别是在法国，学说的唯物论者蔓延播出由百科人（ encyclopedists 。 La Mettrie, Holbach, Fererbach, and Fleurens are usually classed among the foremost materialistic atheists of the period.香格里拉美特利，霍尔巴赫， fererbach ， fleurens通常被归类其中首要的唯物主义无神论者的时期。 Voltaire, on the contrary, while undoubtedly helping on the cause of practical atheism, distinctly held its theoretic contrary.伏尔泰，与此相反，而无疑有助于对事业的实际无神论，鲜明地举行了其理论恰好相反。 He, as well as Rousseau, was a deist.他，以及卢梭，是一个戴斯特。 Comte, it will be remembered, refused to be called an atheist.伯爵，人们将会记得，拒绝被称为无神论者。 In the last century Thomas Huxley, Charles Darwin, and Herbert Spencer, with others of the evolutionistic school of philosophy, were, quite erroneously, charged with positive atheism.在上个世纪的托马斯赫胥黎，查尔斯达尔文，斯宾塞，与他人的evolutionistic学校的理念，分别为，有不少错误，被控以积极的无神论。 It is a charge which can in no way be substantiated; and the invention andonism of Ernst Hackel, goes far towards forming an atheistic system of philosophy.这是一个电荷，可在没有办法证明属实，以及发明andonism的恩斯特hackel ，远远朝形成一个无神论的系统哲学。 But even the last named admits that there may be a God, though so limited and so foreign to the deity of theists that his admission can hardly remove the system from the first category of theoretic atheism.不过，即使最后命名坦承，有可能是一个神，虽然如此有限，因此在国外，以神theists ，他的入学难以消除系统，从第一类的理论无神论。
Among the unscientific and unphilosophical there have from time to time been found dogmatic atheists of the first type.其中不科学unphilosophical有不时被发现教条式的无神论者的第一类。 Here again, however, many of those popularly styled atheists are more correctly described by some other title.在这里，但是，许多这些流行风格的无神论者，是更准确地描述一些其他称号。 There is a somewhat rare tract, "Atheism Refuted in a Discourse to prove the Existence of God by TP" -- British Museum Catalogue, "Tom Paine", who was at one time popularly called an atheist.有一个有点难得道， "无神论，驳斥一种话语来证明上帝存在的，由茶多酚" -大英博物馆的目录， "汤姆p aine" ，他们是在同一时间流行所谓无神论者。 And perhaps, of the few who have upheld an indubitable form of positive theoretic atheism, none has been taken seriously enough to hav exerted any influence upon the trend of philosophic or scientific thought.也许，少数人坚持一个indubitable形式的正面理论无神论，没有得到重视不够，以甲肝病毒施加任何影响的趋势，哲学或科学思想。 Robert Ingersoll might be instanced, but though popular speakers and writers of this type may create a certain amount of unlearned disturbance, they are not treated seriously by thinking men, and it is extremely doubtful whether they deserve a place in any historical or philosophical exposition of atheism.罗伯特英格索兰可能被实例化，但尽管流行的讲者和作家的这种类型可能会造成一定数额的unlearned闹事，他们是不会认真对待的思维男人，这是非常令人怀疑他们是否应当有一个地方，在任何历史或哲学的论述无神论。
Publication information Written by Francis Aveling.出版信息写弗朗西斯aveling 。 Transcribed by Beth Ste-Marie.转录由什么您-马里。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume II.天主教百科全书，第二卷。 Published 1907. 1907年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, 1907. nihil obstat ， 1907 。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰米farley ，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
REIMMAN, Historia atheismi et atheorum . reimman ，历史atheismi等atheorum 。 . 。 . 。 (Hildesheim, 1725); TOUSSAINT in Dict. （希尔德斯海姆， 17时25分） ;图桑在字典。 de theologie, sv ( a good bibliography); JANET AND SEAILLES, History of the Problems of Philosophy (tr.,London, 1902), II; HETTINGER, Natural Religion (tr., New York, 1890); FLINT, Anti-theistic Theories (New York, 1894); LILLY, The Great Enigma (New York, 1892); DAURELLE, L Atheisme devant la raison humaine (Paris, 1883); WARD, Naturalism and Agnosticism (New York, 1899); LADD, Philosophy of Religion (New York, 1905); II; BOEDDER, Natural Theologh (New York, 1891); BLACKIE, Natural History of Atheism (New York, 1878); The Catholic World, XXVII, 471: BARRY, The End of Atheism in the Catholic World, LX, 333; SHEA, Steps to Atheism in The Am, Cath.德theologie ， sv （一个很好的参考文献） ; Janet和seailles ，问题的历史哲学（ tr. ，伦敦， 1902年） ，第二章; hettinger ，自然宗教（ tr. ，纽约， 1890年） ;火石，反有神论理论（纽约， 1894年） ;来，伟大之谜（纽约， 1892年） ;多雷勒，升atheisme devant香格里拉raison humaine （巴黎， 1883年） ;病房，自然主义和不可知论（纽约， 1899年） ;雷德，哲学宗教（纽约， 1905年） ;二; boedder ，自然theologh （纽约， 1891年） ;小黑，自然历史的无神论（纽约， 1878年） ;天主教世界，二十七， 471 ：巴里，年底无神论在天主教世界，中心LX ， 333 ;伊博士，步骤，以无神论，在时，蛋白酶。 Quart.夸脱。 Rev., 1879, 305; POHLE, lehrbuck d.牧师， 1879年， 305名; pohle ， lehrbuck四 Dogmatik (Paderborn, 1907) I; BAUR in Kirchliches Handlexikon (Munich, 1907), sv See also bibliography under AGNOSTICISM, MATERIALISM, PANTHEISM, and THEISM. dogmatik （帕德博恩， 1907年） ;鲍氏东方艺术馆在kirchliches handlexikon （慕尼黑， 1907年） ， sv也见书目下不可知论，唯物论，泛神论和有神论。 For the refuation of ATHEISM see the article GOD.)为refuation无神论请参阅文章上帝） 。
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