Athanasius, bc295, d. athanasius ， bc295 ，四 373, was bishop of Alexandria and a defender of the Christian faith during the 4th-century crisis of Arianism. 373 ，是主教的亚历山大和捍卫基督教信仰，在第四世纪的危机arianism 。 He received a classical and theological education in Alexandria, where he was also ordained deacon and appointed secretary to Bishop Alexander.他收到了古典与神学教育在亚历山大，在那里，他还祝圣执事，并委任秘书主教亚历山大。 As a theological expert at the Council of Nicaea, which gathered in 325 to condemn the Arian rejection of Christ's divinity, Athanasius defended the unity of Christ as both God and man (see Councils of Nicaea).作为一个神学专家，在理事会的尼西亚，聚集在325谴责阿里安拒绝基督的神性， athanasius捍卫了统一的基督既是人与上帝（见性议会的尼西亚） 。 In 328 he succeeded Alexander as bishop of the see over which he was to preside for 45 years. 328 ，他成功地为亚历山大主教的见证，他主持了45年。 Seventeen of them were spent in exile, imposed on him on five separate occasions between 335 and 366, largely through the maneuverings of the Arianizing party.其中17人花了流亡政府，对他就先后五次之间的335和366 ，主要是通过maneuverings的arianizing党。
Athanasius vigorously opposed the views of his Arian opponents in his writings in defense of Nicene orthodoxy. These were written for the most part between 336 and 359 and include three Discourses Against the Arians (c.358). athanasius大力反对意见，他的阿里安对手，在他的著作中的防御nicene正统，这是写在大多数情况之间的336和359 ，并包括三个论述，对arians （ c.358 ） 。 An earlier work, On the Incarnation of the Word (c.318), brought to its fullest expression the orthodox doctrine of redemption.较早的工作，就化身字（ c.318 ） ，提请它充分体现了正法的赎回权。 His Life of St. Antony (c.356) is an important source for early Monasticism.他的生活中的圣安东尼（ c.356 ）是一个非常重要的来源，为早日修道。 After his final restoration to office, Athanasius spent his last years in peace and died in 373.之后，他的最后恢复到办公室， athanasius花了他的最后几年，在和平与死亡， 373 。 His feast day is May 2.他的宴一天是5月2日。
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Ross Mackenzie罗斯麦肯齐
Bibliography
参考书目
Cross, FL, The
Study of St. Athanasius (1945).交叉，外语，学习圣athanasius （ 1945年） 。
(ca. 296-373) （约公元296-373 ）
Bishop of Alexandria from 328 to 373.主教亚历山德里亚，从328到373 。 An uncompromising foe of Arianism, Athanasius was particularly instrumental in bringing about its condemnation at the Council of Nicaea.一个不妥协的敌人arianism ， athanasius尤其是在实现其谴责安理会的尼西亚。 He is regarded as the greatest theologian of his time.他被视为最伟大的神学家，他的时间。
Athanasius grew up within the order of the imperial church, an institution to which he held fast throughout his life. athanasius成长起来的内部秩序的帝国教堂，一所院校，因为他紧紧抱住他的一生。 Of his early years little is known.他的最初几年所知甚少。 It is said that he was the son of well-to-do parents, but in later years he made it clear that he was a poor man.这是说，他的儿子从油井到做家长的，但在多年后，他已清楚表明他是一个贫穷的人。 As a youth he attracted the notice of Alexander, who presided over the see of Alexandria.作为一个青年吸引了他的通知亚历山大，主持见亚历山大。 At an early age Athanasius was taken into the household of the bishop and was provided the best training that the times could afford.在较早年龄athanasius是考虑到家庭的主教，并提供了最好的训练，这时候可以承担得起。 His education was essentially Greek; he was a "classicist" and never seems to have acquired any knowledge of Hebrew.他的教育基本上是希腊语，他是一个"古典派" ，似乎永远不会有取得任何知识的希伯来语。 He demonstrated, of course, the influence both of his patron, Alexander, and of the earlier Alexandrian thinker, Origen.他身上，集中体现的，当然影响他的两个靠山，亚历山大，和较早的亚历山大，思想家渊源。 He numbered among his earlier acquaintances and tutors some who had suffered in the great persecutions, and he no doubt drew some of the intensity of his belief from the fervency engendered in those crucial years.他的编号，他先前的熟人和导师的一些人已经在遭受大的迫害，而他毫无疑问提请部分的强度，他的信仰从产生热烈的，在这些关键年头。 Not long after he turned twenty, Athanasius plunged into writing and produced theological works of lasting importance.没多久之后，他又转向二十一， athanasius陷入写作和制作的神学思想建设工程的持久重要性。 One was the Contra Gentiles, a defense of Christianity against paganism; another was the De incarnatione, an attempt to explain the doctrine of redemption.一个是矛盾外邦人，是捍卫基督教对paganism ;另一个是德incarnatione ，尝试去解释教义的赎回权。
During this period of writing Athanasius was acting as the secretary and confidant of his bishop, by whom he was personally made deacon.在此期间写作athanasius是代理局长和信任他的主教，谁发现他亲自作了执事。 It was in this capacity that he attended the first general council held in Nicaea in 325.正是在这方面的能力，他参加了第一次总理事会举行的尼西亚在325 。 At the council the anti-Arian party led by Bishop Alexander won a resounding victory over Arian subordinationism.在安理会反阿里安党为首的主教亚历山大赢得了响亮的胜利阿里安subordinationism 。 The council affirmed that the Son of God was "of one substance with the Father," which means that both share alike in the fundamental nature of deity.理事会重申，上帝的儿子是"一种物质与父亲" ，这意味着双方的份额都在根本性质的神。 After the council concluded, Athanasius returned with his bishop to Alexandria and continued to work with him in establishing the faith that had been defined at Nicaea.后会结束后， athanasius回来与他的主教亚历山大和继续工作，与他建立信心，已经界定在了尼西亚。 In 328 Alexander died and Athanasius succeeded him in the see. 328亚历山大死亡及athanasius成功了，他在看到的。
The tenure of Athanasius as Bishop of Alexandria was marked by five periods of exile.任期athanasius作为主教亚历山德里亚的标志是五年期的放逐。 His vigorous defense of the Nicene formula caused him to be a target for the supporters of Arius, who rallied after the council.他积极防御的nicene公式，使他成为一个目标，为支持者arius ，谁反弹后，本会发言。 However, during his forty-six years as bishop there were enough years of relative peace in the empire and the church for Athanasius to accomplish much as a theologian.不过，在他46年作为主教有足够多年的相对和平帝国和教会为athanasius要完成多少作为一个神学家。 Admittedly he was a churchman and a pastor rather than a systematic or speculative theologian.诚然他是一个churchman和一名牧师，而不是一个系统或投机的神学家。 However, this does not mean that his thought is not cogent, but that his work developed in response to the needs of each moment rather than on the basis of the requirements of a system.不过，这并不意味他的思路是不具说服力的，但他的工作，制定了在反应，以满足每一个时刻，而不是根据有关规定的一项制度。 His works are pastoral, exegetical, polemical, and even biographical; there is no single treatise that attempts to present the totality of his theology.他的作品是牧区，训诂，论辩，甚至简历;不存在单一的论文，试图以目前的整体他的神学。 Nevertheless, for Athanasius the truth or falsity of a doctrine is to be judged on the basis of the degree in which it expresses two basic principles of the Christian faith: monotheism and the doctrine of salvation.然而，对于athanasius真相或虚假的教条，是要判断在此基础上的程度，在其中的份量，有两个基本原则的基督教信仰：神和教义的救赎。 These are the foci for his theological reflection.这是疫源地，为他的神学反思的时候了。
In Contra Gentiles, Athanasius discusses the means by which God can be known.在矛盾外邦人， athanasius论述方法，使神只要一想就能知道。 These are principally two: the soul and nature.这主要是两个：心灵与自然的统一。 God may be known through the human soul, for "although God Himself is above all, the road which leads to Him is not far, nor even outside ourselves, but is within us, and it is possible to find it by ourselves" (30.1).上帝可能被称为是通过人的灵魂，是为"虽然上帝是最重要的是，道路才导致他并不远，甚至也不外面自己，而且是在我们心里，它是有可能找到它自己的" （ 30.1 ） 。 That is to say, by studying the soul we may infer something about the nature of God.这就是说，要通过学习的灵魂，我们可以推断出一些关于天主的本性。 The soul is invisible and immortal; therefore, the true God must be invisible and immortal.灵魂，是无形而不朽的，所以说，真正的上帝，必须无形而不朽。 To be sure, sin prevents the soul from perfectly attaining the vision of God, but the soul was made according to the divine image and it was intended to be like a mirror in which that image, which is the Word of God, would shine.可以肯定的是，单可防止灵魂，从完全实现抱负的上帝，但灵魂是根据神的形象，它的用意是要像一面镜子，在其中的形象，这是上帝的话，将光芒。 This is a Platonic theme that had become part of the Alexandrian tradition since Origen.这是一个柏拉图式的主题，它已成为部分的亚历山大以来，传统渊源。
It is also possible to know God through his creation, which, "as though in written characters, declares in a loud voice, by its order and harmony, its own Lord and Creator" (Contra Gentiles, 34.4).同时我们也可能知道上帝通过他的创作，其中" ，好像在写汉字，申明，在一个响亮的声音，它的秩序与和谐，有自己的主及创造" （矛盾外邦人34.4 ） 。 But the order of the universe shows not only that there is a God but also that he is one.但秩序的宇宙，不仅说明是有上帝，但也说，他是其中之一。 If there were more than one God, the unity of purpose that can be perceived throughout the cosmos would be impossible.如果有一个以上的神，其目的统一，可以预见整个宇宙是不可能的。 Moreover, the order and reason within nature show that God has created it and rules it through his Word.此外，秩序和内部的原因，性质表明，上帝创造了它和规则，它通过他的一句话。 For Athanasius, the Word of God who rules the world is the living Logos of God, that is, the Word who is God himself.为athanasius ，上帝的话谁统治了世界，是生活标志的上帝，也就是这个词的人是上帝。 This view of God indicates that Athanasius, even before becoming involved in the Arian conflict, had developed an understanding of the Word that was different, not only from the Arians, but also from that view held by many earlier theologians.这一观点的上帝表明athanasius ，即使后来成为参与这一阿里安冲突，已研制出一种这个词的理解是不同的，而不是只从arians ，但也从这一观点被许多较早神学家。 Before Athanasius there was a tendency to establish the distinction between the Father and the Word on the basis of the contrast between the absolute God and a subordinate deity.前athanasius有一种趋势是，建立两者之间的区别父亲和这个词在此基础上的反差，绝对上帝和从属神。 This was, Athanasius insisted, incompatible with Christian monotheism.这是， athanasius坚持，不符合基督教一神论。
The other pillar of Athanasius's theology was soteriology.其他支柱athanasius的神学是soteriology 。 The salvation of which humanity stands in need is continuous with creation, for it is in fact a re-creation of fallen humanity.救赎人类，站在需要的是不断与创作，因为它是一个再创作的塌人性。 In sin, man abandoned the image of God; an element of disintegration was introduced within creation through sin.在单人抛弃了上帝的画像;成分的解体是引进内创造单。 It can be expelled only through a new work of creation.它可以被驱逐出境，只有通过一项新的工作创造。 Consequently, the core of Athanasius's doctrine of redemption is that only God himself can save mankind.因此，其核心athanasius的学说赎买的是，只有上帝才能拯救人类。 If the salvation that we need is really a new creation, only the Creator can bring it.如果救赎的，我们需要的是真正的新创造，只有创造才能。 This requires the Savior to be God, for only God can grant an existence similar to his.这需要救世主被上帝，因为只有神能给予一个存在类似他的。
The principles of monotheism and the doctrine of redemption influenced Athanasius in his formulation of arguments against the Arians.原则一神论和中庸赎回的影响， athanasius在其制定的论据反对arians 。 Whereas they usually appealed to logical analysis and subtle distinctions, Athanasius constantly referred to the two great pillars of his faith.而他们通常会呼吁逻辑分析和微妙的区别， athanasius不断提到的这两个伟大的栋梁，他的信仰。 In this sense, the importance of Athanasius lies not so much in his writings themselves as in the things he defended and preserved in a life full of tension and disturbance.从这个意义上讲，最重要的athanasius不在于这么多，在他的著作本身，因为在他的东西辩护，并保存在生活中充满了紧张和骚动。 In a critical moment in the church's history he maintained the essential character of Christianity in his struggles with Arians and emperors.在一个关键时刻，在教会的历史上，他保持着的本质特征，基督教在他的奋斗与arians和皇帝。 But for him, Harnack has said (History of Dogma, II), the church would probably have fallen into the hands of the Arians.但对他来说，的Harnack说（历史，教义，二） ，教会可能会落入手中的arians 。
JF
Johnson怡富约翰逊
Elwell Evangelical Dictionary
Elwell宣布了福音字典
Bibliography
参考书目
H. von
Campenhausen, The Fathers of the Greek Church; JWC Wand, Doctors and Councils;
FL Cross, The Study of Athanasius.每小时冯坎彭豪森，父亲的希腊教会;
jwc棒，医生和议会;外语交叉，研究athanasius 。
Bishop of Alexandria; Confessor and Doctor of the Church; born c.主教亚历山德里亚;忏悔和医生的教会;出生长 296; died 2 May, 373. 296个;死于5月2日， 373 。 Athanasius was the greatest champion of Catholic belief on the subject of the Incarnation that the Church has ever known and in his lifetime earned the characteristic title of "Father of Orthodoxy", by which he has been distinguished every since. athanasius是最伟大的冠军的天主教信仰，关于这一主题的化身，即教会有史以来，并在他的一生中，赢得了特征的名称之父"的正统" ，其中他一直尊敬每至今。 While the chronology of his career still remains for the most part a hopelessly involved problem, the fullest material for an account of the main achievements of his life will be found in his collected writings and in the contemporary records of his time.而时序他的职业生涯仍然为最A部分绝望涉及的问题，充分发挥材料的一个帐户的主要成就是他的生活会被发现在他所收集的著作，并在当代纪录，他的时代了。 He was born, it would seem, in Alexandria, most probably between the years 296 and 298.他出生，看来，在亚历山德里亚，极有可能与年296和298 。 An earlier date, 293, is sometimes assigned as the more certain year of his birth; and it is supported apparently by the authority of the "Coptic Fragment" (published by Dr. O. von Lemm among the Mémoires de l'académie impériale des sciences de S. Péterbourg, 1888) and corroborated by the undoubted maturity of judgement revealed in the two treatises "Contra Gentes" and "De Incarnatione", which were admittedly written about the year 318 before Arianism as a movement had begun to make itself felt.日期较早， 293 ，有时为更多的某一年他的生日，这是支持显然是由权威的"科普特片段" （发表博士澳冯lemm当中，为本德l' académie impériale万科学德第péterbourg ， 1888 ） ，并证实确实成熟的判断显示，在该条约中的两个成了" Contra gentes "和"去incarnatione " ，其中诚然书面大约一年前， 318作为arianism运动已经开始，使自己感觉。 It must be remembered, however, that in two distinct passages of his writings (Hist. Ar., lxiv, and De Syn., xviii) Athanasius shrinks from speaking as a witness at first hand of the persecution which had broken out under Maximian in 303; for in referring to the events of this period he makes no direct appeal to his own personal recollections, but falls back, rather, on tradition.必须记住，但是，在两个不同的通道，他的著作（ hist.氩， lxiv ，德顺，十八） athanasius萎缩，从作为一个证人第一手的迫害，其中有爆发下玛西缅中303 ;对于在谈到事件这期间他并没有直接提出上诉，以他个人的回忆，但落后的，而是对传统。 Such reserve would scarcely be intelligible, if, on the hypothesis of the earlier date, the Saint had been then a boy fully ten years old.例如，将储备金几乎被理解，如果对假说的日期较早，圣者已被当时一名男童充分十年岁。 Besides, there must have been some semblance of a foundation in fact for the charge brought against him by his accusers in after-life (Index to the Festal Letters) that at the times of his consecration to the episcopate in 328 he had not yet attained the canonical age of thirty years.此外，还有必须是被一些假象的基础，其实是为电荷对他的控诉，由他的控诉，在离职后生活（指数在节日的喜庆字母） ，在时代的他consecration向主教团328他还没有达到典型年龄三十年。 These considerations, therefore, even if they are found to be not entirely convincing, would seem to make it likely that he was born not earlier than 296 nor later than 298.这些因素，因此，即使他们发现不完全令人信服，似乎也使它有可能他出生不早于296也不迟298 。
It is impossible to speak more than conjecturally of his family.这是不可能的发言多于conjecturally他的家人。 Of the claim that it was both prominent and well-to-do, we can only observe that the tradition to the effect is not contradicted by such scanty details as can be gleaned from the saint's writings.该声称它是既突出和油井到做，我们只能观察到传统的，其大意是不相矛盾的，例如一知半解，细节可以窥出，从圣人的著作。 Those writings undoubtedly betray evidences of the sort of education that was given, for the most part, only to children and youths of a better class.这些著作，无疑是出卖证据的那种教育，这是考虑到，在大多数情况下，只以儿童及青少年一个更美好的阶层。 It began with grammar, went on to rhetoric, and received its final touches under some one of the more fashionable lecturers in the philosophic schools.它开始与文法，接着就修辞，并收到了他最后谈到，在一些其中一个比较流行的讲师，在哲学学校。 It is possible, of course, that he owed his remarkable training in letters to his saintly predecessor's favour, if not to his personal care.这是可能的，当然，他欠他出色的训练封信给他的圣洁前任的赞成，如果不是他的个人护理产品。 But Athanasius was one of those rare personalities that derive incomparably more from their own native gifts of intellect and character than from the fortuitousness of descent or environment.但athanasius是一个罕见的人物获得无比更从自己的本土礼品的智慧和品格，而非来自fortuitousness的血统或环境。 His career almost personifies a crisis in the history of Christianity; and he may be said rather to have shaped the events in which he took part than to have been shaped by them.他的职业生涯几乎personifies危机，在过去的历史基督教;和他可说是相当有型的事件中，他参加比已被塑造出来的。 Yet it would be misleading to urge that he was in no notable sense a debtor to the time and place of his birth.然而，那将是误导，促使他在没有显着意义上的债务人，以时间，地点，在他出生的。 The Alexandria of his boyhood was an epitome, intellectually, morally, and politically, of that ethnically many-coloured Graeco-Roman world, over which the Church of the fourth and fifth centuries was beginning at last, with undismayed consciousness, after nearly three hundred years of unwearying propagandism, to realize its supremacy.亚历山大他的boyhood是一个缩影，在理智上，道义上和政治上，这种以种族为许多深色的希腊-罗马世界，而教会的第四和第五个百年的开端，最后与undismayed意识，经过近300多年的unwearying propagandism ，实现自身的优势。 It was, moreover, the most important centre of trade in the whole empire; and its primacy as an emporium of ideas was more commanding than that of Rome or Constantinople, Antioch or Marseilles.无论过去，而且，最重要的中心，贸易在整个帝国，而且它的首要地位，作为一个商场的思路更为指挥比罗马或君士坦丁堡，安提或马赛。 Already, in obedience to an instinct of which one can scarcely determine the full significance without studying the subsequent development of Catholicism, its famous "Catechetical School", while sacrificing no jot or tittle or that passion for orthodoxy which it had imbibed from Pantænus, Clement, and Origen, had begun to take on an almost secular character in the comprehensiveness of its interests, and had counted pagans of influence among its serious auditors (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., VI, xix).目前，在服从一种本能的，其中之一可以几乎确定的全部意义，不研究以后的发展，天主教，其著名的" catechetical学校" ，而牺牲了，没有记录或微量或激情，为正统，它吸胀从pantænus ，克莱门特和渊源，已开始采取对一个几乎世俗品格，在全面性，它的利益，并已点算异教徒的影响，其严重的核数师（尤西比乌斯，历史。 eccl ，六，十九） 。
To have been born and brought up in such an atmosphere of philosophizing Christianity was, in spite of the dangers it involved, the timeliest and most liberal of educations; and there is, as we have intimated, abundant evidence in the saint's writings to testify to the ready response which all the better influences of the place must have found in the heart and mind of the growing boy.已被生于斯，长于斯，在这种氛围中的哲学基督教，尽管有危险，它涉及， timeliest和最开明的教育，以及有争论，但我们已经暗示，有充分的证据，在圣人的著作作证随时回应所有更好地影响该地方的，必须有发现，在心脏和胸襟，对日益增多的男孩。 Athanasius seems to have been brought early in life under the immediate supervision of the ecclesiastical authorities of his native city. athanasius似乎已被绳之以法，在早期生命的直接监督下的教会当局对他的祖国的城市。 Whether his long intimacy with Bishop Alexander began in childhood, we have no means of judging; but a story which pretends to describe the circumstances of his first introduction to that prelate has been preserved for us by Rufinus (Hist. Eccl., I, xiv).无论他的长期亲密关系主教亚历山大首先，在幼儿期，我们都没有办法判断，但一个故事，而假装描述的情况，他首先介绍说，主教已经被我们所rufinus （ hist. eccl 。来说，我和十四） 。 The bishop, so the tale runs, had invited a number of brother prelates to meet him at breakfast after a great religious function on the anniversary of the martyrdom of St. Peter, a recent predecessor in the See of Alexandria.主教，所以故事背道而驰，邀请了一些兄弟主教，以满足他在早餐后，一个伟大的宗教功能就周年殉教的圣彼得大教堂，最近的前任在看到亚历山大。 While Alexander was waiting for his guests to arrive, he stood by a window, watching a group of boys at play on the seashore below the house.而亚历山大正在等待他的客人来，他坚持的一个窗口，看着一群男孩在玩海边下面众议院。 He had not observed them long before he discovered that they were imitating, evidently with no thought of irreverence, the elaborate ritual of Christian baptism.他还没有观察到他们前不久，他发现他们模仿，显然没有想到irreverence ，阐述礼仪的基督教洗礼。 (Cf. Bunsen's "Christianity and Mankind", London, 1854, VI, 465; Denzinger, "Ritus Orientalium" in verb.; Butler's "Ancient Coptic Churches", II, 268 et sqq.; "Bapteme chez les Coptes", "Dict. Theol. Cath.", Col. 244, 245). （参见本生灯的"基督教与人类" ，伦敦， 1854年，第六章， 465条;登青格" ，用法orientalium "动词;巴特勒的"古老的科普特教堂" ，第二章，第268等sqq 。 ; " bapteme chez就业辅导组coptes " ， "字典。 theol 。蛋白酶" ，上校244 ， 245 ） 。 He therefore sent for the children and had them brought into his presence.他于是找孩子，并带他们到他的存在。 In the investigation that followed it was discovered that one of the boys, who was no other than the future Primate of Alexandria, had acted the part of the bishop, and in that character had actually baptized several of his companions in the course of their play.在调查之后，它发现一个男孩，他没有其他比未来的灵长类动物的亚历山德里亚，曾担任该部分的主教，并在这方面性格实际上已受洗几个他的同伴们在研究过程中，他们发挥。 Alexander, who seems to have been unaccountably puzzled over the answers he received to his inquiries, determined to recognize the make-believe baptisms as genuine; and decided that Athanasius and his playfellows should go into training in order to fit themselves for a clerical career.亚历山大，他们似乎已被莫名其妙疑惑的答案，他收到了他的询问案，有决心承认化妆相信受洗仪式，因为确实存在;决定athanasius和他的playfellows应该进入培训，以适合于自己的一个文职生涯。 The Bollandists deal gravely with this story; and writers as difficult to satisfy as Archdeacon Farrar and the late Dean Stanley are ready to accept it as bearing on its face "every indication of truth" (Farrar, "Lives of the Fathers", I, 337; Stanley, "East. Ch." 264).该bollandists处理严重这一故事;作家难以满足作为archdeacon farrar和已故院长赤柱正准备接受它作为事关面子" ，但种种迹象显示真理" （ farrar ， "生命之父" ，我想， 337 ;赤柱， "东方的CH " 264 ） 。 But whether in its present form, or in the modified version to be found in Socrates (I, xv), who omits all reference to the baptism and says that the game was "an imitation of the priesthood and the order of consecrated persons", the tale raises a number of chronological difficulties and suggests even graver questions.但无论是在它目前的形式，或者在修改版中可以发现苏格拉底（一， XV ）号决议，他们舍弃了一切参考洗礼，并说游戏是"仿制的神职人员和秩序consecrated人" ，故事引起了许多时间顺序排列的困难，并提出了更严重的问题。
Perhaps a not impossible explanation of its origin may be found in the theory that it was one of the many floating myths set in movement by popular imagination to account for the marked bias towards an ecclesiastical career which seems to have characterized the early boyhood of the future champion of the Faith.也许不是不可能解释它的起源可以发现，在理论上，这是一个在众多浮动神话集运动受欢迎的想象力，以帐户为明显偏向一个传教生涯中，似乎有其特点早期boyhood的未来冠军的信念。 Sozomen speaks of his "fitness for the priesthood", and calls attention to the significant circumstance that he was "from his tenderest years practically self-taught". sozomen谈到他的"全民健身神职人员" ，并呼吁注意显着的情况下，他是"从他的温柔年几乎自学成才" 。 "Not long after this," adds the same authority, the Bishop Alexander "invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen" (Soz., II, xvii). "不长，在此之后，补充说： "同样的权力，这位主教亚历山大大帝" ，邀请athanasius是他的commensal书记，他已经受过良好教育，并精通语法与修辞，并已，而仍是一个年轻男子，并才到达主教，因为证明那些白景富与他的，他的智慧和敏锐" （ soz. ，二，十七） 。 That "wisdom and acumen" manifested themselves in a various environment. "的智慧和敏锐"的凸现出来，在各种环境。 While still a levite under Alexander's care, he seems to have been brought for a while into close relations with some of the solitaries of the Egyptian desert, and in particular with the great St. Anthony, whose life he is said to have written.虽然仍是一个levite根据亚历山大的照顾，但他似乎已带了，而变成了密切的关系，与一些最孤独的埃及沙漠中，特别是与伟大的圣安多尼，他们的生活，他说，写了。 The evidence both of the intimacy and for the authorship of the life in question has been challenged, chiefly by non-Catholic writers, on the ground that the famous "Vita" shows signs of interpolation.证据双方的亲密关系，并为作者的生活问题一直受到质疑，主要由非天主教作家，理由是著名的"履历表" ，有迹象显示插。 Whatever we may think of the arguments on the subject, it is impossible to deny that the monastic idea appealed powerfully to the young cleric's temperament, and that he himself in after years was not only at home when duty or accident threw him among the solitaries, but was so monastically self-disciplined in his habits as to be spoken of as an "ascetic" (Apol. c. Arian., vi).无论我们可能认为的论点关于这一主题下，是不可能否认该寺院的想法呼吁有力地向年轻教士的气质，而他自己在经过多年不只是在回家的时候，工作地点或发生意外，他义无返顾地之间的孤独，但如此monastically自我纪律，在他的习惯，以得到发言的是"苦行" （ apol.长阿里安，六） 。 In fourth-century usage the word would have a definiteness of connotation not easily determinable today.在第四世纪的使用这个词，将有一个更为确切的内涵，不容易确定。 (See ASCETICISM). （见禁欲主义） 。
It is not surprising that one who was called to fill so large a place in the history of his time should have impressed the very form and feature of his personality, so to say, upon the imagination of his contemporaries.这是不足为奇的一个人被称为填补那么大的地方，在历史上他的时间应该有印象非常的形式和特点，他的个性，所以说，当想象的是他。 St. Gregory Nazianzen is not the only writer who has described him for us (Orat. xxi, 8).圣格雷戈里nazianzen并非是唯一的作家曾这样形容他为我们（ orat.二十一， 8 ） 。 A contemptuous phrase of the Emperor Julian's (Epist., li) serves unintentionally to corroborate the picture drawn by kindlier observers. 1藐视短语皇帝朱利安的（ epist. ，李）是有意无意，以佐证图片画kindlier观察员出席了会议。 He was slightly below the middle height, spare in build, but well-knit, and intensely energetic.他稍低于中等身高，备件，在建的，但较为周密，紧锣密鼓精力充沛。 He had a finely shaped head, set off with a thin growth of auburn hair, a small but sensitively mobile mouth, an aquiline nose, and eyes of intense but kindly brilliancy.他有个细形头，掀起了一个薄增长比分头发，一个小而敏感地移动口耳相传，一个aquiline鼻子和眼睛的紧张，但仁慈的光辉。 He had a ready wit, was quick in intuition, easy and affable in manner, pleasant in conversation, keen, and, perhaps, somewhat too unsparing in debate.他有一个现成的智慧，也很快在直观，容易，而且和蔼可亲，在方式，在愉快的交谈中，剧烈，也许有点太不留情，在辩论。 (Besides the references already cited, see the detailed description given in the January Menaion quotes in the Bollandist life. Julian the Apostate, in the letter alluded to above sneers at the diminutiveness of his person -- mede aner, all anthropiokos euteles, he writes.) In addition to these qualities, he was conspicuous for two others to which even his enemies bore unwilling testimony. （除了已经提到，引用，看到详细的说明在2005年1月menaion行情在bollandist生活。朱利安的叛教者，在信中提到了上述sneers在diminutiveness他的人-m edea ner，所有a nthropiokose uteles，他写道： ）除了这些特质，他是突出的有两个别人，连他的敌人膛不愿作证。 He was endowed with a sense of humour that could be as mordant -- we had almost said as sardonic -- as it seems to have been spontaneous and unfailing; and his courage was of the sort that never falters, even in the most disheartening hour of defeat.他被赋有责任感的幽默感可以作为媒介-我们几乎说，作为副业-因为它似乎已被自发的和经久不衰;和他的勇气，是那种从来没有动摇，即使是在最令人沮丧小时失败的。 There is one other note in this highly gifted and many-sided personality to which everything else in his nature literally ministered, and which must be kept steadily in view, if we would possess the key to his character and writing and understand the extraordinary significance of his career in the history of the Christian Church.还有一个在这方面注意到在天才和许多片面的人格，这一切，都在他的天性字面上ministered ，以及哪些必须保持稳步认为，如果我们将拥有关键他的性格和写作和理解有着非同寻常的意义的他的职业生涯，在历史上的基督教教堂。 He was by instinct neither a liberal nor a conservative in theology.他本能地既不自由，也不是一个保守的神学。 Indeed the terms have a singular inappropriateness as applied to a temperament like his.事实上条款有一个奇异的不当作为适用于一个气质像他的。 From first to last he cared greatly for one thing and one thing only; the integrity of his Catholic creed.从第一次到最后他的照顾，极大地为一件事一件事只;完整性，他的天主教信仰。 The religion it engendered in him was obviously -- considering the traits by which we have tried to depict him -- of a passionate and consuming sort.宗教，它产生的，他显然是-考虑性状，使我们试图描绘出他的-一个激情和消费排序。 It began and ended in devotion to the Divinity of Jesus Christ.它开始和结束，在奉献给神的耶稣基督。 He was scarcely out of his teens, and certainly not in more than deacon's orders, when he published two treatises, in which his mind seemed to strike the keynote of all its riper after-utterances on the subject of the Catholic Faith.他几乎没有出十几岁的时候，当然也不会在超过执事的命令，当他出版了两本论文，在他的心目中，似乎罢工基调，其所有成熟后，话语就此事的天主教信仰。 The "Contra Gentes" and the "Oratio de Incarnatione" -- to give them the Latin appellations by which they are more commonly cited -- were written some time between the years 318 and 323.成了" Contra gentes "和"地址德incarnatione " -给他们拉丁语称谓，使他们更被引用的-写的一段时间之间的年3 1 8和3 2 3。 St. Jerome (De Viris Illust.) refers to them under a common title, as "Adversum Gentes Duo Libri", thus leaving his readers to gather the impression which an analysis of the contents of both books certainly seems to justify, that the two treatises are in reality one.圣杰罗姆（德viris illust ） ，是指他们的一个共同的称号，作为" adversum gentes铎书" ，从而留下他的读者，以搜集有关的印象，这是一个分析的内容，两本书的肯定，似乎没有合理的理由，这两个论文是在现实中的一个。
As a plea for the Christian position, addressed chiefly to both Gentiles and Jews, the young deacon's apology, while undoubtedly reminiscential in methods and ideas of Origen and the earlier Alexandrians, is, nevertheless, strongly individual and almost pietistic in tone.作为认罪，为基督教的立场，主要是解决两个外邦人和犹太人，这位年轻的执事的道歉，而毫无疑问reminiscential在方法和思想的渊源及早前alexandrians是，尽管如此，强烈的个人和几乎pietistic在语调。 Though it deals with the Incarnation, it is silent on most of those ulterior problems in defence of which Athanasius was soon to be summoned by the force of events and the fervour of his own faith to devote the best energies of his life.虽然它涉及的化身，它是沉默的大多数，这些别有用心的问题，在国防，其中athanasius很快被传召由部队的事件和侃侃而谈他自己的信念，用最好的精力，他的生命。 The work contains no explicit discussion of the nature of the Word's Sonship, for instance; no attempt to draw out the character of Our Lord's relation to the Father; nothing, in short, of those Christological questions upon which he was to speak with such splendid and courageous clearness in time of shifting formularies and undetermined views.工作内容并没有明确的性质讨论字的sonship ，例如，没有任何企图抽出的性质我们的主的关系，以父亲;无关，总之，这些基督论问题时，他说这样灿烂勇敢的晴空中的时候把处方和未确定的意见。 Yet those ideas must have been in the air (Soz., I, xv) for, some time between the years 318 and 320, Arius, a native of Libya (Epiph., Haer., lxix) and priest of the Alexandrian Church, who had already fallen under censure for his part in the Meletian troubles which broke out during the episcopate of St. Peter, and whose teachings had succeeded in making dangerous headway, even among "the consecrated virgins" of St. Mark's see (Epiph. Haer., lxix; Soc., Hist. Eccl., I, vi), accused Bishop Alexander of Sabellianism.然而，这些想法必须已在空中（ soz. ，我， XV ）号决议，部分之间的时间来318和320 ， arius ，土生土长的利比亚（ epiph. ， haer ， lxix ）和牧师的亚历山大教堂世卫组织已跌至谴责下，为他在这项meletian麻烦期间发生的主教的圣彼得大教堂，其教义已成功地使危险的进展，甚至在" consecrated处女"的圣马克见（ epiph. haer ， lxix ; SoC的，历史的。 eccl 。来说，我和六） ，被告人主教亚历山大的sabellianism 。 Arius, who seems to have presumed on the charitable tolerance of the primate, was at length deposed (Apol. c. Ar., vi) in a synod consisting of more than one hundred bishops of Egypt and Libya (Depositio Ar., 3). arius ，他们似乎都假定对慈善宽容的灵长类动物，是在长度废黜（ apol.丙氩，六）在一个主教，其中超过100主教的埃及和利比亚（ depositio氩， 3 ） 。 The condemned heresiarch withdrew first to Palestine and afterwards to Bithynia, where, under the protection of Eusebius of Nicomedia and his other "Collucianists", he was able to increase his already remarkable influence, while his friends were endeavouring to prepare a way for his forcible reinstatement as priest of the Alexandrian Church.该谴责heresiarch撤回首次向巴勒斯坦和事后bithynia ，那里的保护下，尤西比乌斯的尼科美底亚和他的其他" collucianists " ，他才能够增加他的已经显着影响，而他的朋友们正在努力准备了一条路，他强行复职的，因为牧师的亚历山大教堂。 Athanasius, though only in deacon's order, must have taken no subordinate part in these events. athanasius ，虽然只在执事的命令，必须有采取任何从属参与这些活动。 He was the trusted secretary and advisor of Alexander, and his name appears in the list of those who signed the encyclical letter subsequently issued by the primate and his colleagues to offset the growing prestige of the new teaching, and the momentum it was beginning to acquire from the ostentatious patronage extended to the deposed Arius by the Eusebian faction.他是值得信赖的秘书和顾问亚历山大，和他的名字出现在名单上的那些签署了通谕信随后发出的灵长类和他的同事们，以弥补日益增加的威望提高，新的教学，势头，它已开始收购从排场载客量扩大到废黜arius由eusebian派系。 Indeed, it is to this party and to the leverage it was able to exercise at the emperor's court that the subsequent importance of Arianism as a political, rather than a religious, movement seems primarily to be due.事实上，这是这个党和杠杆作用，它是能够行使在皇帝的法院随后的重要性arianism作为一个政治，而不是宗教，运动似乎主要是由于。
The heresy, of course, had its supposedly philosophic basis, which has been ascribed by authors, ancient and modern, to the most opposite sources.该异端的，当然是有其理应哲学基础，它已经属于作者，古老与现代，最对面的来源。 St. Epiphanius characterizes it as a king of revived Aristoteleanism (Haer., lxvii and lxxvi); and the same view is practically held by Socrates (Hist. Eccl., II, xxxv), Theodoret (Haer. Fab., IV, iii), and St. Basil (Adv. Eunom., I, ix).圣epiphanius特点，它作为一个国王复活aristoteleanism （ haer. ， lxvii和lxxvi ）和相同的看法，实际上是持有苏格拉底（ hist. eccl 。第一，二，三十五） ， theodoret （ haer.晶圆一，四，三， ） ，以及圣罗勒（ adv. eunom 。来说，我和九） 。 On the other hand, a theologian as broadly read as Petavius (De Trin., I, viii, 2) has no hesitation in deriving it from Platonism; Newman in turn (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 109) sees in it the influence of Jewish prejudices rationalized by the aid of Aristotelean ideas; while Robertson (Sel. Writ. and Let. of Ath. Proleg., 27) observes that the "common theology", which was invariably opposed to it, "borrowed its philosophical principles and method from the Platonists."在另一方面，神学家广泛理解为petavius （德trin ， ，八， 2 ）没有犹豫，源于它从柏拉图;纽曼反过来（ arians的第四次。 4版， 109 ）视在它的影响犹太人的偏见，理顺了由援助的aristotelean想法，而罗伯逊（ sel.令状，并让。的氢氧化铝。 proleg ， 27日）指出， "共同神学" ，这是必然反对的， "借来其哲学原理和方法，从platonists " 。 These apparently conflicting statements could, no doubt, be easily adjusted; but the truth is that the prestige of Arianism never lay in its ideas.这些看似矛盾的声明，可以毫无疑问地，很容易调整，但事实的真相是，该威信arianism决不在于它的想法。 From whatever school it may have been logically derived, the sect, as a sect, was cradled and nurtured in intrigue.无论从学校，它可能已经从逻辑上推导，该教派，作为一个教派，是座落在亲手缔造和培育的中大阴谋。 Save in some few instances, which can be accounted for on quite other grounds, its prophets relied more upon curial influence than upon piety, or Scriptural knowledge, or dialectics.除了在少数几个事例中，可占不少其他理由，它是先知，更靠后curial影响比后，虔诚，或圣经的知识，或辩证法。 That must be borne constantly in mind, if we would not move distractedly through the bewildering maze of events that make up the life of Athanasius for the next half-century to come.必须承担不断记住，如果我们将不会提出distractedly透过扑朔迷离的迷宫事件弥补的生命athanasius为下一世纪上半叶来。 It is his peculiar merit that he not only saw the drift of things from the very beginning, but was confident of the issue down to the last (Apol. c. Ar., c.).这是他特有的优点，他不仅看到了漂移的事情从一开始，但有信心的问题，下至昨（ apol.氩丙，丙） 。 His insight and courage proved almost as efficient a bulwark to the Christian Church in the world as did his singularly lucid grasp of traditional Catholic belief.他的眼光和勇气，证明了几乎同样高效率的一个堡垒，以基督教教堂，在世界上像他的奇清晰地把握了传统的天主教信仰。 His opportunity came in the year 325, when the Emperor Constantine, in the hope of putting an end to the scandalous debates that were disturbing the peace of the Church, met the prelates of the entire Catholic world in council at Nicaea.他的机会来了，今年325 ，当皇帝君士坦丁，在希望的是结束了可耻的辩论被扰乱治安的教会，会见了主教的整个天主教世界，在理事会的尼西亚。
The great council convoked at this juncture was something more than a pivotal event in the history of Christianity.大会召集在这个时刻一定是一个多枢纽史上的一件大事，基督教。 Its sudden, and, in one sense, almost unpremeditated adoption of a quasi-philosophic and non-Scriptural term -- homoousion -- to express the character of orthodox belief in the Person of the historic Christ, by defining Him to be identical in substance, or co-essential, with the Father, together with its confident appeal to the emperor to lend the sanction of his authority to the decrees and pronouncements by which it hoped to safeguard this more explicit profession of the ancient Faith, had consequences of the gravest import, not only to the world of ideas, but to the world of politics as well.突然，而且，从某种意义来说，几乎是过失通过一项准哲学和非圣经来说-h omoousion-来表达的特色东正教信仰的人的历史性基督，通过确定他能够在相同的物质，或协调必不可少的，与父亲，连同其信心呼吁皇帝给予制裁的权力，有关法规和声明它希望维护这个更明确的界的古老信念，有后果严重进口，不仅有利于世界的想法，但是到了世界的政治作为。 By the official promulgation to the term homoöusion, theological speculation received a fresh but subtle impetus which made itself felt long after Athanasius and his supporters had passed away; while the appeal to the secular arm inaugurated a policy which endured practically without change of scope down to the publication of the Vatican decrees in our own time.由官方颁布，以任期homoöusion ，神学投机收到新鲜，但微妙的动力，使自己感觉后不久athanasius和他的支持者已经去世，而上诉到世俗的手臂启动了一项政策，经历了几乎没有变化范围下降至出版梵蒂冈法令，在我们自己的时间。 In one sense, and that a very deep and vital one, both the definition and the policy were inevitable.从某种意义来说，这非常深刻和重要的一个，无论是定义和政策是不可避免的。 It was inevitable in the order of religious ideas that any break in logical continuity should be met by inquiry and protest.这是无法避免的，在该命令的宗教思想，任何突破，在逻辑上的连续性，则应由调查和抗议。 It was just as inevitable that the protest, to be effective, should receive some countenance from a power which up to that moment had affected to regulate all the graver circumstances of life (cf. Harnack, Hist. Dog., III, 146, note; Buchanan's tr.).它只是作为无可避免的抗议行动，是有效的，应该接受一些国家进行，由权力直至这一刻产生了影响，以规管所有严重的情况下生活（参见的Harnack ，历史。狗年，第三条， 146条，注;布坎南的的TR ） 。 As Newman has remarked: "The Church could not meet together in one, without entering into a sort of negotiation with the power that be; who jealousy it is the duty of Christians, both as individuals and as a body, if possible, to dispel" (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 241).作为纽曼曾说过： "教会不能满足在一起，而没有进入到一种谈判的权力;嫉妒的人，这是有责任的基督徒，无论是作为个人和作为一个机构，如果可能的话，以消除" （ arians的第四次。 4版， 241 ） 。 Athanasius, though not yet in priest's orders, accompanied Alexander to the council in the character of secretary and theological adviser. athanasius ，虽然尚未在神父的命令，亚历山大的陪同下向安理会提出在性格司和神学顾问。 He was not, of course, the originator of the famous homoösion.他不是的，当然是发端的著名homoösion 。 The term had been proposed in a non-obvious and illegitimate sense by Paul of Samosata to the Father at Antioch, and had been rejected by them as savouring of materialistic conceptions of the Godhead (cf. Athan., "De Syn.," xliii; Newman, "Arians of the Fourth Cent.," 4 ed., 184-196; Petav. "De Trin.," IV, v, sect. 3; Robertson, "Sel. Writ. and Let. Athan. Proleg.", 30 sqq.).任期已提议在非显而易见的和不正当的感觉，保罗的samosata向父亲在安提约，并已被拒绝，他们品尝的功利观念的神的源头（参见athan ， "德顺， "四十三;纽曼， " arians的第四届一分钱， " 4版， 184-196 ; petav "德trin ， "第四，第五，第3节;罗伯逊， "的SEL 。令状，并让。 athan 。 proleg 。 " ， 30 sqq ） 。
It may even be questioned whether, if left to his own logical instincts, Athanasius would have suggested an orthodox revival of the term at all ("De Decretis", 19; "Orat. c. Ar.", ii, 32; "Ad Monachos", 2).它甚至有可能质疑，如果任由他自己的逻辑本能， athanasius会建议东正教复活一词，在所有（ "德decretis " ， 19 " ; orat 。丙氩。 " ，第二章第32条; "专案monachos " ， 2 ） 。 His writings, composed during the forty-six critical years of his episcopate, show a very sparing use of the word; and though, as Newman (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 236) reminds us, "the authentic account of the proceedings" that took place is not extant, there is nevertheless abundant evidence in support of the common view that it had been unexpectedly forced upon the notice of the bishops, Arian and orthodox, in the great synod by Constantine's proposal to account the creed submitted by Eusebius of Caesarea, with the addition of the homoösion, as a safeguard against possible vagueness.他的作品组成，在46年批判他的主教，显示一个非常不遗余力一词的使用;虽然，正如纽曼（ arians的第四次。 4版， 236 ）提醒我们， "正宗的帐户有关法律程序"发生的，是不是现存的，有不过丰富的证据支持的共同看法，它一直在出人意料地强加于通知主教，阿里安和东正教徒，在伟大的主教由君士坦丁的建议，根据信条提交尤西比乌斯的caesarea ，加上该homoösion ，为防范可能的含糊。 The suggestion had in all probability come from Hosius (cf. "Epist. Eusebii.", in the appendix to the "De Decretis", sect. 4; Soc., "Hist. Eccl.", I, viii; III, vii; Theod. "Hist. Eccl.", I, Athan.; "Arians of the Fourth Cent.", 6, n. 42; outos ten en Nikaia pistin exetheto, says the saint, quoting his opponents); but Athanasius, in common with the leaders of the orthodox party, loyally accepted the term as expressive of the traditional sense in which the Church had always held Jesus Christ to be the Son of God.有人建议在所有的概率来自侯休斯（参见" epist 。 eusebii " ，在附录中，以"德decretis " ，第4节; SoC的， "历史。 eccl 。 " ，我想，第八;三，七; theod "的历史。 eccl 。 " ，我想， athan 。 ; " arians的第四届一分钱" ， 6 ， 12月31日42 ; outos十恩nikaia皮什廷exetheto说，圣引述他的对手） ，但athanasius ，共同与各位领导人的正统党，忠实地接受了任期内表现的是传统意义上在该教会一直举行耶稣基督被上帝的儿子。 The conspicuous abilities displayed in the Nicaean debates and the character for courage and sincerity he won on all sides made the youthful cleric henceforth a marked man (St. Greg. Naz., Orat., 21).突出展示的能力，在nicaean争论和品格，为的勇气和诚意，他赢得了所有各方作出了青春的教士，从此显文（圣格雷戈。 naz ， orat ， 21 ） 。 His life could not be lived in a corner.他的生命不能住在一个角落。 Five months after the close of the council the Primate of Alexandria died; and Athanasius, quite as much in recognition of his talent, it would appear, as in deference to the deathbed wishes of the deceased prelate, was chosen to succeed him. 5个月结束后，安理会灵长类亚历山大去世; athanasius ，相当多的确认他的才华，这样看来，由于听从了临终前的愿望，死者主教，被选为接替他。 His election, in spite of his extreme youth and the opposition of a remnant of the Arian and Meletian factions in the Alexandrian Church, was welcomed by all classes among the laity ("Apol. c. Arian", vi; Soz., "Hist. Eccl.", II, xvii, xxi, xxii).他的当选，尽管他有极端的青年和反对派一个残存的阿里安和meletian派系在亚历山大教会，欢迎各阶层之间的俗人（ " apol 。丙阿里安" ，第六章; soz ， "历史。 eccl "第一，二，十七，二十一，二十二） 。
The opening years of the saint's rule were occupied with the wonted episcopal routine of a fourth-century Egyptian bishop.开放多年的圣人的统治被占领与wonted主教例行的第四个世纪，埃及主教。 Episcopal visitations, synods, pastoral correspondence, preaching and the yearly round of church functions consumed the bulk of his time. visitations主教，主教会议，畜牧函授，说教和每年一轮的教堂功能消耗大量他的时代了。 The only noteworthy events of which antiquity furnishes at least probable data are connected with the successful efforts which he made to provide a hierarchy for the newly planted church in Ethiopia (Abyssinia) in the person of St. Frumentius (Rufinus I, ix; Soc. I, xix; Soz., II, xxiv), and the friendship which appears to have begun about this time between himself and the monks of St. Pachomius.唯一值得注意的事件，其中文物提供了至少可能数据都与成功的努力，他在发言中，以提供一个架构，为新种植的教堂在埃塞俄比亚（阿比西尼亚） ，在人的圣弗鲁门齐乌斯（ rufinus我，第九; SoC的。一，第19条; soz 。第一，二，二十四） ，和友谊，这似乎已开始对这个时间自己与和尚圣帕科米乌斯。 But the seeds of disaster which the saint's piety had unflinchingly planted at Nicaea were beginning to bear a disquieting crop at last.但种子的灾难，其中圣人的孝道已坚定不移地种植在了尼西亚开始产生一种令人不安的作物在最后。 Already events were happening at Constantinople which were soon to make him the most important figure of his time.已经事件发生在君士坦丁堡被很快使他的最重要人物，他的时代了。 Eusebius of Nicomedia, who had fallen into disgrace and been banished by the Emperor Constantine for his part in the earlier Arian controversies, had been recalled from exile.尤西比乌斯的尼科美底亚，他们已陷入耻辱和被放逐，由皇帝君士坦丁为他的一部分，在以前的阿里安争议，被召回的，由流亡。 After an adroit campaign of intrigue, carried on chiefly through the instrumentality of the ladies of the imperial household, this smooth-mannered prelate so far prevailed over Constantine as to induce him to order the recall of Arius likewise from exile.经过adroit运动的阴谋，进行主要是通过工具性的女装的日本皇室，这顺利彬彬有礼主教至今压倒君士坦丁，以诱使他下令召回arius同样由流亡。 He himself sent a characteristic letter to the youthful Primate of Alexandria, in which he bespoke his favour for the condemned heresiarch, who was described as a man whose opinions had been misrepresented.他自己发出的一个特点一封信给青春灵长类的亚历山德里亚，他在其中定制他赞成为谴责heresiarch ，他被形容为一名男子，他们的意见已被歪曲。 These events must have happened some time about the close of the year 330.这些事件必须发生一些时间大约接近年底330 。 Finally the emperor himself was persuaded to write to Athanasius, urging that all those who were ready to submit to the definitions of Nicaea should be re-admitted to ecclesiastical communion.最后皇帝本人被劝服写信给athanasius联系，要求所有那些准备提交给定义的尼西亚，都应予以重新承认教会共融。 This Athanasius stoutly refused to do, alleging that there could be no fellowship between the Church and the one who denied the Divinity of Christ.这athanasius坚决拒绝这样做，并指不可能有任何团契与教会和一个人否认基督的神。
The Bishop of Nicomedia thereupon brought various ecclesiastical and political charges against Athanasius, which, though unmistakably refuted at their first hearing, were afterwards refurbished and made to do service at nearly every stage of his subsequent trials.主教尼科美底亚于是带来了各种宗教和政治罪名athanasius ，虽然明白无误地驳斥了他们的第一次听证会，事后被翻新，并提出做服务，在几乎每一个阶段，他随后的审判工作。 Four of these were very definite, to wit: that he had not reached the canonical age at the time of his consecration; that he had imposed a linen tax upon the provinces; that his officers had, with his connivance and authority, profaned the Sacred Mysteries in the case of an alleged priest names Ischyras; and lastly that he had put one Arenius to death and afterwards dismembered the body for purposes of magic.这些国家中有四个非常明确，即：他还没有达到典型岁的时候，他者;他施加了亚麻税款后，各省，他的人员，在他的纵容和权威，亵渎神圣未解之谜的情况下被指控的神父的名字ischyras ;最后，他曾提出一个阿雷纽斯死刑，事后肢解尸体为宗旨的魔术队。 The nature of the charges and the method of supporting them were vividly characteristic of the age.指控的性质和方法，支持他们被形象地特征的年龄。 The curious student will find them set forth in picturesque detail in the second part of the Saint's "Apologia", or "Defense against the Arians", written long after the events themselves, about the year 350, when the retractation of Ursacius and Valens made their publication triumphantly opportune.好奇的学生，就会发现他们提出了在风景如画的细节，在第二部分的圣人的"纵容" ，或"国防部对arians " ，书面长后，事件本身，对今年的350 ，当收回的ursacius和蠹取得它们的出版，胜利的时机。 The whole unhappy story at this distance of time reads in parts more like a specimen of late Greek romance than the account of an inquisition gravely conducted by a synod of Christian prelates with the idea of getting at the truth of a series of odious accusations brought against one of their number.整个不愉快的故事，在这个距离的时间，内容，在部分越来越像一个标本晚期希腊浪漫超过该帐户的一个严重的探讨所进行的主教，基督教主教与构思，将获得真相的一系列可憎的指控起诉他们的一个号码。 Summoned by the emperor's order after protracted delays extended over a period of thirty months (Soz., II, xxv), Athanasius finally consented to meet the charges brought against him by appearing before a synod of prelates at Tyre in the year 335.召见，由皇帝的命令，经过长期拖延延长了近一个时期以来的30个月（ soz. ，二，二十五） ， athanasius终于同意，以满足对他的指控出庭，由前主教会议的主教在轮胎在今年335 。 Fifty of his suffragans went with him to vindicate his good name; but the complexion of the ruling party in the synod made it evident that justice to the accused was the last thing that was thought of.第五十二他suffragans去与他维护他的好名声，但脸色的执政党，在议会提出，可见公道，被告是最后一件事，是思想的。 It can hardly be wondered at, that Athanasius should have refused to be tried by such a court.这是难以想知道的，这athanasius应该有拒绝交由这样一个法院。 He, therefore, suddenly withdrew from Tyre, escaping in a boat with some faithful friends who accompanied him to Byzantium, where he had made up his mind to present himself to the emperor.因此，他突然退出轮胎，逃逸船与一些忠实的朋友陪同他到拜占庭，在那里，他作出了自己20年来矢志目前自己的皇帝。
The circumstances in which the saint and the great catechumen met were dramatic enough.在何种情况下圣和大catechumen遇见的人戏剧性不够的。 Constantine was returning from a hunt, when Athanasius unexpectedly stepped into the middle of the road and demanded a hearing.君士坦丁返航时，从狩猎，当athanasius不料步入中年的道路，并要求听证。 The astonished emperor could hardly believe his eyes, and it needed the assurance of one of the attendants to convince him that the petitioner was not an impostor, but none other than the great Bishop of Alexandria himself.该惊讶，皇帝们几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛，它需要的保证，其中的服务员，以说服他说，信访人，是不是一个impostor ，但没有一个比其他伟大的主教亚历山德里亚自己。 "Give me", said the prelate, "a just tribunal, or allow me to meet my accusers face to face in your presence." "给我说： "总主教， "正义法庭，或允许我满足我的控诉，面对面地在你的存在" 。 His request was granted.他的要求是理所当然的。 An order was peremptorily sent to the bishops, who had tried Athanasius and, of course, condemned him in his absence, to repair at once to the imperial city.一声令遽然送往主教，他们曾试图athanasius ，当然，谴责他在他缺席的情况下，以修理他们就会向皇城。 The command reached them while they were on their way to the great feast of the dedication of Constantine's new church at Jerusalem.指挥达成了他们，而他们当时正前往伟大的节日奉献的君士坦丁的新教会在耶路撒冷。 It naturally caused some consternation; but the more influential members of the Eusebian faction never lacked either courage or resourcefulness.这自然引起了一些惊愕，但较具影响力的成员对eusebian派，从来就不缺乏勇气，要么或机智。 The saint was taken at his word; and the old charges were renewed in the hearing of the emperor himself.圣采取了他所说的话;与旧收费续约，在听证会的皇帝本人。 Athanasius was condemned to go into exile at Treves, where he was received with the utmost kindness by the saintly Bishop Maximinus and the emperor's eldest son, Constantine. athanasius是注定要走进流亡特雷韦斯，在那里，他收到了我们以极大的爱心，由德雷克主教maximinus和天皇的长子，君士坦丁。 He began his journey probably in the month of February, 336, and arrived on the banks of the Moselle in the late autumn of the same year.他开始了他的旅程，可能是在2月份， 336 ，并赶到该银行的海德堡，在深秋的同一年。 His exile lasted nearly two years and a half.他的流亡政府，历时近两年半。 Public opinion in his own diocese remained loyal to him during all that time.舆论在他自己的教区仍忠于他，在所有的时间。 It was not the least eloquent testimony to the essential worth of his character that he could inspire such faith.这是不是至少雄辩地证明了基本价值的他的性格，他可以激发这种信念。 Constantine's treatment of Athanasius at this crisis in his fortunes has always been difficult to understand.君士坦丁的治疗athanasius在这场危机中他的运气一直很难理解。 Affecting, on the one hand, a show of indignation, as if he really believed in the political charge brought against the saint, he, on the other hand, refused to appoint a successor to the Alexandrian See, a thing which he might in consistency have been obliged to do had he taken seriously the condemnation proceedings carried through by the Eusebians at Tyre.影响，一方面，这显示他们的愤怒，因为如果他真的相信，在政治上带来的电荷对圣他，但另一方面，拒绝任命一位继任者向亚历山大看到的，一个东西，他可能在一致性一直被迫做了，他十分认真地对待谴责法律程序进行，由eusebians于轮胎。
Meanwhile events of the greatest importance had taken place.同时活动的最重要的行动。 Arius had died amid startlingly dramatic circumstances at Constantinople in 336; and the death of Constantine himself had followed, on the 22nd of May the year after. arius已经死亡中令人震惊戏剧性的情况下，在君士坦丁堡，在336和死亡的君士坦丁亲自其次，对5月22日的一年后。 Some three weeks later the younger Constantine invited the exiled primate to return to his see; and by the end of November of the same year Athanasius was once more established in his episcopal city.约三个星期后，年轻的君士坦丁邀请流亡海外的灵长类返回其见，并通过年底，同年十一月athanasius一度趋于稳固，在他的主教城市。 His return was the occasion of great rejoicing.他的回报是值此大喜日子。 The people, as he himself tells us, ran in crowds to see his face; the churches were given over to a kind of jubilee; thanksgivings were offered up everywhere; and clergy and laity accounted the day the happiest in their lives.人民，正如他自己告诉我们，然在欢迎人群中看到他的脸;教会获得超过一种银禧; thanksgivings提供了无处不在;教士和俗人占一天最快乐的，在他们的生命。 But already trouble was brewing in a quarter from which the saint might reasonably have expected it.但麻烦已经酝酿在四分之一，其中圣合理地期望它。 The Eusebian faction, who from this time forth loom large as the disturbers of his peace, managed to win over to their side the weak-minded Emperor Constantius to whom the East had been assigned in the division of the empire that followed on the death of Constantine.该eusebian派，他们从这个时候提出织机大作为disturbers他的和平，设法争取到他们的一方弱志同道合皇帝constantius向谁东部被指派在该司的帝国之后就死亡君士坦丁。 The old charges were refurbished with a graver ecclesiastical accusation added by way of rider.旧收费翻新与格拉弗教会指责补充的方式，附约。 Athanasius had ignored the decision of a duly authorized synod. athanasius忽视了决定，正式授权的主教。 He had returned to his see without the summons of ecclesiastical authority (Apol. c. Ar., loc. cit.).他已返回他在没有看到传票的教会管理局（ apol.丙氩，如上） 。 In the year 340, after the failure of the Eusebian malcontents to secure the appointment of an Arian candidate of dubious reputation names Pistus, the notorious Gregory of Cappadocia was forcibly intruded into the Alexandrian See, and Athanasius was obliged to go into hiding.在今年的340个，失败后，该eusebian malcontents ，以确保指定一名阿里安候选人可疑的声誉名字pistus ，臭名昭著的格雷戈里的Cappadocia的被强行闯入亚历山大见，并athanasius不得不去躲藏起来。 Within a very few weeks he set out for Rome to lay his case before the Church at large.在一个非常几个星期，他订出的罗马奠定他的情况下，才教会在逃。 He had made his appeal to Pope Julius, who took up his cause with a whole-heartedness that never wavered down to the day of that holy pontiff's death.他提出了他的上诉，以波普戏剧，谁接手他的事业与整个的心从未动摇过，下至天圣表示，教宗的死因。 The pope summoned a synod of bishops to meet in Rome.教宗召集主教会议，以应付在罗马。 After a careful and detailed examination of the entire case, the primate's innocence was proclaimed to the Christian world.经过认真和详细的审查，整个案件中，灵长类的清白被宣布为基督教世界。
Meanwhile the Eusebian party had met at Antioch and passed a series of decrees framed for the sole purpose of preventing the saint's return to his see.同时eusebian党今天下午在安提约，并通过了一系列法令，诬陷为唯一目的是防止圣人的返回他看到的。 Three years were passed at Rome, during which time the idea of the cenobitical life, as Athanasius had seen it practised in the deserts of Egypt, was preached to the clerics of the West (St. Jerome, Epistle cxxvii, 5).三年来通过在罗马，而在这段时间的想法了cenobitical生活，并athanasius看到它实行的，在埃及沙漠中，被宰杀的教士的西（圣杰罗姆，书信cxxvii ， 5 ） 。 Two years after the Roman synod had published its decision, Athanasius was summoned to Milan by the Emperor Constans, who laid before him the plan which Constantius had formed for a great reunion of both the Eastern and Western Churches.两年后，罗马主教曾经发表自己的决定，因此athanasius被传唤到米兰，由皇帝CONSTANS的，他们奠定了在他之前的计划，其中constantius形成了一个大团圆的无论东部还是西部，教堂。 Now began a time of extraordinary activity for the Saint.现在开始的时候有着非同寻常的活动，为圣。 Early in the year 343 we find the undaunted exile in Gaul, whither he had gone to consult the saintly Hosius, the great champion of orthodoxy in the West.早在343年，我们找到了前仆后继流亡在高卢，着他去征询德雷克侯休斯，伟大冠军的正统在西部地区。 The two together set out for the Council of Sardica which had been summoned in deference to the Roman pontiff's wishes.两者结合起来，而订出的理事会萨尔迪卡已召见听从罗马教宗的意愿。 At this great gathering of prelates the case of Athanasius was taken up once more; and once more was his innocence reaffirmed.在这个伟大的聚会主教的情况athanasius被带到了一次以上，并再次被自己的清白重申。 Two conciliar letters were prepared, one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, and the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, in which the will of the Council was made known.两个conciliar信准备，一至神职人员和信徒的亚历山德里亚，和其他以主教的埃及和利比亚，在该会的理事会是众所周知的。 Meanwhile the Eusebian party had gone to Philippopolis, where they issued an anathema against Athanasius and his supporters.同时eusebian党曾前往菲利普波利斯，在那里发出了强烈谴责，对athanasius和他的支持者。 The persecution against the orthodox party broke out with renewed vigour, and Constantius was induced to prepare drastic measures against Athanasius and the priests who were devoted to him.在遭受严重迫害东正教党爆发新的活力，并constantius诱导准备断然措施athanasius和祭司的人，专门给他。 Orders were given that if the Saint attempted to re-enter his see, he should be put to death.命令获得，如果圣试图重新进入他看到的，他应该被处决。 Athanasius, accordingly, withdrew from Sardica to Naissus in Mysia, where he celebrated the Easter festival of the year 344. athanasius ，因此，退出萨尔迪卡以naissus在每西亚，在那里他度过复活节艺术节今年344人。 After that he set out for Aquileia in obedience to a friendly summons from Constans, to whom Italy had fallen in the division of the empire that followed on the death of Constantine.之后他就订出的阿奎莱亚在服从友好传票从CONSTANS的，其中意大利下降分工帝国后，对死刑的君士坦丁。 Meanwhile an unexpected event had taken place which made the return of Athanasius to his see less difficult than it had seemed for many months.另外一个意想不到的事件已经发生，使返回athanasius他看到那么多的困难比，它似乎多月。 Gregory of Cappadocia had died (probably of violence) in June, 345.格雷戈里的Cappadocia的死亡（可能的暴力） ，在6月， 345 。 The embassy which had been sent by the bishops of Sardica to the Emperor Constantius, and which had at first met with the most insulting treatment, now received a favourable hearing.大使馆已派出由主教们萨尔迪卡向皇帝constantius ，并曾在第一次见面与最侮辱的待遇，现在已经收到一个有利的听证会。 Constantius was induced to reconsider his decision, owing to a threatening letter from his brother Constans and the uncertain condition of affairs of the Persian border, and he accordingly made up his mind to yield. constantius诱导重新考虑他的决定，由于恐吓信，由他的弟弟CONSTANS的和不确定的情况国际事务中的波斯边境，而且他据此作出了自己20年来矢志产量。 But three separate letters were needed to overcome the natural hesitation of Athanasius.但三个独立的信，需要克服自然毫不犹豫的athanasius 。 He passed rapidly from Aquileia to Treves, from Treves to Rome, and from Rome by the northern route to Adrianople and Antioch, where he met Constantius.他通过迅速从阿奎莱亚以特雷韦斯，从特雷韦斯到罗马，从罗马由北线，以阿德里安堡和安提，他在那里会见了constantius 。 He was accorded a gracious interview by the vacillating Emperor, and sent back to his see in triumph, where he began his memorable ten years' reign, which lasted down to the third exile, that of 356.他被给予殷勤采访时摇摆不定皇帝，并送回他看到在凯旋，在那里他开始了他的令人难忘的十多年间，历时下降至第三流亡政府，也就是356 。 These were full years in the life of the Bishop; but the intrigues of the Eusebian, or Court, party were soon renewed.这些都充满了多年，在生活中的主教，不过，这个阴谋的eusebian ，或法院，党很快就更新了。 Pope Julius had died in the month of April, 352, and Liberius had succeeded him as Sovereign Pontiff.教宗戏剧已经死在四月份， 352 ，和利比里奥曾接任宗主教宗。 For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene test, the homoöusion, had been studiously omitted.两年利比里奥已有利的事业athanasius ;驱使，但在最后流亡，他被诱导签署暧昧公式中，从这些伟大nicene测试中， homoöusion ，已studiously省略。 In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world.在355个议会是在米兰举行，那里尽管出现了激烈的反对，少数忠于主教当中，西方的主教，第四谴责athanasius是向全世界宣布。 With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, the Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape.与他的朋友们分散，德雷克侯休斯流亡政府表示，教宗利比里奥被指默许在阿里安处方， athanasius难以希望逃脱。 On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest (Apol. de Fuga, 24).对夜间2月8日， 356人，而从事服务业在教会的圣托马斯，一群武装男子闯进，以确保自己能够逮捕（ apol.德风雅， 24 ） 。 It was the beginning of his third exile.这是一开始他的第三次放逐。 Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria.透过影响力的eusebian派系在君士坦丁堡，阿里安主教乔治的Cappadocia的，现在却委任统治见亚历山大。 Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the deserts of upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks and devoting himself in his enforced leisure to the composition of that group of writings of which we have the rest in the "Apology to Constantius", the "Apology for his Flight", the "Letter to the Monks", and the "History of the Arians". athanasius后，余下的有天在附近的城市，最后撤回到沙漠上埃及的，他在那里停留的期限为6年，居住生活的僧侣和致力于在他被强迫以休闲的组成表示一批著作，其中有休息，在"道歉，以constantius " ， "道歉，为他的飞行" ， "写信给和尚" ， "历史的arians " 。 Legend has naturally been busy with this period of the Saint's career; and we may find in the "Life of Pachomius" a collection of tales brimful of incidents, and enlivened by the recital of "deathless 'scapes in the breach."传说自然一直忙于与这一时期的圣人的事业，我们可能会发现，在"生命的帕科米乌斯文献"的故事brimful的事件，搞活所演奏的" deathless '景观，在违反" 。 But by the close of the year 360 a change was apparent in the complexion of the anti-Nicene party.但接近年底360改变显然，在肤色的反nicene党。 The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents.该arians不再介绍了一个完整的战线，以他们的正统的对手。 The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361, and was succeeded by Julian.皇帝constantius曾担任过多年的事业这么多麻烦，死亡， 11月4日， 361 ，并成功地由朱利安。 The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria.宣布新王子的加入是信号为异教徒爆发反对仍主导阿里安派亚历山大。 George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered amid circumstances of great cruelty, 24 December (Hist. Aceph., VI).乔治，篡夺了主教，是广泛分布到监狱和谋杀中的情况非常残酷， 12月24日（ hist. aceph ，六） 。 An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope.一个晦涩presbyter的名义pistus立即被选定由arians来接替他，当新鲜的消息说，抵达充满正统党与希望。 An edict had been put forth by Julian (Hist. Aceph., VIII) permitting the exiled bishops of the "Galileans" to return to their "towns and provinces".一项法令已提出朱利安（ hist. aceph ，八）允许流亡的主教们" galileans "回到自己的"城镇和省份" 。 Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capital 22 February, 362. athanasius收到传票，由他自己的羊群，而他据此重新进入他的主教资本2月22日， 362 。 With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty.具有特色的能源，他已着手重新确立有点破灭的命运，正统党和清除神学的气氛中的不确定性。 To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies.以澄清误解了过程中出现的前几年，有人试图以确定进一步的意义，该nicene处方。 In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency.在此期间，朱利安，他似乎已经成为突然妒忌的影响athanasius是在行使在亚历山德里亚，处理一个，以ecdicius ，省长埃及，遽然指挥驱逐修复的灵长类，理由是他从来没有被纳入帝国法令的宽大处理。 The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (xxxv) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence.该法令传达给主教由pythicodorus trico ，卫生组织，虽然描述的" chronicon athanasianum " （三十五） ，作为一个"哲学家" ，似乎已表现出与残酷的狂悖。 On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but the saint urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration. 10月23日人民聚集约被禁主教，以抗议国王的法令，但圣敦促它们提交，告慰他们的承诺，他的缺席将是短暂的。 The prophecy was curiously fulfilled.预言是好奇地履行。 Julian terminated his brief career 26 June, 363; and Athanasius returned in secret to Alexandria, where he soon received a document from the new emperor, Jovian, reinstating him once more in his episcopal functions.朱利安终止他的短暂生涯6月26日，有363人; athanasius返回秘密亚历山大，在那里他很快都接到了一份文件，由新皇帝， jovian ，恢复他再一次在他的主教职务。 His first act was to convene a council which reaffirmed the terms of the Nicene Creed.他的第一个行动是要召开一次会议，其中重申条款尼西亚。 Early in September he set out for Antioch, bearing a synodal letter, in which the pronouncements of this council had been embodied. 9月初，他订出的安提，附有主教函，其中声明，本会已体现。 At Antioch he had an interview with the new emperor, who received him graciously and even asked him to prepare an exposition of the orthodox faith.在安提约他采访了新的皇帝，谁接待他的宽宏大量，甚至问他准备了一个博览会的正教信仰。 But in the following February Jovian died; and in October, 364, Athanasius was once more an exile.但在随后的2月jovian死亡;和10月， 364 ， athanasius一度，更是一种放逐。
With the turn of circumstances that handed over to Valens the control of the East this article has nothing to do; but the accession of the emperor gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party.与之交的情况下，移交给蠹控制的东这篇文章无关的事，但加入的皇帝了新鲜重燃生命向阿里安党。 He issued a decree banishing the bishops who has been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees.他颁布了一项法令，放逐主教已被废黜constantius ，但已获准由jovian返回他们看到的。 The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor.新闻创造最大的惊愕，在亚历山大市本身，以及纪，以防止发生严重疫情，给公众保证，表示非常特殊的案件athanasius将提交立法会省览即皇帝位。 But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him.但圣似乎已经来区分哪些是准备在秘密对他的。