The term was introduced in 1879 by Wilhelm Marr, a German political agitator.任期是在1879年由威廉的Marr ，一个德国政治搅拌器。 At the time it designated anti Jewish campaigns in Europe.当时它指定的反犹太人运动，在欧洲。 Soon, however, it came to be applied to the hostility and hatred directed toward Jews since before the Christian era.很快，但它后来被应用到敌视和仇恨针对犹太人自前基督教时代。
Long and painful best describes the history of anti Semitism.漫长而痛苦的最好描述了历史上的反犹太人主义。 Among Jews, the tragic facts about anti Semitism are well known, for it occupies a major portion of Jewish history.其中犹太人，惨痛的事实，反犹太人主义是众所周知的，因为它占有很大一部分犹太人的历史。 Today, after more than two millennia, this seemingly ubiquitous evil continues to exist.今天，经历了长达两千年来，这个看似无所不在的邪恶继续存在。 Hence, sensitivity to the wiles of the would be anti Semite is never far from the collective conscience of world Jewry.因此，敏感性狡猾的，将反semite是从未远离集体良知的世界犹太人。 In Christian circles, however, the story of anti Semitism, often sordid and self indicting, remains generally untold.在基督教界，然而，故事的反犹太人主义，往往是龌龊和自我起诉，仍普遍深重。 This is the case, it would seem, because the history of the church is about as long as the history of anti Semitism, if not in the overt acts of Christians, certainly in their guilty silence.在这种情况下，它似乎是的，因为教会的历史大约是只要历史上的反犹太人主义，如果不是在行为的基督徒，但肯定会在心虚的沉默。
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The destruction of the temple in 70 AD marked a widespread dispersion of the Jews.摧毁庙宇在70个专案标志着一个广泛分散的犹太人。 In the second century the Roman emperor Hadrian 117 - 38) issued edicts forbidding the practice of Judaism.在公元二世纪的罗马皇帝哈德良117 -3 8） ，发出的政令禁止的做法，犹太教。 About this time the great Rabbi Akiba was tortured to death by the Romans by having his flesh stripped from his body with iron combs.大约在这个时候大拉比秋叶被折磨致死，由罗马人，由他的肉体剥离，从他的身体与铁梳子。
In 321 Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state.在321君士坦丁作出了基督教的官方宗教，罗马状态。 Jews were forbidden to make converts, serve in the military, and hold any high office.犹太人被禁止作出转换，军队服务，并持有任何高级职务。 Several centuries later, under Justinian, Jews were barred from celebrating Passover until after Easter.几百年后，根据justinian ，犹太人被禁止庆祝逾越节后，直到复活节。
The roots of theological anti Semitism derive from certain teachings which arose from the early Christian centuries.根神学反犹太人主义源自某些教义，这是因为早期基督教百年。 The Jewish revolt of 66 - 70 AD resulted in the death, exile, or slavey of thousands of Jews.犹太人起义66 -7 0专案导致死亡，流放，或s lavey数以千计的犹太人。 Such hardship was thought by the rapidly expanding Gentile church to be chastisement, proof of divine rejection.这种困苦的是思想的迅速扩大gentile教堂被责罚，证明了神圣的排斥反应。 Gradually the church saw itself as superseding Judaism, a "dead" and "legalistic" faith.逐步教会认为自己取代犹太教， "死"和"法理"的信仰。 Triumphantly, the church now stood over the synagogue as the new Israel of God, heir to the covenant promises.洋洋得意，教会现在站在超过犹太教堂为新任以色列的神，继承了该公约的承诺。 But Jews, as a people, still chafed under the Roman yoke.但犹太人，作为一个人，依然感到愤怒之下罗马枷锁。 They failed to understand messianic redemption in terms of a suffering servant; they refused to believe that God had forever cast away his chosen.他们不明白，救世主赎回条款，在一个痛苦的仆人，他们不相信上帝永远摆脱他的选择。
The writings of several church fathers reflect a theological invective directed toward Jews.该著作的几个教堂父亲反映一个神学invective针对犹太人。 John Chrysostom, the "golden mouthe," is a noted example.约翰金口， "金mouthe " ，是著名的例子。 He taught that "the synagogue is a brothel and a theater,. . . a den for unclean animals. . . Never has a Jew prayer to God. . . They are all possessed by the devil."他教导说： "犹太教堂是一个妓院和一个剧场， 。 。 。书斋为不洁的动物… … 。从来没有一个犹太人祈祷上帝… … 。他们都是弥足魔鬼" 。
In the Middle Ages, Jews were largely excluded from medieval Christian culture.在中世纪，犹太人被排除在中世纪的基督教文化。 They sought to avoid social, economic, and ecclesiastical pressures by living behind ghetto walls.他们试图避免的社会，经济和宗教的压力，是生活背后的犹太人区墙壁。 They were, however, permitted to practice usury.然而，他们获准在实践盘剥。 This led Christians to accuse them of being a pariah people.这导致基督教徒指责他们被遗弃的人。 Jews were required to wear a distinctive hat or patch sewn on their clothing.犹太人必须穿戴与众不同的帽子，或修补缝上自己的衣物。 They were accused of having a peculiar smell, in contrast to the "odor of sanctity."他们被指控有异味，相反， "气味的神圣性" 。 Jews were also maligned as "Christ - killers," desecraters of the host, murderers of Christian infants, spreaders of the black plague, poisoners of wells and sucklers of sows.犹太人还诬蔑为"基督-杀手" d esecraters的东道主，杀人犯的基督教儿，传播者的黑死病， p oisoners水井和s ucklers的母猪。 The First Crusade (1096) resulted in numerous mass suicides as Jews sought to avoid forced baptism.第一次十字军东征（ 1096 ） ，结果造成了众多的集体自杀事件，作为犹太人试图避免被迫洗礼。 Toward the close of the Middle Ages many Jews became homeless wanderers.对关闭的中世纪许多犹太人成为无家可归的流浪者。 They were expelled from England in 1290, from France in 1306, and from cities in Spain, Germany, and Austria in the following years.他们被驱逐出英国在1290年，由法国于1306年，从城市在西班牙，德国和奥地利在随后的几年内。
The Spanish Inquisition and expulsion of 1492 resulted in thousands of torturings, burnings at the stake, and forced conversions.西班牙的宗教裁判所和驱逐1492年导致数千torturings ，烧荒，在危急关头，被迫转换。 In Germany, one generation later, Luther issued a series of vitriolic pamphlets attacking Jews.在德国，一代又一代后来，路德发表了一系列硫酸小册子攻击犹太人。 Of Jews he wrote, "Let us drive them out of the country for all time."犹太人的，他写道， "让我们赶他们离开这个国家的所有时间" 。
Toward the start of the modern ages a bloody revolt against the Cossacks occurred in Poland (1648 - 58).对开始的近代一场血腥反抗哥萨克发生在波兰（ 1648 -5 8） 。 Caught in the middle, about half a million Jews were killed.被夹在中间，大约有50万犹太人被杀害。 In other European countries at the time Jews continued to be persecuted or, at best, viewed with suspicion or contempt.在其他欧洲国家在当时的犹太人继续受到迫害，或者在最好的，以怀疑的眼光看待或蔑视。
In the latter part of the nineteenth century the largest Jewish population in the world (6 million) was in czarist Russia.在后者的一部分， 19世纪最大的犹太人口在世界（ 600万美元） ，是在沙俄。 There Jews experienced a series of vicious pogroms which left thousands dead.有犹太人经历了一系列恶性的大屠杀，造成数千人死亡。 Others, joining Jews from different European lands, fled to America.其他人，加入犹太人从欧洲不同地逃到美国。 In this country they hoped to find a place earlier described by George Washington as offering "to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance."在这个国家，他们希望找到一个地方先前描述的乔治华盛顿一样" ，以偏执的态度并没有受到惩处，以迫害的任何援助" 。 Between 1880 and 1910 more than two million Jews immigrated to America through New York City.与1880年和1910年有200多万犹太人移民到美国通过新的纽约市。 During this time the celebrated Dreyfus Affair in France (1894) drew the problem of aniti Semitism to world attention.在这段时间里庆祝德雷福斯事件：法国（ 1894年）提请问题aniti反犹太主义，以引起世界的关注。
Rooted in the soil of Germany, the Holocaust of the 20th century stand as a unparalleled event.植根于泥土的德国，纳粹大屠杀是20世纪的立场，作为一个无可比拟的。 Nazi propaganda stated that the human race must be "purified" by ridding it of Jews.纳粹宣传说，人类必须要"净化" ，消除它的犹太人。 The "final solution" to the Jewish "problem" was camps, gas chambers, and crematoria. "最后解决"犹太人的"问题"是营，毒气室和火葬场。 Between 1933, when Hitler came to power, and the end of World War II some 6 million Jewish lives were destroyed. 1933年，当希特勒上台后，并在二战结束大约600万犹太人的生命被摧毁。 Today in Jerusalem the Yad Vashem (the name is taken from Isa. 56:5) stands as a memorial to Holocaust victims and as an institution for research and documentation.今天在耶路撒冷亚得纪念馆（名字是取自伊萨。 56:5 ）的立场为纪念大屠杀受害者，并作为一个机构，为研究和文献。
At present anti Semitism persists wherever Jews are found.目前，反犹太人主义，坚持哪里犹太人被发现。 Jews of Russia and France have been especially oppressed.犹太人的俄罗斯和法国都特别受压迫。 In European countries and in the United States recent anti Semitic incidents have included synagogue smearings and bombings, desecration of gravestones, vicious graffiti, Nazi pamphlets, and grotesque Jewish sterotypes in the press.在欧洲国家和美国最近的反犹太人事件，包括犹太教堂smearings和轰炸，亵渎墓碑，恶意涂鸦，纳粹传单，并怪诞犹太角色类型在报章上。 At other times the so called polite variety of anti Semitism is found, namely discrimination and / or antipathy displayed toward Jews in the social, educational, and economic realms.其他时候，所谓礼貌各种反犹太人主义，是发现，即歧视和/或反感显示对犹太人在社会，教育和经济境界。 The Anti Defamation League and other Jewish agencies continue to make slow but steady progress in seeking to promote understanding among peoples of different races and religions.反诽谤联盟和其他犹太机构继续作出缓慢而稳步的进展，在寻求促进各国人民之间的理解，不同种族和宗教。
MR
Wilson华礼信
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ Elwell宣布了福音字典）
Bibliography:
参考书目：
AT Davies, ed., Anti Semitism and the
Foundations of Christianity; EJ, III; EH Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews; RE
Gade, A Historical Survey of Anti Semitism; C Klein, Anti Judism in Christian
Theology; R Ruether, Faith and Fratricide; S Sandmel, Anti Semitism in the
NT.在戴维斯版，反犹太人主义和基金会的基督教;对EJ ，三;嗯弗兰纳，痛苦的犹太人;重新盖德，一个历史的统计调查结果显示，反犹太人主义;
c克莱因，反judism在基督教神学与r ruether ，信仰和骨肉相残; s桑特曼，反犹太人主义在新台币。
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