Theology神学

The term theology is a compound of the Greek words theos ("god") and logos ("word," "discourse," "thought," "reason").任期神学是一个复合的希腊话theos （ “上帝” ）和标识（ “字” ， “话语” ， “思想” ， “理由” ） 。 Theology may therefore be defined as reasoned discourse about God.神学可能因此被界定为理性的话语对上帝。 In a strict sense theology considers only the existence and nature of divine being.在严格意义上的神学认为，只有存在和性质的神。 In its wider and more usual sense, however, it may encompass the full range of the divine's relationships to the world and to humanity as well as the full variety of human responses to the divine.在其更广泛和更一般的意义上说，不过，它可能包括全套神的关系，向世界和人类以及充分各种人类的反应，神。 Although used more commonly of Western religions, the term may be applied to the systematic study and presentation of any religion.虽然使用较为普遍的西方宗教，任期可以适用的系统研究和介绍任何宗教。

The first to use the term was apparently the Greek philosopher Plato, for whom theology meant a rational conception of the divine as opposed to poetic myths about the gods.首先使用这个词显然是希腊哲学家柏拉图，为谁神学意味着一个理性的概念，神的作为，反对诗意的神话诸神。 The subsequent Greek tradition of rational theology survived well into Christian times, and aspects of it have been influential in shaping various Jewish, Christian, and Islamic theologies.随后希腊传统的理性神学存活，到基督教时代，和各个方面的，它已在有影响力的塑造各种犹太教，基督教和伊斯兰theologies 。

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In early Christianity, theology had a number of meanings.在早期基督教，神学了一些意义。 It referred, for instance, to the whole mystery of God, to particular teachings about God (for example, the doctrine of the Trinity), or to a stage in the mystical knowledge of God.它提到了，举例来说，到整个的奥秘，上帝，特别是对上帝的教诲， （例如，中庸三位一体） ，或到一个阶段，在神秘的知识，上帝的。 In general, however, theology implied an understanding of God over and above simple belief in God.不过，一般而言，隐含的神学理解上帝的超越简单的信仰上帝。 Only in the medieval period did theology become an academic field, or "science," in somewhat the modern sense.只有在中世纪时期，没有神学成为一个学术领域，或“科学” ，在有些现代意义的。 With the rise of medieval universities, theological faculties began to emerge, and theology itself came to be defined as a science like other sciences in the medieval curriculum.与崛起的中世纪大学，神学学院开始出现，和神学本身来加以界定，作为一门科学像其他科学在中世纪的课程。 It proceeded from its own first principles, followed accepted canons of rational inquiry, and produced an organized body of knowledge in its own right.它接着从自己的第一原则，其次是接受炮，理性的调查，并制作了一个有组织的知识体在其本国的权利。 Since the Middle Ages theology has included both academic and nonacademic forms of religious inquiry, often in tension with each other.自中世纪的神学已列入学术和nonacademic形式的宗教调查，往往是在紧张与对方。

In the course of its history theology has been subdivided according to various patterns.在这个过程中它的历史神学已细分根据不同的模式。 One typical pattern distinguishes between historical, systematic, and philosophical theology.一个典型的模式区分的历史，系统性，神学和哲学。 The first studies the content of a religious tradition; the second attempts comprehensive explanations and expositions of its doctrines; and the third investigates the philosophical presuppositions and implications of religious belief.第一，研究的内容是一个宗教传统;第二次试图全面的解释和论述，其理论;和第三次调查的哲学预设和影响宗教信仰。 Also important are moral theology, or ethics, which explores the moral dimensions of the religious life, and practical theology, which interprets the forms of worship, styles of organization, and modes of interpersonal relationship within religious communities.同样重要的是道德神学，或伦理，探讨了道德层面的宗教生活，和实际的神学，解释形式的崇拜，作风，组织，模式，人际关系，宗教社区。

Although different questions have preoccupied theologians at different times, certain topics have established themselves as basic to theological study.虽然不同的问题有专注于神学家在不同时期，某些议题已经建立自己的基本神学研究。 These include the basis for humans' knowledge of God, the being and attributes of God, the relation of God to the world and of the world to God, the modes of divine governance of human affairs, the source and character of human alienation from the divine, the manner of humanity's restoration to God, and the ultimate destiny of humankind.这些措施包括基础，人类的知识为神，正在和属性的神，神的关系，向世界和世界的上帝，神圣的模式，治理人类的事务，来源和性质，人类的异化从神，方式，人类的恢复上帝，和最终的命运，人类的生活。 Such themes have been central throughout theology's history and continue to dominate theological reflection today.这样的主题，已在整个中央神学的历史和继续主宰的神学思考今天。

William S Babcock威廉s巴布科克

Bibliography 参考书目
Ferre, Frederick, Language, Logic, and God (1961; repr. 1977); Harvey, Van, A Handbook of Theological Terms (1964); Schleiermacher, Friedrich, Brief Outline on the Study of Theology, trans.费雷，冯检，语言，逻辑，与神（ 1961年; repr 。 1977年） ;哈维，客货车，一本手册的神学条款（ 1964 ） ;施莱尔马赫，弗里德里希，简述对研究神学，跨。 by Terrence N. Tice (1966); Smart, Ninian, Reasons and Faiths (1958).由（ Terrence 12月31日tice （ 1966 ） ;聪明，尼尼安，原因和信仰（ 1958年） 。

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