In his Summa Theologiae (1267-73) Saint Thomas Aquinas presented a synthesis of Aristotelian logic and Christian theology that was to become the basis of Roman Catholic doctrine on a wide variety of subjects.在他的总结theologiae （ 1267年至1273年） ，圣托马斯阿奎那提出了合成亚里士多德的逻辑和基督教神学，这是成为基础罗马天主教教义就各种各样的科目。 Thomas divided his work into three parts, the first dealing with the existence and nature of God and the universe he created, the second with human activity and ethics, and the third with Christ and the sacraments.托马斯除以他的工作分为三个部分，第一部分处理的存在和性质的上帝和宇宙的，他创造的，第二个与人类活动和道德，和第三次与基督和圣礼。 Each part is made up of a series of open questions, in answer to which he presents his opponents' arguments as well as his own before refuting the former.每一部分是作出了一系列的开放问题，在回答他介绍了他的对手的论点，以及其本身之前，批驳了前者。 Demonstrated throughout is Thomas's conviction that there can be no contradiction between the truths of faith, based on divine revelation, and those of human reason.表明，整个是托马斯的信念，即不能有任何矛盾的真理，信仰的基础上，神的启示，和这些人的理由。
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Aquinas was born of a noble family in Roccasecca, near Aquino, and was educated at the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino and at the University of Naples.阿奎那生于一个贵族家庭在罗卡塞卡，近阿基诺，教育，在本笃会修道院蒙特卡西诺和大学的那不勒斯。 He joined the Dominican order while still an undergraduate in 1243, the year of his father's death.他加入了多米尼加秩序，并同时仍然是一个本科在1243年，今年是他父亲的死因。 His mother, opposed to Thomas's affiliation with a mendicant order, confined him to the family castle for more than a year in a vain attempt to make him abandon his chosen course.他的母亲，反对托马斯的从属关系与mendicant秩序，仅限于他家庭的城堡了一年多，在妄图使他放弃他所选择的课程。 She released him in 1245, and Aquinas then journeyed to Paris to continue his studies.她释放了他在1245年，阿奎那journeyed ，然后到巴黎，继续他的研究。 He studied under the German Scholastic philosopher Albertus Magnus, following him to Cologne in 1248.他研究了根据德国学术哲学家阿尔伯图斯思，以下为他在科隆1248年。 Because Aquinas was heavyset and taciturn, his fellow novices called him Dumb Ox, but Albertus Magnus is said to have predicted that "this ox will one day fill the world with his bellowing."因为阿奎那是heavyset和沉默， 他的同胞生手叫他哑巴牛，但阿尔伯图斯思是说，有预言： “这牛一天将填补世界与他的bellowing ” 。
In 1256 Aquinas was awarded a doctorate in theology and appointed professor of philosophy at the University of Paris.在1256阿奎那被授予博士学位，在神学，并任命哲学系教授，在巴黎大学。 Pope Alexander IV (reigned 1254-1261) summoned him to Rome in 1259, where he acted as adviser and lecturer to the papal court.教皇亚历山大四世（ 1254年至1261年在位）传唤他到罗马在1259年，他在那里担任顾问和讲师，以教皇法庭。 Returning to Paris in 1268, Aquinas immediately became involved in a controversy with the French philosopher Siger de Brabant and other followers of the Islamic philosopher Averroës.回到巴黎在1268年，阿奎那立即成为所涉及的争议与法国哲学家siger德布拉班特省和其他的追随者，伊斯兰哲学家averroës 。
Averroism threatened the integrity and supremacy of Roman Catholic doctrine and filled orthodox thinkers with alarm. averroism威胁的完整性和至高无上的罗马天主教教义，填补了东正教的思想家与恐慌。 To ignore Aristotle, as interpreted by the Averroists, was impossible; to condemn his teachings was ineffectual.忽视亚里士多德，解释由averroists ，是不可能的;谴责他的教导是无效的。 He had to be reckoned with.他已不容忽视。 Albertus Magnus and other scholars had attempted to deal with Averroism, but with little success.阿尔伯图斯思和其他学者曾试图以处理averroism ，但收效甚微。 Aquinas succeeded brilliantly.阿奎那成功出色。
Reconciling the Augustinian emphasis upon the human spiritual principle with the Averroist claim of autonomy for knowledge derived from the senses, Aquinas insisted that the truths of faith and those of sense experience, as presented by Aristotle, are fully compatible and complementary.调和奥古斯丁强调人类精神的原则，与averroist要求自治的知识来自感官，阿奎那坚持认为，真理的信仰和那些意义的经验，作为由亚里士多德，完全兼容和互补性。 Some truths, such as that of the mystery of the incarnation, can be known only through revelation, and others, such as that of the composition of material things, only through experience; still others, such as that of the existence of God, are known through both equally.一些真理，如认为谜的化身，可以被称为只有通过启示，和其他人，如认为组成物质的东西，只有透过经验;还有一些，如认为上帝存在，是众所周知，通过双方同样。 All knowledge, Aquinas held, originates in sensation, but sense data can be made intelligible only by the action of the intellect, which elevates thought toward the apprehension of such immaterial realities as the human soul, the angels, and God.所有的知识，阿奎那举行，起源于感觉，但意义上的数据可以作出理解，只有行动，智力，提升了思想顾虑，对这种关键性的现实，作为人类灵魂，天使，上帝。 To reach understanding of the highest truths, those with which religion is concerned, the aid of revelation is needed.达成谅解的最高真理，那些与宗教而言，援助的启示是必要的。 Aquinas's moderate realism placed the universals firmly in the mind, in opposition to extreme realism, which posited their independence of human thought.阿奎那的温和现实主义放在共性牢牢掌握在心中，在反对极端现实主义，这posited他们的独立性，人的思维。 He admitted a foundation for universals in existing things, however, in opposition to nominalism and conceptualism.他承认了基础的共性，在现有的东西，不过，在反对唯和conceptualism 。
Aquinas left Paris in 1272 and proceeded to Naples, where he organized a new Dominican school.阿奎那离开巴黎在1272年，并着手那不勒斯，他在那里举办了一个新的多米尼加学校。 In March 1274, while traveling to the Council of Lyon, to which he had been commissioned by Pope Gregory X, Aquinas fell ill.在1274年3月，而行向安理会提交的里昂，因为他已委托由罗马教皇格雷戈里X的阿奎那病倒。 He died on March 7 at the Cistercian monastery of Fossanova.他死于3月7日在修道院修道院fossanova 。
Aquinas was canonized by Pope John XXII in 1323 and proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius V in 1567.阿奎那被册封的教皇约翰二十二，在1323年并宣布一名医生的教会由教宗碧岳V的1567年。
Aquinas's accomplishment was immense; his work marks one of the few great culminations in the history of philosophy.阿奎那的成就是巨大的;他的工作，标志着当今世界为数不多的伟大culminations在哲学史上。 After Aquinas, Western philosophers could choose only between humbly following him and striking off in some altogether different direction.之后，阿奎那，西方哲学家可以选择只谦虚地之间的下列他和惊人的起飞，在一些完全不同的方向。 In the centuries immediately following his death, the dominant tendency, even among Roman Catholic thinkers, was to adopt the second alternative.在世纪之交紧接着他的逝世，占主导地位的倾向，甚至在罗马天主教思想家，是采用第二个备选方案。 Interest in Thomist philosophy began to revive, however, toward the end of the 19th century.有兴趣thomist哲学开始复苏，然而，对十九世纪末。 In the encyclical Aeterni Patris (Of the Eternal Father, 1879), Pope Leo XIII recommended that St. Thomas's philosophy be made the basis of instruction in all Roman Catholic schools.在通谕中aeterni patris （永恒的父亲， 1879年） ，教宗利奥十三建议，圣托马斯的哲学作出的基础上的指示，在所有的罗马天主教学校。 Pope Pius XII, in the encyclical Humani Generis (Of the Human Race, 1950), affirmed that the Thomist philosophy is the surest guide to Roman Catholic doctrine and discouraged all departures from it.教宗比约十二，在通谕中humani generis （人类， 1950年） ，明确表示， thomist哲学是最可靠的指南罗马天主教教义和气馁，所有离开它。 Thomism remains a leading school of contemporary thought. thomism仍然是一个领先的学校当代思想。
Among the thinkers, Roman Catholic and non-Roman Catholic alike, who have operated within the Thomist framework have been the French philosophers Jacques Maritain and Étienne Gilson.其中的思想家，罗马天主教和非天主教一样，谁经营与thomist框架已成为法国哲学家雅克马利坦和étienne吉尔松。
St. Thomas was an extremely prolific author, and about 80 works are ascribed to him.圣托马斯是一个非常多产的作者，以及约80工程归因于他。 The two most important are Summa Contra Gentiles (1261-64; trans. On the Truth of the Catholic Faith,1956), a closely reasoned treatise intended to persuade intellectual Muslims of the truth of Christianity; and Summa Theologica (Summary Treatise of Theology, 1265-73), in three parts (on God, the moral life of man, and Christ), of which the last was left unfinished. Summa Theologica has been republished frequently in Latin and vernacular editions.两个最重要的是总结孔特拉外邦人（ 1261年至1264年;转运。关于真相的天主教信仰， 1956年） ，紧密合作，理性的论文打算说服智力穆斯林的真相，基督教; theologica和总结（摘要伤寒神学， 1265年至1273年） ，分为三个部分（对上帝，道德生活的男子，和基督） ，其中去年遗留下来的未完成的。总结theologica已再版经常在拉丁美洲和白话版。
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