Protestant Ethic新教伦理

The Protestant ethic, also called the work ethic, is a code of morals based on the principles of thrift, discipline, hard work, and individualism.新教伦理，也称为工作伦理，是一种道德行为守则的原则基础上克勤克俭，纪律，勤奋工作，和个人主义。 The adjective Protestant is explained by the fact that these qualities were seen to have been especially encouraged by the Protestant religion, especially those denominations based on the tenets of Calvinism.形容词新教的解释是事实，即这些特质被视为已是极大的鼓舞新教的宗教，尤其是那些面额的基础上，原理加尔文。 The major formulators of the concept of the Protestant ethic were the German political philosopher and sociologist Max Weber and the English historian Richard H. Tawney.主要配方的概念，新教伦理被德国的政治哲学家和社会学家韦伯和英语历史学家理查德每小时tawney 。 Both men saw a close relationship between the Protestant ethic and the rise of capitalism.两人看到之间的密切关系，新教伦理与资本主义的兴起。

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Weber was impressed by the seeming fact that modern capitalism had developed mainly in those areas of Europe where Calvinistic Protestantism had taken root early in the Protestant Reformation.韦伯留下了深刻的印象似乎事实上，现代资本主义的发展，主要是在这些领域，欧洲的地方calvinistic基督教采取了根早在新教改革。 In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905; rev. 1920; Eng. trans., 1930), Weber argued that a causal connection existed between the two; his concern was with the effect of religion on economic life, but he claimed that the reverse influences were equally important.在新教伦理与资本主义精神（ 1905年;冯智活。 1920年;工程。跨， 1930年） ，韦伯认为，一因果关系存在，两者之间;他所关注的是与宗教的影响，对经济生活，但他声称，该扭转的影响也同样重要。 Weber held that the doctrine of predestination, central to Calvinism, and the remote and unknowable Protestant God created intense anxieties in the individual regarding that person's state of grace.韦伯认为，中庸predestination ，中环至加尔文，以及偏远和不可知新教的上帝创造激烈的忧虑，在个人方面该人的国家的宽限期。 Practical means of reducing those anxieties took the form of a systematic commitment to a calling, that is, to hard work, thrift, and self-discipline, the material rewards of which were not consumed personally but saved and reinvested.实际手段，减少那些忧虑所采取的形式有系统地致力于建立一个要求，就是要勤奋工作，勤俭节约，廉洁自律，物质奖励，其中个人消费没有，但保存和再投资。 Because these qualities were also those required for success in the newly emerging capitalist economy, it followed that these practicing Calvinists should also form the nucleus of the new capitalist class.因为这些素质也有所需的成功在新兴的资本主义经济，它遵循这些实践calvinists也应形式的核心，新的资产阶级。 Furthermore, success in the commercial world tended to assure the individual that he or she was in fact in a state of grace because God had smiled on his or her endeavors.此外，成功的商业世界的趋势，以确保个人认为，他或她事实上，在一个国家的宽限期，因为上帝微笑着对他或她的事业。 Weber theorized that with the waning of a religious world view, the Protestant ethic remained as "the spirit of capitalism."韦伯理论，随着减弱的一项宗教的世界观，新教伦理仍然是“资本主义精神” 。

Weber's theories, first put forth in 1905, were widely circulated, defended, and criticized.韦伯的理论，首先提出于1905年，被广泛传阅，辩护，并批评。 Tawney's major work on the subject, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, was published in 1926. tawney的主要工作就此事，宗教和资本主义的兴起，发表在1926年。 Tawney basically agreed with Weber, although he put less emphasis on the causal relationship between Protestantism and capitalism and less emphasis on the Calvinism. tawney基本上同意与韦伯，虽然他提出的较少强调之间的因果关系新教与资本主义的少侧重于加尔文。 He pointed out that modern capitalism had begun to emerge long before the Protestant Reformation; he cited such 15th-century commercial centers as Venice, Florence, and Flanders as examples of this emerging capitalism.他指出，现代资本主义已开始出现很久之前新教改革;他列举了这样的十五世纪的商业中心，作为威尼斯，佛罗伦斯，和佛兰德斯作为例子，这个新兴的资本主义。 According to Tawney, the fact that the established churches--the Roman Catholic church on the Continent and the Anglican church in England--were so closely allied with the old landholding aristocracy caused the newly emerging middle class to gravitate toward the new Protestant sects.据tawney ，事实，即建立了教堂-罗马天主教会在非洲大陆和圣公会在英格兰-如此密切的盟国，旧的土地贵族，造成新兴的中产阶层倾向于新的新教教派。 In sum, the two institutions developed side by side, without one "causing" the other.总括而言，这两个机构共同发展方面，无一“造成”其他。

The idea of the Protestant ethic has had substantial influence in 20th-century history, sociology, and political science.的思想，新教伦理产生了相当影响力在二十世纪的历史学，社会学，政治学。 Nationalism and socialism, for example, are seen by some as being secular ethics affecting types of economic development.民族主义和社会主义，举例来说，被一些人作为世俗伦理的影响类型的经济发展。 Other theorists focus on the relative decline of capitalist economic influence in the United States and Great Britain, a result, they claim, of a deterioration in the Protestant ethic among the peoples of those countries.其他理论家着眼于相对下降的资本主义经济的影响，在美国和英国，结果，他们声称，一个恶化的新教伦理之间的这些国家的人民。

David Westby朱westby

Bibliography 参考书目
Eisenberger, Robert, Blue Monday: The Loss of the Work Ethic in America (1989); Eisenstadt, Schmuel N., ed., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization; A Comparative View (1968); Green, Rupert W., ed., Protestantism and Capitalism: The Weber Thesis and Its Critics (1959); Jacobs, Norman, The Origin of Modern Capitalism and Eastern Asia (1958; repr. 1980); Samuelsson, Kurt, Religion and Economic Action: A Critique of Max Weber, trans. eisenberger ，罗伯特，蓝色星期一：丧失工作伦理在美国（ 1989年） ;艾森斯塔特， schmuel 12月31日，教育署，新教伦理和现代化建设;比较的看法（ 1968年） ;绿色，鲁珀特瓦特，教育署，基督教和资本主义：韦伯的论文和其批评者（ 1959年） ;雅各布斯，诺曼，起源现代资本主义和东亚（ 1958年; repr 。 1980年） ;孙罗杰，库尔特，宗教和经济的行动： 1批判马克斯韦伯，跨。 by EG French (1961).如：法国（ 1961年） 。

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