Pacifism is a term, derived from the Latin word for peacemaking, that has been applied to a spectrum of positions covering nearly all attitudes toward war.和平是一个长远的，来自拉丁词，为建立和平，已应用到频谱的立场，涵盖几乎所有的态度战争。 On one extreme pacifist designates any person who desires peace, thus describing those who wage war as much as those who refuse participation in war.对一个极端的和平主义者指定任何人谁和平的愿望，从而描述那些谁发动战争的高达那些拒绝参与，谁在战争中。 On the other extreme pacifism also describes renunciation of force and coercion in all forms.在另一个极端，和平还介绍了放弃武力和胁迫的一切形式。 A mediating definition sometimes distinguishes nonresistance, which renounces force in all forms, from pacifism, which rejects participation in war but allows the use of nonviolent kinds of force.中介的定义，有时区别不抵抗，放弃武力，在所有形式，从和平，拒绝参与战争，但允许使用非暴力的种力量。 It makes most sense to reserve the term "pacifism" for that part of the spectrum which includes at least a refusal to participate in war.它使最明智的储备而言， “和平”的那部分频谱，其中包括至少拒绝参加在战争中。 Those individuals who refuse to do this are called conscientious objectors.这些个人谁拒绝这样做，是所谓的良心拒服兵役者。
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In the Middle Ages the idea of the crusade developed from another attempt by the church to limit warfare.在中世纪的想法的十字军东征的发展从另一个企图由教会限制的战争。 The peace of God and the truce of God limited times for fighting and banned clerical participation in war.和平上帝的休战上帝的有限时间的战斗，并予以取缔文书的参与战争。 To enforce these limitations the church itself came to conduct warring activity.执行这些限制，教会本身来进行交战的活动。 This act associated war with a holy cause, namely the enforcement of peace.这项法案相关的战争与一个神圣的事业，即执法的和平。 This association developed into the crusades, the holy cause of rescuing the Holy Land from the Moslems.该协会已发展成为十字军东征，神圣的事业，挽救圣地从穆斯林。 Pope Urban II preached the first crusade in 1095.乌尔巴诺二世鼓吹首次十字军东征在1095年。 In either religious or secular versions the crusade has been a part of the church's tradition ever since.无论是宗教或世俗版本的十字军东征以来，部分教会的传统，至今。
During the Middle Ages it was the sectarians who kept alive the pacifist tradition.在中世纪，这是sectarians谁维持生命和平的传统。 Groups of Waldensians and Franciscan Tertiaries refused military service.群体waldensians和济tertiaries拒绝服兵役。 The Cathari were pacifist.该cathari被和平主义者。 The Hussite movement developed two branches, a crusading one under blind general Jan Zizka and a pacifist one under Peter Chelciky.该胡斯派运动的发展，两家分行， crusading一下，盲人一般一月悉士喀和和平主义者一下，黄匡源chelciky 。
The period of the Renaissance and Reformation saw assertions of all three attitudes toward war.期间，文艺复兴时期和改革看到断言所有三个态度战争。 Renaissance humanism developed a pacifist impulse, of which Erasmus is one of the most important examples.文艺复兴时期的人文主义制定了一个和平的冲动，其中伊拉斯谟是其中最重要的例子。 Humanist pacifism appealed to such philosophical and theological principles as the common humanity and brotherhood of all persons as children of God, the follies of war, and the ability of rational individuals to govern themselves and their states on the basis of reason.以人为本的和平呼吁，如哲学和神学原则作为共同的人性和兄弟情谊的所有人士为儿童的上帝， follies战争，并有能力理性的个人执政他们自己和他们的国家在此基础上的理由。
All Protestant churches except the Anabaptists accepted the inherited tradition of the just war. Luther identified two kingdoms, of God and of the world. 所有的新教教会，除了anabaptists接受继承传统的正义战争。路德确定的两个王国，上帝和世界的。 While he rejected the idea of crusade, his respect for the state as ordained by God to preserve order and to punish evil in the worldly realm made him a firm supporter of the just war approach.虽然他拒绝了十字军东征的想法，他尊重国家的祝圣上帝维护秩序和惩治邪恶，在世俗的境界，使他的坚定支持者，正义战争的做法。 The Reformed tradition accepted the crusade concept, seeing the state not only as the preserver of order but also as a means of furthering the cause of true religion.改革传统的接受了十字军东征的概念，看到国家不仅作为preserver的秩序，而且作为一种手段，推进事业的真正的宗教。 Zwingli died in a religious war; Calvin left the door open to rebellion against an unjust ruler; and Beza developed not only the right but the duty of Christians to revolt against tyranny. zwingli死亡，在一个宗教战争;卡尔文离开敞开了大门，以反抗不公正的统治者; beza发展不仅是权利，而是责任的基督徒反抗暴政。 Cromwell's pronouncement of divine blessing on the massacre of Catholics at Drogheda illustrates the crusade idea in English Puritanism.克伦威尔的宣告神的祝福就屠杀天主教徒在道各说明了十字军东征的想法在英语清教徒。
Alongside the wars of religion of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries arose the pacifist traditions which for the most part have preserved their opposition to war until the present time.伴随着宗教战争的第十六和第十七世纪出现的和平主义传统为最有保留的一部分，他们反对战争，直至目前的时间。 Pacifism emerged as the dominant position of the Anabaptists, who rejected not only the sword of war but also refused to engage in political life.和平出现了作为主导地位的anabaptists ，谁拒绝了，不仅剑战争，但也拒绝参与政治生活。 Although their identification of two kingdoms paralleled Luther's analysis closely, the Anabaptists denied that Christians could in any way exercise the sword of the magistrate in the worldly kingdom.虽然他们的鉴定两个王国平行路德的分析密切， anabaptists无可否认，基督徒可以在任何方式行使之剑裁判官在世俗英国。 When Alexander Mack organized the Church of the Brethren in 1708, Anabaptism was the major impulse in dialectic with pietism.当亚历山大麦克有组织教会的兄弟在1708年， anabaptism是主要的冲动，在辩证的虔诚主义。 While Quakers, who emerged in the midseventeenth century, distinguished the kingdom of God from that of the world, they did not utterly despair of the world and involved themselves in its political processes up to the point of war.同时，公谊会，谁出现，在midseventeenth世纪，尊敬的上帝的王国从整个世界的，他们没有完全绝望的世界，并涉及在其本身的政治进程，直至该点的战争。 Appeals to individual conscience played an important role in Quaker nonviolent political activity on behalf of justice and peace.呼吁有良知的个人发挥了重要作用，在贵格会非暴力的政治活动，代表正义与和平。 Anabaptists, the immediate predecessors of the Mennonites, were the most withdrawn from participation in government, with the Quakers the least separated. anabaptists ，立即前人的门诺教派，其中最撤回从参与政府工作，与公谊会教徒，至少分开。 The Brethren occupied a median position.兄弟占领了中位数的位置。
Wars in North America, from Puritan conflicts with the Indians through the Revolutionary War to the world wars, have all been defended in religious and secular versions of the just war theory or the crusade idea.战争在北美洲，从清教徒的冲突与印第安人通过革命战争向世界战争，已全部进行辩护，在宗教和世俗版本的正义战争的理论，或十字军东征的想法。 For example, World War I, fought "to make the world safe for democracy," was a secular crusade.举例来说，世界战争，我打了“使世界安全，民主， ”是一个政教分离的十字军东征。 Throughout the North American experience Mennonites, Brethren, and Quakers maintained a continuing if at times uneven witness against war as well as a refusal to participate in it.在整个北美的经验，门诺教派，弟兄们，和公谊会教徒保持了持续，如果在时代的不平衡，证人反对战争以及作为拒绝参加在它。 In the twentieth century they have come to be called the historic peace churches.在二十世纪里，他们已来被称为历史性的和平教会。
The nineteenth century saw the formation of a number of national and international pacifist societies.十九世纪看到，形成了一些国家和国际社会的和平。 The Fellowship of Reconciliation was founded as an interdenominational and international religious pacifist organization on the eve of World War I and established in the United States in 1915.金和解的成立，作为一个教派间和国际宗教和平组织的前夕，世界反法西斯战争，我和在美国创建于1915年。 It continues today as an interfaith activist force for peace.它今天继续作为一个活动家间的和平力量。 In reaction to the horror of World War I and buttressed by an optimistic belief in the rationality of humanity, the period between the world wars saw another wave of pacifist sentiment, both inside and outside the churches.在反应的恐怖世界反法西斯战争，我和支撑，由一个乐观的信念，在人类的理性，期间两次世界大战之间又有一波的和平气氛，内外教堂。 These efforts to create peace included political means such as the League of Nations and nonviolent pressure such as the activities of Mohandas Gandhi to influence British withdrawal from India.这些努力创造和平，包括政治手段，如国联和非暴力的压力，如活动的莫汉迪斯甘地的影响，英国撤出印度。
Spurred by the growing possibility of a nuclear holocaust and the realization that military solutions do not fundamentally resolve conflicts, the era begun in the late 1960s is experiencing another round of increasing attention to pacifist perspectives.带动的可能性越来越大核屠杀和实现军事解决方案，这样做并没有从根本上解决冲突，时代的开始，在六十年代后期，正在经历新一轮的日益重视和平的观点。 In addition to the historic peace churches, denominations which have traditionally accepted the just war theory or the crusade idea have also issued declarations accepting pacifist positions within their traditions.在除了历史性的和平教堂，面额，其中有传统地接受了正义战争的理论，或十字军东征的想法也发出声明，接受和平的职位，他们的传统。 Two significant examples are Vatican II's Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, which for the first time endorsed pacifism as compatible with Catholic teaching, and the declaration of the United Presbyterian Church (USA), Peacemaking: The Believer's Calling.两个显着的例子是梵蒂冈二世的牧灵宪法对教会在现代世界，这为第一次通过和平作为兼容与天主教的教学，和宣言，美国长老教会（美国） ，缔造和平：信徒的要求。
Pacifism may proceed from various pragmatic and utitarian arguments.和平可能从各种务实和utitarian的论点。 Consideration of the destructiveness of modern warfare and the realization that it fails to resolve conflicts can lead to the conclusion that avoidance of war best serves the interests of humanity at all levels, from the individual person to the human race as a whole.审议的破坏性现代战争和实现该国未能解决冲突，可导致的结论是，避免战争最好的服务于全人类的利益在各个层面，从个人到人类作为一个整体。 The threat of nuclear war has given these arguments particular weight in recent times, resulting in what has been called nuclear pacifism.核战争的威胁已发出这些论调的重量，尤其是在最近的时代，因而在什么被称为核的和平。
Varying individual and collective impulses may support these arguments.不同的个人和集体的冲动可能会支持这些论点。 Pacifism can appear as the only logical extension of the categorical imperative.和平可以出现，作为唯一合乎逻辑的延伸范畴势在必行。 Convictions concerning the uniqueness or sanctity of human life, whether based on intuition, logic, or divine revelation, proscribe war.被定罪的有关独特或人的生命的神圣，无论是基于直觉，逻辑，或神的启示，取缔战争。 Others may adopt pacifist suffering not only as a means of unilaterally breaking the chain of violence which more violent acts will only prolong but also as an instrument to touch the conscience of the oppressors and turn them into friends.其他可能采取的和平主义者的痛苦，不仅作为一种手段，单方面打破链的暴力更多的暴力行为只会延长，而且作为一种工具，以触摸的良心压迫者，使他们成为朋友。
Pacifism informs or is an outgrowth of a number of social and political strategies.和平通知或是的产物，一些社会和政治战略。 Some argue that political measures such as the negotiation of nuclear weapons bans and promotion of international cooperation are more effective than war in promoting peace.有人认为，政治措施，如谈判核武器的禁令和促进国际合作，更有效，比战争，促进和平。 Nonviolent techniques attempt not only to prevent the outbreak of violence but also to move society, even against its will, toward a more just disposition.非暴力的技术，企图不仅要防止爆发暴力事件，但也提出社会，甚至对自己的意志，朝着建立一个更加公正的处置。 Notable examples are the efforts of Gandhi and the movement of Martin Luther King, Jr., in the United States to acquire civil rights for black people.显着的例子是努力甘地和运动的小马丁路德金，在美国获得的公民权利为黑色的人。
As the dominant view of the early church pacifism stands squarely within the Christian tradition and has theological and biblical bases more specific to Christianity.作为占主导地位的看法早期教会的和平主张正视内部的基督教传统，并已神学和圣经的基地，更具体的基督教。 Pacifists appeal to the authority of the Bible, using specific texts such as the Decalogue and the Sermon on the Mount.和平主义者呼吁权威的圣经，使用特定的文本，如十诫和山上宝训。 The incarnation and the priestly office of Jesus make his specific teachings authoritative and therefore binding on his followers.化身和priestly办公室耶稣使他的具体的教诲，权威性和约束力，因此对他的追随者。 Pacifism also finds support in broader biblical injunctions such as the call to express God's love to all persons or to witness to the presence of the Kingdom of God on earth.和平还发现，支持在更广泛的圣经禁制令，如通话，表达神的爱所有的人，或证人在场的上帝的王国在地球上。
The examples of Jesus and of the early church also support Christian pacifism.的例子，耶稣和早期教会也支持基督教和平。 The incarnation defines Jesus' action as reflective of the will of God.化身界定耶稣的行动，反映了上帝的意志。 The ideas of imitation of Christ and obedience to his command to "follow me" then demand pacifism of those who understand Christians as followers of Jesus.的思路，模仿耶稣和服从他的命令，以“大家跟我来” ，然后和平的需求，这些谁明白基督徒耶稣的追随者。 Following includes specifically the idea that with Jesus they will endure suffering for the kingdom of God without violent resistance.包括以下具体的想法与耶稣，他们将承受的苦难，上帝的王国，没有暴力反抗。 Beginning with the generation that experienced Jesus' personal headship, the church of the first century exemplifies obedience to the pacifist example of Jesus.开始与这一代经历了耶稣的个人校长，教会的第一世纪的充分体现了服从和平的例子，耶稣。
Theological motifs central to Christianity also support pacifism.神学图案中央的基督教也支持和平。 For one, since life is sacred and a gift from God, no individual has the right to take it.一，因为生命是神圣的和是真主的礼物，没有任何个人都有权采取它。 This divine source of life leads directly to the brotherhood of all persons and their divinely given purpose of living for God as his children.这神圣的生命之源，直接导致了穆斯林兄弟会的所有相关人士和他们的神给予的目的，生活上帝作为他的子女。 With every human being then either actually or potentially a child of God, no Christian may take the life of a fellow member of the family of God.与每个人则实际上或潜在的儿童上帝，没有基督教可能需要的生活，一位同行的家庭成员的上帝。 The presence of the kingdom of God on earth similarly links all persons under God's rule and therefore proscribes violence toward anyone.在场的上帝的王国在地球上同样的链接所有的人根据上帝的统治，因此，禁止暴力对任何人。
JD
Weaver联合声明韦弗
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
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Bibliography
参考书目
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