Doctrine of Man In the Old Testament学说的男子在旧约

Advanced Information 先进的信息

In the Genesis account of creation man's presence in the world is attributed directly to God.在成因帐户的创作人的存在,在世界上是直接归因于上帝。 By this act alone, as the God of love and power, man was "created" (bara', 1:27; 5:1; 6:7) and "formed" (yasar, 2:7 - 8).这个单独采取行动,作为上帝的爱和力量,男子被“创造” (巴拉' , 1时27分; 5时01分; 6时07分)和“形成” ( yasar , 2时07 -8 ) 。 By this creative act man was brought into existence in a duality of relationships, at once to nature and to God himself.由这种创造性的行为,男子被带入存在的双重关系,在一次的性质和向上帝自己。 He was formed of the dust of the earth and was endowed with soul life by the breath of God.他成立的尘埃对地球和被赋予的灵魂,生命的呼吸上帝。 God is the source of his life, and dust the material of his being.上帝是来源他的一生,和尘埃的材料,他的福祉。

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Man's Nature人的本质

Man, then, did not spring out of nature by some natural evolutionary process.男子,那么,没有春天了大自然的一些自然进化过程。 He is the result of the immediate action of God, who used already existing created material for the formation of the earthly part of his being.他是因该立即采取行动,上帝,谁使用,已经创造了现有的材料形成的尘世的一部分,他的福祉。 Man has thus physiological similarities with the rest of the created order (Gen. 18:27; Job 10:8 - 9; Ps. 103:14, etc.) and consequently shares with the animal world in dependence on God's goodness for his continuance (Isa. 40:6 - 7; Pss. 103:15; 104, etc.).男子因此,生理的异同与其余的创造秩序(创18时27分;就业10点08分-九;的P S。 1 03:14等) ,并因此股票与动物世界在依赖于上帝的善良,他继续(以赛亚40:6 -七; P SS的。 1 03:15; 1 04等) 。

Throughout the OT the relationship of man to nature is everywhere stressed.整个酒店的关系,男子的性质是到处强调。 As man shares with nature share with man in the actualities of his living.作为男子的股份与自然的分享与男子在现状,他的生活。 Thus, while nature was made to serve man, so man on his part is required to tend nature (Gen. 2:15).因此,虽然性质是服务的男子,所以男子对他的部分是需要往往性质(创2:15 ) 。 Nature is therefore not a sort of neutral entity in relation to man's life.性质,因此没有一种中立的实体,在有关人的生命。 For between the two, nature and man, there exists a mysterious bond so that when man sinned the natural order was itself deeply afflicted (Gen. 3:17 - 18; cf. Rom. 8:19 - 23).对于两国之间的,天人合一,存在着一个神秘的债券,所以,当男子罪自然秩序,本身就是深深困扰(创3点17分-1 8岁;比照光盘。 8时1 9- 23 )。 Since, however, nature suffered as a result of man's sin, so does it rejoice with him in his redemption (Ps. 96:10 - 13; Isa. 35, etc.), for in man's redemption it too will share (Isa. 11:6 - 9).但是,由于遭受的性质,由于人的单仲偕,所以是否庆幸与他在他的赎回(诗篇96:10 -第1 3条;伊萨3 5等) ,因为在人的赎回也将分享(以赛亚11时06 -9 ) 。

But however deeply related man is to the natural order, he is presented nonetheless as something different and distinctive.然而,深入相关的男子是自然秩序,他是陈述,但由于一些不同的和独特的。 Having first called the earth into existence with its various requisites for human life, God then declared for the making of man.首先所谓地球的存在与它的各种条件,人的生命,上帝,然后宣布,为决策的男子。 The impression that the Genesis account gives is that man was the special focus of God's creative purpose.给人的印象是成因帐户,是名男子是特别的焦点,上帝的创造性的目的。 It is not so much that man was the crown of God's creative acts, or the climax of the process, for although last in the ascending scale, he is first in the divine intention.也不是那么多男子被官方上帝的创造性的行为,或高潮的过程中,虽然最后在升的规模,他是第一次在神的意图。 All the previous acts of God are presented more in the nature of a continuous series by the recurring use of the conjunction "and" (Gen. 1:3, 6, 9, 14, 20, 24).以前所有的行为是上帝的介绍更在性质上连续的一系列由经常性使用的连接词“和” (创1:3 , 6 , 9 , 14 , 20 , 24 ) 。 "Then God said, 'Let us make man.'" "Then", when? “然后上帝说, '让我们的人。 ” “ ,然后选择” ,什么时候? When the cosmic order was finished, when the earth was ready to sustain man.当宇宙秩序是完成后,当地球的准备,以维持男子。 Thus, while man stands before God in a relationship of created dependence, he has also the status of a unique and special personhood in relation to God.因此,虽然男子主张在上帝面前的关系,创造依赖,他也的地位,一个独特的和特殊的人格有关的上帝。

Man's constituents男子的选民

The three most significant words in the OT to describe man in relation to God and nature are "soul" (nepes, 754 times), "spirit" (ruah, 378 times), and "flesh" (basar, 266 times).三个最重要的话,在城市旅游局来形容男子在有关上帝与自然的“灵魂” ( nepes , 754次) , “精神” ( ruah , 378倍) ,和“肉” ( basar , 266倍) 。 The term "flesh" has sometimes a physical and sometimes a figuratively ethical sense.而言, “肉” ,有时身体,有时一形象的伦理意义。 In its latter use it has its context in contrast with God to emphasize man's nature as contingent and dependent (Isa. 31:3; 40:6; Pss. 61:5; 78:39; Job 10:4).在其后者使用它有它的背景下,在对比与上帝要强调人的本质,作为特遣队及供养(以赛亚31:3 ; 40:6 ; PSS的。 61:5 ; 78:39 ;就业10时04分) 。 Both nepes and ruah denote in general the life principle of the human person, the former stressing more particularly his individuality, or life, and the latter focusing on the idea of a supernatural power above or within the individual.双方nepes和ruah是指在一般的生活的原则,人,前强调,尤其是他的个性,或生命,而后者侧重于思想,一个超自然的力量或以上内的个别。

Of the eighty parts of the body mentioned in the OT the terms for "heart" (leb), "liver" (kabed), "kidney" (kelayot), and "bowels" (me'im) are the most frequent.该80身体部分提到,在酒店的条款为“心脏” ( leb ) , “肝” ( kabed ) , “肾” ( kelayot ) ,和“肠” ( me'im )是最频繁。 To each of these some emotional impulse or feeling is attributed either factually or metaphorically.上述每一些情绪化的冲动或感觉,是因为无论是事实或比喻。 The term "heart" has the widest reference.任期的“心脏”已广泛的参考。 It is brought into relation with man's total phychical nature as the seal or instrument of his emotional, volitional, and intellectual manifestations.这是带进与人的共phychical的性质,作为密封或文书,他的情感,意志,智慧的表现。 In the latter context it acquires a force we should call "mind" (Deut. 15:9; Judg. 5:15 - 16) or "intellect" (Job 8:10; 12:3; 34:10), and is frequently employed by metonymy to denote one's thought or wish with the idea of purpose or resolve.在后者的背景下取得的力量,我们应呼吁“心” (申命记15时09分; judg 。 5时15 -1 6)或“智力” (就业8时1 0分; 1 2时0 3分; 3 4:10) ,并经常雇用的转喻指一个人的思想或想与构思的目的或解决的问题。 For one's thought or wish is what is "in the heart," or, as would be said today, "in the mind."为一个人的思想或愿望,就是什么是“在心脏, ”或者,如会今天表示, “在心中” 。

These several words do not, however, characterize man as a compound of separate and distinct elements.这些数字不这样做,不过,男子的特点作为一个复合的独立和独特的元素。 Hebrew psychology does not divide up man's nature into mutually exclusive parts.希伯来语心理学并不瓜分人的本质变成相互排斥的部分。 Behind these usages of words the thought conveyed by the Genesis account, that man's nature is twofold, remains.背后的这些用法换言之,思想传达的成因帐户,即人的本质是双重的,依然存在。 Yet even there man is not presented as a loose union of two disparate entities.然而,即使有男子是不是作为一个松散的联盟两个不相干的实体。 There is no sense of a metaphysical dichotomy, while even that of an ethical dualism of soul and body is quite foreign to Hebrew thought.有没有安全感的形而上的二分法,而即使这样的一个道德二元论的灵魂和身体是相当陌生的希伯来语思想。 By God's inbreathing the man he formed from the dust became a living soul, a unified being in the interrelation of the terrestrial and the transcendental.由上帝的inbreathing该名男子,他所形成的粉尘,成为活的灵魂,一个统一的被在相互陆地和超越。

Throughout the OT the two concepts of man as a unique and responsible individual and as a social and representative being have emphasis.整个酒店的两个概念男子作为一个独特的和负责任的个人和作为一个社会性和代表性正在有重点。 Adam was both a man and yet mankind.亚当既是一名男子,但人类。 In him individual personhood and social solidarity found expression.在他的个人人格和社会团结,发现表达。 At times in Israel's history there is emphasis on individual responsibility (eg, Ezek. 9:4; 20:38; cf. chs. 18, 35), while the "Thou shalt" or "Thou shalt not" of the law and the prophets is characteristically singular, being addressed to the individual is not viewed atomistically but in intimate connection with, and representative of, the whole community.有时在以色列的历史,有侧重于个人的责任(例如, ezek 。 9时04分; 20时38分;比照社区会堂。 18 , 35 ) ,而“你”或“你不可”的法律和先知是特有的奇异,正在给个人,是看不到atomistically ,但在体内结合,和代表,整个社会。 So does the sin of the single individual involve all in its consequences (Josh. 7:24 - 26; cf. 2 Sam. 14:7; 21:1 - 14; 2 Kings 9:26).因此,是否单的单个人涉及所有在其后果( josh. 7时24 -2 6;比照二山姆。 1 4时0 7分; 2 1时0 1- 14 ;2国王9点2 6分) 。 On the other hand, Moses and Phineas stand before God to plead their people's cause because they embody in themselves the whole community.在另一方面,摩西和菲尼亚斯的立场,在上帝面前申辩自己的人民的事业,因为他们体现在自己的整个社会。 In the intertestamental period, however, this awareness of solidarity passed from being a realized actuality in the social consciousness of the nation to being increasingly an idealistic and theological dogma.在intertestamental时期,然而,这种意识的声援通过从一个实现的现状,在社会意识的民族正在日益成为一个理想的和神学的教条。

From this perspective of racial solidarity in the first man it follows that Adam's sin involved every individual both in himself and in his social relationships.从这个角度来看种族团结的第一人,它如下认为亚当的单所涉及的每一个人都在自己和他的社会关系。 Because of Adam's transgression everyone is affected in the whole range of his being and in the totality of his societal living.因为亚当的海侵,人人受影响,在整个范围内,他正在和在整体他的社会生活。

In the NT在新界的

The Teaching of Jesus教学耶稣

In formal statements Jesus had little to say about man.在正式声明,耶稣小要说的男子。 But by his attitude and actions among men he showed that he regarded the human person as significant.但他的态度和行动之间的男子,他表明,他把人作为重要的。 To Jesus man was not just a part of nature, for he is more precious in God's sight than the birds of the air (Matt. 10:31) and the beasts of the field (Matt. 12:12).耶稣的男子不只是大自然的一部分,因为他是更为珍贵,在上帝的视线,比鸟类的空气( matt. 10时31分)和野兽的领域( matt. 12时12分) 。 His distinctiveness lies in his possession of a soul, or spiritual nature, which to forfeit is his ultimate tragedy and final folly (Matt. 16:26).他的独特性在于,他藏有灵魂,或精神的性质,放弃是他最终的悲剧,最后蠢事( matt. 16时26分) 。 Man's true life is consequently life under God and for his glory.男子的真实生活是生活,因此,根据上帝和他的荣耀。 It does not consist in the plenitude of earthly possessions (Luke 12:15).它并不在plenitude的俗世的财产(路加福音12:15 ) 。 The sole wealth is therefore the wealth of the soul (Matt. 6:20, 25).唯一的财富,因此,财富的灵魂( matt. 6点20 , 25 ) 。 Yet while emphasizing the spiritual aspect of man's nature, Jesus did not decry the body, for he showed concern throughout his ministry for total human needs.但同时强调精神方面的人的本质,耶稣没有decry身体,因为他关心他的部总人类的需要。

This view of man as a creature of value was for Jesus an ideal and a possibility.这一观点的人作为一个动物的价值是耶稣的一个理想和可能性。 For he saw all individuals, whether man or woman, as blind and lost and their relationship with God broken off.因为他看到的所有个人,无论男人还是女人,失明和失去和他们与天主的关系中断。 Although he nowhere specified the nature of sin, he clearly assumed its universality.虽然他没有指明的性质,单仲偕,他清楚地假设它的普遍性。 All men are somehow caught up in sin's plight and enmeshed in its tragic consequences.所有男人都有点赶上了在单陷入困境,并在它的悲惨后果。 Thus, all who would live to God's glory and eternal enjoyment must experience newness of life.因此,谁所有,将活到上帝的荣耀和永恒的享受必须的经验,新奇的生活。 And it was precisely this purpose that Christ came into the world to accomplish (Matt. 1:21; Luke 19:10).它正是为此目的基督来融入世界,以完成( matt. 1时21分;卢克19时10分) 。 It follows therefore that it is by one's attitude to Christ as the Savior of the world that individual human destiny is finally sealed.它如下因此,它是由一个人的态度,以基督为救世主的世界,个别人类的命运是最后密封。

The Pauline Anthropology该宝莲,人类学

Paul's declarations regarding the nature of man are generally stated in relation to salvation so that his anthropology throughout serves the interests of his soteriology.保罗的申报有关的性质,男子一般都在有关救赎,使他在整个人类学的利益服务,他soteriology 。 Foremost, therefore, in his teaching in his insistence on man's need of divine grace.首要的,因此,他在教学中他坚持对人的需要神圣的恩典。 Paul is emphatic about the universality of man's sin.保罗强调,有关的普遍性人的单仲偕。 Because of Adam's fall sin somehow got a footing in the world to make human life the sphere of its activity.因为亚当的下降,单仲偕在某种程度上得到立足在世界上使人类的生活领域,其活动。 Sin "entered the world through one man" (Rom. 5:12; cf. 1 Cor. 15:1 - 2).单仲偕“进入世界透过一名男子” (罗马书5时12分;比照一肺心病。 15点01分-2 ) 。 Consequent on Adam's trangression, "all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God" (Rom. 3:23).相应的对亚当的trangression , “都有罪,并低于神的荣耀” (罗马书3点23分) 。 To meet man in his plight, Paul sets forth the gospel as a righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ for all who believe (cf. Rom. 3:22 - 25).以满足男子在他的困境,保罗提出了福音作为一个正义的上帝的信仰在耶稣基督为所有谁相信(参见光盘。 3时22 -2 5) 。

In this context Paul contrasts the "old man" of nature (Rom. 6:6; Eph. 4:22; Col. 3:9) who is "after the flesh" (Rom. 8:4, 12; Gal. 4:23, 29, etc.) with the "new man" in grace (Eph. 4:24; cf. 2 Cor. 5:17; Gal. 6:15) who is "after the Spirit" (Rom. 8:5; Gal. 4:29).在这方面保罗对比, “旧人”的性质(罗马书6时06分;以弗所书4时22分;上校3时09分)谁是“后,肉中刺” (罗马书8时04分, 12岁; GAL的。 4 : 23 , 29等)与“新好男人”在宽限期(以弗所书4时24分;比照二肺心病。 5时17分; GAL的。 6:15 )谁是“后的精神” (罗马书八:五; GAL的。 4时29分) 。 He speaks also of the "outer nature" of man which perishes and his "inner nature" which abides and is daily being renewed in Christ (2 Cor. 4:16; cf. Eph. 3:16) and of the "natural man" (psychikos anthropos) and "he who is spiritual" (1 Cor. 2:15; cf. 14:37).他说话也“外性”的男子,其中perishes和他的“党内的性质” ,是遵守和每日续期在基督( 2肺心病。 4时16分;比照以弗所书3:16 )和“自然男子“ ( psychikos anthropos )和”谁是他的精神“ ( 1肺心病。 2时15分;比照14时37分) 。

In contrast with the second Adam, the first Adam is "from the earth, a man of dust" (1 Cor. 15:47), but is yet "a living being" (vs. 45).而相比之下,第二个亚当,第一亚当是“从地球上,一名男子的尘埃” ( 1肺心病。 15时47分) ,但尚未“生活” (对45 ) 。 Though man on his earthly side "bears the image of the man of dust" (vs. 45), he can by grace through faith be made to "bear the image of the man from heaven" (vs. 49).虽然男子对他的尘世的一面“熊的形象,该名男子的灰尘” (相对于45岁) ,他可以由宽限期,通过信仰作出“熊的形象,该名男子从天上” (对49 ) 。 Man in himself is a moral being with an innate sense of right and wrong which Paul speaks of as his "conscience" (21 times.) This conscience can, however, lose its sensitiveness for the good and become "defiled" (1 Cor. 8:7) and "seared" (1 Tim. 4:2).男子对自己是一个道德正在与一个天生的责任感,正确与错误的,其中保罗谈到他的“良心” ( 21倍) ,这良心可以,不过,失去其敏感性为良好,并成为“ defiled ” ( 1肺心病。 8时07分)和“ seared ” ( 1添。 4:2 ) 。

As the chief exponent of the application of Christ's saving work to personal life Paul can hardly avoid reference to man's essential nature and makeup, and inevitably such allusions reflect the OT usage of terms.正如行政指数的应用基督的拯救工作到个人生活,郑明训也难以避免参考人的本质和化妆,无可避免地等典故的反映酒店的使用条款。 At the same time, while he does employ his words with the same general meaning as in the OT, they are more precisely applied in his epistles.在同一时间内,而他是否聘请他的话具有相同的一般含义,作为在该酒店,他们更准确地适用于在他的书信。 The most significant terms in his anthropological vocabulary are "flesh" (sarx, 91 times), which he uses in a physical and an ethical sense; "spirit" (pneuma, 146 times), to denote generally the higher, Godward aspect of man's nature; "body" (soma, 89 times), most often to designate the human organism as such, but sometimes the carnal aspect of man's nature; "soul" (psyche, 11 times), broadly to carry the idea of the vital principle of individual life.最重要的条款,在他的人类学的词汇是“肉” (扎尔克斯, 91倍) ,这是他利用在一个身体和道德意识;的“精神” (牛马, 146次) ,是指普遍较高, godward方面的人的性质; “身” (索玛, 89次) ,最常见的指定人体组织等,但有时肉体方面,人的本质;的“灵魂” (琪, 11倍) ,广泛开展的思想的重要原则个人人寿。

Paul has several words translated "mind" in the English versions to specify man's native rational ability which is in the natural man seriously affected by sin (Rom. 1:8; 8:6 - 7; Eph. 4:17; Col. 2:18; I Tim. 3:8; Titus 1:15).保罗有几个字词翻译“心”中,英文版本,以指定男子的本土理性的能力是在自然的男子,严重影响了由单仲偕(罗马书1时08分; 8点06分-七;以弗所书4时1 7分;上校2 : 18 ,我添。 3时08分;提图斯1时15分) 。 But the mind transformed brings God acceptable worship (Rom. 12:2; Eph. 4:23) and so becomes in the believer the mind of Christ (1 Cor. 2:16; cf. Phil. 2:5).但考虑到转化带来了可以接受的崇拜上帝(罗马书12时02分;以弗所书4:23 )等,成为在信徒心中的基督( 1肺心病。 2时16分;比照菲尔。 2时05分) 。 The term "heart" (kardia, 52 times) specifies for Paul the innermost sanctuary of man's psychical being either as a whole or with one or another of its significant activities, emotional, rational, or volitional.任期的“心脏” ( kardia , 52倍)指定为保禄二世内心的庇护人的心理正在无论作为一个整体,或与一个或另一个,其显着的活动,情绪,理性,或意志。

Sometimes Paul contrasts these aspects, flesh and spirit, body and soul, to give the impression of a dualism of man's nature.有时保罗对比这些方面,肉体和精神,身体与灵魂,会给人一种印象,一个二元论人的本质。 At other times he introduces the threefold characterization, body, soul, and spirit (1 Thess. 5:23), which raises the question whether man is to be conceived dichotomously or trichotomously.在其他时候,他介绍了三倍表征,身体,灵魂,和精神(书一。 5时23分) ,其中提出了一个问题,是否男子是要构思dichotomously或trichotomously 。 The interchangeable use of the terms "spirit" and "soul" seems to confirm the former view, while the fact that they are sometimes contrasted is held to support the latter.该可互换使用条款“精神”和“灵魂”似乎证实了前者的看法,而事实上,他们有时对比的是举行以支持后者。 Yet, however used, both terms refer to man's inner nature over against flesh or body, which refers to the outer aspect of man as existing in space and time.然而,然而使用,这两个词是指人的内在性质,超过对肉体或机构,这是指外方面,男子现有的在空间和时间。 In reference, then, to man's psychical nature, "spirit" denotes life as having its origin in God and "soul" denotes that same life as constituted in man.在参考,那么,人的心理本质, “精神”是指生活有其原产地在上帝和“灵魂”是指相同的生活构成了在男子。 Spirit is the inner depth of man's being, the higher aspect of his personality.精神是党内深入人的福利,较高的方面,他的个性。 Soul expresses man's own special and distinctive individuality.人的灵魂,表示自己的特殊和独特的个性。 The pneuma is man's nonmaterial nature looking Godward; the psyche is that same nature of man looking earthward and touching the things of sense.该牛马是人的nonmaterial的性质看godward ;琪是同一性质的人找地向和感人的东西,有道理。

Other NT Writings其它NT下的著作

The rest of the NT in its scattered allusions to man's nature and constituents is in general agreement with the teaching of Jesus and of Paul.其余的新台币在其分散的典故,以男子的性质和功能组别是在总协定与教学的耶稣和保罗。 In the Johannine writings the estimate of man is centered on Jesus Christ as true man and what man may become in relation to him.在johannine著作的估计,男子是围绕着耶稣基督作为真正的人与什么人有可能成为在有关他。 Although John begins his Gospel by asserting the eternal Godhead of Christ as Son of God, he declares in the starkest manner the humanity of the Word made flesh.虽然约翰开始他的福音由断言永恒的神的源头以基督为上帝的儿子,他宣称,在starkest方式的人性一词所作的血肉。 Jesus does all that may become a man, all that God intended man should be.耶稣是否所有有可能成为一名男子,所有上帝的用意男子应。 What people saw was a "man that is called Jesus" (John 9:11; cf. 19:5).什么人看到是一个“男子,就是所谓的耶稣” (约翰9时11分;比照19时05分) 。 It is against the perfect humanness of Jesus that the dignity of every man is to be measured.这是对完美人性的耶稣说的尊严,每个人是衡量。 By uniting himself with man, God's Son has made it clear for always that being human is no mean condition.由团结与自己的男子,上帝的儿子,已清楚说明,为一向被人是没有意思的条件。 For he took upon himself all that is properly human to restore man to his sonship with God (John 1:13; 1 John 3:1).因为他上台后,自己的一切是正确的人力,恢复男子,他sonship与上帝(约翰1时13分;约翰一3:1 ) 。 Such too is the theme of the Epistle to the Hebrews.这种过于的主题是有关的书信,以希伯来人。 James declares that man is created in the "likeness" (homoiosin) of God (3:9).詹姆斯宣布,男子是建立在“相似性” ( homoiosin )神( 3时09分) 。

Historical Development历史发展

From these biblical statements about man's nature, the history of Christian though has focused on three main issues.从这些圣经的陈述人的本质,历史的基督教虽然着重于三个主要问题。

Content of the Image内容形象

The most enduring of these concerns is the content of the image.最持久的这些关注的是内容的形象。 Irenaeus first introduced the distinction between the "image" (Heb. selem; Lat. imago) and "likeness" (Heb. demut; Lat. similitudo).爱任纽首先介绍了区分的“形象” (希伯来书塞莱姆;土地增值税。意象)和“相似性” (希伯来书demut ;土地增值税。 similitudo ) 。 The former he identified as the rationality and free will which inhere in man qua man.前他确定为理性和自由意志,这inhere在男子节瓜男子。 The likeness he conceived to be a superadded gift of God's righteousness which man, because of his reason and freedom of choice, had the possibility to retain and advance by obedience to the divine commands.该似他的构想是一个superadded神的恩赐的正义,这名男子,因为他的原因及选择的自由,有可能保留和提前服从神的命令。 But this probationary endowment man was to forfeit by his act of willful disobedience for both himself and descendants.不过,这名见习养老男子被没收,他的行为意志抗命为自己和子孙。 This thesis of Irenaeus was generally upheld by the scholastics and was given dogmatic application by Aquinas.这一论断的爱任纽普遍坚持由scholastics ,并给出了教条式的应用由阿奎那。 In Aquinas's view, however, Adam had need of divine aid to continue in the path of holiness.在阿奎那的看法,不过,亚当有需要神圣的援助,继续在道路成圣。 But this aid, in its turn, was conditioned on Adam's effort and determination to obey God's law.但这种援助,在其反过来,是为条件的亚当的努力和决心服从真主的法律。 Thus from the first, in Aquinas's scheme, divine grace was made to depend on human merit.因此,从第一,在阿奎那的计划,神圣的恩典是依靠对人类的好处。

The Reformers denied this distinction between image and likeness upon which the works - salvation of medievalism was reared in their insistence upon the radical nature of sin and its effect upon the total being of man.改革者否认了这一区分的形象和相似性后,该工程-救助m edievalism被饲养在他们的坚持后,激进的性质,单仲偕及效果后,总的福祉男子。 Thus did they maintain that salvation is by grace alone and by faith alone as the gift of God.因此他们认为,救恩是由单独的恩典和信仰,仅作为神的恩赐。

Some moderns have revived Irenaeus's distinction under new terms.一些现代人已经复苏,爱任纽的区别,根据新的条款。 Emil Brunner, for example, speaks of the "formal" image to express the essential structure of man's being, which is not greatly affected by the fall.埃米尔布鲁勒尔,例如谈到“形式上”的形象来表达的基本结构以人的福利,这不是很大的影响所下降。 The "material" image on the other hand, he regards as quite lost by man's sin. “材料”的形象,在另一方面,他认为是相当失去人的单仲偕。 Reinhold Niebuhr has returned to the scholastic distinction more closely as regards both terminology and thesis.莱因霍尔德尼布尔又回到了学术的区别更加紧密地至于双方的术语和论断。 Those who do not admit a different connotation for the terms have sought to identify the content of the image as either corporeal form or pure spirit.这些谁不承认一个不同内涵的条款,已设法查明的内容,形象的形式无论是有形的或纯的精神。 Schleiermacher speaks of the image as man's dominion over nature, a view expounded in more recent days by Hans Wolff and L Verdium.施莱尔马赫讲的形象,作为人的统治的性质,以期更多地阐述了在最近几天由汉斯沃尔夫和L verdium 。

Karl Barth conceived of it in terms of male and female, although he stresses at the same time that only in relation to Christ is there a true understanding of man.卡尔巴特构想,它在条款男性和女性,虽然他强调,在同一时间内,只有在有关基督是有一个真正了解的人。 The Reformed position is that the image of God in man consists in man's rationality and moral competency, but that it is precisely these realities of his being which were lost or marred through sin.改革的立场是,形象,上帝在男子组成,在人的理性和道德能力,但也正是这些现实,他正在被遗失或marred通过单仲偕。 Others consider personality as the ingredient of the image, while still others prefer to see it as sonship, contending that man was created for that relationship.其他考虑人格成分的形象,而还有一些宁愿看到它作为sonship ,认为男子创造了这种关系。 But by his sin he repudiated his sonship, which can be restored only in Christ.但他的单仲偕,他推翻了他的sonship ,其中能够恢复,只有在基督里。

.

The Origin of the Soul原产地的灵魂

In the light of such passages as Ps.在根据这些通道作为常任秘书长。 12:7; Isa. 12时07分;伊萨。 42:5; Zech. 42:5 ;撒加利亚。 12:1; and Heb. 12时01分; heb 。 12:9, the creationist doctrine that God is the immediate creator of the human soul has been built. 12时09分, creationist学说认为,上帝是即时的创造人类灵魂已建成。 First elaborated by Lactantius (c. 240 - c. 320), it had the support of Jerome and of Calvin among the Reformers.首先阐述了由潭修斯(长240 -长3 20) ,它的支持,杰罗姆和卡尔文之间的改革者。 Aquinas declared any other view to be heretical and so followed Peter Lombard, who in his Sentences says, "The Church teaches that souls are created at their infusion into the body."阿奎那宣布任何其他的看法是异端邪说,等等其次是彼得隆巴德,谁在他服刑说, “教会教导我们的灵魂是创造了在其输注到身体” 。

The alternative view, traducianism (Lat. tradux, a branch or shoot), expounded by Tertullian, is that the substances of both soul and body are formed and propagated together.另类的看法, traducianism ( lat. tradux ,一科或射击) ,所阐述的良,是该物质的两个灵魂和身体的形成和宣传在一起。 Favored by Luther, it is consequently generally adopted by later Lutheran theologians.最惠国待遇是由路德,这是因此一般通过后,路德会神学家。 In support of the view is the observation that Gen. 1:27 represents God as creating the species in Adam to be propagated "after its kind" (cf. Gen. 1:12, 21, 25).在支持的观点是观察,将军1时27分,代表上帝创造的物种在亚当要宣扬“后,其样” (见将军1点12 , 21 , 25 ) 。 And this increase through secondary causes is implied in the following verse (cf.vs. 22; 5:3; 46:26; John 1:13; Heb. 7:9 - 10) and in the passages which suggest the solidarity of the race and its sin in the first man (Rom. 5:12 - 13; I Cor. 15:22; Eph. 2:3).这增加了通过中学的原因是隐含在下面的诗句( cf.vs. 22日; 5时03分; 46:26 ;约翰1时13分; heb 。 7时09 -1 0)和在通道建议的团结的种族和单仲偕在其第一人(罗马书5点12分-1 3,我肺心病。 1 5时2 2分;以弗所书2 :3) 。

From its stress on the continuing kinship of God and man, the Eastern church has favored creationism.从应力对持续的亲属关系的上帝和人,东区教会的最惠国待遇,创。 Here God is regarded as acting immediately to bring individual life into being.在这里,神是被视为署理立即将个人人寿正在形成。 The Western church, on the other hand, by emphasizing God's otherness from the created order and the depth of the yawning gulf between the human and divine consequent on man's sin, sees God's contact with man in the world as more distant.西方教会,另一方面,强调上帝的差异性,从创建的秩序和深度的巨大之间的鸿沟的人力和相应的神对人的单仲偕认为,上帝的联系与男子在世界上更为遥远。 Traducianism, therefore, in which God's relation to individual conception and birth is held to be mediated, has had from the third century wide support. traducianism ,因此,在上帝的关系,个别的概念和出生时举行,以介导,已经从第三世纪广泛的支持。

The Extent of Freedom程度的自由

Consonant with his idea of the imago Dei as grounded in man's nature as rational and free, Justin Martyr set in motion the view that every man is responsible for his own wrongdoing, which was to become a characteristic note of the Eastern church.辅音与他的想法意象dei作为根植于人的本质,作为理性和自由,贾斯汀烈士设置在议案中认为,每个人都负责为自己的不当行为,这是成为一个特点,注意到东部教会。 Thus Adam is seen as the primary type of each man's sinning, and his fall is the story of Everyman.因此,亚当被看作是主要的类型,每个人的犯罪,和他的秋天是故事everyman 。 Western theology, by contrast, regards Adam's transgression as the fountainhead of all human evil, but against Gnosticism refused to locate its source in individual life in the material of the body.西方神学,相比之下,对于亚当的海侵,作为源头的所有人类的罪恶,但对诺斯底主义拒绝找出其来源在个人生活中的材料的身体。 Tertullian traced sin to humanity's connection with Adam, through whom it has become a natural element of every man's nature.良追查单仲偕对人类的连线与亚当,其中通过它已成为一种自然元素,每个人的性质。 Yet he allowed some residue of free will to remain.但他允许一些残留的自由意志留下来。

In Pelagius and Augustine these two views came into sharp conflict.在伯拉纠和奥古斯丁这两个意见生效尖锐的冲突。 Pelagius taught that man was unaffected by Adam's transgression, his will retaining the liberty of indifference so that he possesses in himself the ability to choose good or evil.伯拉纠告诉我们,男子不受亚当的海侵,他将保留自由的冷漠,使他拥有在自己的能力,选择好或邪恶。 In the light of Rom.在轻的ROM 。 5:12 - 13 Augustine maintained that Adam's sin has so crippled man that he can act only to express his sinful nature inherited from his first parents. 5点12分-1 3奥古斯丁认为,亚当的单,以便削弱男子说,他可以采取行动,只有来表达自己的罪孽深重的性质,继承他的第一次家长。 The inevitable compromise appeared in the semi - Pelagian (or semi - Augustinian) synergistic thesis that while all men do inherit a bias to sin, a freedom of decision remains that permits at least some men to take the first step toward righteousness.不可避免的妥协,出现在半-p elagian(或半-奥古斯丁)的协同作用的论文,虽然所有男性继承一个偏见,以单仲偕,自由的决定,仍然是许可证至少有一些男性采取的第一步正义。 In the Calvinist - Arminian controversy of the seventeenth century the conflict was reenacted.在calvinist -a rminian争议的十七世纪冲突重演。 Calvin contended for the total depravity of man; man "has no good remaining in him."卡尔文有争议的为总堕落的男子;男子“并没有很好的留在他” 。 Therefore the will is not free to choose the good; so salvation is an act of God's sovereign grace.因此,该会是不是可以自由选择的好;因此,救恩是上帝的旨意的主权的恩典。

Arminius allowed that Adam's sin had dire consequences and that each posseses a "natural propensity" to sin (John Wesley), while maintaining, at the same time, that it belongs to every man of his own free will to ratify this inner direction of his nature.亚米纽斯允许亚当的单仲偕了可怕的后果,和每个拥有“自然倾向”单仲偕(约翰卫斯理) ,同时保持,在同一时间内,它是属于每个人自己的自由意志,批准这项党内的方向,他性质。 On the other hand, it is possible for any man, by accepting the aid of the Holy Spirit, to opt for God's way, for he still possesses an inner ability so to do.在另一方面,是有可能的任何人,接受援助的圣灵,选择上帝的方式,因为他仍拥有党内能力这样做。

In the Pelagian - humanist scheme all men are well and need only a tonic to keep them in good health.在pelagian -人文计划的所有男性都很好,只需要补品,让他们的健康状况良好。 In the semi - Pelagian (semi - Augustinian) - Arminian doctrine man is sick and requires the right medicine for his recovery.在半决赛中-p elagian(半-奥古斯丁)- a rm inian学说的人是有病,需要对症下药,为他的康复。 In the Augustinian - Calvinist view man is dead and can be renewed to life only by a divinely initiated resurrection.在奥古斯丁-c alvinist查看男子死亡,可以延长生命只能由神发起的复活。

HD McDonald房屋署麦当劳
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) ( elwell福音事工促进会,字典)

Bibliography 参考书目
SB Babbage, Man in Nature and Grace; E Brunner, Man in Revolt; G Carey, I Believe in Man; S Cave, The Christian Estimate of Man; D Cairns, The Image of God in Man; W Eichrodt, Man in the OT ; WG Kummel, Man in the NT ; J Laidlaw, The Bible Doctrine of Man; JG Machen, The Christian View of Man; HD McDonald, The Christian View of Man; J Moltmann, Man; J Orr, God's Image in Man; HW Robinson, The Christian Doctrine of Man; RF Shedd, Man in Community; CR Smith, The Bible Doctrine of Man; WD Stacey, The Pauline View of Man; TF Torrance, Calvin's Doctrine of Man; CA vanPeursen, Body, Soul, Spirit; JS Wright, What Is Man?锑巴贝奇,男子在性质和宽限期,电子商务布鲁勒尔,男子在反抗;克Carey的,我相信在男子; s洞穴,基督教估计的男子; d凯恩斯,上帝的形象,在男子;瓦特艾希罗特,男子在该酒店;工作组库慕尔,男子在新界的; j莱德劳,圣经的教义男子; jg machen ,基督教的看法男子;房署麦当劳,基督教的看法男子; j莫尔特曼,男子; j奥尔,上帝的形象在男子;硬件罗宾逊,基督教的教义男子;射频谢德,男子在社区;铬史密斯,圣经的教义男子;的WD斯泰西,宝莲,鉴于男子;的TF托兰斯,卡尔文的教义的男子;钙vanpeursen ,身体,灵魂,精神; js赖特,什么是男人?


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