Luther's 95 Theses路德的95论文

On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, German theologian and professor at Wittenberg, posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the castle church at Wittenberg and thereby ignited the Protestant Reformation. 关于1517年10月31日，马丁路德，德国神学教授在维滕贝格，张贴他的95对论文的门城堡，教堂，在维滕贝格，从而点燃了新教改革。

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THE NINETY-FIVE THESES:该95论文：

In the desire and with the purpose of elucidating the truth, a disputation will be held on the underwritten propositions at Wittenberg, under the presidency of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Monk of the Order of St. Augustine, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology, and ordinary Reader of the same in that place.在愿望和目的，阐明真相，争议会举行了关于承保的主张，在维滕贝格，的主持下，牧师的父亲马丁路德，和尚的秩序，圣奥古斯丁，文学硕士和神圣的神学，和普通的读者，同时在那个地方。 He therefore asks those who cannot be present and discuss the subject with us orally, to do so by letter in their absence.因此，他要求那些谁不能出席并讨论此事与我们口头的，这样做的信，在他们的缺席。 In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.在名称，我们的主耶稣基督。 Amen.阿民。

1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, in saying "Repent ye," etc., intended that the whole life of believers should be penitence.我们的主，掌握耶稣基督，在他说： “悔改叶”等，打算在整个生命的信徒，应该忏悔。
2. This word cannot be understood of sacramental penance, that is, of the confession and satisfaction which are performed under the ministry of priests.这个字不能被理解的圣penance ，即是该供认和满意度，这是演出部之下的神父。
3. It does not, however, refer solely to inward penitence; nay such inward penitence is naught, unless it outwardly produces various mortifications of the flesh.它不过，这并不代表是指纯粹的外来忏悔;的NaY等外来忏悔是一事无成，除非它表面上生产各种mortifications的肉中刺。
4. The penalty thus continues as long as the hatred of self--that is, true inward penitence--continues: namely, till our entrance into the kingdom of heaven.刑罚，因此，继续只要仇恨的自我-即是真正的外来忏悔-继续：即，直到我们进入天国。
5. The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties, except those which he has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons.教宗并没有意愿，也不是权力的职权作出任何处罚，除了那些他所施加的，他自己的权威，或由该炮。
6. The Pope has no power to remit any guilt, except by declaring and warranting it to have been remitted by God; or at most by remitting cases reserved for himself; in which cases, if his power were despised, guilt would certainly remain.教宗没有权力的职权，任何罪恶感，除申报和值得它被免去上帝;或在最汇款案件预留给自己，在这情况下，如果他的权力被鄙视，内疚一定会维持不变。
7. God never remits any man's guilt, without at the same time subjecting him, humbled in all things, to the authority of his representative the priest.上帝从来没有职权，任何人的罪恶感，没有在同一时间，服从他，谦卑，在一切事上，以权威，其代表牧师。
8. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and no burden ought to be imposed on the dying, according to them.该penitential炮，是强加的，不仅对生活，并没有任何的负担，应该是强加给亡者，据他们。
9. Hence the Holy Spirit acting in the Pope does well for us, in that, in his decrees, he always makes exception of the article of death and of necessity.因此，圣灵行事的教宗，以及是否对我们来说，在这方面，在他的法令，他总是使除文章的死亡和必要性。
10. Those priests act wrongly and unlearnedly, who, in the case of the dying, reserve the canonical penances for purgatory.这些神职人员的行为错误和unlearnedly ，谁，在该案件的消亡，储备的典型penances为炼狱。
11. Those tares about changing of the canonical penalty into the penalty of purgatory seem surely to have been sown while the bishops were asleep.这些tares改变的典型罚款处罚的炼狱，似乎肯定已经播下，而主教被入睡。
12. Formerly the canonical penalties were imposed not after, but before absolution, as tests of true contrition.前身为典型的刑罚所施加的不后，但前赦免，因为真正的考验contrition 。
13. The dying pay all penalties by death, and are already dead to the canon laws, and are by right relieved from them.亡者支付所有的刑罚由死刑，并已经死亡，以佳能的法律，并有权解除他们。
14. The imperfect soundness or charity of a dying person necessarily brings with it great fear; and the less it is, the greater the fear it brings.不完善的健全性或慈善的一个垂死的人不一定带来了巨大的恐惧和不足，这是，更大的恐惧所带来的。
15. This fear and horror is sufficient by itself, to say nothing of other things, to constitute the pains of purgatory, since it is very near to the horror of despair.这种恐惧和恐怖是有足够的本身，更遑论其他的东西，构成的痛苦炼狱，因为它是非常接近的恐怖，绝望。
16. Hell, purgatory, and heaven appear to differ as despair, almost despair, and peace of mind differ.地狱，炼狱，天堂似乎有所不同，因为绝望，几乎绝望，和安宁的心灵有所不同。
17. With souls in purgatory it seems that it must needs be that, as horror diminishes, so charity increases.与灵魂在炼狱似乎表明，它必须需要，作为恐怖削弱，所以慈善的增加。
18. Nor does it seem to be proved by any reasoning or any scriptures, that they are outside of the state of merit or of the increase of charity.也不似乎得到证明任何推理或任何经文，即他们是以外的国家的好处，或增加的慈善机构。
19. Nor does this appear to be proved, that they are sure and confident of their own blessedness, at least all of them, though we may be very sure of it.这也不似乎要证明，他们是肯定和信心，他们自己的幸福，至少在所有这些，虽然我们可能会很肯定的。
20. Therefore the Pope, when he speaks of the plenary remission of all penalties, does not mean simply of all, but only of those imposed by himself.因此，教宗，当他谈到全体会议减免所有处罚，并不意味着简单地所有，但只有那些强加给自己。
21. Thus those preachers of indulgences are in error who say that, by the indulgences of the Pope, a man is loosed and saved from all punishment.因此，那些传教士的indulgences是在谁的错误说，由indulgences的教宗，一名男子是松动并保存所有的惩罚。
22. For in fact he remits to souls in purgatory no penalty which they would have had to pay in this life according to the canons.为，其实他职权范围，以灵魂在炼狱没有罚款，他们将不得不支付在这方面的生活根据该炮。
23. If any entire remission of all penalties can be granted to any one, it is certain that it is granted to none but the most perfect--that is, to very few.如有的话，整个减免所有的罚则可以给予任何一，可以肯定的是，这是理所当然的首屈一指的，但最完美的-这是，极少数。
24. Hence the greater part of the people must needs be deceived by this indiscriminate and high-sounding promise of release from penalties.因此，大部份人民的需要，必须被欺骗，这不分青红皂白地和高调的承诺，释放的刑罚。
25. Such power as the Pope has over purgatory in general, such has every bishop in his own diocese, and every curate in his own parish, in particular.这种权力作为教宗已在超过炼狱一般，这样的每一个主教在他自己的教区，每一个鉴定在他自己的教区，尤其是。
26. The Pope acts most rightly in granting remission to souls, not by the power of the keys (which is of no avail in this case), but by the way of suffrage.教宗的行为，最正确的，在给予减免的灵魂，而不是由权力钥匙（这是无济于事，在这种情况下） ，而是由普选的方式。
27. They preach mad, who say that the soul flies out of purgatory as soon as the money thrown into the chest rattles.他们鼓吹疯狂，谁说的灵魂，苍蝇走出炼狱尽快钱扔进公益金摇铃。
28. It is certain that, when the money rattles in the chest, avarice and gain may be increased, but the suffrage of the Church depends on the will of God alone.可以肯定的是，当金钱摇铃在胸部，贪欲和增益可能会增加，但普选的教会，就看上帝的意愿。
29. Who knows whether all the souls in purgatory desire to be redeemed from it, according to the story told of Saints Severinus and Paschal?谁知道，是否所有的灵魂在炼狱的愿望赎回，从它，根据这个故事告诉圣塞维里努斯和逾越？
30. No man is sure of the reality of his own contrition, much less of the attainment of plenary remission.任何人都不是肯定的现实，他自己的contrition ，更遑论对实现次全体会议减免。
31. Rare as is a true penitent, so rare is one who truly buys indulgences--that is to say, most rare.作为难得的是一个真正的忏悔，所以难得的是一个谁真正购买indulgences -这就是说，最难得的。
32. Those who believe that, through letters of pardon, they are made sure of their own salvation, will be eternally damned along with their teachers.这些谁相信，通过信件，赦免，他们作出了肯定他们自己的救恩，将永远该死的，随着他们的老师。
33. We must especially beware of those who say that these pardons from the Pope are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to God.我们尤其要提防那些谁说，这些赦免从教宗是不可估量的神的恩赐，其中男子是调和神。
34. For the grace conveyed by these pardons has respect only to the penalties of sacramental satisfaction, which are of human appointment.为宽限期，转达了这些赦免了尊重，只处罚圣满意，这是人类的任命。
35. They preach no Christian doctrine, who teach that contrition is not necessary for those who buy souls out of purgatory or buy confessional licences.他们鼓吹没有基督教学说，谁教导contrition是没有必要为那些买谁的灵魂走出炼狱或购买自白牌照。
36. Every Christian who feels true compunction has of right plenary remission of pain and guilt, even without letters of pardon.每一个基督徒谁觉得真正的compunction有权利全体会议缓解疼痛和内疚，即使没有信件赦免。
37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and of the Church given him by God, even without letters of pardon.每一个真正的基督徒，无论活的或死的，有一个份额，在所有的好处，耶稣和教会给他，上帝，即使没有信件赦免。
38. The remission, however, imparted by the Pope is by no means to be despised, since it is, as I have said, a declaration of the Divine remission.缓解，但是，传授由教宗绝不是被鄙视，因为它是，正如我刚才所说，一个宣言神圣的减免。
39. It is a most difficult thing, even for the most learned theologians, to exalt at the same time in the eyes of the people the ample effect of pardons and the necessity of true contrition.这是一个最困难的事情，即使是最据悉，神学家，以发扬在同一时间，在人民心目中的充裕的影响，赦免和必要性，真正的contrition 。
40. True contrition seeks and loves punishment; while the ampleness of pardons relaxes it, and causes men to hate it, or at least gives occasion for them to do so.真正的contrition旨在热爱处罚;而ampleness赦免放宽，原因和男子恨它，或至少给予的场合，他们这样做。
41. Apostolical pardons ought to be proclaimed with caution, lest the people should falsely suppose that they are placed before other good works of charity. apostolical赦免，应予宣布谨慎，以免市民应附有虚假产地来源标签假设他们是放在前，其他优秀作品的慈善机构。
42. Christians should be taught that it is not the mind of the Pope that the buying of pardons is to be in any way compared to works of mercy.基督徒应教导，这是不是心中的教宗指出，购买赦免是要以任何方式相比，工程手软。
43. Christians should be taught that he who gives to a poor man, or lends to a needy man, does better than if he bought pardons.基督徒应该教他谁给一个贫穷的男子，或借贷给有需要的男子，是否优于如果他买了赦免。
44. Because, by a work of charity, charity increases and the man becomes better; while, by means of pardons, he does not become better, but only freer from punishment.因为，由一个工作的慈善团体，慈善机构的增加和该名男子变得更好;而透过赦免，他并没有变得更好，但只有自由的处罚。
45. Christians should be taught that he who sees any one in need, and passing him by, gives money for pardons, is not purchasing for himself the indulgences of the Pope, but the anger of God.基督徒应该教他谁可以看到任何一个有需要的，并通过他，让金钱为赦免，是不是为自己购买了indulgences的教宗，但愤怒的上帝。
46. Christians should be taught that, unless they have superfluous wealth, they are bound to keep what is necessary for the use of their own households, and by no means to lavish it on pardons.基督徒应教导说，除非他们有多余的财富，他们必然要保持什么是有必要使用他们自己的家庭，和没有办法的盛情，这对赦免。
47. Christians should be taught that, while they are free to buy pardons, they are not commanded to do so.基督徒应教授认为，虽然他们都是免费的购买赦免，他们不是指挥这样做。
48. Christians should be taught that the Pope, in granting pardons, has both more need and more desire that devout prayer should be made for him, than that money should be readily paid.基督徒应教授指出，教宗，在给予赦免，都更需要和更多的愿望，即虔诚的祈祷应作出对他来说，比金钱，应是随时支付。
49. Christians should be taught that the Pope's pardons are useful, if they do not put their trust in them; but most hurtful, if through them they lose the fear of God.基督徒应教授认为，教宗的赦免是有益的，如果他们不把他们的信任他们，但最伤害，如果通过，他们失去的恐惧上帝。
50. Christians should be taught that, if the Pope were acquainted with the exactions of the preachers of pardons, he would prefer that the Basilica of St. Peter should be burnt to ashes, than that it should be built up with the skin, flesh and bones of his sheep.基督徒应教授说，如果教宗的人熟悉与勒索的传教士赦免，他希望的Basilica圣彼得应烧毁，化为灰烬，比认为应该建立起来的皮肤，肉和骨头他的羊。
51. Christians should be taught that, as it would be the duty, so it would be the wish of the Pope, even to sell, if necessary, the Basilica of St. Peter, and to give of his own money to very many of those from whom the preachers of pardons extract money.基督徒应教导，因为这将有责任，所以会希望教宗，甚至出售，如有需要，巴西利卡的圣彼得大教堂，并给予他自己的钱很多，这些从其中传教士赦免提取金钱。
52. Vain is the hope of salvation through letters of pardon, even if a commissary--nay, the Pope himself--were to pledge his own soul for them.徒劳的，是希望通过信件救赎赦免，即使一小卖部-不，教宗自己-人的承诺，他自己的灵魂给他们。
53. They are enemies of Christ and of the Pope who, in order that pardons may be preached, condemn the word of God to utter silence in other churches.他们的敌人是耶稣和教宗谁，为了使赦免可能鼓吹，谴责上帝的话，以完全沉默，在其他教会。
54. Wrong is done to the word of God when, in the same sermon, an equal or longer time is spent on pardons than on it.错误的做是为了上帝的话时，在相同的讲道中，在平等的或更长的时间都花在对赦免比对。
55. The mind of the Pope necessarily is, that if pardons, which are a very small matter, are celebrated with single bells, single processions, and single ceremonies, the Gospel, which is a very great matter, should be preached with a hundred bells, a hundred processions, and a hundred ceremonies.心中的教宗一定是，如果赦免，这是一个很小的事，庆祝与单一的编钟，单一的游行，和单一仪式，福音，这是一个很大的问题，应该鼓吹与100的编钟， 1 100游行，和百仪式。
56. The treasures of the Church, whence the Pope grants indulgences, are neither sufficiently named nor known among the people of Christ.国宝教会， whence教宗赠款indulgences ，既不是充分的命名，也称为人民之间的基督。
57. It is clear that they are at least not temporal treasures, for these are not so readily lavished, but only accumulated, by many of the preachers.这是明确表示，他们目前至少有没有时间的宝藏，因为这些都是没有那么容易慷慨的，但只有积累，很多的传教士。
58. Nor are they the merits of Christ and of the saints, for these, independently of the Pope, are always working grace to the inner man, and the cross, death, and hell to the outer man.也不是他们的优点，耶稣和圣徒，因为这些独立教宗，都是工作的宽限期，以党内的男子，和交叉，死亡，和地狱外的男子。
59. St. Lawrence said that the treasures of the Church are the poor of the Church, but he spoke according to the use of the word in his time.圣劳伦斯说，国宝教会是穷人的教会，但他以根据一词的使用在他的时间。
60. We are not speaking rashly when we say that the keys of the Church, bestowed through the merits of Christ, are that treasure.我们不会贸然发言，当我们说的关键所在教会，赐予通过的优点，基督，是珍惜。
61. For it is clear that the power of the Pope is alone sufficient for the remission of penalties and of reserved cases.因为这是清楚的权力，教宗是仅足以让减免刑罚和预留的案件。
62. The true treasure of the Church is the Holy Gospel of the glory and grace of God.真正的瑰宝，教会是神圣的福音的荣耀和上帝的恩典。
63. This treasure, however, is deservedly most hateful, because it makes the first to be last.这珍惜，但是，是当之无愧的，最可恨的，因为它使首次以去年。
64. While the treasure of indulgences is deservedly most acceptable, because it makes the last to be first.而珍惜的indulgences是当之无愧最能接受的，因为它使，最后被第一。
65. Hence the treasures of the gospel are nets, wherewith of old they fished for the men of riches.因此，国宝福音是网， wherewith旧捕捞，他们为官兵们的财富。
66. The treasures of indulgences are nets, wherewith they now fish for the riches of men.国宝indulgences是网， wherewith他们现在鱼为财富的男子。
67. Those indulgences, which the preachers loudly proclaim to be the greatest graces, are seen to be truly such as regards the promotion of gain.这些indulgences ，而传教士大声宣布成为最大的青睐，被认为是真正如至于推广得不偿失。
68. Yet they are in reality in no degree to be compared to the grace of God and the piety of the cross.但他们是在现实中没有的程度相比上帝的恩典和虔诚的两岸关系。
69. Bishops and curates are bound to receive the commissaries of apostolical pardons with all reverence.主教和curates ，必将收到commissaries的apostolical赦免所有的崇敬。
70. But they are still more bound to see to it with all their eyes, and take heed with all their ears, that these men do not preach their own dreams in place of the Pope's commission.但他们仍然是更多的约束，看看它与所有他们的眼睛，留意所有与他们的耳朵，这些男子不宣扬自己的梦想在的地方，教宗的委员会。
71. He who speaks against the truth of apostolical pardons, let him be anathema and accursed.他对谁讲的真相， apostolical赦免，让他被诅咒和accursed 。
72. But he, on the other hand, who exerts himself against the wantonness and licence of speech of the preachers of pardons, let him be blessed.但他，另一方面，谁施加作对wantonness和牌照讲话的传教士赦免，让他祝福。
73. As the Pope justly thunders against those who use any kind of contrivance to the injury of the traffic in pardons.正如教宗公正thunders对那些谁使用任何种contrivance到损伤的交通在赦免。
74. Much more is it his intention to thunder against those who, under the pretext of pardons, use contrivances to the injury of holy charity and of truth.更是他打算雷声大，对那些谁的借口下，赦免，使用contrivances到损伤的圣地慈善和真理。
75. To think that Papal pardons have such power that they could absolve a man even if--by an impossibility--he had violated the Mother of God, is madness.认为教皇赦免有这样的权力，他们可以免除一名男子，即使-由一个不可能的-他违反了上帝之母，是疯狂。
76. We affirm, on the contrary, that Papal pardons cannot take away even the least of venal sins, as regards its guilt.我们申明，相反，认为教皇的赦免，不能拿走，甚至最小的venal捷联惯导系统，至于其是否有罪。
77. The saying that, even if St. Peter were now Pope, he could grant no greater graces, is blasphemy against St. Peter and the Pope.的说法，即使在圣伯多禄现在教宗，他可以给予更大的青睐，是亵渎圣彼得大教堂和教宗。
78. We affirm, on the contrary: that both he and any other Pope have greater graces to grant--namely, the Gospel, powers, gifts of healing, etc. (I Cor. xii. 9.)我们申明，与此相反：他和任何其他教宗有更大的青睐给予-即福音，权力，礼品愈合等（我肺心病。十二。 9 ） 。
79. To say that the cross set up among the insignia of the Papal arms is of equal power with the cross of Christ, is blasphemy.说，两岸之间的成立徽章的教皇武器是平等的权力与基督的十字架，是亵渎。
80. Those bishops, curates, and theologians who allow such discourses to have currency among the people, will have to render an account.这些主教， curates ，和神学家谁允许这样的论述有货币之间的人，将提供一个帐户。
81. This licence in the preaching of pardons makes it no easy thing, even for learned men, to protect the reverence due to the Pope against the calumnies, or, at all events, the keen questionings of the laity.本牌照，在说教赦免令不容易的事，即使据悉，男性，以保护崇敬由于教宗对诽谤，或者，在所有的活动，激烈的questionings的俗人。
82. As for instance:--Why does not the Pope empty purgatory for the sake of most holy charity and of the supreme necessity of souls--this being the most just of all reasons--if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of that most fatal thing, money, to be spent on building a basilica--this being a very slight reason?至于例如： -为什么不教宗空炼狱为最神圣的慈善和最高人民法院的必要性灵魂-这是最公正的所有理由-如果他赎回无限多的灵魂为求这种最致命的东西，钱，将用于建设一个巴西利卡-这是一个很轻微的原因是什么？
83. Again: why do funeral masses and anniversary masses for the deceased continue, and why does not the Pope return, or permit the withdrawal of the funds bequeathed for this purpose, since it is a wrong to pray for those who are already redeemed?再次：为什么葬礼的群众和群众周年之际，为死者继续下去，为什么不教宗返回，或准许撤回资金留下为此目的，因为它是一个错误的祈祷，为那些谁已经赎回？
84. Again: what is this new kindness of God and the Pope, in that, for money's sake, they permit an impious man and an enemy of God to redeem a pious soul which loves God, and yet do not redeem that same pious and beloved soul, out of free charity, on account of its own need?再次：这是什么新的爱心，上帝的教宗，在这方面，钱的起见，他们允许impious男子及一名敌人上帝的赎回一种虔诚的灵魂，其中爱上帝，但不赎回相同的虔诚和心爱的灵魂，出于对自由的慈善，就交代自己的需要呢？
85. Again: why is it that the penitential canons, long since abrogated and dead in themselves in very fact and not only by usage, are yet still redeemed with money, through the granting of indulgences, as if they were full of life?再次：为什么认为penitential大炮，长期以来，废止和死在自己在非常事实上，而不是只有使用，但仍与赎回的钱，通过给予indulgences ，如果他们全部的生活呢？
86. Again: why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the one Basilica of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with that of poor believers?再次：为什么不教宗，其财富都是在这一天更充裕的比那些最富有的有钱人，建立一个巴西利卡圣彼得与自己的钱，而不是与穷人的信徒？
87. Again: what does the Pope remit or impart to those who, through perfect contrition, have a right to plenary remission and participation?再次：什么是教宗的职权或传授那些谁，通过完善contrition ，都有权全体会议减免和参与？
88. Again: what greater good would the Church receive if the Pope, instead of once, as he does now, were to bestow these remissions and participations a hundred times a day on any one of the faithful ?再次：什么更大的好处，教会接受，如果教宗，而不是一次，就要像他那样，现在要赐给这些减免和参与1 100倍， 1天就其中任何一个的忠实？
89. Since it is the salvation of souls, rather than money, that the Pope seeks by his pardons, why does he suspend the letters and pardons granted long ago, since they are equally efficacious?因为它是拯救灵魂，而不是金钱，教宗的目的，他的赦免，他为何暂停的信件和赦免授予不久前，因为他们都是同样有效？
90. To repress these scruples and arguments of the laity by force alone, and not to solve them by giving reasons, is to expose the Church and the Pope to the ridicule of their enemies, and to make Christian men unhappy.压制这些顾忌和论据的俗人用武力单，而不是去解决他们的理由，是为了揭露教会和教宗向嘲笑他们的敌人，使基督教男子不满。
91. If, then, pardons were preached according to the spirit and mind of the Pope, all these questions would be resolved with ease--nay, would not exist.如果，那么，赦免被鼓吹根据的精神和心中的教宗，所有这些问题将得到解决与缓解-不，将不存在。
92. Away, then, with all those prophets who say to the people of Christ, "Peace, peace," and there is no peace!远离，那么，与所有那些先知说，谁向人民基督的“和平，和平” ，就不会有和平！
93. Blessed be all those prophets who say to the people of Christ, "The cross, the cross," and there is no cross!之所有这些先知说，谁给人民的救世主， “两岸关系，两岸” ，并没有跨！
94. Christians should be exhorted to strive to follow Christ their Head through pains, deaths, and hells.基督徒应告诫要努力追随基督他们的头部通过的痛苦，死亡和hells 。
95. And thus trust to enter heaven through many tribulations, rather than in the security of peace.因此，信托进入天堂，透过许多磨难，而不是在安全和平。

PROTESTATION抗议

Luther's 95 Theses路德的95论文

(1517) （ 1517 ）

The Ninety-five Theses were a series of propositions dealing with indulgences which Martin Luther drew up as the basis for a proposed academic disputation.该95篇论文了一系列的主张，处理indulgences ，其中马丁路德制定了作为基础，为拟议的学术争论。 They were written in reaction to abuses in the sale of a plenary indulgence by Johann Tetzel, who gave the impression that it would not only remit the guilt and penalties of even the most serious sins, but that its benefits could be applied to the dead in purgatory.他们在书面反应滥用，在出售一次全体会议放纵由约翰泰泽尔，谁给人的印象是，它不但会的职权范围是否有罪及罚款的，甚至最严重的捷联惯导系统，但它的好处，可以应用到死在炼狱。 Luther challenged this teaching because it led people to believe that forgiveness could be bought and to neglect true repentance.路德的挑战，这教学，因为它导致人们相信，宽恕可以购买和忽视真正的悔改之意。

The theses began by arguing that true repentance involves a turning of the entire self to God and not simply the desire to evade punishment.论文开始辩称真正悔改，涉及到一个转折的整个自我向上帝而不是简单的愿望，以逃避惩罚。 Luther also maintained that only God could remit guilt and that indulgences could only excuse the penalties imposed by the church.路德也认为，只有上帝可以汇往有罪，并indulgences只可为借口，施加的惩罚由教会。 In addition, he denied the pope's power over purgatory, stated that the believer always has true forgiveness without indulgences, and condemned the interest shown in money rather than souls.此外，他否认教宗的权力，炼狱，表示信徒总是有真正的宽恕，没有indulgences ，并谴责所表现出的兴趣在金钱，而不是灵魂。 Although written in Latin and not intended for public distribution, the theses were translated into German and soon spread throughout Germany.虽然写在拉丁美洲和不打算公开发行，论文被翻译成德语，并很快蔓延整个德国。 Even though they do not reveal the full development of Luther's theology, October 31, 1517, the day they were supposedly posted on the Wittenberg Castle Church door, has traditionally been considered the starting point of the Reformation.即使他们不披露的充分发展，路德的神学， 1517年10月31日，这一天，他们理应张贴在维滕贝格城堡教堂的大门，历来被视为出发点的改革。 Recent scholarship has questioned both the dating of the theses and whether they were actually posted.最近的奖学金质疑双方约会的论文，以及他们是否实际上张贴。 Although the debate has not been resolved, most scholars still accept the traditional interpretation.虽然辩论没有得到解决，大多数学者仍然接受传统的解释。

Bibliography 参考书目
K. Aland, ed., Martin Luther's 95 Theses; H. Grimm, ed., Luther's Works, XXXI; E. Iserloh, The Theses Were Not Posted; F. Lau, "The Posting of Luther's Theses, Legend or Fact?" k.奥兰，教育署，马丁路德的95论文;每小时格里姆，教育署，路德的作品，三十一; e.伊泽洛，论文没有张贴;刘德， “张贴路德的论断，传说或事实” ？ CTM 38:691-703.的CTM 38:691-703 。

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