Jainism is a religious faith of India that is usually said to have originated with Mahavira, a contemporary of the Buddha (6th century BC).耆那教是一个宗教的信仰印度是通常说的起源与mahavira ，当代的佛陀（前6世纪） 。 Jains, however, count Mahavira as the last of 24 founders, or Tirthamkaras, the first being Rishabha. jains ，不过，计数mahavira作为最后的24个创始国，或tirthamkaras ，首先是rishabha 。 In 1990 the number of Jains worldwide was estimated at 3,650,000, almost all of whom live in India.在1990年的数目jains全世界估计为365.0万，几乎所有的人生活在印度。 Jainism has been present in India since Mahavira's time without interruption, and its influence has been significant.耆那教，目前已在印度自mahavira的时间不致中断，其影响力已显着。
The major distinction within Jainism is between the Digambara and Svetambara sects, a schism that appears to date from about the 1st century AD.主要的区别是内部的耆那教之间的digambara和svetambara教派，裂出现的日期从约1世纪的广告。 The major difference between them is that whereas the Svetambaras wear white clothes, the Digambaras traditionally go naked.之间的主要差别是，而svetambaras穿白色的衣服， digambaras传统到赤裸裸的。 Fundamentally, however, the views of both sects on ethics and philosophy are identical.从根本上说，不过，双方的意见教派道德和哲学是一致的。
The most notable feature of Jain ethics is its insistence on noninjury to all forms of life. Jain philosophy finds that every kind of thing has a soul; therefore strict observance of this precept of nonviolence (ahimsa) requires extreme caution in all activity. 最显着特点贾殷伦理是它坚持noninjury到所有形式的生命。贾殷哲学认为，每一个种的事有一个灵魂;因此，严格遵守这个信条非暴力（ ahimsa ）需要非常谨慎，在所有的活动。 Jain monks frequently wear cloths over their mouths to avoid unwittingly killing anything by breathing it in, and Jain floors are kept meticulously clean to avert the danger of stepping on a living being.贾殷和尚经常穿布，他们的嘴巴，以避免无意中造成任何呼吸，它在，和贾殷楼层不断认真清洁，以避免危险，加强对生活福祉。 Jains regard the intentional taking of life, or even violent thoughts, however, as much more serious. jains方面蓄意采取的生活方式，或什至暴力的想法，不过，由于严重得多。 Jain philosophy posits a gradation of beings, from those with five senses down to those with only one sense.贾殷哲学posits 1级的人，从那些与五感下降到那些只有一个常识。
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Jain philosophy is based on a fundamental distinction between living and nonliving matter.贾殷哲学是基于一个根本的区别的生活和nonliving此事。 Living souls are divided into bound and liberated; the living souls are found in both mobile and immobile loci.生活的灵魂分为约束和解放;生活的灵魂被发现在移动和不动点。 Nonliving matter is composed of karman or very fine particles that enter a soul and produce changes in it, thus causing its bondage. nonliving的问题是组成卡门或极微细的粒子进入一个灵魂和产生的变化，从而造成其枷锁。 This influx of karman is induced by activity and has to be burned off by experience.这涌入，卡门是诱导活动，并已被焚烧过的经验。 Karmans are of infinitely numerous varieties and account for all distinctions noted in the world. karmans是无限众多的品种和帐户，所有的区别指出，在世界上。 By nonattachment, however, an individual can prevent influx of further karmans and thus escape from the bonds of action.由nonattachment ，不过，个人可以防止涌入，进一步karmans ，从而脱离债券的行动。 A soul, which is thought of as having the same size as its body, at liberation has lost the matter that weights it down and thus ascends to the top of the universe, where it remains forever.灵魂，这是思想具有相同的大小作为其机构，在解放已失去了的事一定权重的下跌，从而ascends向上方的宇宙，在那里仍然是永远。
Jainism recognizes no supreme deity; its ideal is the perfection attained by the 24 Tirthamkaras.耆那教不承认任何的最高神，其理想是完善达到24 tirthamkaras 。 Numerous temples have been built celebrating the perfected souls; a notable example is the temple at Mount Abu in Rajasthan.众多的庙宇，已建成庆祝完善的灵魂;的一个显着的例子是，庙在山阿布在拉贾斯坦邦。
Karl H. Potter卡尔每小时哈利波特
Bibliography
参考书目
Chatterjee, AK, A
Comprehensive History of Jainism, 2 vols.志，支AK ，全面的历史，耆那教， 2卷。
(1978); Gopalan, Subramania, Outlines
of Jainism (1973); Humphrey, C., ed., The Assembly of Listeners (1990); Marathe,
MP, et al., eds., Studies in Jainism (1986); Roy, AK, A History of the Jains
(1984); Stevenson, ST, The Heart of Jainism (1915; repr. 1970); Vahar, PC, and
Shosh, KC, eds., An Encyclopedia of Jainism (1988). （ 1978年） ; gopalan ，
subramania ，纲要的耆那教（ 1973年） ;汉弗莱，长，教育署，大会的听众（ 1990年） ; marathe ，议员等人，编，研究，耆那教（
1986年） ;罗伊，支AK ，历史的jains （ 1984年） ;史蒂文森，圣，心脏，耆那教（ 1915年; repr 。 1970年） ;瓦哈尔，
PC和shosh ，陈家强编，一百科全书耆那教（ 1988 ） 。
Fundamental to Jainism is the doctrine of two eternal, coexisting, independent categories known as jiva (animate, living soul: the enjoyer) and ajiva (inanimate, nonliving object: the enjoyed).根本是耆那教的教义两个永恒的，共存的，独立的3个分类称为jiva （动画，活的灵魂： enjoyer ）和ajiva （无生命， nonliving对象：享受） 。 Jains believe, moreover, that the actions of mind, speech, and body produce subtle karma (infra-atomic particles of matter), which become the cause of bondage, and that one must eschew violence to avoid giving hurt to life. jains相信，此外，该行动的心态，言论和身体产生了微妙的因果报应（红外线原子粒子的物质） ，成为事业的束缚，并且必须避免暴力，以避免给受到伤害的生活。 The cause of the embodiment of the soul is thought to be karmic matter; one can attain salvation (moksha) only by freeing the soul of karma through the practice of the three "jewels" of right faith, right knowledge and right conduct.事业的体现，灵魂被认为karmic的事;之一，可以达到救亡（莫克沙文） ，只有解放的灵魂，因果报应，通过实践的三个“宝石”的权利的信念，正确的知识和正确的行为。
The two main sects of Jainism, the Digambara (space-clad, or naked) and the Svetambara (white-clad, wearers of white cloth), have produced a vast body of secular and religious literature in the Prakrit and Sanskrit languages.两个主要教派耆那教， digambara （太空包层，或裸体）和svetambara （白包，穿上白色布） ，已产生了巨大的机构，世俗和宗教文学中的prakrit和梵语的语言。 The art of the Jains, consisting primarily of cave temples elaborately decorated in carved stones and of illustrated manuscripts, usually follows Buddhist models but has a richness and fertility that mark it as one of the peaks of Indian art.艺术的jains ，构成主要的洞穴寺庙，精心装饰，刻在石头和说明，手稿，通常如下佛教模式，但有一个丰富和生育率马克它作为一个高峰期，印度的艺术。 Some sects, particularly the Dhundia and the Lunka, which reject the worship of images, were responsible for the destruction of many works of art in the 12th century, and Muslim raids were responsible for the looting of many temples in northern India.一些教派，特别是dhundia和lunka ，拒绝崇拜图像，分别负责销毁许多艺术作品在12世纪，和穆斯林行动负责的掠夺，许多寺庙在印度北部。 In the 18th century another important sect of Jainism was founded; it exhibited Islamic inspiration in its iconoclasm and rejection of temple worship.在十八世纪的另一个重要节的耆那教创立，它展示了伊斯兰的启示在其iconoclasm和拒绝庙崇拜。 Complex rituals were abandoned in favor of austere places of worship called sthanakas, from which the sect is called Sthanakavasi.复杂的仪式被遗弃在主张紧缩的礼拜场所所谓sthanakas ，从该节是所谓的sthanakavasi 。
Royal W.
Weiler皇家瓦特维勒
Rasik Vihari Joshi rasik
vihari尔乔希
A form of religion intermediate between Brahminism and Buddhism, originated in India in pre-Christian times, and has maintained its heretical attitude towards Brahminism down to the present day.一种形式的宗教之间的中间brahminism和佛教，起源于印度，前基督教时代，并一直保持其邪教的态度brahminism下降到目前的一天。 The name is derived from jina, conqueror, one of the epithets popularly applied to the reputed founder of the sect.名称是来自jina ，征服者，其中的称呼普遍应用到著名的创始人，该教派。 Jainism bears a striking resemblance to Buddhism in its monastic system, its ethical teachings, its sacred texts, and in the story of its founder.耆那教熊的一个突出相似佛教在其寺院制度，其道德教义，其神圣的文本，并在故事，其创始人。 This closeness of resemblance has led not a few scholars-such as Lassen, Weber, Wilson, Tiele, Barth-to look upon Jainism as an offshoot of Buddhism and to place its origin some centuries later than the time of Buddha.这个接近的相似性，导致没有几个学者，如拉森，韦伯，威尔逊， tiele ，巴特-看后，耆那教，作为一个分支，佛教，并把它的起源的一些百年不迟于时间的佛像。 But the prevailing view today-that of Bühler, Jacobi, Hopkins, and others-is that Jainism in its origin is independent of Buddhism and, perhaps, is the more ancient of the two.但普遍的看法是今天-即b ühler，雅可比，霍普金斯，和他人的是，耆那教在其原产地是独立的佛教，也许是更古老的两个。 The many points of similarity between the two sects are explained by the indebtedness of both to a common source, namely the teachings and practices of ascetic, monastic Brahminism.许多相似点，两国之间的教派的解释是由负债双方的一个共同的来源，即教义和做法的苦行，寺院brahminism 。 Of the reputed founder of Jainism we have but few details, and most of these are so like what we read of the beginnings of Buddhism that one is strongly led to suspect that here at least one is dealing with a variation of the Buddha-legend.该被誉为创始人，耆那教，但我们有一些细节，而且大部分这些都是一样，所以我们读到的开始，佛教认为，一个是强烈，导致怀疑，这里至少有一个是处理一个变化佛陀传奇。 According to Jainist tradition, the founder lived in the sixth century BC, being either a contemporary or a precursor of Buddha.根据教，耆那教的传统，创办人住在六世纪的卑诗省，无论是当代或前体的佛像。 His family name was Jnatriputra (in Prakrit, Nattaputta), but, like Gotama, he was honoured with the laudatory names of Buddha, the enlightened, Mahavira, the great hero, and Jina, the conqueror.他的姓氏是jnatriputra （在prakrit ， nattaputta ） ，但是，像果达玛，他很荣幸与美称的姓名，佛像，开明， mahavira ，伟大的英雄，和jina ，征服者。 These last two epithets came to be his distinctive titles, while the name Buddha was associated almost exclusively with Gotama.这些过去两年来称呼他独特的名称，而名称佛陀相关的几乎完全与果达玛。 Like Buddha, Jina was the son of a local raja who held sway over a small district in the neighbourhood of Benares.像佛陀， jina是儿子，一个地方拉贾谁举行左右的一小区，在附近的贝拿勒斯。 While still a young man he felt the emptiness of a life of pleasure, and gave up his home and princely station to become an ardent follower of the Brahmin ascetics.虽然还是很年轻的男子，他觉得空虚的生活乐趣，并放弃了自己的主页和princely站成为一个殷切的追随者的婆罗门的修道者。 If we may trust the Jainist scriptures, he carried the principle of self-mortification to the extent that he went about naked, unsheltered from the sun, rain, and winds, and lived on the rudest vegetarian fare, practising incredible fasts.如果我们可以信任教，耆那教经文，他进行自决的原则，以mortification的程度，他前往约赤身露体， unsheltered从太阳，雨，风，和生活在rudest素食票价，执业令人难以置信的fasts 。 Accepting the principle of the Brahmin ascetics, that salvation is by personal effort alone, he took the logical step of rejecting as useless the Vedas and the Vedic rites.接受的原则，该婆罗门的修道者，救恩是由个人的努力，就有了一个合乎逻辑的步骤，拒绝为无用的吠陀和吠陀仪式。 For this attitude towards the Brahmin traditions he was repudiated as a heretic.这个态度，婆罗门传统，他被推翻作为一个邪教组织。 He gathered eleven disciples around him, and went about preaching his doctrine of salvation.他收集的11弟子身边，并到约鼓吹他的学说的救赎。 Like Buddha he made many converts, whom he organized under a monastic rule of life.佛陀一样，他做了很多转换，其中他组织下，寺院的法治生活。 Associated with them were many who accepted his teaching in theory, but who in practice stopped short of the monastic life of extreme asceticism.与他们有联系的许多谁接受了他的教学中的理论，但谁在实践中停止了短期的寺院生活极端禁欲主义。 These were the lay Jainists, who, like the lay Buddhists, contributed to the support of the monks.这些都是奠定jainists ，谁一样，奠定佛教徒，作出贡献的支持和尚。
The Jainists seem never to have been so numerous as the Buddhists.该jainists似乎从未有如此众多的作为佛教徒。 Though they claim a membership of over a million believers, laity included, recent statistics of India show that their number is not greater than half a million.虽然他们要求的成员超过100万信徒，俗人，包括最近的统计资料，印度表明，他们的人数是不大于50万。 On the question of the propriety of going about naked, the Jainist monks have for ages been split into two sects.关于这个问题的恰当持续约赤身露体，该教，耆那教的僧人有年龄已分裂成两个教派。 The White-Robed Sect, whose monks.白皮书红袍节，他们的僧侣。 are clothed in white garments, is the more numerous, flourishing chiefly in NW India.是穿白色的服装，是越多，蓬勃发展，主要是在西北印度。 To this sect belong a few communities of Jainist nuns.这一节属于少数社区教，耆那教修女。 The naked ascetics, forming the other sect, are strongest in the South of India, but even here they have largely restricted the custom of nakedness to the time of eating.赤裸裸的修道者，形成了其他教派，是最强的，在印度南部，但即使在这里，他们已在很大程度上限制了自定义裸到时间吃。 As the Buddhist creed is summed up in three words, Buddha, the Law, the Order, so the Jainist creed consists of the so-called three jewels, Right Belief, Right Knowledge, Right Conduct.作为佛教的信仰是，归纳起来是三个词，佛像，法律，秩序，因此，教，耆那教信仰，构成了所谓三个珠宝，正确的信念，正确的知识，正确的行为。 Right Belief embraces faith in Jina as the true teacher of salvation and the acceptance of the Jainist scriptures as his authoritative teaching.正确的信仰，信念，包含了在jina作为真正的老师，救国图存，接受该教，耆那教经文作为他的权威的教学。 These scriptures are less extensive, less varied, than the Buddhist, and, while resembling the latter to a large degree, lay great stress on bodily mortification.这些经文是那么广泛，少各有不同，比佛教，和，而相似，后者在很大程度上，打牢十分强调身体mortification 。 The canon of the White-robed Sect consists of forty-five Agamas, or sacred texts, in the Prakrit tongue.佳能的白色红袍的节组成， 45 agamas ，或神圣的文本，在prakrit舌头。 Jacobi, who has translated some of these texts in the "Sacred Books of the East", is of the opinion that they cannot be older than 300 BC According to Jainist tradition, they were preceded by an ancient canon of fourteen so-called Purvas, which have totally disappeared.雅可比，谁翻译的一些这些文本在“神圣的帐簿，东” ，是认为他们不能年纪比公元前300年，根据教，耆那教的传统，他们此之前，一个古老的佳能的14因此，所谓的purvas ，已完全消失。 With the Jainist, "Right Knowledge" embraces the religious view of life together with the end of man, while "Right Conduct" is concerned with the main ethical precepts and with the ascetic, monastic system.与教，耆那教， “正确的知识”包含了宗教观的生活连同年底的男子，而“正确的行为”是关注的主要道德戒律与修行，寺院的制度。
The Jainist, like the Buddhist and the pantheistic Brahmin, takes for granted the doctrine of Karma and its implied rebirths.该教，耆那教，像佛教和婆罗门pantheistic ，需是理所当然的因果报应学说及其隐含的rebirths 。 He, too, views every form of earthly, bodily existence as misery.他也的意见，一切形式的尘世，身体存在的苦难。 Freedom from rebirth is thus the goal after which he aspires.免于重生，因此目标后，他渴望。 But, while the pantheistic Brahmin and the primitive Buddhist looked for the realization of the end in the extinction of conscious, individual existence (absorption in Brahma, Nirvana), the Jainist has always tenaciously held to the primitive traditional belief in a final abode of bliss, where the soul, liberated from the necessity of rebirth on earth, enjoys forever a spiritual, conscious existence.不过，虽然pantheistic婆罗门和原始佛教研究，为实现年底在灭绝的自觉，个别的存在（吸收在布拉马，涅槃） ，教，耆那教，一直顽强地举行，以原始传统的信仰，最后的居留权布利斯那里的灵魂，从解放的必要性，再生的地球上，有着永远的精神，自觉地存在。 To attain this end, the Jainist, like the Buddhist and the pantheistic Brahmin, holds that the traditional gods can aid but little.为了达到这个目的，教，耆那教，像佛教和婆罗门pantheistic认为，传统的神可以援助，但很少。 The existence of the gods is not denied, but their worship is held to be of no avail and is thus abandoned.的存在，神是不否认，但他们的崇拜，是举行将无济于事，并因此放弃了。 Salvation is to be obtained by personal effort alone.救恩是，以得到个人的努力。 To reach the longed-for goal, it is necessary to purify the soul of all that binds it to a bodily existence, so that it shall aspire purely and solely after a spiritual life in heaven.要达到盼望已久的-为目标，是要净化灵魂，所有具有约束力，它以身体的存在，因此它应追求纯粹，并独自后，精神文化生活在天堂。 This is accomplished by the life of severe mortification of which Jina set the example.这是所完成的生活严重mortification ，其中jina设置的例子。 Twelve years of ascetic life as a Jainist monk and eight rebirths are necessary to constitute the purgatorial preparation for the Jainist heaven.十二年的苦行生活，作为一个教，耆那教僧人和8 rebirths是必要的构成purgatorial准备为教，耆那教的天堂。 While the Jains are not worshippers of the Hindu gods, they erect imposing temples to Jina and other venerated teachers.而jains不做礼拜的印度教神，他们竖立施加庙jina和其他尊敬的教师。 The images of these Jainist saints are adorned with lights and flowers, and the faithful walk around them while reciting sacred mantras.形象的这些教，耆那教圣人装饰与灯光和鲜花，和忠实地走动，而他们背诵的神圣曼陀拉。 Jainist worship is thus little more than a veneration of a few saints and heroes of the past.教，耆那教崇拜，因此多一点的崇拜数圣人和英雄的过去。
On its ethical side-the sphere of Right Conduct-Jainism is largely at one with Brahminism and Buddhism.就其道德的副作用领域的权利进行-耆那教，主要是在一与brahminism和佛教。 There are, however, a few differences in the application of the principle of not killing.有，但是，有少数的差异，应用的原则，不会杀人。 The sacredness of all kinds of life implied in the doctrine of metempsychosis has been more scrupulously observed in practice by the Jain than by the Brahmin or the Buddhist.神圣各种形式的生命所隐含的学说metempsychosis已更严格遵守，在实践中由贾殷比由婆罗门或佛教。 The Brahmin tolerates the slaughter of animals for food, to provide offerings for the sacrifice, or to show hospitality to a guest; the Buddhist does not scruple to eat meat prepared for a banquet; but the Jain reprobates meat-food without exception as involving the unlawful taking of life.该婆罗门容忍屠宰动物的食物，以提供产品为牺牲，或表现出的热情接待，一客户;佛教并不不惜以吃肉准备了欢迎宴会;但贾殷reprobates肉类食品，没有例外，因为涉及非法占有的生活方式。 For similar reasons the Jain does not content himself with straining his drinking water and with remaining at home during the rainy season, when the ground is swarming with lower forms of life, but when he goes forth, he wears a veil before his mouth, and carries a broom with which he sweeps the ground before him to avoid destruction of insect life.出于类似的原因该贾殷没有自己的内容与紧张，他的饮水和与其余的在家里在雨季时，地面上是蜂拥较低的生命形式，但是当他提出，他戴面纱之前，他的嘴，和带有扫把与他席卷地面在他面前，以避免破坏昆虫的生活。 The Jainist ascetic allows himself to be bitten by gnats and mosquitoes rather than risk their destruction by brushing them away.该教，耆那教苦修，让自己被咬伤的gnats和蚊子，而不是风险，他们的破坏，刷牙他们离开。 Hospitals for animals have been a prominent feature of Jainist benevolence, bordering at times on absurdity.医院为动物已的一个突出特点教，耆那教善，在接壤的时代的荒谬。 For example, in 1834 there existed in Kutch a temple hospital which supported 5000 rats.例如，在1834年存在着在卡奇庙哪间医院的支持， 5000的影响。 With all this scrupulous regard for animal life the Jain differs from the Buddhist in his view of the lawfulness of religious suicide.与这一切都一丝不苟方面的动物生活的Jain不同，从佛教在他看来的合法性，宗教自杀。 According to Jainist ethics a monk who has practised twelve years of severe asceticism, or who has found after long trial that he cannot keep his lower nature in control, may hasten his end by self-destruction.根据教，耆那教道德的僧人谁实行十二年严重的禁欲主义，或谁发现，经过长时间的审讯，他不能保住自己的性质，在较低的控制，可能会加快，他在结束自我毁灭。
Publication information Written by Charles F. Aiken.出版信息的书面查尔斯楼艾肯。 Transcribed by Douglas J. Potter.转录由道格拉斯j.波特。 Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII.专为圣心耶稣基督的天主教百科全书，货量八。 Published 1910. 1910年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. nihil obstat ， 1910年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.的Remy lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教，纽约
Bibliography参考书目
JACOBI, The Jaina Sutras, vols.雅可比，吉安娜经典，第一卷。 XXII and XLV of the Sacred Books of the East; HOPKINS, The Religions of India (Boston, 1895); HARDY, Der Buddhismus nach älteren Paliwerken (Münster, 1890); MONIER WILLIAMS, Buddhism (London, 1889); BARTH, The Religions of India (London. 1891).二十二和xlv的神圣的帐簿，东;霍普金斯，宗教的印度（波士顿， 1895 ） ;哈，明镜buddhismus nach älteren paliwerken （明斯特， 1890 ） ;莫尼尔威廉斯，佛教（伦敦， 1889 ） ;巴特，宗教印度的（ london. 1891 ） 。
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